ABSTRACT The interplay between emotion and language has drawn increasing attention from researchers in various fields, such as psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, and artificial intelligence. The classification of emotional words is crucial to experimental studies, as it serves as a fundamental step for unveiling the complex relationship between emotion and language. Hence, the current study introduces affective and psycholinguistic norms for 1200 two‐character Chinese words. The affective variables, including emotional prototypicality (EmoPro), valence, and arousal, as well as psycholinguistic variables (abstractness and familiarity), were rated by native speakers of Chinese using a 7‐point Likert scale. This set of norms, as far as we know, is the first one that provides words’ EmoPro together with other affective and psycholinguistic variables rated by the same group of participants. The results of inter‐rater reliability and correlation tests showed that this set of norms had good reliability and validity. The correlation between EmoPro and arousal was significant and strong. Valence and arousal exhibited an asymmetric U‐shaped relationship, with negative words being rated higher in arousal than positive ones. We also identified a quadratic relationship between EmoPro and valence, indicating that more prototypical emotion‐label words tend to trigger more extreme valence ratings. EmoPro significantly and positively correlated with abstractness, indicating that prototypical emotion‐label words tend to be more abstract. In addition, familiarity and word frequency predict lexical decision performance, whereas EmoPro does not after controlling for other variables. The present set of Chinese norms supports material selection in experimental research, enables cross‐linguistic comparisons, and has potential applications in natural language processing.

In this paper, the authors provide a data report that describes an original dataset named French Affective Images of Climate Change (FAICC) database. The main objective is to provide tools for CC assessment. Images are rated by a sample of non-experts according to three variables: relevance to CC, arousal, and emotional valence. The database provides for each image an identification number, the mean rating and standard deviation of ratings for relevance, arousal and valence, respectively.

The Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW; Bradley & Lang, 1999) scale is a widely used instrument for valence and arousal response in English. A person whose first language is American Sign Language (ASL) might process the English emotion words differently. We hypothesized that ASL users might provide different valence and arousal ratings for emotion words in ASL, and a separate normative database might be necessary for this population. Forty-two Deaf adult signers completed ratings for the English and ASL conditions. Results showed that the rating for the arousal were similar for both conditions. However, the valence ratings were different, which could be explained by the different word frequency among the ASL users. This raises a need to create a separate valence rating normative database in ASL.

The present study introduces the Extreme Climate Event Database (EXCEED), a picture database intended to induce emotionally salient stimuli reactions in the context of natural hazards associated with global climate change and related extreme events. The creation of the database was motivated by the need to better understand the impact that the increase in natural disasters worldwide has on human emotional reactions. This new database consists of 150 pictures divided into three categories: two negative categories that depict images of floods and droughts, and a neutral category composed of inanimate objects. Affective ratings were obtained using online survey software from 50 healthy Brazilian volunteers who rated the pictures according to valence and arousal, which are two fundamental dimensions used to describe emotional experiences. Valence refers to the appraisal of pleasantness conveyed by a stimulus, and arousal involves internal emotional activation induced by a stimulus. Data from picture rating, sex difference in affective ratings and psychometric properties of the database are presented here. Together, the data validate the use of EXCEED in research related to natural hazards and human reactions.

We present the Chinese Lexical Database (CLD). The CLD is a new large-scale lexical database for Mandarin Chinese that provides over 150 descriptive and lexical-distributional variables for more than 30,000 words in simplified Chinese. The information in the CLD can be used for the construction of experimental stimuli and the analysis of experimental data in psycholinguistic research on simplified Chinese. The CLD can be downloaded for free, and an online search interface is provided at http://www.chineselexicaldatabase.com.

We present the Chinese Lexical Database 2.1 (CLD 2.1). The CLD is a new large-scale lexical database for Mandarin Chinese that provides over 260 descriptive and lexical-distributional variables for more than 48,644 words in simplified Chinese. The information in the CLD can be used for the construction of experimental stimuli and the analysis of experimental data in psycholinguistic research on simplified Chinese. The CLD can be downloaded for free, and an online search interface is provided at http://www.chineselexicaldatabase.com.

In this article we present the RST Spanish Treebank, the first corpus annotated with rhetorical relations for this language. We describe the characteristics of the corpus, the annotation criteria, the annotation procedure, the inter-annotator agreement, and other related aspects. Moreover, we show the interface that we have developed to carry out searches over the corpus' annotated texts.

