Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
Through an historical overview beginning in the nineteenth century and running through the Cold War until the present, the chapter considers whether the Nordic Council of Ministers’ recent push to (re)package Nordic peace as a brand constitutes nothing more than terminological updating in line with contemporary lexical norms or whether it instead suggests potentially significant constitutive changes, in particular with respect to the role ideas of Nordic peace play in conceptions of Nordic self-identity. The chapter charts the emergence of Nordic self-understandings of the developing community as a ‘region of peace’ throughout the nineteenth century, to more projective ideas of Norden as a ‘region for peace’ during the Cold War and during which a discernible Nordic peace ‘brand’ emerged, through to the current period, increasingly characterised as it is by the overt, self-conscious and active ‘branding’ of Nordic peace. The chapter highlights that while Nordic peace has always had instrumentalist and geopolitical aspects to it, from the beginning, it has also had an emotional and affective component. It therefore explores the relationship between these elements and how the affective and emotional component has changed over time. At stake is not only whether ideas of Nordic peace are central to conceptions of Nordic self-identity but also how this relationship has evolved and may be in the process of transforming today.
The multilingual turn in second language acquisition (SLA) has propelled a critical stance on monoglossic language ideologies, advocating for a heteroglossic approach that values the dynamic language practices of multilingual learners (MLs) (May, 2013; Flores & Schissel, 2014). This article shifts the focus from a general exploration of language ideologies to a detailed examination of the nuanced interplay between monoglossic language ideologies, prioritizing an idealized linguistic norm, and heteroglossic language ideologies, validating linguistic diversity. By analyzing the enactment of a heteroglossic approach in an online practical English class, the study explores the complexities where monoglossic and heteroglossic language ideologies are not opposed but rather coexist in complex and potentially deceptive ways. Through semi-structured interviews that probe MLs’ beliefs about race and language, complemented by critical discourse analysis (Fairclough, 2013), this research investigates how MLs and their teacher articulate and navigate their language ideologies, revealing how monoglossic language ideologies, often aligned with ‘white’ norms, shape instructional choices and classroom dynamics. The findings reveal the nuanced interrelations between monoglossic and heteroglossic language ideologies, advocating for educational frameworks that proactively engage with and critically transform the hegemonic language ideologies for more equitable language education.
Online apparel retail imagery is a prominent threat to women’s body image, particularly segments such as activewear which emphasize the value of women’s bodies. In a within-subjects experiment, we exposed women (N = 128) to imagery randomly selected from activewear, casualwear and homewares websites and measured their gaze behavior, physiological arousal, as well as subjective mood and body image ratings. Exposure to activewear retail imagery elicited significantly lower body image ratings, higher negative mood, and lower positive mood compared to the other website imagery conditions. Physiological arousal was significantly higher for both apparel imagery conditions compared to the homewares imagery condition. Body biased gaze behavior was significantly higher for the activewear imagery condition compared to the casualwear imagery condition. Notably, trait body shame moderated the self-reported but not the physiological experimental effects, such that women with higher trait body shame experienced stronger adverse changes in their body image and mood ratings following activewear exposure. Correlational results revealed that self-reported experimental responses to the activewear imagery were strongly associated with self-objectification, appearance comparison, disordered eating and body image coping attitudes. As such, exposure to popular apparel imagery may play a role in maintaining maladaptive body image attitudes and behaviors in women.
Standard words are words that follow linguistic rules recognized in Indonesian. Spelling, conventional grammar, and common dictionary words are just some of the linguistic norms that can be found in standard words. This research aims to describe the level of students' ability to differentiate standard vocabulary from non-standard vocabulary in Indonesian. The population in this study were students in semester 1 (one) class F of the Veterinary Medicine Education Study Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mandalika Education University totaling 39 people. Data collection was carried out using test techniques, while data analysis was carried out using percentage techniques. Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, it is known that the level of student ability is adequate. This can be seen from the results of data analysis which shows that 74.36%Sample students who got a score of 6.5 and above, while students who got a score below 6.5 were 25.64%%.On this basis, it is hoped that in the learning process in class, lecturers who teach Indonesian language courses will intensively provide assignments or training to students, especially in terms of the differences between standard and non-standard vocabulary. So that in the end students are able to determine the differences between the two
Forensic linguistics, a multidisciplinary field that applies linguistic analysis to legal and professional contexts, plays a critical role in legal proceedings and investigations. This study explores its applications in Uzbekistan, where the intersection of linguistics and law is particularly significant due to the country's linguistic diversity and socio-cultural dynamics. The article examines cases involving insults (haqorat), defamation (tuhmat), and other contentious languages, analyzing speech and text’s semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic features. It highlights the methodological challenges of regional dialects, cultural idioms, and hierarchical social structures. Additionally, the study addresses the broader applications of forensic linguistics, including analyzing extremist materials, authorship disputes, and evaluating legal documents. Recommendations include establishing linguistic databases, training programs for forensic linguists, and policy reforms to enhance linguistic expertise in legal contexts. The findings underscore the vital role of forensic linguistics in ensuring fairness, accountability, and justice in Uzbekistan’s legal system, emphasizing the importance and impact of the field.
This study explores the impact of social media on language development, focusing on the emergence of online slang. With the rapid expansion of social media platforms, the language used online has evolved significantly, giving rise to new linguistic patterns, abbreviations, and expressions. This research employs a qualitative approach through an extensive literature review to investigate how social media influences language acquisition, communication styles, and the creation of digital lexicons. By analyzing a range of scholarly articles, studies, and online discourse, the study examines how social media facilitates the evolution of informal language, particularly through the creation and adoption of slang. The research further explores the socio-cultural implications of online slang, discussing its role in shaping youth identity, group dynamics, and communication within digital communities. This paper also reflects on the implications of this language shift for formal language use, education, and communication in both digital and traditional contexts. The findings suggest that while online slang promotes creativity and inclusivity, it also poses challenges in maintaining linguistic norms and understanding across generations. The study contributes to the growing field of linguistic research by highlighting the dual nature of social media’s impact on language—both as a tool for innovation and as a source of linguistic fragmentation.
