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18265 papers
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم ترجمة النصوص القانونية العربية إلى الإنجليزية من خلال كتاب "المترجم القانوني في الميدان" لـ (حاتم وشناق وبكلي). تركز الدراسة على اقتراح حلول واستراتيجيات فعالة لمعالجة الصعوبات التي تنشأ عن هذه الترجمات. تناولت الدراسة تقييم ترجمات النصوص القانونية العربية التي تحمل مدلولات ثقافية إسلامية إلى الإنجليزية. اتبعت الدراسة منهجية متعددة التخصصات تجمع بين التحليل الوصفي والنقدي والمقارن للنص الأصلي ونص الترجمة. اعتمدت الدراسة معايير التقييم الآتية: الدقة: في تقييم مدى دقة الترجمات في نقل المعاني الأصلية. التناغم: في مدى انسجام النص المترجم مع القواعد اللغوية والثقافية للغة المستهدفة. الجزالة: في تقييم قوة التعبير في النص المترجم. التأثير القانوني: في مدى قدرة الترجمة على نقل الأثر القانوني للمدلولات الثقافية. وأظهرت الدراسة أن المترجمين نجحوا إلى حد ما في تحقيق أهداف الترجمة ونقل مقاصد النصوص الأصلية. في بعض الحالات، ساوم المترجمون على دقة الترجمة لتكييف النص مع القيم الثقافية القانونية للقراء المستهدفين. كما استنتجت الدراسة استخدام المترجمين طرق الحذف والترجمة التفسيرية والحرفية، مما أدى إلى اختلال دقة النصوص وفقدانها للجزالة والتأثير البرغماتي. تقدم الدراسة ترجمات بديلة مبررة بالحجة والبرهان. كما أوصت الدراسة بإعادة مراجعة الترجمات لتحقيق الدقة والمقبولية بالإضافة إلى ضرورة استخدام استراتيجيات توطين النصوص والترجمة الوظيفية في المراجعة والتحرير. تعتبر هذه الدراسة خطوة مهمة نحو تحسين جودة ترجمة النصوص القانونية العربية إلى الإنجليزية، مع التركيز على الحفاظ على التأثير القانوني والامتثال للمعايير الثقافية المستهدفة. This paper critically assesses the translation of legal discourses from Arabic into English by examining the book of Hatim, Shunnaq, and Buckley (1995), aiming to identify challenges and propose cost-effective solutions. Translation quality assessment is determined by how the target text may approximate the source text in terms of meaning, power, elegance, force, and pragmatic impact. Meaning is context-dependent, and any given lexical item is likely to assume different meanings in different contexts. The paper adopts an interdisciplinary qualitative analysis and translational hermeneutics, combining descriptive, comparative, contrastive, and critical analyses to evaluate the accuracy, fluency, and legal effect of selected translations. Translational hermeneutics emphasizes that a translator can only translate what they have understood. The study further identifies translation strategies, proposes solutions to challenges, and suggests alternative renderings where necessary. The research findings indicate that the translators have partially succeeded in meeting the translation objectives, with the intended meanings of the source text's author being largely conveyed in the English translations. However, they were unable to reproduce the full legal effect and impact. The authors prioritized informing the target readership and adapting to cultural norms at the time of their translation, which may have compromised the coherence and legal impact of the source text. Conversely, they focused on maintaining high accuracy to the source text, potentially undermining cultural acceptability. The translators' strategies, including omission, literal translation, and one-to-one transition, may have negatively impacted the acceptability, elegance, force, power, and pragmatic impact of the target texts. As a result, the legal effects of the source texts may have been partially lost in translation. To achieve comparably legal effects, it is recommended to revise and post-edit these translations, employing domesticating and trans-creative strategies while preserving the source text’s intentions, culture, and legal effects in the target text.
This study examines the role of social media platforms, such as Instagram and WhatsApp, in shaping English language use among English Language Learners (ELLs) in Kuwait. Ninety-two undergraduate students from the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training participated, providing survey data on social media usage patterns and real language samples, analysed through descriptive statistics and thematic methods. Semi-structured interviews with educators and students offered deeper insights into the perceived impact of these platforms on language development. Findings reveal frequent use of new vocabulary, abbreviations, and emojis, reflecting social media’s direct influence on informal communication styles and lexical innovation. The study highlights the multifaceted dimensions of this impact from linguistic and social perspectives, portraying social media as a dynamic platform for linguistic socialisation in line with theories that view language as an adaptive system responding to societal changes. However, despite the noticeable benefits of social media in fostering regular English practice, the widespread prevalence of informal linguistic patterns raises significant concerns regarding its potential impact on formal language skills and grammatical accuracy. In light of these findings, the study highlights the gap between informal and academic communication standards, emphasising the importance of integrating social media into directed educational contexts. Such integration aims to achieve an effective balance between informal linguistic innovations and observing formal language norms. Additionally, the study recommends adopting a more conscious pedagogical approach to enable students to maximize the benefits of social media while safeguarding the quality of their academic performance.
This chapter focuses on the ways in which maskilic (Jewish enlightenment) authors reshaped elements of the Hebrew language in order to make it suitable for use as a vehicle of modern European-style literature. Maskilic authors were motivated by the principle that the creation of a Hebrew literary canon based on European-language models was an essential component of the Jews’ Enlightenment. They developed a wide range of new written genres which had not previously existed in Hebrew, including original and translated novels, short stories, novellas, anecdotes, feuilletons, and plays; a flourishing press; popular science (e.g., astronomy, physics, biology, chemistry, zoology), politics, geography, and history; and fiction and nonfiction works for young readers. This large-scale endeavor resulted in the emergence of numerous linguistic innovations. In this chapter we examine several key yet understudied innovative features of maskilic Hebrew: 1) realistic colloquial dialogue, including a) new punctuation norms, b) use of interjections, and c) forms of address; 2) discussions of contemporary scientific and political topics using newly developed Hebrew vocabulary and European loanwords; and 3) prose syntax based on German and Russian stylistic models. These new components of Hebrew paved the way for the later vernacularization of the language in Ottoman Palestine.
