Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
This research aims to identify the types of loanwords used by generation Z in social media “Threads” and this research also analyzed the social context on the use of loanwords by generation Z in that social media. To analyze the loanwords the author used Haugen's (1950) types of lexical borrowing theory. The researcher found that there are 3 loan-words, 16 loan-shifts, and 1 loan-translation in their statements in social media “threads”. The social context matches with the Dell Hymes’ SPEAKING theory. Dell Hymes' SPEAKING theory also can analyze the social context of Generation Z's statements on social media threads in Indonesia by examining the setting, participants, goals, communication process, language use, communication channels, norms, and genre. Based on the research results, the researcher hopes that young people will realize and know that the words they use every day are loanwords and the author also hopes that foreign language words will not replace their mother tongue just because those words are popular.
Abstract Understanding the somatovisceral responses to auditory affective imagery has important implications in disorders like misophonia. The current study compared physiological responses to aversive and nonaversive states across three modalities: audiovisual, auditory, and auditory imagery. Electromyographic activity over corrugator supercilii (EMGc) and zygomaticus major (EMGz), electrodermal activity (EDA), heart rate (HR), and finger skin temperature (SKT) were measured. There was significant differentiation in EMGc, EDA, and HR deceleration between aversive and nonaversive audiovisual stimuli. EMGc potentiation was the only physiological measure showing consistent differentiation across the three modalities. Cross-modal aversiveness classification results revealed a similar physiological response pattern between audiovisual and auditory modalities. The physiological response pattern during auditory affective imagery was useful for predicting the aversiveness in audiovisual modality but not the other way around. Vividness in auditory imagery correlated with subjective hedonic valence ratings, but not physiological responses. Taken together, the current data suggest that the aversiveness of auditory imagery is differentiable in subjective affective experience and facial muscle potentiation. These results of the physiological responses to imagined aversive sounds in nonclinical population would serve as a comparison baseline for the study of misophonia.
The only (non-divisive) way to address the representation of linguistic gender identity is to attempt – albeit not without difficulty – a negotiation between the protection of the common linguistic norm and accommodating the progressive proliferation of identities. This process must begin from a specific point, one for which no general consensus yet exists. There is no grammatical sacrilege in feminizing terms such as sindaco or ministro: in Italian, masculine nouns ending in -o typically take -a in their feminine forms, leaving no structural reason to reject sindaca or ministra. However, inclusive forms such as direttorə and pittorə, autorə and lettorə, rather than challenging their masculine equivalents, risk stalling progress. In classical Latin, the feminine form of pictor (pictrix) did not exist; a woman engaged in painting in ancient Rome had to resort to circumlocutions like pingendi artifex («an artist in the field of painting»). It took centuries to “institutionalize” many feminine forms of professional titles, and we are still far from granting them full social recognition. The current wave of advocacy for a neutral gender risks relegating to obscurity precisely those feminine forms (such as direttrice and pittrice, autrice and lettrice) that we must instead promote – and encourage others to promote – without hesitation.
Western tonal music uses harmonic cadences as structural and syntactic markers. This study examines cadence perception regarding the role of pre-cadential and cadential mode congruence. Major-to-minor and minor-to-major mode shifts that occur in Parallel-Mode Tonic (PMT) and Deceptive cadences were of interest, with the former including a key change. 61 adults with varied musical training rated arousal, valence, and degree of completion (DOC) for four cadence types (Authentic, PMT, Deceptive, and Neapolitan) in two pre-cadential modes (major or minor). Arousal ratings did not vary much across all cadence types and mode variations. In contrast, valence perception was predominantly influenced by the pre-cadential mode with major mode receiving higher ratings, and DOC perception further correlated with the final chord’s within-context tonal stability. Importantly, the perception of PMT cadences was unique in that the mode of the final tonic chord became far more important in both valence and DOC ratings, pointing to privileged and distinct perceptual processing when mode shifts resolve on a tonic chord, especially of major mode (i.e., Picardy Third). Musical training manifested as significantly enhanced rating tendencies which were most apparent for DOC. The results substantially extend our understanding of the interactive nature of modes, tonality, and expertise in music perception.
Modern linguistics interprets the concept of language development as the development of its grammatical factors and lexical composition, which is actually characteristic of its literary version. The concept of language development in its dialects, which is studied in the courses of dialectology and historical dialectology, is interpreted as "gradual and consistent changes" occurring in dialects, which leads to their consistent death under the influence of literary language in connection with consolidating political and economic processes. The article shows that the development of a language as a set of its dialects occurs mainly outside of connection with the development of literary norms and the development of dialects does not lead to their disappearance. The development of the language in its dialects (not a literary language!) is the real history of the development of the national language in connection with the history of its native speakers, which is shown by the example of Armenian. The problem is being raised so fundamentally for the first time and may cause serious objections, as well as become the beginning of a new approach to the study of the history of the language.
The difficulties of modern English translation terminology equivalence was analyzed in detail. The important problems, specifics and shortcomings of the already existing obstacles of modern English translation terminology were determined. The position of researchers regarding the need to distinguish these concepts was highlighted. The views of various wellknown linguists-scientists regarding the research problem were presented. It was proved that English simple terms are a constituent part of the lexical system and as a special type of word have specific features. Various approaches to the definition of translation equivalence were defined. It was also proved that the equivalence of the translation of the original text is always a relative concept and has a different level of relativity. It was stated that translation is the transmission of content information of the text. It was highlighted that the norm of equivalence means the requirement of maximum orientation towards the original. The concrete goal of the chosen topic was defined, which was determined by the general trend of modern linguistic studies within the terminology of the modern English. It was highlighted that a prerequisite for a full-fledged translation of a simple scientific and technical term is its full understanding by the translator. It was analyzed that when translating simple terms, a much smaller number of transformations is used. The division of equivalent units in the given article was presented. It was emphasized that one of the simplest methods of translating a term is the method of transcoding. It was determined that the translator must carefully compare all cases of the use of new terms that are difficult to convey by the means of the language being translated in order to form a clear idea of the problem under consideration from the general content of the text. It was concluded that together with the development of scientific and technical progress, the relevance of the problem of translation of terms is also increasing. And although the translation of many terms is not a problem for a qualified translator, because there are many sources that can be turned to for help in finding the necessary equivalent in the translation language, there are still a number of difficulties. Prospects for further research of this scientific problem were determined, which consist in the necessity and need of significant multidisciplinary teams of scientists for the development of this scientific issue.