Some research indicates that sexuality and disability are two taboo concepts that are rarely combined. Individuals with disabilities are often portrayed as asexual or hypersexual. The film Why Do You Love Me (2023) attempts to break these stereotypes and depicts sexuality as a symbol of empowerment through the story of three friends with disabilities embarking on a journey to lose their virginity. This study aims to analyze how the film portrays sexuality and virginity of individuals with disabilities. Using a qualitative approach, the research uses critical disability theory and multimodal discourse analysis with critical standpoint to identify dialogues and scenes in the film related to dominant ideologies and accuracy in disability representation. Despite raising a unique theme and diversifying the representation of individuals with disabilities in mainstream media, the results reveal that the practice of “cripping up” perpetuates dominant perspectives and diction in the film’s lexical and visual elements. It uses sexuality and virginity as selling points to determine the social status of men with disabilities amidst societal norms of masculinity. Humor and cinematographic techniques still employ ableist discourses, suggesting the need of men with disabilities for accommodation from the dominant group. Insights for altering cinematic representations of disabilities are explored.
Mastery of basic concepts of the Indonesian language plays a crucial role in supporting the academic and professional success of education students, particularly in the digital era characterized by the rapid development of information and communication technology. The digital era has brought significant changes to students’ language practices, which are indicated by the increasing use of informal language and the neglect of linguistic norms in academic contexts. This study aims to examine the urgency of mastering basic concepts of the Indonesian language for education students in the digital era and its implications for strengthening academic literacy and the professional readiness of prospective teachers. This research employs a qualitative approach using a library research method through the analysis of reference books, scholarly journal articles, and relevant educational policy documents. The findings indicate that mastery of basic Indonesian language concepts serves as a foundation for academic literacy that influences critical thinking skills, argumentative ability, and linguistic accuracy among education students. Furthermore, digital literacy that is not supported by strong conceptual language understanding has the potential to reduce the quality of academic language. Therefore, strengthening the mastery of basic Indonesian language concepts in higher education is a strategic necessity to prepare education students who are adaptive, critical, and professionally competent in the digital era.
While structure learning achieves remarkable performance in high-resource languages, the situation differs for under-represented languages due to the scarcity of annotated data. This study focuses on assessing the efficacy of transfer learning in enhancing dependency parsing for Javanese, a language spoken by 80 million individuals but characterized by limited representation in natural language processing. We utilized the Universal Dependencies dataset consisting of dependency treebanks from more than 100 languages, including Javanese. We propose two learning strategies to train the model: transfer learning (TL) and hierarchical transfer learning (HTL). While TL only uses a source language to pre-train the model, the HTL method uses a source language and an intermediate language in the learning process. The results show that our best model uses the HTL method, which improves performance with an increase of 10% for both UAS and LAS evaluations compared to the baseline model.
Detection of out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is crucial for safe real-world deployment of machine learning models. Recent advances in vision language foundation models have made them capable of detecting OOD samples without requiring in-distribution (ID) images. However, these zero-shot methods often underperform as they do not adequately consider ID class likelihoods in their detection confidence scoring. Hence, we introduce CLIPScope, a zero-shot OOD detection approach that normalizes the confidence score of a sample by class likelihoods, akin to a Bayesian posterior update. Furthermore, CLIPScope incorporates a novel strategy to mine OOD classes from a large lexical database. It selects class labels that are farthest and nearest to ID classes in terms of CLIP embedding distance to maximize coverage of OOD samples. We conduct extensive ablation studies and empirical evaluations, demonstrating state of the art performance of CLIPScope across various OOD detection benchmarks.
Verbs form the backbone of language, providing the structure and meaning to sentences. Yet, their intricate semantic nuances pose a longstanding challenge. Understanding verb relations through the concept of lexical entailment is crucial for comprehending sentence meanings and grasping verb dynamics. This work investigates the capabilities of eight Large Language Models in recognizing lexical entailment relations among verbs through differently devised prompting strategies and zero-/few-shot settings over verb pairs from two lexical databases, namely WordNet and HyperLex. Our findings unveil that the models can tackle the lexical entailment recognition task with moderately good performance, although at varying degree of effectiveness and under different conditions. Also, utilizing few-shot prompting can enhance the models' performance. However, perfectly solving the task arises as an unmet challenge for all examined LLMs, which raises an emergence for further research developments on this topic.
Gender-inclusive language remains a topic of ongoing public debate involving institutions, the general public, and professionals – among whom translators play a key role as social actors who must navigate conflicting expectations and make complex decisions. This is especially evident for translators working with languages such as Spanish, where grammatical gender, along with number, is one of the two core inflectional categories that systematically affect nouns, determiners, and adjectives. This paper analyzes the perceptions regarding the use of gender-inclusive language on the part of professional translators in Spain, through a qualitative study of the views of a sample (n = 154) of professionals across various specialities. While most participants express support for gender-inclusive language, there are also negative opinions and neutral stances. The study highlights the complexities of navigating between personal convictions, professional constraints, and client expectations. It reveals the coexistence of competing ideologies – one informed by gender awareness and the other by prescriptive linguistic norms – and how these tensions shape translators’ decision-making. Additionally, the findings underline the influence of factors such as the source text, client preferences, and the perceived role of translation as a professional service. This research aims to shed light on the evolving role of gender-inclusive language in translation.
The behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) includes symptoms that reflect altered pursuit of rewards, including food, alcohol, and money. Little is known, however, about how these reward changes relate to atrophy and functional connectivity within reward-related regions. The goal of this study was to examine the structural and functional correlates of valence perception for olfactory rewards in 24 patients with bvFTD. Regression analysis of resting-state brain functional connectivity indicated that more positive valence ratings of olfactory stimuli were predicted by ventral pallidum connectivity to other reward circuit regions, particularly functional connectivity between ventral pallidum and bilateral anterior cingulate cortex/ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Structural analysis showed that atrophy of the anterior cingulate cortex was also significantly associated with perceiving stimuli as more rewarding. Finally, there was a significant interaction between ventral pallidum connectivity and atrophy of the anterior cingulate cortex. More specifically, the ventral pallidum connectivity had a greater effect on the positive perception of olfactory stimuli in the setting of low anterior cingulate cortex volume. These findings indicate that atrophy and functional connectivity within reward-relevant regions exert independent and interacting effects on the perception of pleasantness in bvFTD, potentially due to changes in hedonic "liking" signals.
The paper discusses stereotypic formulas, which represent a commentary on someone else’s use of language. The mentioned formulas are constructed according to the model that places a quote from someone else’s speech in a context that seems to be more suitable for it and, thus, signaling the irrelevance of the words chosen by an interlocutor. Usually these contexts are profane, and sometimes imply the use of obscene vocabulary. Such formulas are reproduced as a reaction to violation, firstly, of general speech norms, as a speaker understands them, and secondly, of group (professional) speech conventions. They are used particularly in such hierarchical communities, as family, school and other educational institutions, army and professional groups. The author suggests a classification of the ways of constructing these metalinguistic formulas, which are often based on wordplay with ambiguity (homonymy, polysemy, homography, synonymy and homoformy are involved) and classifies types of lexical units which are reflected (action designation, object designation, group designation and stereotype formulas). In particular, such functions of the considered formulas as the building of hierarchical relations between the speaker and the interlocutor, socializing, “dueling” and mnemonic are highlighted. The paper also demonstrates influence on the mentioned speech practice of the culture of speech, as well as certain mechanisms of naive metalinguistic consciousness.