Emotional databases are important tools to study emotion recognition and their effects on various cognitive processes. Since, well-standardized large-scale emotional expression database is not available in India, we evaluated Radboud faces database (RaFD)-a freely available database of emotional facial expressions of adult Caucasian models, for Indian sample. Using the pictures from RaFD, we investigated the similarity and differences in self-reported ratings on emotion recognition accuracy as well as parameters of valence, clarity, genuineness, intensity and arousal of emotional expression, by following the same rating procedure as used for the validation of RaFD. We also systematically evaluated the universality hypothesis of emotion perception by analyzing differences in accuracy and ratings for different emotional parameters across Indian and Dutch participants. As the original Radboud database lacked arousal rating, we added this as a emotional parameter along with all other parameters. The results show that the overall accuracy of emotional expression recognition by Indian participants was high and very similar to the ratings from Dutch participants. However, there were significant cross-cultural differences in classification of emotion categories and their corresponding parameters. Indians rated certain expressions comparatively more genuine, higher in valence, and less intense in comparison to original Radboud ratings. The misclassifications/ confusion for specific emotional categories differed across the two cultures indicating subtle but significant differences between the cultures. In addition to understanding the nature of facial emotion recognition, this study also evaluates and enables the use of RaFD within Indian population.

Access to validated stimuli depicting children's facial expressions is useful for different research domains (e.g., developmental, cognitive or social psychology). Yet, such databases are scarce in comparison to others portraying adult models, and validation procedures are typically restricted to emotional recognition accuracy. This work presents subjective ratings for a sub-set of 283 photographs selected from the Child Affective Facial Expression set (CAFE [1]). Extending beyond the original emotion recognition accuracy norms [2], our main goal was to validate this database across eight subjective dimensions related to the model (e.g., attractiveness, familiarity) or the specific facial expression (e.g., intensity, genuineness), using a sample from a different nationality (N = 450 Portuguese participants). We also assessed emotion recognition (forced-choice task with seven options: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise and neutral). Overall results show that most photographs were rated as highly clear, genuine and intense facial expressions. The models were rated as both moderately familiar and likely to belong to the in-group, obtaining high attractiveness and arousal ratings. Results also showed that, similarly to the original study, the facial expressions were accurately recognized. Normative and raw data are available as supplementary material at https://osf.io/mjqfx/.

Linguistic database project of Chinese ideophones

Experimental tasks comparing participants' performance for categorising, remembering, and recognising positive and negative words are widely used in the emotional cognitive domain. Such tasks are commonly used in experimental psychology and psychiatry research, and have been shown to be sensitive biomarkers of depression and antidepressant drug action [1,2]. In addition, several of these tasks investigate self-referential processing i.e., the processing of information relevant to oneself; this has been shown to modify the way emotional words are encoded and remembered and may be a target that is amenable to treatment [3,4]. In practice, the development of such tasks for implementation in research studies often depends on the selection and matching of words according to characteristics such as valence or arousal, imageability, word frequency and word length to investigate differences in a chosen domain of interest whilst keeping important confounds constant. This introduces a need for ratings covering a range of word attributes that have been shown to affect processing. In particular, ratings of self-referential valence (how positively or negatively subjects feel about a word when this is used to describe themselves/their circumstances) have been seldom included in databases, despite the frequent investigation of the concept in research [1,5]. Other important attributes often considered in the process of matching and selection are word imageability and subjective frequency [6,7]. To facilitate the word selection and matching process required in cognitive-emotional task development, the present dataset provides subjective ratings for 150 positive and 150 negative adjectives describing personality characteristics. Across four online surveys, the 300 words were rated on self-referential valence, imageability and subjective frequency by representative samples of 200 UK-based, English-speaking adults. Basic demographics and data on depressive symptoms and state anxiety were collected from all participants. Comprehensive descriptive statistics and word length were calculated for each of the 300 words. All data cleaning and statistical analysis was performed in R. Our work is based on years of experience using the Oxford Emotional Task Battery [1,5] and may be particularly relevant for researchers using self-referential cognitive tasks with UK-based samples.

With the Developmental Lexicon Project (DeveL), we present a large-scale study that was conducted to collect data on visual word recognition in German across the lifespan. A total of 800 children from Grades 1 to 6, as well as two groups of younger and older adults, participated in the study and completed a lexical decision and a naming task. We provide a database for 1,152 German words, comprising behavioral data from seven different stages of reading development, along with sublexical and lexical characteristics for all stimuli. The present article describes our motivation for this project, explains the methods we used to collect the data, and reports analyses on the reliability of our results. In addition, we explored developmental changes in three marker effects in psycholinguistic research: word length, word frequency, and orthographic similarity. The database is available online.