In the contemporary context, where volunteering constitutes a significant element of social and political dynamics, examining its legal framework provides deeper insights into the mechanisms shaping and advancing civil society. This study aimed to determine the discourseforming role of the concept VOLUNTEER in international (UN) and national (Ukraine, USA, Russia) regulatory documents. To achieve this goal, both general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, generalisation) and linguistic research methods were employed. Discourse analysis was used to identify common and distinctive features in the positioning of the concept VOLUNTEER within international and national regulatory documents. Concept analysis facilitated the exploration of the concept’s development in both diachronic and synchronic dimensions. The findings revealed that its positioning within national discourses serves as an indicator of a fully developed volunteering discourse, understood as a type of social behaviour based on the interaction between volunteers and beneficiaries. This discourse exhibits both national and international manifestations, is culturally conditioned, and operates within the legitimate norms and regulations governing volunteering activities in the respective countries. It is noted that UN regulatory documents on volunteering establish the strategic pragmatics of the volunteering discourse and position universal conceptual-thematic groups of the lexical verbaliser volunteer. A comparison of the conceptual-thematic groups represented in UN regulatory documents and those in the legal frameworks of the countries under study has enabled the identification of alignments between fragments of national conceptual worldviews and the international value system. The study demonstrates that the concept VOLUNTEER plays a discourse-forming role in UN resolutions as well as in the legal documents of Ukraine and the USA concerning volunteer activities. The militarisation of the concept VOLUNTEER in Russian documents reflects the discursive behaviour of the state institutions of an aggressor country, aimed at fostering conflict, war, and the militarisation of society. The findings of this research can be applied in educational contexts, particularly in teaching courses such as Text Linguistics and Strategic Communications, as well as in the development of legal frameworks for volunteering activities
Public discourse often excludes the erroneous speech of migratory subjects, thus foreclosing social and political rapprochement. This paper argues that the position outside of pregiven, linguistic norms provides migratory speech with an improvisatory quality that can serve as a catalyst for community formation. Simulating freestyle forms in writing, Feridun Zaimoğlu’s Kanak Sprak seeks to find a new language for the critique of xenophobia and to establish belonging based on precarious conditions. In a close reading of Fikret’s monologue “Pity is that true vitamin,” I show how improvisation disrupts established discourses and transforms the meaning of conventional hate speech tropes to forge transethnic alliances. The paper then turns to the subsequent volume Koppstoff and problematizes the commodification of Kanak speech in neoliberal pop culture. Çağıl’s monologue “If you’re smart, you take our side” hints at a different understanding of improvisation that reframes the relation between mainstream society and its others. Drawing on critical improvisation studies, the paper contributes to the understanding of linguistic interventions into social orders that determine who can say what, in which speech form, and according to which norms of belonging.
The article examines the verbs included in the structure of the semantic field of thinking, namely the basic verbs to think and thinking, complicated by the prefix y-, based on the material of Russian texts of different genres. The subject of the study is the following values of situational modality (the so–called semantic X) - the invariant value of desirability, as well as the value of the opportunity realized by derivatives to conceive, to think in the process of communication. The purpose of the work is to reveal the specifics and conditions of the modal functioning of these verbs. Achieving this goal is facilitated by solving the following tasks: 1) to identify the modal meanings realized by the considered derivatives; 2) to determine the conditions of their modal functioning within the framework of the utterance; 3) to identify the role of the nominatively independent word-formation with formant y- in the process of creating the modal, modal-evaluative meanings of the corresponding derivatives. The goals and objectives of this work determined the choice of a comprehensive research methodology, including the following methods: functional-semantic, descriptive, contextual. The scientific novelty of the article is determined by the subject of the study. As a result of the conducted research, it is concluded that the verbs of thinking, to think with the formant y- are able to realize the modal meanings of possibility, desirability (which is a condition for the realization of opportunity), associated mainly with intentions that contradict the moral, ethical, social norms of society. The analysis of the texts made it possible to determine the lexical and grammatical basis of the modal functioning of the verbs of thinking, complicated by the prefix y-, in the semantics of which the modal component is implicitly contained, to establish syntactic conditions for the realization of the meanings of situational modality, i.e. the presence of a dependent subject semantically unlimited infinitive in the verb. The reinforcing role of the service formant is determined for the formation of the modal meaning of the derivatives to think, to conceive as an independent (autonomous) significant unit, in the meaning of which the seme "bringing to an undesirable state" is explicitly expressed, as well as the pejorative seme "to commit something bad, criminal, reprehensible (to the detriment of someone)". The materials of the article can be used at seminars and practical classes of the university on topical issues of the category of linguistic modality.
The article discusses major characteristics of Norwid’s language and style in light of the concept of “hyper-grammaticality” [po-nad-gramatyczność] developed by the poet himself. Considered as a descriptive category, it organizes and foregrounds certain properties of his syntax as well as other elements. The adjective “hyper-grammatical” can be understood in three ways: 1. failing to comply with rules; 2. departing from linguistic convention; hence unconventional; 3. derived from a different level of language than grammar.Norwid’s works can be shown to display hyper-grammaticality in all of the above senses. Discussion of constructions that violate linguistic norms accounts for the following: anacoluthon,homonymic structures, obscurities related to functions of anaphoric elements, and disruptions of coherence. Unconventional elements departing from the epoch’s standards include, among other things, innovations in collocability, complications of syntax, numerous parenthetical remarks, and the usage of archaic constructions. In Norwid’s texts an important place is held not only by mechanisms proper to syntactical or grammatical level of enunciation, but also by phenomena present on other levels:meta-textualityandthematic-rhematic structure.