This article offers an overview of the presence of prominent figures from British, American, and Italian cultures in English and Italian language textbooks designed for foreign learners. The acquisition of a foreign language necessarily involves understanding the sociocultural norms and values associated with it. Consequently, language textbooks increasingly include lexical and visual elements that serve as vehicles for the culture of the target language. The study focuses on identifying names and corresponding images of culturally significant individuals within six textbooks—three for English and three for Italian—targeted at intermediate-level learners. These textbooks, published within the last ten years, are currently used in foreign language classes at the Goce Delcev University in Stip, North Macedonia. The selected examples are examined according to several parameters, including the relative frequency of female and male representations, the type of material used (textual mentions or visual illustrations), and the relationship between text and image (whether accompanied by descriptive context or not). Furthermore, the analysis takes into account the domains of activity associated with the represented figures and incorporates a diachronic comparison to identify changes in cultural representation across textbook editions over time. Keywords: textbooks, culture, foreign language, gender representation, sociocultural competence, cultural awareness
Linguistic differences between men and women are evident in all languages and are a biological, social and to some extent cultural phenomenon because women's speech has different values from men's speech. With the emergence of the women's movement, topics such as the relationship between the mind and gender were raised, and the question of whether the mind of a man and a woman are different from each other? Therefore, gender language refers to the specific writing style of a gender; A style that is formed based on ideology, position and a specific point of view.The present study aims to elucidate the differences between feminine and masculine writing styles and examines the linguistic features of two poetic samples from Palestinian literature. Fadwa Tuqan and Mahmoud Darwish are prominent poets of resistance, embodying the Palestinian ideal in their poetry. Fadwa Tuqan is a prominent representative of Palestinian women who have endured suffering and numerous hardships due to the occupation of their land, while Mahmoud Darwish's poems almost always conclude with references to Palestine, weaving themes of suffering, longing, and aspirations. The feminine and masculine writing styles in the poems "Ahat" by Fadwa Tuqan and "Identity Card" by Mahmoud Darwish are analyzed to delineate the differences in writing styles. These linguistic differences are evident both in the lexical, syntactic, and rhetorical layers, as well as in the content and substance of the poems by these two poets. Based on this analysis, the study aims to answer the following questions:1. What are the most important grammatical and rhetorical features of the two mentioned poems that indicate feminine and masculine writing styles, and what differences do they exhibit?2. In terms of content, how have these two poets contributed to strengthening the literature of resistance by addressing which themes?Methodology:Using the theory of Robin Likoff in the field of gender linguistics and with a descriptive-analytical method, the present essay seeks to represent this difference in the poetic language of Fadwa Tuqan and Mahmoud Darwish. Considering that both of them are resistance poets and the cause of Palestine is prominently expressed in their poetry, the importance of this matter increases.Results and Discussion:In the contemporary era, the sociology of language examines the influence of language and society, and they believe that the geographical region, social level, gender, occupation, etc. cause language differences. In the meantime, Robin Likoff one of the most famous sociologists who has studied the relationship between language and gender and believes that women have their own special terms and tendencies in the use of grammatical and phonetic structures, which the most important distinctions between feminine and masculine writing styles can be briefly mentioned below:1. In her own language, a woman uses words that evoke respect and admiration from others and observes social norms, while men tend to observe these less.2. In many societies, women either do not have social roles or have lower social roles compared to men, so they try to use language as a tool to assert themselves in society.3. The woman uses simple and understandable words because she seeks to establish a connection with the listener, but the man tries to demonstrate his knowledge and superiority, so he uses difficult and complex words.4. Men often insist on their own views, but women try to leave the topic open for conclusions. They express their opinions and ideas with doubt, and their conversations are less definitive.In the field of linguistic gender studies, by utilizing the sociolinguistic domain of language, one can analyze linguistic differences and indicators of feminine and masculine writing styles, and evaluate texts structurally and content-wise.Conclusion:Fadwa Tuqan follows common patterns in the use of words, but when she gets angry, she uses swear words. In terms of syntactic structure, Mahmoud Darwish directly addresses the enemy and uses a sarcastic and commanding tone with interrogative structures and repeated phrases. Fadwa, on the other hand, tries to evoke emotions in the audience indirectly through the use of interrogative sentence structures, but sometimes she feels so much anger towards the enemy that she directly commands them using imperative verbs.In terms of rhetorical structure, the similes and metaphors used in both poetic samples effectively convey feminine and masculine emotions. Tuqan utilizes everyday idioms and household items, while Darwish employs terms that signify resilience and toughness.Tuqan portrays her chaotic surroundings with delicate emotions through the use of repetition, a characteristic of feminine writing style, while Mahmoud Darwish uses this style to assert the authenticity of the Palestinians.The spirit of resistance is also evident in the content of the poems; Fadwa, a very emotional poet, uses provocative words to garner support for the Palestinian cause and adopts a melancholic tone. However, Darwish, by distancing himself from emotions, speaks of the loss of Palestinian rights with strong and logical arguments, addressing the enemy from a position of power.
Banua Language is one of the languages originating from the province of East Kalimantan. Banua Language is part of the Austronesian language family. This research on Banua Language uses a syntactic typology approach. The aim of this study is to explain the behavior of subjects in clause construction within Banua Language. As a regional language in East Kalimantan, Banua Language has a unique syntactic structure. Not much research has been done on the function and position of subjects in this language. Therefore, this study examines subjecthood through canonical position, relativization, and control, the three main tools according to Keenan and Comrie (1983). The distributional method was used to analyze data collected from native speakers through elicitation and uninvolved observation techniques. The study shows that in Banua Language, the subject always precedes the verb in both intransitive and transitive clauses. Additionally, the subject can be relativized exclusively using the form "anu". Furthermore, the subject can be controlled in serial verb constructions, but arguments without subjects do not exhibit the same characteristics. The findings indicate that Banua Language has subjecthood properties that align with universal syntactic principles and contribute to the typological mapping of Indonesian languages. The theoretical implication of this research is expected to strengthen the theory of subjecthood from a syntactic typology perspective and provide a global linguistic database. In addition, the practical implication expected from this research is to serve as a means for preserving the regional language and a foundation for developing the Banua Language grammar.
Background. In today’s world, intercultural dialogue with other countries is actively developing and being realized through many forms of art. These include various literary works, multi-genre music, and a huge amount of audiovisual material, among which movies and TV series occupy an honorable place. Asian TV series (“doramas”) are one of the most popular in the world nowadays. Having started their journey in Korea, Japan, and China, they have spread throughout Asia, the United States, Europe, and even Africa over the past decade. Eastern cinema has not bypassed Ukraine either. Nowadays, many people in Ukraine enjoy watching Korean and Japanese films and TV series, learning about the mysterious culture of the East through them, and fan-sub groups are actively developing, translating and posting Asian films and TV series on thematic pages. In this regard, the issue of high-quality translation and adaptation of oriental films and TV series into Ukrainian is seen as an important aspect of further development of Oriental studies in Ukraine, popularization of the above-mentioned Far-Eastern cultures in Ukraine, and will also contribute to the deepening of intercultural exchange between our countries. Methods. The following methods were used in the course of the research: search, analytical, classification, and generalization. Results. The article examines the specifics of translating titles of films and TV series from Korean and Japanese on the basis of film titles selected from Ukrainian websites and other streaming platforms. The article discusses and traces the classification of different types of titles by structure, strategies and methods of their translation. The most common mistakes in the translation of titles and the reasons for their occurrence are analyzed. The author concludes that an accurate, complete translation of the title of a film product involves preserving all the functional and pragmatic features of the original in the language of the potential audience. However, more often than not, retaining an attractive title is a priority for distribution. Accordingly, the final title of a project does not always depend on the translator and can be reworked by distributors for the sake of marketing. Conclusions. It was found that the main approaches to translating film and TV series titles are the following strategies: descriptive translation, literal or direct translation, transcoding, transformation, genre translation, and semantic translation. The most common mistakes in the translation of film titles from Korean and Japanese into Ukrainian are due to the translator’s lack of background knowledge, ignoring allusions and other hidden elements in the original text, due to the inability to identify the stylistic features of the original title, violation of the norms of phonetics and readability, and mistakes when the title of a film or series does not correspond to its content.