How perceptual information is encoded into language and conceptual knowledge is a debated topic in cognitive (neuro)science. We present modality norms for 643 Italian adjectives, which referred to one of the five perceptual modalities or were abstract. Overall, words were rated as mostly connected to the visual modality and least connected to the olfactory and gustatory modality. We found that words associated to visual and auditory experience were more unimodal compared to words associated to other sensory modalities. A principal components analysis highlighted a strong coupling between gustatory and olfactory information in word meaning, and the tendency of words referring to tactile experience to also include information from the visual dimension. Abstract words were found to encode only marginal perceptual information, mostly from visual and auditory experience. The modality norms were augmented with corpus-based (e.g., Zipf Frequency, Orthographic Levenshtein Distance 20) and ratings-based psycholinguistic variables (Age of Acquisition, Familiarity, Contextual Availability). Split-half correlations performed for each experimental variable and comparisons with similar databases confirmed that our norms are highly reliable. This database thus provides a new important tool for investigating the interplay between language, perception and cognition.

Este estudo apresenta dados normativos de familiaridade para utiliza{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o enquanto base para controloe manipula{\c{c}}{\~{a}}o de substantivos comuns em Portugal. Medidas de familiaridade com o referente e como significado (Larochelle {\&} Saumier, 1993) foram recolhidas em dois momentos, num primeiro casoenglobando apenas substantivos concretos ( n =320) e num segundo momento englobando tantosubstantivos concretos como abstractos ( n =219). As normas s{\~{a}}o apresentadas para um total de 459 palavras diferentes.

Words are the main components of meaning in spoken and written language. Animacy is one of the words’ attributes which is referred to the distinction between animate and inanimate stimuli, and it has an important influence on the perception of words. The main aim of the present study was to provide animacy norms for Persian words. To follow this purpose, 401 words from Warriner et al., were selected and translated into Persian. Participants (n=229) rated the words’ animacy via a 5-point Likert scale. Split-half reliability of 0.97 (p<0.001), between two halves of participants is observed.

Information on age-related differences in affective meanings of words is widely used by researchers to study emotions, word recognition, attention, memory, and text-based sentiment analysis. To date, no Chinese affective norms for older adults are available although Chinese as a spoken language has the largest population in the world. This article presents the first large-scale age-related affective norms for 2,061 four-character Chinese words (AANC). Each word in this database has rating values in the four dimensions, namely, valence, arousal, dominance, and familiarity. We found that older adults tended to perceive positive words as more arousing and less controllable and evaluate negative words as less arousing and more controllable than younger adults did. This indicates that the positivity effect is reliable for older adults who show a processing bias toward positive vs. negative words. Our AANC database supplies valuable information for researchers to study how emotional characteristics of words influence the cognitive processes and how this influence evolves with age. This age-related difference study on affective norms not only provides a tool for cognitive science, gerontology, and psychology in experimental studies but also serves as a valuable resource for affective analysis in various natural language processing applications.

Research in the socio-emotional domain may require words for experimental settings rated on emotionally and socially relevant word characteristics (e.g., valence and desirability). In addition, cognitively relevant word characteristics (e.g., imagery) are important for research in the interface of emotion and cognition (e.g., emotional memory). To provide researchers with a corresponding word pool, the database of English EMOtional TErms (EMOTE) provides subjective ratings for 1287 nouns and 985 adjectives. Nouns and adjectives were rated on valence, arousal, emotionality, concreteness, imagery, familiarity, and clarity of meaning. In addition, adjectives were rated on control, desirability, and likeableness. EMOTE norms provide an easily accessible word pool for research in the socio-emotional domain. To illustrate the usefulness of this database, norms were linked to memorability scores from a word recognition task for EMOTE nouns. The database as well as future directions are discussed.

The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) has been widely used in aging-oriented research on emotion. However, no ratings for older adults are available. The aim of the present study was to close this gap by providing ratings of valence and arousal for 504 IAPS pictures by 53 young and 53 older adults. Both age groups rated positive pictures as less arousing, resulting in a stronger linear association between valence and arousal, than has been found in previous studies. This association was even stronger in older than in young adults. Older adults perceived negative pictures as more negative and more arousing and positive pictures as more positive and less arousing than young adults did. This might indicate a dedifferentiation of emotional processing in old age. On the basis of a picture recognition task, we also report memorability scores for individual pictures and how they relate to valence and arousal ratings. Data for all the pictures are archived at www.psychonomic.org/archive/.