Deep neural networks (DNNs) are widely used in fields like computer vision and natural language processing. A key component of DNN training is the optimizer. SGD-Momentum is popular in many DNN methodologies, such as ResNet and DenseNet, due to its simplicity and effectiveness. However, its slow convergence rate limits its use. To overcome this, we introduce inter-gradient collision into SGD-Momentum, inspired by the elastic collision model in physics. This new method, called ICSGD-Momentum, aims to improve convergence. We provide theoretical proof of convergence and establish a regret bound for ICSGD-Momentum. Experiments on benchmarks including function optimization, CIFAR-100, ImageNet, Penn Treebank, COCO, and YCB-Video show that ICSGD-Momentum accelerates training and enhances the generalization performance of DNNs compared to optimizers like SGD-Momentum, Adam, Radam, Adabound, and AdaBelief.
The article highlights the peculiarities of the lexical composition of business English, which is the main tool of business discourse in a modern multicultural society. The peculiarities of modern business discourse in comparison with the established norms of business communication are noted. The set expressions, clichés, and terminological expressions are accompanied by the use of professional jargon in oral business speech. It has been found that the lexical composition of business English is represented by simple words, compound words, abbreviations, and phrasal words. The semantic composition of business English is represented by both common words and professional terms. Words that have more than one meaning, as well as noun phrases, are widely used. The peculiarities of using business English in various fields, including management, marketing, advertising, etc. are considered. The ability of individual words and phrases to acquire a different professional meaning in the context of a particular field of business activity of entrepreneurs and companies is highlighted. The features of using business English as a professional jargon in the context of business discourse are analyzed. Examples of business English terminology are presented, in particular, terminology that is widely used by representatives of business circles in Ukraine. Examples of phrasal verbs and abbreviations used in business discourse are given. The peculiarities of using noun phrases in written business discourse are clarified, and examples of such phrases are given. It is noted that business discourse is characterized by a combination of business communication and extralinguistic context. Expressive words, idiomatic expressions, and metaphors, have become widely used in modern business discourse. Professional jargon as a layer of specialized vocabulary is used by representatives of one professional field with professionally limited vocabulary for the purpose of professional communication.
The article is dedicated to the study of the interaction of norms and values of social morality and law as normative and regulatory mechanisms since their requirements are understandable for representatives of a particular society. It is shown that social morality and law are entrusted with the performance of a common function – the stabilization of social relations, which they perform by various means. It is noted that in modern times, the relationship between morality and law is represented by two trends: the stability of society can be ensured by 1) legal registration of norms and values of social morality and 2) legal protection of norms and values of social morality. The place and role of social morality in the cultural code of society are revealed. The question of the formation of morality and law in the early modern cultural and historical period is highlighted. It is proved that the formation of the modern theory of positive law and basic ethical theories (particularly, the theory of social morality) goes back to early modern times. Changes in social life in the sphere of science, production, trade, and religion, and the formation of the bourgeoisie as a class influenced the formation of the basic norms and values of social morality in the specified cultural and historical period. It is proved that within the boundaries of early modern everyday life, the formation of a new type of social morality took place. Lexical and terminological searches in the ethical sphere are characteristic of social science research of the specified period, and the formation of the modern concept of “morality” took place. Attention is focused on the fact that the modern understanding of law is derived from its modernist interpretation (law is recognized as a contract, law is the sphere of secular human activity, law is autonomous from morality and religion (the latter are relegated to the sub-legal domain), recognition of the priority of law-making and law-making activity of the state, the state is given special legal personality). The article considers morality and rights through their rationality and artificiality within the mechanistic picture of the world. Considerable attention is paid in the article to the peculiarities of the formation of individualism as a mental trait of a European and its influence on the formation of law and morality in the new era.
Differences between men's and women's language use are due to the structure of the language, social norms, or the people in society who use the language. Holmes also explained that standard speech forms usually refer to women and femininity. A theory mentioned a particular woman's speech pattern that suggested fragility, unsureness, and unimportance. This research aimed to investigate the features used by Dalia Mogahed in her Islamic lecture Body Image Reality and Standards to prove the theory. The research method in this study is categorized as qualitative research since the descriptive data in this study is presented in spoken or written words by people. The researcher found 6 out of 10 features used by Dalia; they are lexical hedges, tag questions, rising intonation, empty adjectives, intensifiers, and hypercorrect grammar. It can be concluded that women in majority prefer using feminine features to bargain the position in the society.
This research discusses the shift of the Tae' language through a case study of language attitudes and language usage in the city of Palopo, South Sulawesi. The Tae' language, as the identity of the Luwu people, in this case, the city of Palopo, is rarely used as the daily communication language of the people of Palopo. The use of the language in the family environment, which should be the closest domain to the regional language, has also been replaced. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method. This study uses the instrument Cohn et al. (2013) in the form of scoring and social factors that can contribute to attitudes. Data analysis of language attitude employing the concepts of Garvin and Mathiot which encompass characteristics such as language loyalty, language pride, and awareness of linguistic norms. Based on the analysis of the data, the researcher found that the Tae' language as the regional language of the people of Palopo or Luwu has experienced a shift. The people in the city of Palopo have a positive attitude towards the Tae' language, but its usage is still minimal, even within the family domain. The Indonesian language dominates the language usage among the people. The positive language attitude does not align with the positive language usage, and it can even be negative in its usage.