Background People with aphasia (PWA) often struggle to determine who/what pronouns refer to. However, spontaneous speech studies on non-fluent PWA have revealed a disparity: one cluster of PWA tends to omit pronouns, while another cluster tends to overuse them. This study improves our current knowledge of pronoun processing by presenting how aphasia impacts pronoun production in Turkish.Aims This study addresses three questions: (i) whether Turkish-speaking PWA show impairments in producing pronouns in spontaneous speech, either through omission or overproduction; (ii) whether their production of personal pronouns is selectively affected; and (iii) whether theyexhibit difficulties in producing deictic and/or non-personal pronominal elements, including demonstratives, indefinites, and possessives.Methods & Procedures Spontaneous speech samples from 10 PWA speaking Turkish and 10 matched healthy controls were analysed. Three groups of pronoun variables were quantified: (i) general characteristics of pronoun uses including total number of pronominal elements, and pronoun-to-noun ratios, (ii) total and null personal pronouns in subject and object positions, and (iii) other types of pronouns including demonstrative, indefinite, and possessive pronouns.Outcomes & Results The Turkish-speaking PWA were above the control norms in total number of pronominal elements, and pronoun-to-noun and pronoun-to-word ratios, but they showed reduced lexical diversity in noun usage. They produced more first-person (deictic) than third person (anaphoric) pronouns while this difference was not significant in the controls. The PWA exhibit overuses in null subjects and objects, demonstratives and indefinite pronouns.Conclusions Turkish-speaking PWA overproduce pronouns; however, this overuse does not represent a uniform pattern. Overuses caused mostly by deictic elements such as demonstratives and indefinite pronouns, in the context of reduced lexical diversity in nouns. While the overuse of pronouns likely reflects a communicative strategy, the extent and nature of this strategy seem to vary across individuals.
Treebanks are critical resources in Natural Language Processing (NLP), supporting parser development, linguistic research, and the evaluation of large language models. While Tamil has seen progress in Universal Dependencies (UD) treebanking, existing corpora have been restricted to prose texts, leaving its vast poetic tradition underrepresented. This paper presents the first effort to be made to construct a syntactic treebank for Tamil poetry, specifically focussing on the ThirukkuRaḷ, which is composed in kuRaḷ veṇpā form. A central challenge in this work is posed by the treatment of multiword tokens (MWTs) and elliptical constructions, both of which are observed to occur frequently in Tamil verse due to its agglutinative morphology and metrical constraints. An annotation strategy is proposed within the Enhanced UD (EUD) framework to systematically address five major types of ellipsis—casal, verbal, adjectival, comparative/simile, and cumulative—alongside complex MWT patterns. These annotations not only enhance the representation of Tamil poetic syntax but also broaden the applicability of UD guidelines to underrepresented genres. The contribution is shown to underscore the linguistic and computational importance of capturing the structural specificities of Tamil poetry, while establishing a foundation for future cross-linguistic and literary treebanking efforts.
Abstract This study investigates the relationship between literature and poetry reading frequency and participants’ ratings of metaphors on key features: quality, aptness, familiarity, and comprehensibility. Using a set of Serbian poetic metaphors, we explored two main questions: how reading habits correlate with metaphor feature ratings, and whether the type of reading material (i.e., literature vs poetry) influences sensitivity to these features. The sample consisted of 140 native Serbian-speaking students from varied academic disciplines. Participants rated metaphors based on reading frequency (literature and poetry) using a 7-point Likert scale. Analysis showed that frequent readers generally gave higher overall metaphor ratings than infrequent readers, with significant differences noted particularly in familiarity and comprehensibility. Specifically, familiarity ratings yielded the most substantial differences between infrequent and frequent readers, which can indicate the influence of reading experience on the perceived recognition and understanding of metaphors. Aptness and quality ratings showed no significant differences, which suggests that familiarity and comprehensibility are more sensitive to variations in reading habits.
The increasing use of English in many professional and academic contexts has played a pivotal role not only in expanding the teaching of English at universities worldwide but also in determining the growth of teaching in English. This has heightened the need to teach thesis writing in many English-medium contexts. Focusing on the tension between individuality – expressing an individual point of view – and commonality – adopting the rhetorical and linguistic norms of the specific discourse community addressed, we discuss our experience of designing an introduction to thesis writing for an EMI (English as a Medium of Instruction) multidisciplinary MA programme in Italy. The chapter begins by exploring the interplay between commonality and individuality, then proceeds to describe the course’s context and its educational underpinnings. The general principles are illustrated through an analysis of activities meant to teach the students how to engage with the discourse community of their choice and to express their stance: from engaging with discourse communities to finding relevant sources, incorporating other voices into a literature review, and working collaboratively on the conclusion section. The chapter closes with a brief summing up of the issues raised.
Studies on trust have traditionally focused on its categories and scope, or the role of institutions, cultures, and norms in shaping trust dynamics. These conceptualizations of trust have been widely employed in cross-cultural studies while limited attention has been given to the linguistic aspects of trust realization in different languages. This study, therefore, employs a multifaceted methodology to explore the linguistic realization of trust in Arabic. Root-and-pattern morphology in Arabic generates a rich trust-related vocabulary, revealing two central themes: trust as bolstering, reflecting an evaluation of strength and measured reliance, and trust as peace and tranquillity, embodying inner calm and emotional security. Through an analysis of these themes and examples from various Arabic corpora and dictionaries, the study underscores the importance of integrating language-specific factors into cross-cultural trust research.
Adverbs play a central role in structuring discourse, conveying speaker stance, and modifying propositional content. -Ly adverbs constitute up to 55% of common adverbs and are frequently used in academic prose. Attaining a nuanced grasp of adverbial usage in learner English, and of how closely Turkish learners’ patterns align with native-speaker norms, is crucial. In this regard, this paper examines the use of -ly adverbs by Turkish EFL learners of English in comparison to native speakers. The investigation relies on two corpora of novice academic English: The Turkish International Corpus of Learner English (TICLE) and the Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays (LOCNESS), and one corpus of expert academic English: BNC (British National Corpus), representing learner and native speaker writing. The frequencies, lexical choices, and the distribution of -ly adverbs were analyzed across three corpora. In addition, syntactic functions of the identified -ly adverbs were classified according to Quirk et al. (1985) and Hasselgård’s (2015) classifications. The analysis reveals that Turkish EFL learners rely on a narrower range of -ly adverbs, frequently using those associated with spoken rather than academic discourse, whereas native expert writers demonstrate a more varied and academically appropriate adverbial repertoire. Additionally, Turkish learners underuse most -ly adverb categories, particularly adjuncts and disjuncts, while overusing conjuncts and intensifiers. These findings highlight the gap between native and non-native academic writing, emphasizing the need for explicit instruction in the use of adverbials to develop a more advanced academic style.