We describe the Age-Dependent Evaluations of German Adjectives (AGE). This database contains ratings for 200 German adjectives by young and older adults (general word-rating study) and graduate students (self-other relevance study). Words were rated on emotion-relevant (valence, arousal, and control) and memory-relevant (imagery) characteristics. In addition, adjectives were evaluated for self-relevance (Does this attribute describe you?), age relevance (Is this attribute typical for young or for older adults?), and self-other relevance (Is this attribute more relevant for the possessor or for other persons?). These ratings are included in the AGE database as a resource tool for experiments on word material. Our comparisons of young and older adults' evaluations revealed similarities but also significant mean-level differences for a large number of adjectives, especially on the valence dimension. This highlights the importance of age in the perception of emotional words. Data for all the words are archived at www.psychonomic.org/archive/.

Ecology and Technology are two keywords of the era we inhabit. Knowing how people represent these domains is essential to inform adequate interventions aimed at promoting conscious behaviors. Here we investigated this aspect by taking insights from the literature on conceptual organization. Specifically, we hypothesized Ecological and Technological concepts might have a “hybrid” nature, at the edge between Abstract and Concrete concepts. We asked a sample of Italian participants to rate 200 concepts pertaining to Ecological (e.g., deforestation), Technological (e.g., Internet), Natural (e.g., water), and Geographical/Geopolitical domains (e.g., mountain, city) on 39 semantic dimensions, some of which traditionally investigated (e.g., Context Availability), and others completely new (e.g., Political Relevance). Results indicate that Ecological and Technological concepts, despite having concrete referents, were more similar to Abstract than Concrete concepts in Concreteness~Abstractness and other semantic dimensions (e.g., Interoception, Social Valence). Interestingly, for some dimensions, they displayed a “more abstract” pattern than that of more typical Abstract concepts—e.g., later and more linguistic acquisition, higher need of others to be understood. Moreover, a Principal Component Analysis revealed three major components that explained overall the conceptual organization of our set of concepts. The first component complements the rating results, with the opposition between concreteness~abstractness, where Ecological and Technological concepts lie in the most abstract extreme. A further Hierarchical Cluster Analysis supported this distinction. Overall, our results have a twofold relevance. On a theoretical side, they contribute to enrich theories on concepts, suggesting Ecological and Technological concepts are special conceptual domains questioning the concrete-abstract dichotomy; on a more pragmatic side, they might inform societal politics on these timely themes.

Frequency, familiarity, and age of acquisition are important factors for word recognition that must be considered by researchers of language acquisition. Current psycholinguistic databases, based on studies of native English speakers, include objective frequency count, subjective rating of familiarity, and age of acquisition. One can easily employ those databases to obtain a stimulus list for one’s studies. For word recognition researchers interested in non-native English speakers in of Taiwan, however, there is currently no existing database. In this study, we created a psycholinguistic database which includes subjective familiarity rating and age of acquisition for 3,080 English words. Participants were 120 college students in Taiwan. They were asked to make judgments about 4,000 stimulus words. For recognized stimulus words, participants gave a rating of familiarity and self-report of age of acquisition; for non-recognized words, participants were asked to move on to the next stimulus word. Further analysis of the database showed that familiarity index, age of acquisition, and number of syllables are important factors for the recognition of a word. Variance in word recognition ratings for each factor was explained and implications were discussed.

The <em>Corpus of the Epigraphy of the Italian Peninsula in the 1st Millennium BCE</em> (CEIPoM) is a linguistic database which covers the Oscan, Umbrian, Old Sabellic, Messapic and Venetic languages, as well as epigraphic Latin up to 100 BCE. The database is hosted on GitHub and Zenodo, and provides manually annotated linguistic information on all levels of language structure, ranging from phonology to syntax. In providing a high-resolution digital dataset for language varieties that have until now been largely restricted to printed reference works, this corpus opens up new avenues for research into this unique ancient linguistic area.

