Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
This article explores the relationship between language and gender identity in English and Uzbek social media discourse. It examines how linguistic choices, including lexical items, pronouns, and stylistic markers, reflect and construct gender identities in online communication. By analyzing social media posts, comments, and interactions, the study highlights patterns of gendered language use and the cultural influences shaping these practices. The findings suggest that social media provides a dynamic space where users perform, negotiate, and challenge traditional gender norms through language. Cross-linguistic comparison reveals both similarities and differences in how English and Uzbek speakers encode gender identities in digital communication.
The present study offers an original multi-level linguistic analysis of child speech in the 3-5 age group, combining a structured observational methodology with a qualitative-quantitative framework developed by the author. Unlike existing survey-based accounts, this paper proposes a three-tier Phonetic–Lexical–Grammatical (PLG) Developmental Profile as a practical diagnostic tool for assessing speech maturity in preschool children. The research was conducted on the basis of 120 spontaneous speech samples collected from 40 Kyrgyz-Russian bilingual children aged 3 to 5 years attending preschool institutions in Bishkek. The study identifies age-specific patterns of phonological simplification, lexical growth strategies, and syntactic complexity, and introduces a composite Speech Maturity Index (SMI) that integrates quantitative indicators across all three levels. The findings demonstrate that bilingual children in the studied cohort display a systematically accelerated grammatical development compared to monolingual norms while exhibiting specific phonological transfer patterns not previously described in the literature on Kyrgyz–Russian bilingualism at preschool age. The proposed PLG Profile and SMI are presented as replicable instruments suitable for use by preschool educators and speech therapists.
The project Entangled Histories used early modern printed normative texts. The computer used to have significant problems being able to read Dutch Gothic print, which is used in the vast majority of the sources. Using the Handwritten Text Recognition suite Transkribus (v.1.07-v.1.10), we reprocessed the original scans that had poor quality OCR, obtaining a Character Error Rate (CER) much lower than our initial expectations of <5% CER. This result is a significant improvement that enables the searching through 75,000 pages of printed normative texts from the seventeen provinces, also known as the Low Countries. The books of ordinances are compilations; thus, segmentation is essential to retrace the individual norms. We have applied – and compared – four different methods: ABBYY, P2PaLA, NLE Document Recognition and a custom rule-based tool that combines lexical features with font recognition. Each text (norm) in the books concerns one or more topics or categories. A selection of normative texts was manually labelled with internationally used (hierarchical) categories. Using Annif, a tool for automatic subject indexing, the computer was trained to apply the categories by itself. Automatic metadata makes it easier to search relevant texts and allows further analysis. Text recognition, segmentation and categorisation of norms together constitute the datafication of the Early Modern Ordinances. Our experiments for automating these steps have resulted in a provisional process for datafication of this and similar collections.
This paper takes a short sample of student spoken interaction and analyses it in detail to identify some of the features of the talk which may be at variance with what would be recognized as more proficient and fluent interaction.The goal is to identify points of interactional practice that can be judged as areas for consciousness raising and explicit instruction by the teacher.Several of the points raised in the analysis are suggested to stem from a complex set of influences including transfer of lexical, grammatical, and interactional practices from the L1.There also may be a habituation to classroom discourse when speaking in the L2 which is then used unconsciously as a template for non-institutional mundane social interactions.Recognition of the special nature of learner interactions alongside an understanding of the possible causes of this kind of speaking can, it is suggested, inform focused and empirically based teaching that develops learners' interactional competence.The competence versus performance duality posited by Chomsky (1965) is based indirectly on a notion of native speaker intuition.That is, when a native speaker of a language hears an utterance in that language, they can make an immediate judgment of its acceptability in grammatical terms.Deviations from the norm in
This paper develops a hierarchical account of concept formation that distinguishes the manifestation of originary qualitative feel from the public, norm-governed concepts through which subjects later articulate experience. Its central claim is not merely that concepts differ in abstractness, but that they differ in constraint profile: some remain tightly corrigible by recurrent felt manifestations delivered through relatively stable experiential channels, whereas others depend far more heavily on social reweighting, comparison, and narrative organization. To capture this difference, I distinguish four strata: (1) the manifestation of originary qualitative feel, (2) channel-bound concepts, (3) integrative judgments, and (4) narrative concepts. The pivotal case is smart. In some contexts, smart functions as a third-level integrative judgment anchored by a relatively stable cue-cluster such as rapid learning, flexible problem solving, and quick comprehension. In other contexts, the same lexical item is drawn into fourth-level use, where application depends on broader evaluations of which forms of knowledge, achievement, or tradition count as genuinely worthwhile. This shift shows that semantic drift does not abolish embodiment; it redistributes which embodied, affective, and inferential resources are recruited as operative sense changes. The paper then reorganizes its dialogue with contemporary theory around this problem of functional migration. Barsalou and Dove help explain embodied anchoring but do not sufficiently account for the reweighting of application rules within public evaluative space. Borghi and collaborators illuminate the role of language, sociality, inner speech, and conversational coordination in abstract concepts, yet their frameworks can be sharpened by distinguishing lexical stabilization from discursive reorganization and by connecting internal cue-stabilization with sentence-level and discourse-level renegotiation. Brandom and Jorem and Lohr clarify the public inferential dimension of concept use, but require a stronger account of differential experiential corrigibility. Searle helps explain how high-level concepts approach recognition and status, but not every narrative concept is thereby reduced to a full institutional fact. The conclusion is that the decisive issue is not whether a concept is social, but how lower-level cues, public norms, and narrative frames are combined in use.