The Kyrgyz language, as a low-resource language, requires significant effort to create high-quality syntactic corpora. This study proposes an approach to simplify the development process of a syntactic corpus for Kyrgyz. We present a tool for transferring syntactic annotations from Turkish to Kyrgyz based on a treebank translation method. The effectiveness of the proposed tool was evaluated using the TueCL treebank. The results demonstrate that this approach achieves higher syntactic annotation accuracy compared to a monolingual model trained on the Kyrgyz KTMU treebank. Additionally, the study introduces a method for assessing the complexity of manual annotation for the resulting syntactic trees, contributing to further optimization of the annotation process.
Revealing the syntactic structure of sentences in Chinese poses significant challenges for word-level parsers due to the absence of clear word boundaries. To facilitate a transition from word-level to character-level Chinese dependency parsing, this paper proposes modeling latent internal structures within words. In this way, each word-level dependency tree is interpreted as a forest of character-level trees. A constrained Eisner algorithm is implemented to ensure the compatibility of character-level trees, guaranteeing a single root for intra-word structures and establishing inter-word dependencies between these roots. Experiments on Chinese treebanks demonstrate the superiority of our method over both the pipeline framework and previous joint models. A detailed analysis reveals that a coarse-to-fine parsing strategy empowers the model to predict more linguistically plausible intra-word structures.
The article presents a study of the language of Serhiy Hrydin’s story “Not Like That”, dedicated to the personal, rather typical, story of our contemporary – a teenager who overcomes numerous situations of bullying in the school environment, among his peers. The subject of analysis are lexical and phraseological units that create a language model with two implementation plans. The first is the formation of a verbal image of the socio-cultural environment in which teenagers interact, revealing their identity. The second is an outline of the socio-psychological background that causes bullying of a teenager and generally the emergence and consolidation of bullying as a norm of behavior among school youth. The article emphasizes the special stylistic load of colloquial vocabulary and phraseology, elements of jargon (youth, criminal, subcultures), slang in the language of teenagers, teachers, and their parents. Examples of figurative and stylistic loading of lexical and phraseological communiques are given. Particular attention is paid to the intertextuality of quotes from the song lyrics of the “Boombox” group, in particular, key words reflecting the mood, language thinking of the main character who resists bullying while preserving his “self” are singled out. The writer argues for the preservation of personal identity first of all, since the main emphasis is on the provocative language behavior and activities of both representatives of school youth and mentors, which create the background for the generation and maintenance of bullying in the educational sphere.
Temporal Convolutional Networks (TCNs) are one-dimensional convolutional neural networks for modelling sequential data. A key component in TCN is the dilation, that is used to increase the receptive field while keeping the number of parameters low. Dilation rates are predetermined in TCN. In this paper, an adaptive method is introduced for learning dilation rates by utilizing trainable binary masks with sparsity constraints (named as Adaptive TCN, AdaTCN). To select connections that are deemed important, the binary masks are applied to convolutional layers. We introduce structured sparsity into the mask using Gumbel Sharp softmax in order to control the number of active connections. Four different models, including TCN, random masked TCN, AdaTCN, and an AdaTCN that is initiated with TCN-like mask are trained and evaluated. With the Penn TreeBank (PTB) and WikitText-2 (WT2) datasets, experiments are conducted on word-level language models
The paper reports on a series of experiments aiming at probing LeBenchmark, a pretrained acoustic model trained on 7k hours of spoken French, for syntactic information. Pretrained acoustic models are increasingly used for downstream speech tasks such as automatic speech recognition, speech translation, spoken language understanding or speech parsing. They are trained on very low level information (the raw speech signal), and do not have explicit lexical knowledge. Despite that, they obtained reasonable results on tasks that requires higher level linguistic knowledge. As a result, an emerging question is whether these models encode syntactic information. We probe each representation layer of LeBenchmark for syntax, using the Orféo treebank, and observe that it has learnt some syntactic information. Our results show that syntactic information is more easily extractable from the middle layers of the network, after which a very sharp decrease is observed.
Abstract The wider availability of large-scale datasets and reproducible algorithms has boosted the application of NLP to living languages. On the other hand, dead languages benefit from the availability of curated resources both to offset the sparseness of available data and to make data accessible to researchers. We present here AGVaLex, a computational valency lexicon automatically extracted from the Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank. It contains quantitative corpus-driven morphological, syntactic and lexical information about verbs and their direct and indirect arguments and has a wide range of applications for the study of Ancient Greek. To illustrate these applications, we offer a case study that compares the semantic flexibility of transitive verb formulae in archaic Greek epic to a non-formulaic corpus, with the goal of detecting unique patterns of variation. We also illustrate the possibilities afforded by AGVaLex to scholars with a less extensive background in computational corpus-based research.
In connection with the process of globalization and the ever-expanding contacts between countries and peoples, the question of the effectiveness of intercultural communication becomes important. In order for a successful understanding between representatives of different cultures and speakers of different languages, the translator must be familiar with such a phenomenon as interference. Interference as a process and result of the process is a violation by a speaker of bilingualism and multilingualism of the rules for correlating contacting languages, which manifests itself in his speech as a deviation from the norm. This article first examines the problem of determining interference in linguistics. For this, various definitions of this phenomenon are analyzed. Next, the concept of interference in translation studies is considered. The main causes of interference in translation are determined. Types of interference in the translation process are classified, such as lexical-semantic; sound; grammatical; spelling; stylistic; intralingual; linguocultural. These types of interferences are interpreted on the example of the Russian language.