A long-standing goal shared by researchers has been to design optimal experimental procedures, including the selection of appropriate stimuli. Pictures are commonly used in different research fields. However, until recently, researchers have relied mostly on line-drawings, which can have poor ecological validity. We developed a set of high quality standardized photographs of objects from six different categories, recorded under two camera viewpoints, and five presentation conditions (on its own, held by clean hands, and by hands covered with different substances: sauce, chocolate and mud). These various staging conditions can be used to induce different emotional states while maintaining the object of interest constant. We first report normative data on the objects' name agreement and familiarity collected from North American and Portuguese participants. Results showed high name agreement and familiarity in both samples. Next, arousal, disgust and valence ratings were collected for the stimuli under either an emotional-activating or a neutral context. Subjective ratings varied according to the staging condition and the context, confirming that the same items can effectively be used in different emotional conditions. This database allows researchers to select more ecologically-valid stimuli according to their research purposes while considering several variables of interest and avoiding item-selection problems commonly present when comparing responses to neutral and emotional items.

The present study describes the development and validation of a facial expression database comprising five different horizontal face angles in dynamic and static presentations. The database includes twelve expression types portrayed by eight Japanese models. This database was inspired by the dimensional and categorical model of emotions: surprise, fear, sadness, anger with open mouth, anger with closed mouth, disgust with open mouth, disgust with closed mouth, excitement, happiness, relaxation, sleepiness, and neutral (static only). The expressions were validated using emotion classification and Affect Grid rating tasks [Russell, Weiss, &amp; Mendelsohn, 1989. Affect Grid: A single-item scale of pleasure and arousal. <i>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</i>, <i>57</i>(3), 493–502]. The results indicate that most of the expressions were recognised as the intended emotions and could systematically represent affective valence and arousal. Furthermore, face angle and facial motion information influenced emotion classification and valence and arousal ratings. Our database will be available online at the following URL. https://www.dh.aist.go.jp/database/face2017/.

The primary goal of this project was to collect normative emotional valence and arousal ratings using the RADIATE facial database. The RADIATE database is one of the few that is racially diverse, yet it is underutilized, due in part to a lack of normative valence and arousal ratings. A secondary goal was to explore whether the race of the rater moderated emotion ratings. As part of an ongoing study, 204 participants (Asian: 9, Black: 25, Latinx: 39, White: 131) were randomly assigned to one of 10 blocks of 36 faces. Each block included faces counterbalanced on race, gender, and emotion so that each participant rated an identical number of faces with respect to these categories. Participants viewed faces in Qualtrics and rated each on valence (from 1-9, unpleasant to pleasant) and arousal (from 1-9, low to high). A 4-way Race of Rater x Race of Face x Emotion x Gender repeated-measures ANOVA with repeated-measures on the last 3 factors was used for valence and arousal ratings. As expected, across racial face categories, happy faces were rated as more pleasant (M = 6.50) and sad faces as more unpleasant (M = 3.03). In addition, happy (M = 4.29) faces were rated more emotionally arousing than sad (M = 3.76) and neutral faces (M = 3.29). The race of the rater moderated valence but not arousal ratings. Black raters rated Asian females as happier than Asian males and Latinx raters rated Latinas as sadder than Latinos, with no other evident effects. Present results contribute to sparse valence and arousal data for the RADIATE dataset. Results further suggest that emotional faces are not rated in a universal manner as some emotion theories presume. Implications of the results and future research directions are discussed.

A complete database is presented of relative familiarity ratings for 48 sets of Japanese words, each set comprising words overlapping in the initial portions. These ratings are of use for the generation of sets of materials for research in the recognition of spoken words.

The present study describes the development and validation of a facial expression database comprising five different horizontal face angles in dynamic and static presentations. The database includes twelve expression types portrayed by eight Japanese models. This database was inspired by the dimensional and categorical model of emotions: surprise, fear, sadness, anger with open mouth, anger with closed mouth, disgust with open mouth, disgust with closed mouth, excitement, happiness, relaxation, sleepiness, and neutral (static only). The expressions were validated using emotion classification and Affect Grid rating tasks [Russell, Weiss, & Mendelsohn, 1989. Affect Grid: A single-item scale of pleasure and arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(3), 493-502]. The results indicate that most of the expressions were recognised as the intended emotions and could systematically represent affective valence and arousal. Furthermore, face angle and facial motion information influenced emotion classification and valence and arousal ratings. Our database will be available online at the following URL. https://www.dh.aist.go.jp/database/face2017/.