The present article examines the content and linguistic features of the realization of the concept of “happiness” in the English language. Drawing on semantic, pragmatic, and cognitive approaches, the study explores how happiness is encoded through lexical units, phraseological expressions, and contextual usage. Special attention is given to the interaction between language and culture, as well as to the role of discourse in shaping the interpretation of emotional concepts. The findings demonstrate that happiness is a multifaceted concept that reflects not only individual emotional states but also cultural values, social norms, and communicative intentions.
This article presents an extended linguocultural analysis of the emotion of joy as expressed through the concepts of “smile” and “laughter” in English, Russian, and Uzbek. The study integrates approaches from cognitive linguistics, cultural linguistics, pragmatics, and discourse analysis to investigate how emotional experience is encoded, structured, and interpreted across languages and cultures. Special attention is given to lexical semantics, phraseology, metaphorical models, and communicative norms. The findings reveal that while smile and laughter are universal physiological and emotional responses, their linguistic representation is shaped by culturally specific values, social expectations, and communicative traditions. English tends toward conventionalized politeness and frequent smiling, Russian demonstrates emotional authenticity and restraint, and Uzbek reflects collectivist warmth and hospitality. The article contributes to cross-cultural linguistics by demonstrating that emotional concepts are culturally mediated and linguistically structured. The research also has implications for intercultural communication, translation studies, and language teaching.
This article deals with the study of similarities and differences in expression of the correspondence of the norm to English and Tatar linguistic cultures using the material of phraseological units with a gender component. The paper defines the concept of norm in language and phraseology. One singles out the main groups of phraseological units according to whether they conform to the norm or not. The gender direction in linguistics, the subject of which is the interrelation of language and gender as a social factor, considers the concepts such as “genderâ€, “femalenessâ€, “malenessâ€. Gender is expressed in semantics and in the grammar of the language, forming a linguistic image of the world, which in turn depends on the conceptual image. The gender image of the world is not biologically determined, and the concepts of femaleness and maleness are determined by cultural and historical factors, in particular, by language stereotypes in different cultures and language communities. Gender metaphor also influences the formation of a conceptual and linguistic image of the world. A gender metaphor is understood as “the transfer not only of the physical, but also of the totality of spiritual qualities and properties, united by the nominations of femininity and masculinity to the objects that are not connected with sexâ€. In different language communities, femininity and masculinity referents often do not coincide, which creates difficulties in intercultural communication and translation.