<div> We address the challenge of syntactic parsing for Urdu, a morphologically rich language, and present state-of-the-art results for both constituency and dependency parsing. This paper offers four major contributions: 1) the conversion of the CLE-UTB phrase structure treebank into a dependency treebank by developing language-specific head-word and phrase-to-dependency label mapping rules; 2) a novel sequence labeling scheme that transforms the parsing task into a unified representation; 3) the training of contextualized word representations on a large 220 million tokens Urdu corpus collected from the web; and 4) development of parsing framework using two learning paradigms, single-task and multi-task learning. Several post-processing rules are applied to improve the quality of the automatically converted dependency structure treebank. The proposed sequence labeling scheme enables the use of a shared architecture that learns the syntactic structures from both grammatical structures simultaneously and hence improves generalization. Experiments show that the multi-task learning setup significantly enhances parsing performance, achieving an F1 score of 91.39 for constituency parsing (an improvement of 3.29 points) and a labeled attachment score of 85.69 for dependency parsing (an improvement of 1.49 points). These results demonstrate that learning cross-task representations provides measurable benefits and advances the state of syntactic parsing for Urdu. </div>
The nonverbal components of communication are viewed from a gender perspective. When studying male and female versions of speech behavior, only communicative, lexical, morphological and syntactic preferences are revealed without taking inti account the peculiarities of the situation of communication between men and women, stratification variables (status, role, motivation, attitudes, norms as existing stereotypical representations concerning the verbal and nonverbal behavior of men) and women in linguistic genderology.
This article examines the linguistic practices of French-speaking drag queens on the television show Drag Race France (2022), focusing on the morphophonological integration of English borrowings, while also analysing how these borrowings may serve as resources in identity construction, social positioning and cultural commentary. Drawing on a corpus of spontaneous speech, this study provides a detailed linguistic analysis of borrowing types and of the prevalence of borrowings in different parts of the linguistic system, before moving on to examine how borrowings are used to demonstrate artistic authority, to mediate interactions with others, and in drag queens’ performances of self. These borrowings are examined not only as linguistic phenomena, but also as stylistic and strategic resources for identity construction and interactional positioning. Using Drag Race France as a case study, this article highlights the ways in which drag queen speech draws on exogenous anglophone norms to situate localised drag performance within the global drag culture popularised by RuPaul’s Drag Race and its franchises. The analysis of borrowings used in context sheds light on the social meanings associated with specific performative stances that use linguistic material from English in French.
[EN] We introduce Argos, an online search engine for Greco-Latin treebanks, developed by the Greek Linguistics Group at ILC (CSIC). Argos is designed as an intuitive and efficient tool, enabling complex searches and providing results in user-friendly formats, with future plans for expansion to incorporate more features and languages. To contextualize this tool, we present a brief overview of the state of the art in treebanks, focusing particularly on those dedicated to Ancient Greek and Latin, and their search engines.
Large language models (LLMs) exhibit cultural bias from overrepresented viewpoints in training data, yet cultural alignment remains a challenge due to limited cultural knowledge and a lack of exploration into effective learning approaches. We introduce a cost-efficient and cognitively grounded method: fine-tuning LLMs on native speakers' word-association norms, leveraging cognitive psychology findings that such associations capture cultural knowledge. Using word association datasets from native speakers in the US (English) and China (Mandarin), we train Llama-3.1-8B and Qwen-2.5-7B via supervised fine-tuning and preference optimization. We evaluate models' cultural alignment through a two-tier evaluation framework that spans lexical associations and cultural value alignment using the World Values Survey. Results show significant improvements in lexical alignment (16-20% English, 43-165% Mandarin on Precision@5) and high-level cultural value shifts. On a subset of 50 questions where US and Chinese respondents diverge most, fine-tuned Qwen nearly doubles its response alignment with Chinese values (13 to 25). Remarkably, our trained 7-8B models match or exceed vanilla 70B baselines, demonstrating that a few million of culture-grounded associations achieve value alignment without expensive retraining. Our work highlights both the promise and the need for future research grounded in human cognition in improving cultural alignment in AI models.
<sec> <title>BACKGROUND</title> Emotional granularity is closely associated with emotional regulation and well-being outcomes. However, it is rarely considered when developing digital mental health interventions, which may limit the accuracy of diagnosis and treatment in such interventions. </sec> <sec> <title>OBJECTIVE</title> This study aims to explore the potential of emotion word ratings to inform the design of digital mental health interventions and clinicians’ interpretation of patients’ self-reports. </sec> <sec> <title>METHODS</title> 30 participants’ ratings of emotion words were analysed from previous studies of emotion granularity and categorisation. Each participant’s ratings were plotted into a circumplex of emotions. Patterns of divergence between individuals’ self-reported ratings and normative reference data were calculated to show the range of emotion perception. </sec> <sec> <title>RESULTS</title> The analysis of ratings of emotion words demonstrated the potential of visualising individual emotion ratings to explore opportunities for tailoring content in digital interventions. Large variations were identified in people’s ratings of emotion words in both valence and arousal dimensions. </sec> <sec> <title>CONCLUSIONS</title> This work raises the awareness of a gap in the current design of digital mental health interventions and highlights the importance of understanding individual differences in emotion perception and experience for more personalised guidance in these interventions. </sec> <sec> <title>CLINICALTRIAL</title> This study has been registered at https://osf.io/2nc6d. </sec>
Universal Dependencies (UD) have garnered notable focus for the systematic assessment of cross-lingual methods in the task of dependency parsing. In this article, we present our initiative toward the development of a dependency treebank for the resource-poor language: Nepali, within the framework of UD. To this end, we have mapped the Nepali treebank to the UD scheme. A detailed mapping procedure tailored to meet the requirements of the Nepali language has been outlined with examples. Experiments on dependency parsing with the UD-mapped Nepali treebank achieved UAS and LAS scores of 78 and 63.1, respectively.
To examine contrasting predictions between fuzzy trace theory (FTT) and activation monitoring theory (AMT), the current study examined the proportion of DRM false memories produced by children vs adults. In contrast to previous studies, backward associative strength (BAS) was well controlled, and the method ensured that subjects' attention was focused on lexical/semantic information. Specifically, DRM lists for children were constructed from child norms, and DRM lists for adults were based on adult norms. In addition, to ensure that attention was focused on lexical/semantic information, lists were read aloud to the subjects, and responses were made verbally. Children produced more false memories than adults, supporting AMT. Response modality was varied in a second Experiment. Children recalled more items when responding orally than when writing responses. Adults showed no effect of response modality. These results indicate that when BAS is controlled, and both children's and adults' attention is focused on semantic information, false memory occurs more frequently in children than adults. We propose that this pattern is indicative of a less developed attentional system in children, is consistent with activation monitoring theory, and suggests important boundary conditions for the occurrence of developmental reversals.