This paper introduces CogNet, a new, large-scale lexical database that provides cognates-words of common origin and meaning-across languages. The database currently contains 3.1 million cognate pairs across 338 languages using 35 writing systems. The paper also describes the automated method by which cognates were computed from publicly available wordnets, with an accuracy evaluated to 94%. Finally, statistics and early insights about the cognate data are presented, hinting at a possible future exploitation of the resource 1 by various fields of lingustics.

The Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW) is being developed to provide a set of normative emotional ratings for a large number of words in the English language. The goal is to develop a set of verbal materials that have been rated in terms of pleasure, arousal, and

Contains one file (abiq.dat), a database of words in French and English. This file was taken from a 3.5-inch microdisk labeled to indicate that it has accompanying tapes numbered 11, 12, and 13. The tapes were not with the microdisk, and there is no indication of who created the lexical database or tapes.

This paper presents the first large-scale corpus of French Belgian Sign Language (LSFB) available via an open access website (www.corpus-lsfb.be). Visitors can search within the data and the metadata. Various tools allow the users to find sign language video clips by searching through the annotations and the lexical database, and to filter the data by signer, by region, by task or by keyword. The website includes a lexicon linked to an online LSFB dictionary.

Cue reactivity is essential to the maintenance of addictive disorders. A useful way to study cue reactivity is by means of normative pictures, but few validated tobacco-related pictures are available. This study describes a database of smoking-related pictures: The Geneva Smoking Pictures (GSP). Sixty smoking-related pictures were presented to 91 participants who assessed them according to the classic emotional pictures validation provided by the International Affective Picture System (NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, 2002). The pictures were rated according to three dimensions: (1) valence (from positive to negative), (2) emotional arousal (from high arousing to low arousing), and (3) dominance (from submissive to dominant). Participants were also screened with the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. Normative ratings for valence, arousal and dominance of the pictures are provided for the whole sample, as well as separately for dependent (n = 46) and nondependent smokers (n = 45). Arousal and dominance were associated with greater nicotine dependence, but valence ratings were not. The GSP is a normative database providing a large number of stimuli for investigators who are conducting nicotine and tobacco research.

The Open Library for Affective Videos (OpenLAV) is a video database created for experimental emotion induction. The 188 videos of the database have a CC-BY license and were tested in a crowdsourcing study on Amazon MTurk. Valence/arousal ratings, several appraisal ratings, and emotion labels for the videos were assessed from 422 US-American participants, with an average of 71 ratings per video. Furthermore, multiple personality traits from the raters were assessed.

A database has been generated which constitutes affective ratings for single Chinese characters, viz. the Affective Norms for Chinese Characters (ANCC). This database enables researchers who study the lexico-semantic properties of Chinese characters to necessitate affective and other psycholinguistic properties in a manner that is independent and unbiased. Previous ratings for single Chinese characters, although extensive, have omitted affective properties such as valence and arousal. These factors are known to significantly influence the performance of participants in word recognition and production tasks. Close examination of the data in this study shows that affective and other psycholinguistic aspects of meaning explain a significant portion of the outcomes of previous experiments conducted on Chinese characters. The database can be accessed via OSF (osf.io/jn538).

Cite the source of the dataset as: Tjuka, Annika, Robert Forkel, and Johann-Mattis List. 2022. Linking Norms, Ratings, and Relations of Words and Concepts Across Multiple Language Varieties. Behavior Research Methods 54. 864–884. DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01650-1

The Open Library for Affective Videos (OpenLAV) is a video database created for experimental emotion induction. The 188 videos of the database have a CC-BY license and were tested in a crowdsourcing study on Amazon MTurk. Valence/arousal ratings, several appraisal ratings, and emotion labels for the videos were assessed from 422 US-American participants, with an average of 71 ratings per video. Furthermore, multiple personality traits from the raters were assessed.

The concreteness-abstractness continuum is considered a primary dimension in the representation of semantic networks. Its theoretical importance and clinical significance are widely acknowledged. To assist and enhance future research, this study collected and evaluated concreteness/abstractness ratings for 9,877 two-character Chinese words retrieved from the MEga study of Lexical Decision in Simplified CHinese (MELD-SCH, Tsang et al, 2018). The ratings were validated through comparisons with previous rating studies on concreteness and imageability of smaller word samples. Relations of word concreteness with word frequency, age-of-acquisition, and efficiency of lexical processing were also examined. These ratings provide an additional dimension of information to two-character words in the database MELD-SCH, permitting not only more comprehensive research on the Chinese language, but also cross-language investigation of the concreteness effect between Chinese and other languages such as English and Dutch where a large database of concreteness ratings is also available.