There has been a long felt need to investigate what the study of poetic language contributes to an understanding of ordinary language, and how posing the question in this way may indeed shift some of the assumptions about the way ordinary language works. Metaphor remains an important case in point: How do we get from “He kicked the bucket?” to “He died”? In this metaphorical idiom, the process is unavailable, without going into etymological hypotheses, because the meaning is already given – it’s lexicalized, a “dead metaphor” -- no semantic construal is involved and the literal meaning doesn’t play a role in understanding the meaning of the expression. A poet might break up the idiom and say, “He kicked the bucket and broke it to pieces” – defamiliarizing the automatic reading of the idiom as “he died” and opening up suggestions, for example, of overcoming death; thus lending plasticity to and making present both the figurative and literal meaning. But true access to the process of metaphorical meaning-making is only available in cases of novel poetic metaphor, where the domains brought together are often disparate. I argue that there are good reasons for seeing poetry, fiction and literature in general not as speech acts but as representations, or semblances of speech acts (Searle’s notion of a pretend speech act doesn’t do this justice). Poems stage dramatic situations in which both poetic speaker (that is, the lyrical “I,”) and addressee, if any, are part of a fictional world, rather than the biographical poets themselves addressing a reader. The often ironic gaps and dialogical tensions between the norms and values projected by the poem itself and those expressed by any one of the voices in the poem – including the lyrical ‘I’s perspective – have a crucial expressive force unto themselves. As Searle realized, the indirect speech act model for poetry does not work; whereas “Could you pass the salt?” is a request masquerading as a question, there is no such one-to-one relationship between the poetic utterance and a single determinate speech act hiding behind it. Searle’s and Austin’s approaches couldn’t fully succeed, on my view, because there are key aspects of the language-game of poetry that distinguish poetry from ordinary language speech acts. Let’s say these are three aspects of a Gricean poetic contract between speaker and hearer: 1) the distinction between the lyrical ‘I’ and the biographical poet; 2) what I call the "quasipropositionality" of utterance in poetry (and fiction as well); and 3) poetic form and the ways in which it makes meaning through textual strategies of mediation, like point of view, parody, irony, enjambment, rhyme, meter, rhythm, sound-play, allusion, and metaphor. These forms of aesthetic mediation make it very problematic to isolate the serious or not-serious utterance of a single-line as a primary semantic unit.
This study presents a sociolinguistic and lexical analysis of the discourse particle “aw” among Thai speakers, focusing on its pragmatic functions and social variation. Using a qualitative, survey-based design with 30 participants, it examines how “aw” is used in online and face-to-face communication. Findings show that “aw” functions primarily as an expression of emotional response and empathy in informal peer interaction, while being context-sensitive and typically avoided in formal or hierarchical settings. The study highlights its role as a pragmatic softening strategy and its relevance for foreign teachers in interpreting Thai conversational norms.
This paper re-examines the Palam Baoli inscription (1276 CE) to address a central question: how does early Delhi epigraphy encode identity, legitimacy, and power outside later-imposed religious binaries? Moving beyond conventional Hindu–Muslim frameworks, the study investigates the inscription’s internal logic through a combined methodology of epigraphic-structural analysis, genealogical mapping, lexical-semantic study, and archaeological contextualisation. The analysis reveals three key findings. First, the inscription demonstrates a selective genealogical asymmetry, with maternal lineage expanded more deeply than paternal, indicating that lineage is curated according to prestige rather than rigid patrilineal norms. Second, while Sultanate rulers are acknowledged, they are neither genealogically embedded nor religiously identified; instead, they are classified as “Saka,” reflecting continuity of older ethnographic categories. Third, Delhi is situated within Hariyanaka (early Haryana), suggesting a regional spatial framework that predates and outlasts shifting political regimes. These elements collectively point to a distinction between enduring memory systems (genealogy, geography, material patronage) and episodic power systems (regnal succession). The female were the geneology carriers rather than passive partners. The paper contributes to the field by demonstrating that early Delhi inscriptions operate within a civilizational grammar of memory that integrates political change without privileging religious identity. By foregrounding lineage, locality, and material culture, it challenges reductive historiographical models and offers a methodologically grounded re-reading of Sultanate-period sources, highlighting the need to interpret epigraphy on its own conceptual terms.
This article examines in detail the theoretical, methodological, and practical foundations of adhering to the norms of the Uzbek literary language in translation. Syntactic, lexical, and stylistic deviations in contemporary translations are analyzed, and their impact on national linguistic identity is discussed. The author develops the concept of a “linguistic filter” as a practical translation model and compares Uzbek translation scholarship with modern Western translation theories.