Public discourse often excludes the erroneous speech of migratory subjects, thus foreclosing social and political rapprochement. This paper argues that the position outside of pregiven, linguistic norms provides migratory speech with an improvisatory quality that can serve as a catalyst for community formation. Simulating freestyle forms in writing, Feridun Zaimoğlu’s Kanak Sprak seeks to find a new language for the critique of xenophobia and to establish belonging based on precarious conditions. In a close reading of Fikret’s monologue “Pity is that true vitamin,” I show how improvisation disrupts established discourses and transforms the meaning of conventional hate speech tropes to forge transethnic alliances. The paper then turns to the subsequent volume Koppstoff and problematizes the commodification of Kanak speech in neoliberal pop culture. Çağıl’s monologue “If you’re smart, you take our side” hints at a different understanding of improvisation that reframes the relation between mainstream society and its others. Drawing on critical improvisation studies, the paper contributes to the understanding of linguistic interventions into social orders that determine who can say what, in which speech form, and according to which norms of belonging.
Studies of English academic writing have revealed a shift to a compressed style, with preferences for lexical and phrasal types of noun modifiers over clausal modifiers. However, condensed noun phrases may result in a loss of explicitness since they lack grammatical markers specifying the semantic relations between head nouns and modifiers. This study examines the types and characteristics of nominal modifiers in the academic prose of ELF, which has been found to be marked by explicitness and clarification to ensure efficiency of communication among non-native users. Data were from the introduction and method sections of 60 research manuscripts in language and linguistics submitted to a Scopus-indexed journal. The results show that ELF authors conform to the modern norm of academic prose, producing compressed noun phrases with lexical and phrasal modifiers, particularly adjectives, nouns, and prepositional phrases. However, these noun phrases are structurally explicit: many of them have only one or two modifiers, facilitating the comprehension process. Also, the most prevalent modifier is prepositional phrases, with prepositions explicitly signaling the semantic relationship between head nouns and modifiers. The results reflect the way experienced users shape ELF to achieve a balance between the contrasting goals of conciseness and explicitness, which are both vital in ELF academic prose.
The article investigates the peculiarities of the development of coherent speech and culture of communication of primary school students in the lessons of language and literature educational branch. The competence-based approach to speech and culture of communication, the emphasis shifts from the language-centred concept to the anthropocentric one, when the development of subject-subject learning is emphasised and a linguistic personality is formed, which possesses a set of abilities and properties that allow creating oral and written speech works, adequately understanding texts addressed to communicators, that is, communicating fully and effectively. The most important means of awakening the child’s self-awareness, stimulating his/her spiritual development, according to the national didactic tradition, is teaching the native language, which is the basis of national and cultural self-identification. One of the main methods of work on coherent speech and culture of communication is practical exercises, which are used in phases: the first phase is the task, which should contain a motive for performing a certain speech action/activity, a speech situation) and explanations of what and how the student should do (orally or in writing; independently or in pairs, in a group; in a notebook or on the board); the second phase is a sample of performance; the third phase is the task performance; the fourth phase is control, which can be either teacher’s control, self-control, or students’ mutual control. The exercises aimed at forming orthoepic, pronunciation, accentological and lexical norms, distinguishing intonation in sentences are systematised. Exercises aimed at studying the peculiarities of figurative meaning will be relevant. Grammatical skills are an integral part of all types of speech activity, the formation, improvement and development of which is the main task of teaching. As a result of working with primary school students using a system of exercises to form a culture of speech, not only does the students’ speech culture improve, but also their memory improves, they develop an attentive, thoughtful attitude to language and books, and the level of spelling literacy and interest in Ukrainian language lessons increases.
This study examined the extent to which musical training, familiarity, and personality predict music preferences among Malaysian secondary school students. Subjects were 381 16-year-old Malaysian secondary school students from Pasir Gudang, Johor divided into two groups, i.e. those with musical training and those without musical training. The subjects listened to forty music excerpts from eight genres, including Malaysian Pop, Western Pop, Malaysian Hip-Hop, Western Hip-Hop, Malaysian R&B, Western R&B, Malaysian Rock, and Western Rock. Only vocal excerpts were utilised, with tempos ranging from 140 to 180 beats per minute. Subjects completed three questionnaire sections. Section A was demographic information; Section B consisted of the music preference inventory (MPI) and familiarity rating scale; and Section C was the Big Five Inventory (BFI). Results showed that musical training had a strong influence on music preference. Subjects with musical training obtained higher mean scores for each music genre preference. Familiarity was also strongly correlated with music preferences. Each of the Big Five personality dimensions was also positively correlated with every music genre preference. In conclusion, musical training, familiarity, and personality play a crucial role in music preference decisions.
In the modern period social media has tremendously affected linguistic norms with the prevalent usage of Internet language, which has become an integral part of our digital interactions. From its modest beginnings in early chat rooms to its current ubiquitous presence across social media platforms, comprehending a new Internet term and delighting in its usage can open up an entirely new world of connections and expressions. This article explores the impact of internet language on daily communication. It analyses the main types of internet slang, highlighting the emergence of new linguistics strategies, including symbol graphics, emojis, numerical codes and abbreviated words. It also discusses the characteristics of internet slang and its impact on communication, emphasizing the numerous merits of internet languages, while acknowledging the challenges posed by their informal nature, such as the barriers to information dissemination. Additionally, the article underscores the need to adopt measures to improve the effectiveness of internet terminology in communication and manage its impact consciously and positively.
One of the more familiar challenges of teaching first-year university students is fostering their initiative to take part in class discussion. In the EFL classroom, discussion activities are rightly valued as opportunities for language practice. Less obvious, in contrast, may be the ways that the process of acculturation to college classroom norms intersects with second language difficulties, especially among first-generation college students who comprise a sizable demographic in the Hungarian university population. Pragmatics instruction, it will be argued, has a role to play in helping empower students to express their ideas and opinions in the company of their peers and instructors. However, supplying students with a lexical “toolkit” and peer-to-peer scenarios is only a first step in this direction. Indeed, it is precisely because the college experience is for many “first gens” a form of culture shock that the norm-disrupting potential of North American humor can be as important as modeling the myriad ways English speakers can verbally negotiate awkward or unfamiliar situations. Best practices for supporting first-year student engagement and success, as piloted at U.S.-based higher education institutions will also be explored.