In the growing domain of natural language processing, low-resourced languages like Northern Kurdish remain largely unexplored due to the lack of resources needed to be part of this growth. In particular, the tasks of part-of-speech tagging and tokenization for Northern Kurdish are still insufficiently addressed. In this study, we aim to bridge this gap by evaluating a range of statistical, neural, and fine-tuned-based models specifically tailored for Northern Kurdish. Leveraging limited but valuable datasets, including the Universal Dependency Kurmanji treebank and a novel manually annotated and tokenized gold-standard dataset consisting of 136 sentences (2, 937 tokens). We evaluate several POS tagging models and report that the fine-tuned transformer-based model outperforms others, achieving an accuracy of 0.87 and a macro-averaged F1 score of 0.77. Data and models are publicly available under an open license at https://github.com/peshmerge/northern-kurdish-pos-tagging.
In this study, we investigated whether pictures of natural hazards (i.e., climate change consequences) elicit automatic (negative) affective responses using a picture-word interference task. In picture-word interference tasks, affective pictures and words are paired such that picture valence and word valence match (congruent) or mismatch (incongruent). Participants classify the valence of words (or pictures; targets) via key presses. Corresponding congruency effects in response times or error rates thus indicate that pictures (or words; distractors) interfered with target processing, that is, distractors elicited an automatic affective response. Here, we assessed how 12 natural hazard (negative) and 12 intact landscape (positive) pictures (distractors) interfered with the classification of four affective words (targets) as negative or positive. The obtained congruency effects demonstrate that natural hazard pictures (showing landslides, hail, wildfires, or droughts) elicit automatic affective responses, even though their valence can only be inferred based on scene semantics. Further, this implicit affective response measure did not correlate with self-report valence or arousal ratings for corresponding affective pictures, suggesting differences in the affective processes underlying implicit and explicit affective response measures. We conclude that picture-word interference tasks are a suitable means for determining implicit affective responses to even complex pictures, here negative affective responses to natural hazard scenes. This method thus also lends itself to investigations of affective responses in the context of climate change.
When encountering a potential threat, humans and animals engage in different strategic behaviors, such as orienting and defense, depending on the perceived threat imminence. Orienting has been associated with attentional immobility and heightened 'stimulus intake,' while defense is linked to action preparation and 'sensory rejection'. First, we replicated previous findings showing that humans exhibit either heart rate (HR) acceleration or deceleration in response to the same threat-related picture content. Second, we provide direct evidence that orienting, as indexed by increased HR deceleration, leads to enhanced visuocortical processing of threat-related images, as measured by steady-state visual evoked potentials (ssVEPs). Excitation of motor-relevant cortical circuits, assessed by beta-band desynchronization, was reduced in relation to HR deceleration. Conversely, HR acceleration was associated with a reversed pattern: reduced visual processing and increased excitation of cortical motor circuits, as reflected in ssVEP and beta-band modulations. While self-reported measures of state and trait anxiety, along with valence, arousal, and dominance ratings, did not account for variations in HR response patterns, faster avoidance motor responses were linked to defensive HR changes, and longer avoidance latencies were associated with orienting-like HR changes.
This chapter is part of a broader research project that investigates the functions of codeswitching in the online community of Russian-speaking immigrants living in Italy. The focus of the current contribution is playful manipulations of code hereby analyzed under the framework of digital code play. This play includes various semiotic resources, such as grammatical and semantic variations deployed by the communicants on the Internet and the metalinguistic comments surrounding them. Digital code play often occurs in contexts where social and linguistic norms are negotiated. The material analyzed here comprises comments from forums and Facebook groups dedicated to the communication of Russian speakers. The chapter targets three discussion topics on the forum, Russianitaly, and one post on the Facebook group, Russkie v Italii ʻRussians in Italyʼ. These topics and posts focus on language elements and language use and attracted the attention of many users who reported unusual mixing of languages in a playful way. A qualitative analysis of the forms of the play and the surrounding comments shows that users position themselves as multicompetent speakers: creative individuals empowered by multilingual and sociocultural knowledge who are able to combine and recontextualise (linguistic) resources from different sociocultural spaces to create new meanings and values.
The article deals with the problem of developing the speech and communication culture of future physical education teachers in the context of disclosing the essence and content of the conceptual and terminological apparatus of the study. It is noted that future physical education teachers should have a high level of speech and communication culture to transfer their own communicative experience to children and ensure a quality educational process. The results of the analysis of the scientific and pedagogical literature showed the lack of a holistic and clear view of scientists on a single definition of key concepts. The content of the concepts «culture of language», «culture of speech», «speech culture», «communicative culture», «communication», which determine the speech and communication culture of future physical education teachers, is clarified. The author's interpretation of the speech and communication culture of future physical education teachers as the ability to use language means (lexical, grammatical, phonetic, etc.) in different conditions of communication in accordance with the purpose and content of speech to establish mutual understanding with school-age children and their parents, administration and colleagues in the educational institution is presented. In accordance with the content of the concepts, the components of the structure of future physical education teachers' speech and communication culture are highlighted: individual and personal (individual characteristics, ideals, attitudes, values, moral qualities, ethical norms); motivational and volitional (needs for self-knowledge, self-improvement, self-expression, communication); socio-psychological (empathy, self-perception, reflexivity, awareness of social role, etc;) individual-communicative (interconnection, mutual understanding, ability to establish and maintain contact, feedback, language competence, culture of thinking and speech, speech activity, communicative knowledge, skills); practical and active (correct use of the norms of the literary language, as well as compliance with the rules of speech etiquette).