Данное исследование документирует лексическую систему южного языкового анклава города Алматы в период 1976–1989 гг., с фокусом на жаргонную лексику и её социальносемантические группы. Цель работы — реконструировать и систематизировать региональный жаргон как компонент городской социокультуры, проследить его внутреннюю структуру и влияние на повседневное поведение и межгрупповые отношения. Методология опирается на описательные лингвистические приёмы: сбор лексикограмматических единиц из полевых материалов и устных свидетельств, их кластеризация по лексикосемантическим признакам и сопоставление с контекстами употребления. Лексемы были организованы в тематические группы (обозначения социальных ролей, терминология конфликтного взаимодействия, бытовая урбанистическая лексика и др.), для каждой единицы приведены толкования и иллюстративные примеры употребления, а также пометки о региональной и социокультурной вариативности. Результаты показывают, что южный жаргон Алматы функционировал одновременно как механизм внутригрупповой идентификации и как среда культурной агрессии: с одной стороны, он формировал замкнутую коммуникативную зону, отчуждающую анклав от внешнего социума; с другой — распространял маргинальные нормы и этику на более широкие слои городского населения, что в ряде случаев влекло за собой негативные социальные последствия для присоединившихся индивидов. Исследование выявляет специфические лексикосемантические стратегии, обеспечивавшие устойчивость жаргонной системы (лексическая амбивалентность, эвфемизация, кодификация роли и статуса). Научный вклад состоит в систематизации регионального жаргона для последующего социолингвистического анализа и в разработке методической схемы сбора и кластеризации жаргонных единиц применительно к языковым анклавам. Практическая значимость исследования — возможность использования материалов для историкосоциальной реконструкции городской субкультуры и для разработки программ превентивной работы с уязвимыми молодежными группами. This study documents the lexical system of the southern linguistic enclave of the city of Almaty during the period 1976–1989, with a focus on slang vocabulary and its socio-semantic groups. The aim of the work is to reconstruct and systematize regional slang as a component of urban socioculture, tracing its internal structure and its influence on everyday behavior and intergroup relations. The methodology is based on descriptive linguistic techniques: the collection of lexico-grammatical units from field materials and oral testimonies, their clustering according to lexico-semantic features, and comparison with contexts of use. The lexemes were organized into thematic groups (designations of social roles, terminology of conflict interaction, everyday urban vocabulary, etc.), with interpretations and illustrative examples of usage provided for each unit, as well as notes on regional and sociocultural variation. The results show that the southern slang of Almaty functioned simultaneously as a mechanism of intra-group identification and as a medium of cultural aggression: on one hand, it formed a closed communicative zone, alienating the enclave from the external society; on the other, it spread marginal norms and ethics to broader strata of the urban population, which in some cases led to negative social consequences for the individuals who joined. The study identifies specific lexico-semantic strategies that ensured the stability of the slang system (lexical ambivalence, euphemization, codification of role and status). The scientific contribution consists in systematizing regional slang for subsequent sociolinguistic analysis and in developing a methodological scheme for collecting and clustering slang units in relation to linguistic enclaves. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the materials for historical and social reconstruction of urban subculture and for developing preventive programs for vulnerable youth groups.
This paper examines translation into the severely endangered Karelian language from the viewpoint of vocabulary work as language revitalisation, through a comparative analysis of Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and its Karelian translation. The novel was searched for likely lexical gaps, or words previously missing from Karelian. These words and their translations were examined to analyse the revitalising potential of translating into an endangered language. The analysis reveals that lexical gaps have often been bridged with a neologism, and that, in addition to the source language, the translator has utilised Finnish and Russian. The analysis exemplifies how translations can symbolically empower a language and introduce words to it, highlighting translators’ agency in shaping linguistic norms and sustaining endangered languages.
This article investigates the lexical and pragmatic means of expressing the category of “respect” in English and Uzbek fairy tales. Respect is analyzed as a linguistically and culturally conditioned phenomenon that reflects national mentality, ethical norms, and social hierarchy. The study focuses on lexical markers, forms of address, politeness formulas, honorific expressions, and pragmatic strategies that construct respectful communication in fairy tale discourse. The analysis reveals that English fairy tales often express respect through polite requests, modal verbs, indirect speech acts, and formal address terms, whereas Uzbek fairy tales demonstrate a stronger emphasis on honorific vocabulary, kinship-based address forms, and culturally fixed etiquette formulas.
The language of top-tier medical journal abstracts has grown substantially more complex over the twenty-first century, driven by reporting-guideline reform, biomedical specialisation, and — most recently — the rapid diffusion of large language models (LLMs). Yet longitudinal evidence spanning the evidence-based medicine era through the LLM period, at annual resolution, remains absent. This study presents a corpus analysis of 759 abstracts from four flagship biomedical journals (New England Journal of Medicine, Nature, The Lancet, JAMA; 2000–2026) retrieved via the PubMed E-utilities API. Sixteen textual features were computed: readability indices (FKGL, FRE, SMOG), lexical measures (lexical density, mean word length, MATTR-50), and syntactic measures (average sentence length, passive-voice rate, statistical density). Over 26 years, FKGL rose from 14.10 to 17.63 (2025 peak) and FRE fell from 27.34 to 11.34 — a 16-point decline. Passive-voice rate decreased from ~30% to 19.3%. Statistical density followed an inverted-U trajectory, peaking at 6.75 per 100 words (2016) before falling to 1.79 (2025). In the LLM diffusion period (2023–2026), four theoretically motivated hypotheses were tested: all four were empirically supported — mean word length, lexical density, and MATTR-50 reached sequence highs while statistical density reached its nadir, constituting a coherent multi-feature LLM fingerprint. Each major reporting-guideline update produced a detectable step-change with a 1–3 year transmission lag. These findings carry direct implications for EAP curriculum design — where norms calibrated to pre-2010 corpora are demonstrably outdated — for journal editorial policy on readability governance, and for understanding the stylistic consequences of AI-assisted scientific writing.