This study explores the learnability of memory-less and memory-augmented RNNs, which are theoretically equivalent to Pushdown Automata. Empirical results show that these models often fail to generalize on longer sequences, relying more on precision than mastering symbolic grammar. Experiments on fully trained and component-frozen models reveal that freezing the memory component significantly improves performance, achieving state-of-the-art results on the Penn Treebank dataset (test perplexity reduced from 123.5 to 120.5). Models with frozen memory retained up to 90% of initial performance on longer sequences, compared to a 60% drop in standard models. Theoretical analysis suggests that freezing memory stabilizes temporal dependencies, leading to robust convergence. These findings stress the need for stable memory designs and long-sequence evaluations to understand RNNs true learnability limits.
FrameNet serves as a comprehensive lexical database intended to represent contemporary language usage. However, it faces challenges in accurately representing specialized domains. Among these domains, FrameNet presents difficulties in capturing the specific semantics of human senses. Senses such as smell and taste are in fact included in more general frames or inadequately represented. Building on a previous resource proposing a new framework for olfactory events, we propose a similar annotation scheme for gustatory references in English, enlightening the potential of frames to effectively capture sensory semantics. Having a comprehensive framework to deal with the annotation of this kind of references in textual data is especially important to develop systems for the automatic extraction of sensory information. Moreover, our approach incorporates words from specific historical periods, thereby enriching the framework’s utility for studying language in a diachronic perspective. In this...
The role of the amygdala in unconscious emotional processing remains a topic of debate. Past lesion studies have indicated that amygdala damage leads to impaired electrodermal activity in response to subliminally presented emotional stimuli. However, electrodermal activity can reflect both emotional and nonemotional processes. To provide behavioral evidence highlighting the critical role of the amygdala in unconscious emotional processing, we examined patients (n = 16) who had undergone unilateral resection of medial temporal lobe structures, including the amygdala. We utilized the subliminal affective priming paradigm in conjunction with unilateral visual presentation. Fearful or happy dynamic facial expressions were presented in unilateral visual fields for 30 ms, serving as negative or positive primes. Subsequently, neutral target faces were displayed, and participants were tasked with rating the valence of these targets. Positive primes, compared to negative ones, enhanced valence ratings of the target to a greater extent when they stimulated the intact hemisphere (i.e., were presented in the contralateral visual field of the intact hemisphere) than when they stimulated the resected hemisphere (i.e., were presented in the contralateral visual field of the resected hemisphere). These results suggest that the amygdala is causally involved in unconscious emotional processing.
This study is part of the bigger project OPTIMAX - Optimizing Outcomes in Psychotherapy for Anxiety Disorders (Müller-Bardorff et al., 2022, https://psyarxiv.com/yezaj/). Self-efficacy is a key construct in behavioral science impacting mental health and psychopathology. Here, we expand on previously demonstrated between-person self-efficacy effects. We prompted 66 patients five times daily for 14 days prior to starting cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to provide avoidance, hope, and perceived psychophysiological arousal ratings. Multilevel logistic regression analyses confirmed self-efficacy’s significant effects on avoidance in daily life (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.34–0.84, p =.008) and interaction effects with anxiety in predicting perceived psychophysiological arousal (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.62–1.00, p =.046) and hope (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.03–1.42, p =.02). More self-efficacious patients also reported greater anxiety symptom reduction early in treatment. Our findings assign a key role to self-efficacy for daily anxiety symptom experiences and for early CBT success. Self-efficacy interventions delivered in patients’ daily lives could help improve treatment outcome.
This paper addressed the practical application and potential impact of WordNet as an educational tool for teaching the lexical semantics of English nouns. WordNet, an extensive English lexical database, systematically organizes words into semantically interconnected groups and hierarchical classifications, providing a promising resource for utilizing a computational semantics approach in language education. Using the descriptive research method and the comparative method, the study explored the network of semantic relationships within English nouns, specifically focusing on synonymy, polysemy, hyponymy, and hypernymy. Based on the WordNet description, the paper suggested some practical techniques for teaching and learning lexical semantics within English nouns. These approaches aim to enhance the educational experience for both teachers and students by fostering a deeper understanding of the semantic relationships of English nouns through addressing readability, contextual meanings, and conceptual structures.
The article focuses on the peculiarities of translating English abstract nouns Singularia Tantum used in literary texts into the Ukrainian language. In particular the paper aims to find out and explicate factors that determine the number form of a Ukrainian abstract lexeme in the case if it can obtain both number forms. Having analysed the semantic structure of polysemantic abstract nouns Singularia tantum, linguists noticed that some abstract lexemes developed new meanings in the plural, and the correlation between their singular and plural is not paradigmatic. That is why linguists refer to such plural form of an abstract noun as lexicalised plural. It was observed that nouns denoting negative feelings acquired additional semantic meanings of intensity, duration in the plural. Therefore, lexicalised plural of the mentioned abstract lexemes are often used by interpreters to create certain stylistic effects in the target text. The author highlights that nouns of low degree of abstraction are able to obtain both number forms due to the presence of generalised and specific meanings in their semantic structure. While generalised meaning denotes state, quality, or action, the specific one signifies a specific manifestation of state, quality, or action. It should be noted that it is the specific meaning that can be used in both number forms. While the singular of these nouns denotes one specific manifestation of state, quality, or action, the plural signifies several manifestations. Since the mentioned nouns do not acquire new meanings in the plural, it is possible to substitute generalised meanings with specific ones, and vice versa while translating. Thus interchangeability of number forms can be traced in the Ukrainian translation. The research emphasises that the possibility of the mentioned interchangeability is limited by linguistic norms of the target language and the referential status of a source abstract lexeme in an utterance. In particular, Ukrainian quantitative structures prefer the plural of a noun that is quantified. The linguistic norms of the Ukrainian language permit some abstract nouns to use their singular and plural synonymously. It also has been mentioned that grammatical number forms of a noun acquiring a referential status cannot be changed while translating since the number of manifestations of quality, state, or action is relevant to the speaker. On the other hand, a translator can use both number forms of a Ukrainian equivalent if a source abstract lexeme acquires a non-referential status.