This dataset contains a manually annotated Yoruba constituency treebank consisting of 1,000 sentences drawn from diverse sources, including grammar books, religious texts, news media, literary works, and spoken Yoruba. Each sentence is annotated with phrase-structure representations capturing core syntactic categories such as NP, VP, IP, and CP, with particular attention to Yoruba-specific constructions including serial verb constructions, focus structures, and embedded clauses. The treebank was developed as part of an undergraduate linguistics project and is intended to support syntactic research and computational modeling for Yoruba, an under-resourced Niger-Congo language. The dataset can be used for linguistic analysis, constituency parsing experiments, and the development or evaluation of NLP models.
The article discusses the issues of establishing the categorical apparatus of criminal law as exemplified by the crime under Article 238 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The disposition of the norm in question is stated in a general way and as a reference: it contains the indication of breach of security requirements for life and health of citizens as a principal crime sign. In this regard, when qualifying an act, questions often arise related to the definition of the content of the category "security requirements", including the mandatory requirements for their regulatory consolidation as a prerequisite for criminal prosecution. Investigating the issue of the content of the criminal law category "security requirements", the author first of all turns to the lexical content of the linguistic construction, establishing its literal meaning, and later, based on the analysis of the doctrine of criminal law and law enforcement practice, fills it with a specific criminal law meaning.
PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate lexical psycholinguistic properties (i.e. age of acquisition, concreteness, imageability, and familiarity) in English spoken discourse by persons with aphasia. It is hypothesised that persons with aphasia are more likely to use words with lower age of acquisition and higher concreteness, imageability and familiarity compared to the control group of neurologically intact adults, reflecting their lexical retrieval difficulties. METHOD: Language samples of picture descriptions, story narratives, and procedural discourse were extracted from AphasiaBank. Words in the samples were cross-referenced with lexical items in large-scale psycholinguistic norms. RESULT: Persons with aphasia tend to use words with lower age of acquisition in the story narrative task and higher familiarity in both the story narrative and procedural description task compared to the control group, demonstrating difficulties in retrieving later-acquired, and less familiar lexical items. Story narratives were particularly effective in distinguishing the two groups in terms of lexical psycholinguistic properties. CONCLUSION: Distinctive patterns of lexical psycholinguistic properties were found in persons with aphasia discourse production compared with the control groups. These findings hold significant clinical implications for speech-language pathologists, as they underscore the value of integrating psycholinguistic measures into assessment protocols to enhance diagnosis accuracy and inform targeted therapeutic interventions.
We examine how the elements that introduce relative clauses, namely relative complementizers and relative pronouns, evolve over the history of Icelandic using the phrase structure analysis of the IcePaHC treebank.The rate of these elements changes over time and, in the case of relative pronouns, is subject to effects of genre and the type of gap in the relative clause in question.Our paper is a digital humanities study of historical linguistics which would not be possible without a parsed corpus that spans all centuries involved in the change.We relate our findings to studies on the Constant Rate Effect by analyzing these effects in detail.
This paper investigates semantic extension models and evaluative potential development of the Russian adjective zdorovyj as a linguistic representation of the HEALTH concept within contemporary Russian media discourse practices. The study is based on an analysis of 400 word occurrences extracted from the newspaper corpus of the Russian National Corpus. Eleven basic lexical meanings are identified through lexicographic definitions. Features of non-standard meaning or evaluative transformations of dictionary-based values for the adjective zdorovyj are examined. It is demonstrated that metonymic and metaphorical extensions activate implicatures such as ‘beneficial to health > leading to health > intended for healthy lifestyle or healing’, ‘not spoiled, not decayed; normal > functioning appropriately without violation of relevant requirements and norms, having growth and development potential’. The evaluative capacity of the lexeme zdorovyj expands due to contexts where different types of partial evaluation emerge, including qualitative assessment (zdorovyj = complete), normative judgment (zdorovyj = correct), intellectual appraisal (zdorovyj = reasonable), and utilitarian valuation (zdorovyj = useful).
The design of Korean constituency treebanks raises a central representational question concerning the choice of terminal units. Although Korean words are morphologically complex, treating morphemes as constituency terminals can obscure the distinction between word-internal morphology and phrase-level syntactic structure, and can create mismatches with eojeol-based dependency resources. This paper argues for an eojeol-based constituency representation, with morphological segmentation and fine-grained POS information encoded in a separate, non-constituent layer. A comparative analysis shows that, under explicit normalization assumptions, the Sejong, Penn Korean, and KAIST treebanks can be compared over a shared eojeol-based constituency backbone. Building on this result, we outline an eojeol-based annotation scheme that preserves interpretable constituency, supports cross-treebank comparison and constituency-dependency alignment, and provides a surface-form terminal layer for future end-to-end Korean constituency parsing.
The present paper describes the building of STAF, a Universal Dependencies treebank for Albanian. STAF was bootstrapped using a Stanza model trained on previously unreleased data and then manually corrected by three Albanian speakers supervised by the author, who also revised all sentences. STAF focuses on the fiction genre, featuring 200 sentences selected from nine literary texts written by Albanian contemporary authors.
Most words in a language are lexically ambiguous and are associated with multiple meanings that vary in their frequency and relatedness. Although ambiguity is a fundamental property of language, there are extensive issues with existing measures of this construct. For instance, dictionary-based classifications and subjective ratings of meaning number and frequency struggle to capture the graded nature of ambiguity and, by proxy, its impact on cognition and performance in experimental tasks. It is also difficult to scale subjective measures to the full lexicon. We introduce a novel, automated framework to measure lexical ambiguity based on word association data from the Small World of Words (SWOW) project. We apply community detection algorithms to association graphs to quantify both the number and distribution of semantic communities for each word. This in turn allows us to derive graded representations of meaning frequency and relatedness. To better understand our new metrics, we compare them to previously published subjective norms, and establish their validity by showing that they predict lexical decision performance in English and Rioplatense Spanish. Furthermore, our results reveal cross-linguistic differences in lexical ambiguity—Spanish is less ambiguous than English overall—which we hypothesize is due to typological differences between the languages. Our validated framework contributes novel insights for computational and psycholinguistic models of semantic processing, and offers a scalable, automated, and language-independent framework for quantifying different facets of lexical ambiguity. We provide all of our code and ambiguity measures for approximately 7000 words in both languages to facilitate their use by other researchers.