The article examines religious axiological units in Uzbek and English as significant linguistic and cultural phenomena. Axiological units—lexical, phraseological, and discursive elements that encode values—are analyzed as carriers of religious worldviews, moral norms, and evaluative meanings. Drawing on axiological linguistics, pragmatics, and discourse analysis, the study compares how Islamic and Christian traditions shape value-laden language in Uzbek and English respectively. The analysis identifies dominant axiological categories such as faith, morality, humility, sin, righteousness, and reward, explores their linguistic realization, and discusses implications for translation and intercultural communication.
This research examines the semantic changes that occur in borrowed words within modern English and Uzbek. Lexical borrowing is an inevitable linguistic phenomenon that arises from long-term cultural, social, and historical interaction between languages. When words enter a new linguistic environment, they often undergo semantic transformation influenced by the norms and communicative needs of the receiving language. The present study aims to identify the most common types of semantic shift observed in loanwords and to compare how these processes function in English and Uzbek. Descriptive and comparative methods were employed to analyze selected lexical items. The findings show that semantic narrowing, semantic extension, and metaphorical shift are the most frequent patterns affecting borrowed vocabulary in both languages. The study also highlights the important role of cultural context in shaping meaning change.
The article examines lexico-semantic and word-formation changes in Ukrainian sports terminology based on the material of the 11-volume and 20-volume academic explanatory dictionaries (SUM-11 and SUM-20). It is noted that the active renewal of the lexical system of the Ukrainian language is fully reflected in the sports terminological system, whose development is driven by the dynamics of the sports sphere, globalization processes, and the growing role of the English language. The study considers the views of Ukrainian scholars on the sources of enrichment of sports vocabulary and the issue of excessive foreign borrowing. A comparative analysis of the SUM-11 and SUM-20 entries shows a significant expansion of the sports subsystem of modern Ukrainian: the number of terms in the new dictionary has nearly doubled. It is revealed that, as before, the core consists of nouns denoting various sports, competition participants, equipment, and game actions, with borrowed – primarily English – vocabulary dominating (arm-wrestling, bodybuilding, windsurfing, parkour, darts, etc.). At the same time, there has been noticeable activation in the formation of native Ukrainian compound names built from both inherited and mixed morphemes (avtosport ‘autosport’, velodystantsiia ‘cycling distance’, hirs`kolyzhnyk ‘skier’, napivvazhkyi ‘light-heavyweight’, vosmyborstvo ‘octathlon’, and others). The word-formation nests of new terms have also expanded (veikbord – veikboarding – veikbordyst; vindserf – vindserfing – vindserfinhist). Special attention is given to the emergence of a large number of names for female athletes, absent or incompletely represented in SUM-11. The most productive formants are the suffixes -k(a), -yts(ia). A noticeable trend is the displacement of certain Russified forms and the introduction of standard Ukrainian equivalents, as well as the appearance of variant names. A comprehensive analysis of all recorded lexemes selected using specialized tools has made it possible to see a coherent picture of the development of sports terminology over more than fifty years. The findings demonstrate the intensive development and structural complication of modern sports terminology, the significant influence of English, the activation of word-formation processes, and the aspiration to standardize the domain-specific vocabulary in accordance with contemporary linguistic norms.
The mediatisation of politics is a sustainable trend in the development of modern information and communication space and is implemented, inter alia, through the system of communication of government and society, political actors, institutions and media. In the Spanish-language media, which combines elements of several semiotic systems, journalists implicitly ridicule politicians or socio-political phenomena, deliberately violating the linguistic norm and creating the effect of deceived expectations at the expense of lexical-semantic and graphical transformations of verbal and graphic precedent phenomena by replacing or adding lexical and/or graphic components, homonymic word play, as well as creating neologisms by combining precedent names for the naming of phenomena not previously existing in Hispanic linguistics.
This study examines the pragmatic and discursive roles of linguocultural realia in translation, moving beyond their traditional interpretation as purely referential units. These culturally embedded lexical items not only denote specific concepts but also shape discourse, express social identity, and convey cultural norms. The study aims to analyze how these functions are preserved or transformed in English–Uzbek translation. A qualitative comparative approach is applied, based on selected literary examples. The findings show that while referential meaning is often retained, pragmatic and discursive functions frequently change, leading to shifts in tone, characterization, and perspective. These transformations are influenced by strategies such as adaptation, generalization, and substitution.