The paper deals with pragmatic restrictions treated as limits of normal communication within certain situations. Violations of such limits result in communicative failure or switch the communication into a sphere of jokes. Such restrictions correlate with formal and semantic linguistic norms, they have a gradual nature and vary from absolute prohibitions to admissible, but not recommendable communicative actions. Pragmatic restrictions are ethnoculturally bound. They change in time, as new norms emerge and previous rules function no longer. Several types of pragmatic restrictions may be singled out in communication: 1) etiquette rules which fix the canons of demonstrating good will and respect; 2) fundamental norms of behavior which keep the most important communicative formats, mainly concerning religious prescriptions and prohibitions; 3) common sense rules in everyday personal communication; 4) ritual automatic adherence to traditional beliefs; 5) politically correct, which is a reaction to violations of the rights of an oppressed or vulnerable part of the population; 6) discourse and style norms characterizing situationally defined norms of communicative behavior.
This study characterizes linguistic sophistication within university-based online courses using Learning Management Systems (LMS) across various academic disciplines. The research employs natural language processing tools to extract detailed linguistic features from student discussion posts and utilizes Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to identify distinct linguistic profiles. These profiles are analyzed to understand how linguistic sophistication varies across different educational contexts, specifically among various schools and courses. Subsequent cluster analysis reveals statistically significant distinct groups based on linguistic attributes. Despite the comprehensive analysis, the study did not establish significant predictive models linking linguistic sophistication to any direct educational outcomes. Instead, the findings highlight significant differences in language use across disciplines, suggesting that each academic field may have unique linguistic norms. The study emphasizes the need for further research to explore the underlying factors that influence these linguistic characteristics and their implications for educational practices.
The paper presents phrasemes from the lexical-semantic field DIABEŁ (DEVIL) in an anthropocentric perspective. The purpose is to describe these units that show what features and aspects of man’s activity – manifested in undertaking and carrying out different actions – have made these actions acquire a devilish character in phrasematics, and consequently – negative evaluation. A significant majority of phrasemes name behaviours, which – taking into account the way in which the actions are performed, as well as their intensity – are distinguished by lack of moderation and exceeding the conventionally accepted norm. As extremes located on the right side of the axis (slowly – fast, little – much, quietly – loudly), according to a popular belief (colloquial, sensible rationality – common-sense knowledge) are treated as unnatural and do not gain acceptance.
The paper explores particular stylistic features in the novel Nebo, tako duboko by Vesna Kapor, which are based on cumulating and separating lexical items. In addition, repetitions of identical or varied units and sentences, both contactual and distant, as one of the specific stylistic features of the novel are analysed as well. The most distinc- tive feature is the markedness of punctuation, especially commas, that deviates from the norm. Although the structure of the novel is polyphonic, from the point of view of linguo- stylistics the text is not differentiated. From the beginning to the end of the novel, cu- mulating and combining different stylistic features is prevailing, which results in a highly emotional language, with a broken rhythm, predominantly marked by pain and sadness
Explicitation constitutes a focal point within the realm of interpretation studies. It embodies a process whereby expressions originating from the source language are rephrased into clearer and more comprehensible renditions, harmonizing with the linguistic norms and practices of the target language. The process of explicitation involves not only the conversion of languages but also a deep understanding of cultural backgrounds and context. Explicitation goes beyond mere language conversion, effective explicitation enhances the precision and subtlety of meaning transfer in interpreting. Most of the research on explicitation in the academic circle focuses on translation. This paper endeavors to furnish a thorough examination of explicitation research through a multifaceted lens, encompassing the delineation of explicitation, its classification, as well as both domestic and international scholarship pertaining to explicitation, alongside an exploration of the underlying rationales. Its primary objective is to serve as a scholarly resource for forthcoming investigations into the phenomena of explicitation in interpretation, thus stimulating translators within our jurisdiction to assume a more pronounced role in this domain and actively participate in discourses on explicitation research within the global translation community.
Translating between languages with drastically different grammatical conventions poses challenges, not just for human interpreters but also for machine translation systems. In this work, we specifically target the translation challenges posed by attributive nouns in Chinese, which frequently cause ambiguities in English translation. By manually inserting the omitted particle X ('DE'). In news article titles from the Penn Chinese Discourse Treebank, we developed a targeted dataset to fine-tune Hugging Face Chinese to English translation models, specifically improving how this critical function word is handled. This focused approach not only complements the broader strategies suggested by previous studies but also offers a practical enhancement by specifically addressing a common error type in Chinese-English translation.
This chapter describes the courageous pedagogical choices made by the author to design and implement a teaching module entitled, “African American English Ain't Broken: The Linguistic Dexterity of Black Folks” for pre-teacher education students enrolled in an multicultural education class in her university's School of Education. The author describes her intention to focus on Black English as a unique variety of English as an act of resistance to white, hegemonic linguistic norms in teacher education. Grounded in Critical Theory and designed using the principles of Culturally Responsive Teaching, this teaching module enables pre-education students to apply their new knowledge of the nature of Black English to develop an understanding of the systems of power and oppression at work in schools and society that marginalize speakers of African American English, including K-12 students. The chapter concludes with suggestions for ways teacher educators, and K-12 classroom teachers can check their linguistic biases and honor students' home languages in meaningful ways.