This work introduces TCBLex, a lexical database of Finnish literary works read by children between the ages of 7 and 15. We explain in detail the work done to build the corpus TCBLex is based on, including how books were sampled and collected, turned into text files, and finally processed. We also touch on legal considerations and how it is possible to build such a corpus in the EU. TCBLex contains over 11 million tokens that are annotated with parts-of-speech tags and lemmatized. We provide 14 different sub-lexicons in total, covering individual intended reading ages, age groups, as well as different genres. We also provide versions with additional morphological information, such as the cases and tenses of words. TCBLex provides various psycholinguistically interesting lexical statistics for both word types and lemmas, such as different frequency metrics, distributions, word lengths, numbers of syllables, morphological paradigm sizes, and for the first time in a Finnish lexicon, ages when words and lemmas are first encountered in books. TCBLex is freely available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15655580.

This repository contains the data, materials, and documentation associated with **IconicITA**, the first large scale dataset of iconicity ratings for Italian words. The resource provides iconicity norms for 1,121 words from the Italian adaptation of the ANEW (Affective Norms for English Words) database and includes ratings collected from both native Italian speakers (L1) and highly proficient Italian L2 speakers. The project investigates iconicity, namely the degree to which a word's form resembles aspects of its meaning, and its relationship with psycholinguistic variables such as perceptual strength, specificity, concreteness, age of acquisition, and word frequency. By comparing L1 and L2 judgments, the study also explores the extent to which iconicity ratings reflect language specific form meaning correspondences rather than purely semantic information. The repository supports the publication: **de Varda, A. G., Lamarra, T., Ravelli, A. A., Saponaro, C., Giustolisi, B., &amp; Bolognesi, M. (2025). *IconicITA: Iconicity ratings of the Italian affective lexicon*. PLOS ONE, 20(12), e0337947.** The materials made available here are intended to facilitate transparency, reproducibility, and future research on iconicity, lexical semantics, psycholinguistic norms, language processing, and language mediated abstraction.

CzEng 0.9: Large Parallel Treebank with Rich Annotation We describe our ongoing efforts in collecting a Czech-English parallel corpus CzEng. The paper provides full details on the current version 0.9 and focuses on its new features: (1) data from new sources were added, most importantly a few hundred electronically available books, technical documentation and also some parallel web pages, (2) the full corpus has been automatically annotated up to the tectogrammatical layer (surface and deep syntactic analysis), (3) sentence segmentation has been refined, and (4) several heuristic filters to improve corpus quality were implemented. In total, we provide a sentence-aligned automatic parallel treebank of about 8.0 million sentences, 93 million English and 82 million Czech words. CzEng 0.9 is freely available for non-commercial research purposes.

Language-and culture-specific norms are needed for research on emotion-laden stimuli. We present valence and arousal ratings for 420 Finnish nouns for a sample of 996 Finnish speakers. Ratings are provided both for the whole sample and for subgroups divided by age and gender in light of previous research suggesting age- and gender-specific reactivity to the emotional content in stimuli. Moreover, corpus-based frequency values and word length are provided as objective psycholinguistic measures of the nouns. The relationship between valence and arousal mainly showed the curvilinear relationship reported in previous studies. Age and gender effects on valence and arousal ratings were statistically significant but weak. The inherent affective properties of the words in terms of mean valence and arousal ratings explained more of the variance in the ratings. In all, the findings suggest that language- and culture-related factors influence the way affective properties of words are rated to a greater degree than demographic factors. This database will provide researchers with normative data for Finnish emotion-laden and emotionally neutral words. The normative database is available in Database S1.

A lexical database of languages of the Lesser Sunda Islands and their suggested relations. Available through an online-interface on https://lexirumah.model-ling.eu Minor bugfixes Provide Lexibank interface

We introduce a novel region-of-interest (ROI) database for natural image content, the ROI-D database. The database consists of ROI maps created from manual selections obtained in a psychophysical experiment with 20 participants. The presented stimuli were 42 photographic images taken from 3 publicly available image quality databases. In addition to the ROI selections, dominance ratings were recorded that provide further insight into the interest of the selected ROI in relation to the background. In this paper, the experiment is described, the resulting ROI database is analysed, and possible applications of the database are discussed. The ROI-D database is made freely available to the image processing research community.