This article explores the semantic classification of clothing names in the Uzbek and French languages, focusing on three major lexical-semantic categories: headwear, top garments, and shoes. Clothing vocabulary is an important component of linguistic and cultural studies because it reflects not only denotative meaning but also national traditions, social norms, and historical development. The study applies comparative semantic analysis to identify similarities and differences in the lexical organization of clothing terms in both languages. The results show that clothing terminology in Uzbek and French demonstrates both universal semantic structures and language-specific cultural features.
This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) and its abbreviated version (FAB-15) in a sample of 1,071 Chilean adults. The participants comprised both a general population group and a clinical group diagnosed with major neurocognitive disorder. By utilizing confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory, the research assessed the structural validity and item characteristics of the tool. The results demonstrated that the FAB-15, which excludes the "Prehension behavior" item, exhibited a superior statistical fit and a more stable unidimensional structure compared to the original battery. The analysis indicated that the omitted item contributed minimally to the scale's discriminative capacity. Furthermore, IRT analysis identified significant differential item functioning (DIF), indicating that the test performance is not measurement invariant. The scores were found to be influenced by sociodemographic variables, specifically educational level and age. Notably, the "Similarities" item displayed a marked nonuniform bias related to education, and significant nonuniform DIF was also detected for age. In contrast, "Lexical Fluency" was identified as the item with the highest discriminative power for executive function. Although the instrument showed adequate reliability, the presence of these biases necessitates caution in interpreting raw scores. To address this, the study developed normative data stratified by age and education. These norms are intended to correct for the identified metric biases, allowing for a more accurate and objective assessment of executive functions in clinical settings.
This article examines the linguistic phenomenon of genericization, in which brand names evolve into common nouns or verbs through widespread everyday use. Focusing on a comparative analysis of English and Uzbek, the study explores how social practices, technological development, and consumer culture contribute to lexical change in both languages. Well-known examples such as Google and Xerox in English, and Tefal and Xerox in Uzbek, illustrate how brand dominance and communicative efficiency encourage speakers to adopt trademarked names as general terms. Drawing on established linguistic scholarship, the article demonstrates that genericization is not a deviation from linguistic norms but a natural outcome of language adaptation. Despite differences in cultural context and stylistic conventions, English and Uzbek display similar mechanisms of lexical innovation driven by frequency of use and social acceptance. The findings highlight the dynamic relationship between language and society and emphasize the role of everyday communication in shaping vocabulary across languages.
At the beginning of the 21st century, the development of digital technologies and the expansion of internet communication have led to the formation of a new type of verbal interaction that has a significant impact on all levels of the language system, primarily on vocabulary. In the digital environment, the Russian language demonstrates a high degree of dynamism, which is manifested in intensive processes of lexical renewal, changes in the semantics of existing lexemes, and transformations of stylistic norms. These processes determine the relevance of linguistic analysis of internet discourse as an independent object of scientific research.
This article provides a systematic analysis of interference phenomena in the speech of bilingual individuals, examining changes at phonetic, lexical, grammatical, and pragmatic levels. The aim is to identify the forms, causes, and mechanisms of interference in bilingual speech and assess their impact on language competence and linguistic norms. The study integrates psycholinguistic, linguistic, and sociolinguistic approaches.