This thesis explores the utilization of non-common expressions in English mass media, investigating the implications of this linguistic phenomenon on public discourse and perception. Drawing upon a range of contemporary media sources, from printed newspapers to digital platforms, the study analyzes how unconventional expressions, including idiomatic phrases, industry jargon, and neologisms, shape narratives and potentially influence readers’ understanding of events and issues. The research engages with theories of communication and linguistics to examine the functions and effects of these expressions, looking at their frequency, contexts, and the dynamics between traditional linguistic norms and the evolving language within the public sphere. Clear evidence is provided that the use of non-common expressions not only captures attention and conveys complex ideas succinctly but also serves to frame issues in specific ways, carrying subtle connotations and cultural references. This study thereby sheds light on the role of language innovation in journalism and its broader social implications, offering insights into the strategic use of language in mass media.
The conceptual analysis of semantics and functioning of ethnonymic lexicon helps us figure out components of the concept russia, construct its conceptual model and identify the ethnocultural peculiarities of the English-speaking linguistic picture of the world. The lexical system of the language highlights the subjective image of objective reality being interpreted by ethnic consciousness. In particular, attention has been paid to the studying of the communicative personality of “own” and “alien” ethnos that have their own specific peculiarities while actualizing at different levels and different types of communication, the dominant of which are motivational, cognitive, semantic and functional parameters; characteristics of national communicative peculiarities in the process intercultural exchange. The author examines the intercultural and social communicants’ interaction of “own” and “alien” ethnos that can be a manifestation of an adequate communicative behavior in the process of mutual understanding and the establishment of mutual relation; also an ability adequately to interpret and to take national diversity of communication partners. As a result the actual problem of different ethical group communication has been identified on the interdisciplinary level with an attraction of sociology, intercultural pragmatics, linguistics and other adjacent disciplines on the basis of the complex approach that permits to take a view of the cultural type, the structure of social relations, the main cultural values, accepted standards and norms of “own” and “alien” ethnos. It is postulated the idea that of the results of system analysis of valuable orientations of the British may identify the hierarchy of desirable qualities of the British nation as “own”, so the “alien” ethnic group. As a result it has been testified that the successful intercultural and social interaction is a manifestation of an adequate communicative behavior of “own” and “alien” in the process of mutual understanding and the establishment mutual relations between partners on communication.
Comments on an article by Jay W. Schwartz, Kayleigh H. Pierson, and Alexander K. Reece (see record 2024-19488-001). In this issue, Schwartz et al. (2024) tackle the pitch rule in humans by testing to what extent we use pitch alone to judge emotional arousal across closely and distantly related animal species. The findings of Schwartz et al. open a number of intriguing possibilities for future research: Notably important additional steps would include to further investigate the accuracy of the pitch rule across closely and distantly related species. Upon this, in order to study the evolutionary ancestry of the pitch rule, it will be necessary to study its applicability across nonhumans. Particularly interesting would be the inclusion of subject species that have been found to eavesdrop on heterospecific alarm calls. Previous research (see Hoeschele, 2017 for a review) as well as present findings on human ratings of macaque versus cricket calls also suggest that we should additionally focus on sound features that compliment emotional arousal rating beyond pitch such as spectral information. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Previously used to refer to generic antecedents and antecedents of unknown gender, singular they has been found to increasingly occur with definite antecedents of known gender. This shift is associated with rising awareness of nonbinary gender identities and the expansion of they as a preferred pronoun. Usage of singular they has been previously examined only within Inner Circle Englishes (e.g., US English). In this study, we investigate sociolinguistic factors that influence the acceptability of singular they in Singapore English, an Outer Circle variety that is pivoting towards internal linguistic norms but also experiences frequent contact with non-local Englishes. We find that singular they is rated as significantly more grammatical by younger respondents; its rating is also constrained by definiteness and interactions between social factors, including gender and religiosity. These factors are found to be stronger predictors of singular they acceptability than linguistic prescriptivism. The diffusion of singular they to Singapore English illustrates the ongoing role of non-local contact in the evolution of this variety.
ABSTRACT This study aims to examine the use of curse words in the Serawai language in Tebat Gunung Village, Semidang Alas District, Seluma Regency. The study focuses on the forms and meanings of curse terms used by the local community, thereby contributing to a broader understanding of language as a medium for expressing ideas and thoughts in accordance with linguistic norms. The method employed is qualitative research with a descriptive approach, aiming to deeply and comprehensively understand the studied phenomenon. The results show that curse words remain a significant part of daily communication among the Serawai community. These words are used in emotional contexts, such as insults or mockery, as well as in joking contexts. A total of 60 curse words were identified during the study in Tebat Gunung Village. In conclusion, curse words in the Serawai language reflect the unique cultural habits of the local community, which should be viewed in their social and cultural context. Keywords: Serawai Language, Tebat Gunung Village, Curse Words
This paper examines the attitudes of Montenegrin students toward dialectal language forms in communication. An empirical study was conducted for this purpose, using a questionnaire with eight questions. The interpretation of the results provided important insights into the factors shaping the attitudes of Montenegrin students on this issue. The responses revealed value judgments indicating that, for a high percentage of the student population, it is important to prioritize forms from the standard language in almost all types of communication. The study found that most of the responses reflect attitudes shaped by a traditionalist approach to linguistic norms, where the linguistic standard is idealized as a model of cultural prestige. Considering the findings of this research, it is concluded that a potential measure to address this situation would involve systematically designed education programs developed through broad collaboration between institutions and non-governmental organizations, targeting young people and society as a whole. An important contribution to dispelling linguistic myths and unscientific attitudes regarding non-standard dialects is seen in the legal protection of Montenegrin language varieties as intangible cultural heritage.