Second-order Recurrent Neural Networks (2RNNs) extend RNNs by leveraging second-order interactions for sequence modelling. These models are provably more expressive than their first-order counterparts and have connections to well-studied models from formal language theory. However, their large parameter tensor makes computations intractable. To circumvent this issue, one approach known as MIRNN consists in limiting the type of interactions used by the model. Another is to leverage tensor decomposition to diminish the parameter count. In this work, we study the model resulting from parameterizing 2RNNs using the CP decomposition, which we call CPRNN. Intuitively, the rank of the decomposition should reduce expressivity. We analyze how rank and hidden size affect model capacity and show the relationships between RNNs, 2RNNs, MIRNNs, and CPRNNs based on these parameters. We support these results empirically with experiments on the Penn Treebank dataset which demonstrate that, with a fixed parameter budget, CPRNNs outperforms RNNs, 2RNNs, and MIRNNs with the right choice of rank and hidden size.
The role of the amygdala in unconscious emotional processing remains a topic of debate. Past lesion studies have indicated that amygdala damage leads to impaired electrodermal activity in response to subliminally presented emotional stimuli. However, electrodermal activity can reflect both emotional and nonemotional processes. To provide behavioral evidence highlighting the critical role of the amygdala in unconscious emotional processing, we examined patients (n = 16) who had undergone unilateral resection of medial temporal lobe structures, including the amygdala. We utilized the subliminal affective priming paradigm in conjunction with unilateral visual presentation. Fearful or happy dynamic facial expressions were presented in unilateral visual fields for 30 ms, serving as negative or positive primes. Subsequently, neutral target faces were displayed, and participants were tasked with rating the valence of these targets. Positive primes, compared to negative ones, enhanced valence ratings of the target to a greater extent when they stimulated the intact hemisphere (i.e., were presented in the contralateral visual field of the intact hemisphere) than when they stimulated the resected hemisphere (i.e., were presented in the contralateral visual field of the resected hemisphere). These results suggest that the amygdala is causally involved in unconscious emotional processing.
Abstract There is a widely held view that legislative intention determines the meaning of a statute. The focus of this article is meaning in the sense of full linguistic content, which may not be the same as legal content. Linguistic intentionalism appears to have its greatest appeal when a statute has a partly implied linguistic meaning. It seems natural to suppose that the part of the meaning that is implied by the explicit wording in the statute is determined by an intention of the legislature—roughly, what the legislature intended to imply. The purpose of this article is to present some new reasons to doubt linguistic intentionalism and to offer an alternative for a particular kind of implied statutory meaning that some philosophers of language call implicitures. Rather than legislative intention, the meaning of implicitures is metaphysically determined by intention-free pragmatic linguistic norms, the grasp of which is part of the language competence of ordinary law subjects. The use of these norms, in combination with certain facts about background social practices and other conventions, generates implicitures that may be inconsistent with actual communicative intentions. These intention-free pragmatic norms, and the implicitures they generate, are explanatorily prior to the fact—if there is such a fact—of what impliciture it is reasonable to infer that the enacting legislature (or the legislators collectively) intended. Reference to legislative linguistic intention (actual or reasonably imputed) is thus explanatorily inert.
Western tonal music uses harmonic cadences as structural and syntactic markers. This study examines cadence perception regarding the role of pre-cadential and cadential mode congruence. Major-to-minor and minor-to-major mode shifts that occur in Parallel-Mode Tonic (PMT) and Deceptive cadences were of interest, with the former including a key change. 61 adults with varied musical training rated arousal, valence, and degree of completion (DOC) for four cadence types (Authentic, PMT, Deceptive, and Neapolitan) in two pre-cadential modes (major or minor). Arousal ratings did not vary much across all cadence types and mode variations. In contrast, valence perception was predominantly influenced by the pre-cadential mode with major mode receiving higher ratings, and DOC perception further correlated with the final chord’s within-context tonal stability. Importantly, the perception of PMT cadences was unique in that the mode of the final tonic chord became far more important in both valence and DOC ratings, pointing to privileged and distinct perceptual processing when mode shifts resolve on a tonic chord, especially of major mode (i.e., Picardy Third). Musical training manifested as significantly enhanced rating tendencies which were most apparent for DOC. The results substantially extend our understanding of the interactive nature of modes, tonality, and expertise in music perception.
Abstract Understanding the somatovisceral responses to auditory affective imagery has important implications in disorders like misophonia. The current study compared physiological responses to aversive and nonaversive states across three modalities: audiovisual, auditory, and auditory imagery. Electromyographic activity over corrugator supercilii (EMGc) and zygomaticus major (EMGz), electrodermal activity (EDA), heart rate (HR), and finger skin temperature (SKT) were measured. There was significant differentiation in EMGc, EDA, and HR deceleration between aversive and nonaversive audiovisual stimuli. EMGc potentiation was the only physiological measure showing consistent differentiation across the three modalities. Cross-modal aversiveness classification results revealed a similar physiological response pattern between audiovisual and auditory modalities. The physiological response pattern during auditory affective imagery was useful for predicting the aversiveness in audiovisual modality but not the other way around. Vividness in auditory imagery correlated with subjective hedonic valence ratings, but not physiological responses. Taken together, the current data suggest that the aversiveness of auditory imagery is differentiable in subjective affective experience and facial muscle potentiation. These results of the physiological responses to imagined aversive sounds in nonclinical population would serve as a comparison baseline for the study of misophonia.
The only (non-divisive) way to address the representation of linguistic gender identity is to attempt – albeit not without difficulty – a negotiation between the protection of the common linguistic norm and accommodating the progressive proliferation of identities. This process must begin from a specific point, one for which no general consensus yet exists. There is no grammatical sacrilege in feminizing terms such as sindaco or ministro: in Italian, masculine nouns ending in -o typically take -a in their feminine forms, leaving no structural reason to reject sindaca or ministra. However, inclusive forms such as direttorə and pittorə, autorə and lettorə, rather than challenging their masculine equivalents, risk stalling progress. In classical Latin, the feminine form of pictor (pictrix) did not exist; a woman engaged in painting in ancient Rome had to resort to circumlocutions like pingendi artifex («an artist in the field of painting»). It took centuries to “institutionalize” many feminine forms of professional titles, and we are still far from granting them full social recognition. The current wave of advocacy for a neutral gender risks relegating to obscurity precisely those feminine forms (such as direttrice and pittrice, autrice and lettrice) that we must instead promote – and encourage others to promote – without hesitation.