Background. Modern conceptual possibilities of linguistic and stylistic analysis of a literary text provide for a comprehensive multidimensional study of the full potential of a work of art. From this perspective, a work of fiction is interpreted both from the standpoint of purely literary analysis, which reveals the peculiarities of the figurative and ideological plans of the text, the extralinguistic context of the cultural, historical and conceptual fields, and from the standpoint of the possibilities of deep comprehension of the language structure of the text, determining the connection and relationship of linguistic units from different levels, which in their totality implement a specific strategy of the aesthetic concept of the work. The primary goal of linguistic analysis is to detect and interpret the language phenomena present in a literary text, considering both their semantic content and contextual usage. The purpose. The purpose of the study is complex. First of all, it lies in the necessity to identify the features of the analysis of a poetic text. Next, to determine the place of idiostyle in linguistic research, Furthermore, to find out the main characteristics of idiostyle, and reflect the outcomes on linguostylistic analysis of the writer's poetic works. Methods. The work uses the following research methods: linguistic analysis: a detailed study of the vocabulary, syntax, phonology, and morphology of a poetic idiostyle; stylistic analysis: a study of the use of stylistic devices, such as similes, metaphors, allusions, and other figurative devices; comparative analysis method. Results. The study of idiostyle can be carried out by identifying individual-authorial deviations from the general rules and frameworks of literary text organization followed by their subsequent interpretation of these deviations through the prism of the worldview foundations that determine an individual-authorial style (a system of values and norms that are unconditionally acknowledged by the individual, personal life experience, philosophical views, etc.). The analysis of existing approaches to the study of idiostyle has shown that it is manifested primarily in the author’s choice of the work’s genre and only then in the selection of particular linguistic means, so-called idiostyle markers, which allow the author to achieve his communicative goal. Idiostyle is created by textual means at all levels of the language (phonetics; graphics, spelling, punctuation; morphology; syntax; stylistics), as well as by cultural references. Discussion. There are three dominant approaches to describing the concept of idiostyle by linguistic and linguistic stylistic elements. To be more precise, idiostyle is considered to be a set of linguistic and stylistic means that are peculiar to a particular author. From the perspective of communication stylistics, idiostyle is viewed as an extralinguistic term that also stems from the author’s unique self-expression, although the field of study is a certain text, it is its lexical component. The widest approach is the understanding of idiostyle in the aspect of inclusion in its composition of linguistic and extralinguistic factors, determined by linguistic means and author’s individual creative features. In our work, we define idiostyle as a framework of meaningful and structural linguistic elements typical of the texts of a specific author, which ensures the individuality of linguistic expression manifested in these works.
Official style has a significant function in administrative, legal, diplomatic, and institutional communication. This research explores the semantic, grammatical, and functional aspects of official style in English and Uzbek languages. Through comparative linguistic analysis, the study determines both similarities and differences in structural organization, lexical choice, and pragmatic features. The results reveal that both languages demonstrate common characteristics such as formality, accuracy, and standardization, while variations are observed in syntactic patterns, terminology, and cultural norms. This research enhances the understanding of official discourse from a cross-linguistic perspective.
A leading Pauline scholar, A. Andrew Das is a professor of Religious Studies at Elmhurst University and has published prolifically on the Pauline corpus for both evangelical and broader scholarly audiences. He further introduces himself in this volume as the ‘husband of one wife’ and member of ‘a Protestant tradition that permits the remarriage of the innocent party of a divorce’ (9)—facts that are relevant to share because of the sensitive nature of the argument, which Das knows may elicit ‘bad press’ in his ecclesial context (292). Undeterred, Das sets forth a bold new examination of a long-debated matter: early Christian belief about the permissibility of remarriage following divorce. I use the singular ‘belief’ here intentionally, because Das means to demonstrate that a strong—indeed, absolute—consensus on this question can be traced from the teachings of Jesus through the Council of Nicaea (325 ce). Incongruous as it may be to modern sensibilities, Das contends that this consensus is negative: Early Christian writers are uniform in prohibiting remarriage following divorce. The study's scope is limited to this issue of remarriage, in particular. Marriage and divorce are addressed regularly, but only tangentially, as they relate specifically to remarriage. Methodologically, Das employs close textual analysis of all the most relevant biblical and patristic sources, engaging heavily with recent scholarship as he attends, especially, to grammatical and contextual considerations in each passage. Thus, his discussions are largely technical. Nevertheless, Das is well attuned to the broader implications of the study. His Introduction situates it within a stream of recent and some more popular treatments (Heth and Wenham, Instone-Brewer and Keener) whose specific readings he frequently engages (and often dismantles), even as he acknowledges that his case ‘goes against the headwinds of an emerging consensus that remarriage was permitted by the first Christians’ (12). The book therefore exhibits a refreshing