This study analyzes the current state of the Nigerian variety of English within the English-language media landscape of Nigeria. The primary objective of the article is to assess the degree of creolization of the English language at the phonetic, morphological, lexical, and syntactic levels in the Nigerian online newspaper “Punch.” Unique characteristics of English-language Nigerian media discourse are identified, including a limited range of topics and publication volume, a predominance of analytical and informational article genres, and the creolization of English. It is demonstrated that phonetic creolization is associated with highly productive transformational processes such as assimilation and epenthesis. Morphological creolization is observed through deviations from standard norms in the formation of tense aspects of verbs, the conversion of direct speech into indirect speech, and the omission of prepositions. The article reports that lexical creolization in English-language Nigerian media discourse is linked to frequent borrowings from both European and local languages, as well as the adaptation of idiomatic expressions to local linguistic and cultural contexts. It is asserted that syntactic creolization manifests as inverted word order in sentences.
This study provides a comprehensive review of the influence of AI-mediated communication on sociolinguistics. It emphasizes the standardization of language, its diversity, and its pragmatic collaboration. By focusing on sociolinguistic theory, the current study uncovers AI language models that most predominantly represent standardized language varieties. It is because of their drilling on the large corpora of formal and edited descriptions. This research employs a qualitative critical review technique to examine how AI-activated conversational technologies impact linguistic standards. In place of collecting new empirical data, the research methodically examines present scholarly literature, reports, and theoretical debates that intersect with sociolinguistics, computational linguistics, and AI ethics. The study investigates the limitations of AI in capturing pragmatic functions. Some functions are important for human communication, such as creativity, humor, and socio-cultural situations. This study focuses on the need for ethical design of AI. It collaborated with diverse linguistic data. It illustrates the clear sociolinguistic changes that promote inclusive communication. After the establishment of interdisciplinary insights, it uncovers the complex role of AI as both a preserver and transformer of linguistic traditions. The study addresses the ongoing research and collaborative efforts.
Modern Internet-mediated communication has a number of features related to external and internal factors influencing the process of such communication. Within the framework of the “communicative field” of modern social networks, Despite the widespread use of currently available technologies, the main tool of indirect communication is written speech. In addition to the manifestations of simple or intentional illiteracy in online communication, attention should be paid to the euphemization of content, as well as to the direct use of obscene vocabulary, and this does not depend much on the gender and age of the participants in the dialogue. Using the example of user content samples of the social network “In Contact”, the problem of speech behavior of participants in modern Internet communication was considered. It was noted that in conditions of free use of obscene vocabulary, its euphemization can be considered a manifestation of the intellectual superiority of a particular participant in communication, a certain level of mastery of the art of language play.
The study of the linguistic representation of the "human character" concept in Russian and Arabic linguocultures is determined by insufficient research on the lexical layer. The aim is a comparative analysis of adjectives denoting human character in the Russian and Arabic languages to identify linguocultural specificity. Research was conducted using componential analysis, paradigmatic and syntagmatic identification within linguoculturology and contrastive semantics. The Russian language possesses a developed system of negative descriptors, while Arabic demonstrates predominance of positive evaluations conditioned by religious-ethical norms. Significant differences were revealed in axiological marking of intellectual, social, and emotional characteristics between linguocultural communities. Research results are significant for intercultural communication and language teaching.
The notes deal with the issue of incomplete and inaccurate descriptions of modern religious vocabulary in the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language. Several topics related to this issue are discussed: the polysemy of the word автокефалия (“autocephaly”, e. g. получить автокефалию “to get autocephaly” and управлять автокефалией “to manage the autocephaly”), the normativity of the verb phrase венчать брак (‘of marriage: to canonically bless, consecrate, performing such a rite’), the addition of derivative words to the dictionary word list, such as апсидный (“apsidal”) и постовой (“lenten”, ‘related to the church fast’), and the transitivity of the verb кадить (“to incense”). The importance of careful analysis of both official and unofficial church usage in relation to general standard speech is emphasized, as well as the need to revise some traditional dictionary descriptions. Specific examples are provided in the context of the interrelationship between concepts such as system, usage, and norm (lexical and grammatical). It has been shown that in order to adequately understand the place of a lexical unit within the language system, as well as its functioning in speech and its normative status, it is beneficial to consult a wide range of dictionary sources. These include linguistic dictionaries (both modern and historical) as well as encyclopedias (both universal and specialized). The sources for linguistic material can be stylistically and genre-diverse, including scientific (particularly theological) and popular science texts, journalism (for example newspapers) and artistic literature. These texts can be official or everyday, written or oral (such as sermons or interviews with the clergy).
Classical deviance theories about metaphor argue that the metaphorical sense of a word or expression, w, deviates from the sense of the word or expression interpreted literally. Developments in lexical pragmatics challenge these theories by claiming that deviance pervades (nearly) all aspects of linguistic communication. If deviance is the norm, then classical explanans offer little to no insight. In fact, many theorists have abandoned the idea of the literal-metaphorical distinction. This move carries significant consequences for theories of language and communication. We argue against this move and in favour of a linguistically robust literal-metaphorical distinction. We have three goals: The first is to argue that the literal-metaphorical distinction is important for theories of language and communication. The second is to assess Allott and Textor’s Non-Conformity View of deviance which gives up the idea that deviance is marked by a departure from conventional word meaning. Pace Allott and Textor, we claim that the literal-metaphorical distinction must ultimately be couched in some account of lexicalised meaning. Our third goal is to develop a form of qualified deviance that avoids what we take to be shortcomings of the Non-Conformity View.
We focus on lexical ambiguity to convene two frameworks – embodied cognition and models of representation of ambiguous words. In the first of the two studies, we collected sensorimotor ratings for separate meanings/senses of ambiguous words and compared homonyms (words with multiple unrelated meanings; e.g. bank) and polysemes (words with multiple related senses; e.g. paper) for the similarity of the obtained profiles on the 12 scales to demonstrate that the linguistic categorization was mirrored in the sensorimotor experience with the referents. We then collected subjective ratings of semantic similarities between pairs of meanings/senses within a word and investigated their relation with the similarity of the sensorimotor profiles to corroborate that the sensorimotor-based similarity was semantic in nature. Our results speak in favour of sensorimotor information as a component of representations of polysemous senses / homonymous meanings, and advise future norming studies to take into account lexical ambiguity.
This thesis investigates the relationship between the perceived urgency of UX warning sounds and their affective evaluation in terms of annoyance, valence, and arousal. Building on previous work by Kullukcu et al. (2024), 24 warning sounds were reconstructed following a factorial design that systematically combined waveform type, harmonic enrichment, and amplitude modulation. In addition, 15 further stimuli were created by varying the interburst time (IBT) of selected sounds, in line with the recommendations of DIN EN ISO 24500. Thirty-two participants with normal hearing evaluated all 39 sounds using standardized rating scales and a valence-arousal grid. The results confirmed that waveform type was the primary determinant of perceptual outcomes: sawtooth-based sounds were rated most urgent and annoying with highly negative valence and high arousal, while sine-based sounds remained closest to neutral. Harmonic enrichment and amplitude modulation consistently increased urgency and annoyance, although the magnitude of these effects differed across waveform families. Temporal spacing was shown to be a powerful modulator: short IBTs intensified both urgency and annoyance, whereas longer IBTs reduced arousal and occasionally shifted valence into a more positive range. The findings highlight the trade-off between salience and user acceptance in auditory warning design and underline the importance of temporal parameters alongside spectral features. These insights provide an empirically grounded framework for designing warning sounds that comply with psychoacoustic principles and standards while balancing effectiveness with perceptual comfort.