"Harry Porter and Sorcerer's Stone" as the problem of style and translationThe topicality of the paper consists in the fact the books under consideration are full of various lexical problems for a translator.Consequently, it creates a broad field for linguistics researches.The theoretical significance of the paper lies in the fact that there has been given the overview of different types of successful and unsuccessful translations of puns; the attitude to this matter of several researchers; and the main features of compensation have been given. Translational transformation -the notionTranslation has been typically defined as the process of transferring words or text from one language into another.The aim of translation is to communicate the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text.But sometimes the difference between an SL and a TL and the variation in their cultures can challenge the process of translation.Among the problematic factors involved in translation there is form, meaning, style, proverbs, idioms, etc.Translation is a means of intralinguistic communication, a transfer across culture or cultures.More specifically, translation is the process and result of creating in a target language (TL) a text which has approximately the same communicative value as the corresponding text in a source language (SL).Transformation is any change of the source text at any level (syntactic, semantic, and lexical) of the language during translation.Transformations can be lexical, grammatical and lexico-grammatical.Concretization () is used in translating words with wide and non-differentiated meaning.The essence of this transformation lies in translating such words of SL by words with specified concrete meaning in TL.When translating from English into Ukrainian they use it especially often in the sphere of verbs.If English verbs mostly denote actions in rather a vague general way, Ukrainian verbs are very concrete in denoting not only the action itself but also the manner of performing this action as well: EDUCATION, PHILOLOGY, LITERATURE: THE MAIN FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE OUTLOOK OF A CHILD AND AN ADULT 115"to go (on foot, by train, by plane, etc.)" -" ", " ", " ", etc.The choice of a particular Ukrainian verb depends on the context.It does not mean, of course, that the verb "to go" changes its meaning under the influence of the context.The meaning of "to go" is the same, it always approximately corresponds to the Ukrainian "", but the norms of the Ukrainian language demand a more specified nomination of the action.The same can be illustrated with the verb "to be": "The clock is on the wall", "The apple is on the plate and the plate is on the table" -" ", ", ", though in all those cases "to be" preserves its general meaning "".The sentence "He's in Hollywood" in J.D. Salinger's "The Catcher in the Rye" should be translated as " ", but if "Oxford" were substituted for "Hollywood" the translation would rather be "".This transformation is applicable not only to verbs but to all words of wide semantic volume, no matter to what part of speech they belong: adverbs, adjectives, nouns, etc.The English pronoun "you" deserves special attention.It can be translated only with the help of differentiation, i.e. either "" or "".The choice depends on the character, age, the social position of the characters, their relations, and the situation in which they speak.One should remember that the wrong choice can ruin the whole atmosphere of the text.Generalization () -is quite opposite in its character.In many cases the norms of TL make it unnecessary or even undesirable to translate all the particulars expressed in SL.Englishmen usually name the exact height of a person:"He is six foot three tall".In Ukrainian it would hardly seem natural to introduce a character saying " "; substituting centimeters for feet and inches wouldn't make it much better: " 190,5 ".The best variant is to say: " ".Generalization is also used in those cases when a SL a word with differentiated meaning corresponds to a word with non-differentiated meaning in TL ("a hand" -EDUCATION, PHILOLOGY, LITERATURE: THE MAIN FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE OUTLOOK OF A CHILD AND AN ADULT 116"", "an arm" -"", etc.).Sense development/ extension ( )is based upon logical connection between two phenomena (usually it is a cause-and-effect type of connection), one of which is named in the original text and the other used as its translated version.This transformation presupposes semantic and logical analysis of the situation described in the text and consists in semantic development of this situation.If the situation is developed correctly, that is if the original and translated utterances are semantically connected as cause and effect, the transformation helps to render the sense and to observe the norms of TL: "Mr.Kelada's brushes... would have been all the better for a scrub" (S.Maugham) -" ".It may seem that the translation " " somewhat deviates from the original "would have been all the better for a scrub".However, the literal translation " " is clumsy while " " is quite acceptable stylistically and renders the idea quite correctly: why would they have been all the better for a scrub?-because they " ".Another example: "When I went on board I found Mr. Kelada's luggage already below" (S.Maugham) "... " is notUkrainian.The verb do not render the situation adequately.It is much better to translate it as "... ", which describes the situation quite correctly: why did I find his luggage below?-because " ".These two examples illustrate substitution of the cause for the effect: the English sentence names the effect while the Ukrainian variant names its cause.There may occur the opposite situation -substitution of the effect for the cause: "I not only shared a cabin with him and ate three meals a day at the same table..." (S.Maugham) -" "; "Three long years had passed... since I had tasted ale..." (Mark Twain) -"..." In these examples the English sentences name the cause while the Ukrainian versions contain the effect (I ate three meals a day at the same table with him, so EDUCATION, PHILOLOGY, LITERATURE: THE MAIN FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE OUTLOOK OF A CHILD AND AN ADULT 117; three long years had passed since I tasted ale, so ).Antonymic translationis based on antonymy.It means that a certain word is translated not by the corresponding word of TL but by its antonym and at the same time negation is added (or, if there is negation in the original sentence, it is omitted in translation): "It wasn't too far."-" " ("far" is translated as "" and negation in the predicate is omitted).Not far =."I don't think you are right".-", ".The necessity for this transformation rises due to several reasons: 1) peculiarities of the systems of SL and TL, 2) contextual requirements, 3) traditional norms of TL.Compensation involves adding to or reinforcing a target text in place one to compensate for something that hasn't been translated in different place in the source text.To be exact, it is not so much a transformation but rather a general principle of rendering stylistic peculiarities of a literary text when there is no direct correspondence between stylistic means of SL and TL.This transformation is widely used to render speech peculiarities of characters, to translate puns, rhyming words, etc.The essence of it is as follows: it is not always possible to find stylistic equivalents to every stylistically marked word of the original text or to every phonetic and grammatical irregularity purposefully used by the author.That is why there should be kept a general stylistic balance based on compensating some inevitable stylistic losses by introducing stylistically similar elements in some other utterances or by employing different linguistic means playing a similar role in TL.Suppose a character uses the word "foolproof" which is certainly a sign of the colloquial register.Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, terms compensation, compensatory and compensate for were used loosely as semi-technical terms in the literature.Nida and Taber, for example, advocate the introduction of idioms into a target text as an ad hoc response to translation loss.In a footnote, they suggest that 'what one must give up to communicate effectively can, however, be compensated for, at least in part, by the introduction of fitting idioms'.They make no attempt, however, to relate a specific instance of loss with an opportunity for compensation, nor to consider the modalities EDUCATION, PHILOLOGY, LITERATURE: THE MAIN FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE OUTLOOK OF A CHILD AND AN ADULT 118 of such a technique.Wilss uses the term sporadically to refer to techniques for dealing with 'structural divergences on the intra-and extralinguistic level'.The latter include the kind of cultural untranslatability which occurs 'when sociocultural factors cover a different range of experience' in the source and target languages.Later, he mentions instances where 'a lexical by-pass strategy such as paraphrasing or explanatory translation' is 'the only compensatory way out open to the translator'.Few writers today would include paraphrasing or explanatory translation as compensatory techniques.They would also be less likely to include mismatches between source and target cultures within the range of translation problems that compensation is able to deal with.Since the late 1980s, translation scholars have attempted to define compensation more rigorously.Notable among these are Hervey and Higgins and Harvey [140].Hervey and Higgins distinguish four categories: compensation in kind, where different linguistic devices are employed in the target text in order to re-create an effect in the source text; compensation in place, where the effect in the target text is at a different place from that in the source; compensation b
Public discourse often excludes the erroneous speech of migratory subjects, thus foreclosing social and political rapprochement. This paper argues that the position outside of pregiven, linguistic norms provides migratory speech with an improvisatory quality that can serve as a catalyst for community formation. Simulating freestyle forms in writing, Feridun Zaimoğlu’s Kanak Sprak seeks to find a new language for the critique of xenophobia and to establish belonging based on precarious conditions. In a close reading of Fikret’s monologue “Pity is that true vitamin,” I show how improvisation disrupts established discourses and transforms the meaning of conventional hate speech tropes to forge transethnic alliances. The paper then turns to the subsequent volume Koppstoff and problematizes the commodification of Kanak speech in neoliberal pop culture. Çağıl’s monologue “If you’re smart, you take our side” hints at a different understanding of improvisation that reframes the relation between mainstream society and its others. Drawing on critical improvisation studies, the paper contributes to the understanding of linguistic interventions into social orders that determine who can say what, in which speech form, and according to which norms of belonging.
Deep neural networks (DNNs) are widely used in fields like computer vision and natural language processing. A key component of DNN training is the optimizer. SGD-Momentum is popular in many DNN methodologies, such as ResNet and DenseNet, due to its simplicity and effectiveness. However, its slow convergence rate limits its use. To overcome this, we introduce inter-gradient collision into SGD-Momentum, inspired by the elastic collision model in physics. This new method, called ICSGD-Momentum, aims to improve convergence. We provide theoretical proof of convergence and establish a regret bound for ICSGD-Momentum. Experiments on benchmarks including function optimization, CIFAR-100, ImageNet, Penn Treebank, COCO, and YCB-Video show that ICSGD-Momentum accelerates training and enhances the generalization performance of DNNs compared to optimizers like SGD-Momentum, Adam, Radam, Adabound, and AdaBelief.
The article deals with the reasons behind the appearance of the Slovak Spelling Rules of 1940, the most important changes introduced in the codification of the Slovak literary language, and their significance in the development of the language. The need to develop new spelling rules arose immediately after the publication of the Slovak Spelling Rules of 1931, which were not accepted by the majority of Slovak intelligentsia, who perceived them as the first stage on the way to the absorption of the Slovak language by the Czech one. The new rules were prepared mainly by the leader of the purist movement in Slovakia, H. Bartek, who completed his work in 1939. That version, however, was not approved by the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic and was sent for revision. The Rules were published the following year in a modified form and affected the morphology, lexical composition, and orthography of the Slovak literary language. Among the most important changes were the unification of the -l participles in plural forms, a significant reduction of doublet forms by abolishing forms coinciding with the Czech language, the written marking of actually pronounced long vowels in words of foreign origin, the removal from the literary language of a number of lexemes common with Czech, and others. Practically all the changes made contributed to the stabilization of the Slovak literary language norms and were confirmed in the subsequent Slovak Spelling Rules of 1953. Moreover, in 1953 even the proposals of H. Bartek rejected in 1940 were adopted.
The paper reports on a series of experiments aiming at probing LeBenchmark, a pretrained acoustic model trained on 7k hours of spoken French, for syntactic information. Pretrained acoustic models are increasingly used for downstream speech tasks such as automatic speech recognition, speech translation, spoken language understanding or speech parsing. They are trained on very low level information (the raw speech signal), and do not have explicit lexical knowledge. Despite that, they obtained reasonable results on tasks that requires higher level linguistic knowledge. As a result, an emerging question is whether these models encode syntactic information. We probe each representation layer of LeBenchmark for syntax, using the Orféo treebank, and observe that it has learnt some syntactic information. Our results show that syntactic information is more easily extractable from the middle layers of the network, after which a very sharp decrease is observed.
Public discourse often excludes the erroneous speech of migratory subjects, thus foreclosing social and political rapprochement. This paper argues that the position outside of pregiven, linguistic norms provides migratory speech with an improvisatory quality that can serve as a catalyst for community formation. Simulating freestyle forms in writing, Feridun Zaimoğlu’s Kanak Sprak seeks to find a new language for the critique of xenophobia and to establish belonging based on precarious conditions. In a close reading of Fikret’s monologue “Pity is that true vitamin,” I show how improvisation disrupts established discourses and transforms the meaning of conventional hate speech tropes to forge transethnic alliances. The paper then turns to the subsequent volume Koppstoff and problematizes the commodification of Kanak speech in neoliberal pop culture. Çağıl’s monologue “If you’re smart, you take our side” hints at a different understanding of improvisation that reframes the relation between mainstream society and its others. Drawing on critical improvisation studies, the paper contributes to the understanding of linguistic interventions into social orders that determine who can say what, in which speech form, and according to which norms of belonging.
This research discusses the shift of the Tae' language through a case study of language attitudes and language usage in the city of Palopo, South Sulawesi. The Tae' language, as the identity of the Luwu people, in this case, the city of Palopo, is rarely used as the daily communication language of the people of Palopo. The use of the language in the family environment, which should be the closest domain to the regional language, has also been replaced. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method. This study uses the instrument Cohn et al. (2013) in the form of scoring and social factors that can contribute to attitudes. Data analysis of language attitude employing the concepts of Garvin and Mathiot which encompass characteristics such as language loyalty, language pride, and awareness of linguistic norms. Based on the analysis of the data, the researcher found that the Tae' language as the regional language of the people of Palopo or Luwu has experienced a shift. The people in the city of Palopo have a positive attitude towards the Tae' language, but its usage is still minimal, even within the family domain. The Indonesian language dominates the language usage among the people. The positive language attitude does not align with the positive language usage, and it can even be negative in its usage.