Despite recent advances in digital resources for other Coptic dialects, especially Sahidic, Bohairic Coptic, the main Coptic dialect for pre-Mamluk, late Byzantine Egypt, and the contemporary language of the Coptic Church, remains critically under-resourced. This paper presents and evaluates the first syntactically annotated corpus of Bohairic Coptic, sampling data from a range of works, including Biblical text, saints' lives and Christian ascetic writing. We also explore some of the main differences we observe compared to the existing UD treebank of Sahidic Coptic, the classical dialect of the language, and conduct joint and cross-dialect parsing experiments, revealing the unique nature of Bohairic as a related, but distinct variety from the more often studied Sahidic.
The article is devoted to the exploration of feminist discourse within the realm of sports journalism, analyzing how language and media representation shape and challenge gender norms in the coverage of athletes.The work examines the linguistic and pragmatic strategies used in sports journalism to reinforce or dismantle gender stereotypes, with an emphasis on promoting equality and inclusivity.Particular attention is paid to the combination of feminist theory and media communication, as well as the influence of lexical choice, metaphors, syntactic structures and framing techniques on the representation of female athletes and non-binary individuals in sport.The relevance of this topic is due to the importance of feminist discourse as a special type of communication aimed at eliminating patriarchal language norms that emphasise traditional gender roles rather than sports performance in media.It highlights how language in sports journalism serves as a powerful tool for shaping gender perceptions through the use of images and narrative structures that help eliminate bias.The article examines how these linguistic strategies have a direct impact on the development of the gender equality movement in the sports media sphere.The scientific novelty of the study lies in a comprehensive analysis of feminist discursive strategies common to sports journalism, a field traditionally dominated by masculine narratives.Examining real-life examples from major media sources and international sporting events, the paper reveals both problematic practices and progressive changes in the industry.It also contributes to the broader discourse on gender and media suggesting effective linguistic strategies such as neutral terminology, active constructions and inclusive framing, that can transform sports journalism into a more equitable media space.The study establishes a new framework for feminist linguistic activism in sports media that contributes to the deconstruction of gender stereotypes and the formation of narratives that promote equality and visibility of underrepresented gender identities.
This article deals with the specific features of English adaptation in new ethnic, social and cultural conditions. The purpose of the article is to identify the degree of lexical and semantic accommodation of English in the context of Anglo-Nigerian interaction on the example of idioms. The research material is Nigerian English online platform “Legit News”, whose media space provides readers and viewers with relevant information and entertainment content. It is established that news blocks in the form of written publications and video materials, TV shows, interactive videos form a media discourse, the specific features of which are the reflection of significant social aspects of Nigerian society in a short form, English nativisation process in the context of bilingualism and multiculturalism. It has been proved that English nativisation process is manifested by lexico-semantic variation. Based on a comparative analysis of British English and American English and Nigerian English idioms functioning in Nigerian English media discourse it has been proved that Nigerian English idioms can be identified as fully complying the norm, those partially corresponding to the norms and idioms which do not completely correspond to the norm in form and meaning. The method of quantitative analysis allowed determining that highly productive idioms include those partially not complying with the norm, while deviations relate to the inverted word order in idioms formation, morphological transformations, and the use of lexical synonyms. Idioms that are completely appropriate and inconsistent with the norm in form and meaning belong to unproductive ones in Nigerian English media discourse. Lexical and semantic changes in Nigerian English idioms functioning in Nigerian English media discourse are dictated by the influence of local languages and the need to follow the norms of native languages and cultures.
This study aims to analyze the gender dynamics reflected in the film Boston Strangler (2023) using a qualitative by feminist stylistics approach. The research examines how the film's linguistic representation reflects the challenges and progress of women in investigative journalism. By employing linguistic and stylistic analysis, the study identifies language choices, sentence structures, and discourse patterns that either reinforce or challenge traditional gender constructs in the media. The findings reveal that at the lexical level, the film often depicts men as authoritative figures, while women are portrayed as emotional or excessive in asserting their professionalism. Sentence structures further emphasize gender inequalities, with female characters frequently having to justify their abilities in the workplace. On a broader discourse level, while the film highlights the structural barriers faced by women in male-dominated fields, it also showcases their resilience in challenging societal expectations. This study underscores the significance of language in shaping gender perceptions and provides deeper insights into the representation of women in the media. It also contributes to broader discussions on the portrayal of women on screen and the role of media in shaping social norms. Future research could explore similar linguistic patterns in other films within the same genre to observe the evolving portrayal of gender in cinema.
Word norming datasets have become an important resource for psycholinguistic research, and they are based on the underlying assumption that individual differences are inconsequential to the measurement of semantic dimensions. In this pre-registered study we tested this assumption by examining whether individual differences in motor imagery are related to variance in semantic ratings. We collected graspability ratings (i.e., how easily a word's referent can be grasped using one hand) for 350 words and also had each participant complete a series of motor imagery questionnaires. Using linear mixed effect models we tested whether measures of motor imagery ability (e.g., the Florida Praxis Imagery Questionnaire and the Test of Ability in Movement Imagery for Hands) and motor imagery vividness (e.g., the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire 2) could account for variance (raw and absolute difference scores) in graspability ratings. We observed a significant relationship between motor imagery vividness and absolute rating difference scores, wherein people with more vivid motor imagery provided ratings that were further from the mean word ratings. However there was no relationship between motor imagery and raw rating difference scores. The results suggest that there are measurable systematic differences in how participants make sensorimotor semantic ratings, which has implications for how sensorimotor semantic word norms are used for investigations of lexical semantic processing.