Revealing the syntactic structure of sentences in Chinese poses significant challenges for word-level parsers due to the absence of clear word boundaries. To facilitate a transition from word-level to character-level Chinese dependency parsing, this paper proposes modeling latent internal structures within words. In this way, each word-level dependency tree is interpreted as a forest of character-level trees. A constrained Eisner algorithm is implemented to ensure the compatibility of character-level trees, guaranteeing a single root for intra-word structures and establishing inter-word dependencies between these roots. Experiments on Chinese treebanks demonstrate the superiority of our method over both the pipeline framework and previous joint models. A detailed analysis reveals that a coarse-to-fine parsing strategy empowers the model to predict more linguistically plausible intra-word structures.
This study presents the experience of calculating the differential features of substantive word forms that explicate in speech different degrees of functional and functional-semantic convergence with the class of adverbs of interval. Using the example of the instrumental case form poroj (sometimes), the combinatorics and proportion of features of nuclear and peripheral nouns, as well as nuclear substantive adverbs, that explicate different stages of adverbialization in typical contexts, are demonstrated. The application of oppositional analysis in the study of different conditions for the use of the instrumental case form made it possible to identify the main stages of its adverbialization – the starting and final points of transposition, as well as the zone of peripheral nouns. The absence of intermediate (hybrid) structures and peripheral, functional proper adverbs in the transition zone between the nuclear noun and the nuclear adverb is substantiated. The dynamics of semantic and grammatical features of the substantive word form poroj (sometimes) are analyzed in different contexts in modern Russian language. The adverbial transposition of the word form under consideration is established to have a functional and semantic character. It is associated with the loss of semantic and grammatical features of a noun and the acquisition of categorical properties of adverbs, as well as with violation of the semantic identity of the original substantive lexeme and the formation of not only a grammatical, but also a lexical homonym, which is included in the subclass of adverbs of an interval exceeding a certain situational norm. The conclusion is relevant for the general theory of transitivity and syncretism in the field of semantics and grammar.
The article discusses major characteristics of Norwid’s language and style in light of the concept of “hyper-grammaticality” [po-nad-gramatyczność] developed by the poet himself. Considered as a descriptive category, it organizes and foregrounds certain properties of his syntax as well as other elements. The adjective “hyper-grammatical” can be understood in three ways: 1. failing to comply with rules; 2. departing from linguistic convention; hence unconventional; 3. derived from a different level of language than grammar.Norwid’s works can be shown to display hyper-grammaticality in all of the above senses. Discussion of constructions that violate linguistic norms accounts for the following: anacoluthon,homonymic structures, obscurities related to functions of anaphoric elements, and disruptions of coherence. Unconventional elements departing from the epoch’s standards include, among other things, innovations in collocability, complications of syntax, numerous parenthetical remarks, and the usage of archaic constructions. In Norwid’s texts an important place is held not only by mechanisms proper to syntactical or grammatical level of enunciation, but also by phenomena present on other levels:meta-textualityandthematic-rhematic structure.
This study explores the learnability of memory-less and memory-augmented RNNs, which are theoretically equivalent to Pushdown Automata. Empirical results show that these models often fail to generalize on longer sequences, relying more on precision than mastering symbolic grammar. Experiments on fully trained and component-frozen models reveal that freezing the memory component significantly improves performance, achieving state-of-the-art results on the Penn Treebank dataset (test perplexity reduced from 123.5 to 120.5). Models with frozen memory retained up to 90% of initial performance on longer sequences, compared to a 60% drop in standard models. Theoretical analysis suggests that freezing memory stabilizes temporal dependencies, leading to robust convergence. These findings stress the need for stable memory designs and long-sequence evaluations to understand RNNs true learnability limits.
FrameNet serves as a comprehensive lexical database intended to represent contemporary language usage. However, it faces challenges in accurately representing specialized domains. Among these domains, FrameNet presents difficulties in capturing the specific semantics of human senses. Senses such as smell and taste are in fact included in more general frames or inadequately represented. Building on a previous resource proposing a new framework for olfactory events, we propose a similar annotation scheme for gustatory references in English, enlightening the potential of frames to effectively capture sensory semantics. Having a comprehensive framework to deal with the annotation of this kind of references in textual data is especially important to develop systems for the automatic extraction of sensory information. Moreover, our approach incorporates words from specific historical periods, thereby enriching the framework’s utility for studying language in a diachronic perspective. In this...
This paper addressed the practical application and potential impact of WordNet as an educational tool for teaching the lexical semantics of English nouns. WordNet, an extensive English lexical database, systematically organizes words into semantically interconnected groups and hierarchical classifications, providing a promising resource for utilizing a computational semantics approach in language education. Using the descriptive research method and the comparative method, the study explored the network of semantic relationships within English nouns, specifically focusing on synonymy, polysemy, hyponymy, and hypernymy. Based on the WordNet description, the paper suggested some practical techniques for teaching and learning lexical semantics within English nouns. These approaches aim to enhance the educational experience for both teachers and students by fostering a deeper understanding of the semantic relationships of English nouns through addressing readability, contextual meanings, and conceptual structures.
In the modern period social media has tremendously affected linguistic norms with the prevalent usage of Internet language, which has become an integral part of our digital interactions. From its modest beginnings in early chat rooms to its current ubiquitous presence across social media platforms, comprehending a new Internet term and delighting in its usage can open up an entirely new world of connections and expressions. This article explores the impact of internet language on daily communication. It analyses the main types of internet slang, highlighting the emergence of new linguistics strategies, including symbol graphics, emojis, numerical codes and abbreviated words. It also discusses the characteristics of internet slang and its impact on communication, emphasizing the numerous merits of internet languages, while acknowledging the challenges posed by their informal nature, such as the barriers to information dissemination. Additionally, the article underscores the need to adopt measures to improve the effectiveness of internet terminology in communication and manage its impact consciously and positively.
This paper examines the attitudes of Montenegrin students toward dialectal language forms in communication. An empirical study was conducted for this purpose, using a questionnaire with eight questions. The interpretation of the results provided important insights into the factors shaping the attitudes of Montenegrin students on this issue. The responses revealed value judgments indicating that, for a high percentage of the student population, it is important to prioritize forms from the standard language in almost all types of communication. The study found that most of the responses reflect attitudes shaped by a traditionalist approach to linguistic norms, where the linguistic standard is idealized as a model of cultural prestige. Considering the findings of this research, it is concluded that a potential measure to address this situation would involve systematically designed education programs developed through broad collaboration between institutions and non-governmental organizations, targeting young people and society as a whole. An important contribution to dispelling linguistic myths and unscientific attitudes regarding non-standard dialects is seen in the legal protection of Montenegrin language varieties as intangible cultural heritage.
The article reflects on the historical and socio-linguistic processes in Ukraine that contributed to the liberalization of language norms in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. This has led to the emergence of neologisms. There are factors that were shaping the linguo-cultural space in Ukraine during this period: granting Ukrainian the status of the sole state language, as the language of the titular nation of Ukraine, legislative and linguistic initiatives that supported the development of the language, globalization processes, and geopolitical changes. Abbreviative derivatives as neologisms of modern Ukrainian emerged during the process of liberalization and belong to four distinct parts of speech. Actually, speakers form adjectival derivatives. They are most frequently found in journalistic texts, as well as in conversational, literary, and academic styles. A socio-linguistic survey conducted in 2024 confirmed trends in the word formation of adjectival derivatives from abbreviative bases. Speakers add the confix (interfix + suffix) -ivs`k-. Today, the main issue in researching such neologisms is the identification, justification, and systematization of variant and invariant standard forms according to linguistic norms.
This study examined the extent to which musical training, familiarity, and personality predict music preferences among Malaysian secondary school students. Subjects were 381 16-year-old Malaysian secondary school students from Pasir Gudang, Johor divided into two groups, i.e. those with musical training and those without musical training. The subjects listened to forty music excerpts from eight genres, including Malaysian Pop, Western Pop, Malaysian Hip-Hop, Western Hip-Hop, Malaysian R&B, Western R&B, Malaysian Rock, and Western Rock. Only vocal excerpts were utilised, with tempos ranging from 140 to 180 beats per minute. Subjects completed three questionnaire sections. Section A was demographic information; Section B consisted of the music preference inventory (MPI) and familiarity rating scale; and Section C was the Big Five Inventory (BFI). Results showed that musical training had a strong influence on music preference. Subjects with musical training obtained higher mean scores for each music genre preference. Familiarity was also strongly correlated with music preferences. Each of the Big Five personality dimensions was also positively correlated with every music genre preference. In conclusion, musical training, familiarity, and personality play a crucial role in music preference decisions.
This study is part of the bigger project OPTIMAX - Optimizing Outcomes in Psychotherapy for Anxiety Disorders (Müller-Bardorff et al., 2022, https://psyarxiv.com/yezaj/). Self-efficacy is a key construct in behavioral science impacting mental health and psychopathology. Here, we expand on previously demonstrated between-person self-efficacy effects. We prompted 66 patients five times daily for 14 days prior to starting cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to provide avoidance, hope, and perceived psychophysiological arousal ratings. Multilevel logistic regression analyses confirmed self-efficacy’s significant effects on avoidance in daily life (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.34–0.84, p =.008) and interaction effects with anxiety in predicting perceived psychophysiological arousal (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.62–1.00, p =.046) and hope (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.03–1.42, p =.02). More self-efficacious patients also reported greater anxiety symptom reduction early in treatment. Our findings assign a key role to self-efficacy for daily anxiety symptom experiences and for early CBT success. Self-efficacy interventions delivered in patients’ daily lives could help improve treatment outcome.
The article deals with the realization of substandard vocabulary in modern poetry of Kazakhstan. The research is carried out on the material of the poetic text of Rena Zhumanova, poet, publicist, member of the Union of Writers of Kazakhstan. In accordance with the tasks set, lexico-stylistic strata belonging to the substandard lexicon are identified in the text. Differentiation of lexical units is based on the system of restrictive labels of functional, expressive and social character used in lexicographic sources. As a result of the meaningful systematization of colloquial lexicon, the thematic spheres within which colloquialisms used in the author’s text are concentrated have been identified. Semantic analysis of the vernacular elements revealed the prevalence of lexemes with negative emotional-evaluative connotation. The use of the quantitative method in analyzing the sociolect vocabulary used in Zhumanova’s text has revealed the advantage of jargonisms in relation to the argot lexicon. The use of socio-cultural context in the analysis allows us to trace the correlation between the violation of literary norms and the author’s protest civic position in the text under consideration. It is established that the intertwining of different vocabulary in the poetry of R.K.Zhumanova is a significant component of the author’s style.
The paper deals with pragmatic restrictions treated as limits of normal communication within certain situations. Violations of such limits result in communicative failure or switch the communication into a sphere of jokes. Such restrictions correlate with formal and semantic linguistic norms, they have a gradual nature and vary from absolute prohibitions to admissible, but not recommendable communicative actions. Pragmatic restrictions are ethnoculturally bound. They change in time, as new norms emerge and previous rules function no longer. Several types of pragmatic restrictions may be singled out in communication: 1) etiquette rules which fix the canons of demonstrating good will and respect; 2) fundamental norms of behavior which keep the most important communicative formats, mainly concerning religious prescriptions and prohibitions; 3) common sense rules in everyday personal communication; 4) ritual automatic adherence to traditional beliefs; 5) politically correct, which is a reaction to violations of the rights of an oppressed or vulnerable part of the population; 6) discourse and style norms characterizing situationally defined norms of communicative behavior.
This study characterizes linguistic sophistication within university-based online courses using Learning Management Systems (LMS) across various academic disciplines. The research employs natural language processing tools to extract detailed linguistic features from student discussion posts and utilizes Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to identify distinct linguistic profiles. These profiles are analyzed to understand how linguistic sophistication varies across different educational contexts, specifically among various schools and courses. Subsequent cluster analysis reveals statistically significant distinct groups based on linguistic attributes. Despite the comprehensive analysis, the study did not establish significant predictive models linking linguistic sophistication to any direct educational outcomes. Instead, the findings highlight significant differences in language use across disciplines, suggesting that each academic field may have unique linguistic norms. The study emphasizes the need for further research to explore the underlying factors that influence these linguistic characteristics and their implications for educational practices.
Explicitation constitutes a focal point within the realm of interpretation studies. It embodies a process whereby expressions originating from the source language are rephrased into clearer and more comprehensible renditions, harmonizing with the linguistic norms and practices of the target language. The process of explicitation involves not only the conversion of languages but also a deep understanding of cultural backgrounds and context. Explicitation goes beyond mere language conversion, effective explicitation enhances the precision and subtlety of meaning transfer in interpreting. Most of the research on explicitation in the academic circle focuses on translation. This paper endeavors to furnish a thorough examination of explicitation research through a multifaceted lens, encompassing the delineation of explicitation, its classification, as well as both domestic and international scholarship pertaining to explicitation, alongside an exploration of the underlying rationales. Its primary objective is to serve as a scholarly resource for forthcoming investigations into the phenomena of explicitation in interpretation, thus stimulating translators within our jurisdiction to assume a more pronounced role in this domain and actively participate in discourses on explicitation research within the global translation community.