BACKGROUND: Emerging research suggests that behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) involves distinct deficits in processing social concepts -units that denote interpersonal traits, events, and circumstances. Recent findings indicate that assessments of these domains could contribute to differential diagnosis and predict syndrome-specific neural alterations. However, unlike other semantic categories, social concepts lack normative datasets for under-represented languages, which hinders strategic stimulus selection for much-needed experiments on under-served populations. To tackle this gap, we created a normative psycholinguistic database of social and non-social concepts for Spanish-speaking Latinos, aimed to fuel groundbreaking research on this population. METHODS: Healthy subjects over 18 years old completed an online form, rating 600 Spanish words (nouns, verbs, adjectives) in terms of their meanings' social relevance. Subsets of 100 words with high and low sociality (e.g., "friendship" and "button", respectively) were randomly presented. After rating their comprehension of the instructions, participants assessed the sociality of each word using a Likert scale (1 = no sociality, 7 = high sociality). Stimuli selection was made based on Diveica et al. (Behav Res Methods 2023, 54:461-73), who achieved strong validity in categorizing social and non-social English words, and socialness-driven variance in lexical tasks. Participants were recruited through flyers in online educational platforms and social media. RESULT: Socialness ratings averaged 5.997 (SD = 0.873) for social words and 1.75 (SD = 0.909) for non-social words. Participants provided more consistent responses at the extremes of the scale. These findings suggest strong face validity and a clear distinction between categories. CONCLUSIONS: Focusing on linguistic tools, we aim for a comprehensive study of social concepts and their potential as markers of cerebral dysfunction. In particular, we hope to enhance clinical investigation and diagnoses for populations with bvFTD, while fostering a fertile ground for novel translational research. This Spanish database is crucial for data collection in underrepresented populations and contributes to equity in dementia research and, more broadly, in behavioral neurology, by incorporating the Latin American perspective.
The paper introduces a frequency-driven lexical bundle approach to enhance politeness research by addressing the limitations of traditional corpus pragmatics approaches, which assume pre-defined (im)politeness values for linguistic forms. While politeness is widely recognized as a dynamic context-dependent phenomenon, corpus pragmatics research risks overlooking its variability by focusing on pre-selected politeness formulae, such as thank you, please, sorry, etc. The lexical bundle approach builds on the concept of conventionalization, defined as the process by which linguistic expressions acquire politeness-related meaning through repeated use in a specific context. The proposed approach focuses on the identification of recurring multi-word sequences (lexical bundles), capturing how they index (im)politeness in discourse. We demonstrate the utility of this approach through a case-study of Wikipedia editors’ communication, where politeness is strategically negotiated in collaborative, consensus-driven dialogue. By analyzing discussions from Wikipedia talk pages, we categorize the extracted bundles into two groups: conventionalized politeness formulae, which consistently index collaborative politeness across Wikipedia’s editorial discourse (e.g., what do you think, is it possible to) and multifunctional expressions, that manifest variable politeness-related meanings (e.g., why don’t you, am I missing something). This distinction reveals how politeness emerges through both stable norms and context-sensitive strategies. Our findings also highlight the capacity of the new approach to bridge Terkourafi’s frame-based theory with empirical analysis, offering a replicable framework for studying (im)politeness as a co-constructed interactional practice.
Literature has its unique features that distinguish it from other disciplines. This accounts for why literature is described as “a pleasurable use of words for knowledge, information and entertainment. It is pertinent that the choice of words in oral literature especially in the song genre is the prerogative of the artist (performer). For instance, the choice of refrain model which is dictated by the rhythm of the song in Ogba funeral song is purely the making of the lead singer. The refrain is chosen as part of the song, where there is not deviation in the song, it maintains the same refrain to the end as orchestrated by the performer – lead singer. This paper explores the oral literary and linguistic styles which the lead singer adopts in a corpus of sixteen Ogba funeral songs and how they function effectively during the rendition of the songs. It has been observed that syllables in the various lines (verse) of the various combination patterns are part of the styles of Ogba artists and are used to suit each particular song and some of them are songs without words, (mime) a mere harmony built on repeated vowel sounds. The paper concludes that the choice of words or pattern of rendition by the artist adds colour and spices up the funeral songs to a crescendo level. The refrain consists of repeated syllables for easy mastery by the audience. This paper recommends the use of this dual nature of songs because it adds aesthetics in the songs and the audience is highly enthused by the performance from the beginning to the end.
This article presents the methodology and outcomes of a multi-stage research project aimed at building the first comprehensive lexical database of the Azerbaijani language, developed within the framework of corpus linguistics and statistical lexicography.The database functions as a foundational linguistic module within the national corpus, providing structured lexical inventories for both academic research and technological applications.During the research, a corpus of 520 million word-forms from various functional styles was collected, cleaned, and structured using specialized software.As a result of automatic processing, 2, 918, 910 word-forms were initially identified; through several subsequent stages of technical and lexical filtering, the database was refined.Ultimately, 175, 521 lexical units were compiled into structured word lists, sorted by frequency and in alphabetical order.Additionally, 93, 287 words not found in the orthographic dictionary of Azerbaijani language were identified and presented in a separate list.The article elaborates on the structure of the national corpus, its components (fiction, publisistic, scientific, official, spoken, and educational texts), concordances, and linguistic analyzers.The lexical database is presented as a strategic resource for both theoretical research and practical applications such as natural language processing, automatic translation, text-to-speech systems, and artificial intelligence models.The study demonstrates significant scientific and practical outcomes in the development of digital lexical resources for the Azerbaijani language.
International audience
Abstract The representation of design information through ontologies has proven to be effective in fostering creative ideation within product design. Consequently, researchers have developed databases comprising models of engineering and biological systems by leveraging ontologies. However, the manual construction of a large number of models from technical documents is an effort-intensive task that demands specialized expertise. To address this challenge, researchers have investigated automatic information extraction methods utilizing data-intensive machine-learning models. However, previous research has not fully documented the end-to-end process of information extraction and representation and has not reported the end-to-end accuracy. This study introduces a novel method for automatic information extraction pertinent to the State change-Action-Part-Phenomenon-Input-oRgan-Effect (SAPPhIRE) model of causality alternative to creating data-intensive machine-learning models. This method employs the dependency parsing technique of natural language processing, along with rules supported by a lexical database, to extract words relevant to the SAPPhIRE model. Unlike previous approaches that rely on supervised learning methods, this new technique does not require extensive datasets for the training and validation of machine-learning models. Furthermore, it reports the end-to-end accuracy of information extraction, rather than focusing solely on the word classification task, which is preceded by manual pre-processing in prior research. The results of this newly developed method have been validated against SAPPhIRE models reported in the literature and through input provided by SAPPhIRE specialists and design researchers.
OBJECTIVES: Stressor appraisals are a transaction between the environment and the individual, such that individuals may appraise a situation as stressful when the problem is greater than the resources available to address it. Stressors appraised as threatening to the way one feels about themselves, their plans for the future, or their own physical health and safety are known to increase negative affect. Appraisal theory frames our predictions regarding the importance of daily contexts and aging processes to understand how stressor appraisals and feelings of aging may be associated with daily affective ratings. We investigated the potential interaction of daily stressors appraisals and daily subjective age on daily negative affect. METHODS: 101 younger adults (aged 18-36, M = 19.4, SD = 2.05) and 73 older adults (aged 60-90, M = 65.2, SD = 4.66) participated in an online 8-day daily diary study. RESULTS: Our results indicated a significant 2-way interaction between daily stressor appraisals and daily subjective age on daily negative affect, such that on days when participants reported low stress appraisals and younger subjective ages, participants also reported lower negative affect. DISCUSSION: The dynamic nature of stressor appraisals, in light of daily aging experiences and daily affective ratings, suggests potential benefits and boundaries associated with subjective aging experiences.