combination of technical ardour and practical concern. Das's case begins (Chapter 1) with a contextual survey of ancient attitudes towards divorce and remarriage and a ‘widespread acceptance’ of both that navigates Greek, Roman and Jewish perspectives (15). In Judaism, the Mosaic Law allows for divorce certificates (Deut 24:1–4) and does not explicitly address the issue of subsequent remarriage, so that by the Second Temple period the freedom to do so is broadly assumed (the more rigid position of Qumran notwithstanding). Likewise in the Greco-Roman world, remarriage is protected as a legal right and, under Augustus, even mandated, despite the lingering conservative ideal of the univira, the lifelong, single-marriage woman. Both contexts, therefore, generally allow or even affirm remarriage, though dissent is not entirely unattested. This latter qualification is significant for Das's treatment of New Testament texts, which aims in part to address the objection that a radical rejection of remarriage within early Christianity would be ‘culturally unprecedented’ (13). Chapters 2–4 together consider the teaching of Jesus as presented in the Gospels, which, if not unprecedented, is at least deeply countercultural. Here, Das deftly navigates methodological tensions by engaging both critical and non-critical approaches. On the one hand, reconstruction of the historical Jesus ‘behind’ the Gospels yields three streams of teaching (Matt 5:32/Luke 16:18, Mark 10:11/Matt 19:9 and the Pauline material of 1 Cor 7) which meet the critical criteria of authenticity (multiple attestation, embarrassment and dissimilarity). On the other hand, the Gospels' presentations of the remembered Jesus, as analysed from the perspective of modern memory studies, include narrative contexts that frame and thus integrate his teaching on remarriage with other key themes, such as the cost of discipleship (Mark) and continuity with the law and prophets (Luke). Thus, accepting as authentic the absolute forms of Jesus's teachings against remarriage in Mark and Luke (Mark 10:11–12 and Luke 16:18) is not dependent on any particular scholarly method. What about Matthew's well-known ‘exception clauses’ (Matt 5:32; 19:9), however? Das allocates two chapters (Chapters 3–4) to these texts, the most formidable obstacles to his thesis. Much hinges on our interpretations of the phrase ‘μὴ ἐπὶ πορνείᾳ’ (the basis for the exception in both passages) and of the claim that the one who remarries commits adultery (μοιχᾶται). In Chapter 3, Das handily dismisses creative attempts to overtranslate the passive (deponent) form, such that stigmatization, rather than adultery, is in view. He also shows the grammatical untenability of both restricting and widening the meaning of πορνείᾳ in various readings. A lexical study proves that in New Testament usage, it is ‘a broad term referring to sexual relations outside [the] marital context’ (143). As traditionally understood, then, the exception clauses permit divorce on the grounds of sexual immorality, which has already severed the marriage bond. Do they also—as now widely assumed—authorize remarriage, though? Chapter 4 argues emphatically that they do not. For Das, this modern interpretation leads to some problematic conclusions (e.g., ‘the innocent spouse of an illegitimate divorce may not remarry, while the guilty spouse of a legitimate divorce would be free to do so’; 157). For both Matthean texts, Das questions the now-prevailing tendency to assume what is not explicitly stated: that the exception on the grounds of adultery applies to both divorce and remarriage. He adduces several lines of overlooked textual and contextual evidence: the variant (but possibly original) reading of Vaticanus, the phrase's grammatical positioning, comparative analysis of the construction, the constraining effect of the absolute statements in the other Gospels and the lack of early Christian references to such an exception. Moreover, he connects Matt 19:9 with the subsequent enigmatic discussion about eunuchs (19:10–12), which, on this reading, describes divorcees as those who ‘have been made eunuchs for the sake of the kingdom’. In their case, ‘As difficult as a life of such discipleship may be, Jesus insists that the celibate lifestyle remains possible thanks to the help of God’ (187). Chapter 5 turns to Paul and the earliest textual witness to the dominical tradition (1 Cor 7:10–11). Again, Das notes that any permission for remarriage must be read into the prohibition of divorce and Paul's ensuing discussion in 1 Cor 7. Das methodically counters five alternate (more flexible) interpretations, including, most notably, Paul's statement that the Christian abandoned by an unbelieving spouse is ‘not bound’ (1 Cor 7:15). Das shows that in this context, Paul uses the technical language of ‘freedom’ commonly found in divorce certificates only to describe the status of widows (7:39). The same idea is found in Romans 7:2–3, where Paul's analogy for freedom from the law assumes that a marital bond terminates only in death. With all possible escape routes exhausted, Das concludes that ‘What remains at the end of the day is the firm, unqualified, command of the Lord in 1 Cor 7:11 that the divorced are not to remarry’ (231). Finally, Das examines the reception of this dominical and Pauline material in the early Church, from the Apostolic Fathers through the canons of Nicaea. His most extensive discussions centre on Justin Martyr, Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria and Origen, though many others receive passing mentions. The findings are not surprising: One searches in vain for an explicit sanction of remarriage in cases of divorce—even in commentary on the so-called Matthean exception texts (268). Bolstering the case, Das disputes the common charge that the overly ‘ascetic’ (Platonic) tendencies of early Christianity explain this radical position. Even beyond the well-documented difficulties of defining the term ‘ascetic’, Das argues that, as his chapters on the New Testament material attest, ‘ascetic elements were present at the beginning’ of the Christian movement, in the teachings of Jesus and Paul—with the writers of the following centuries ‘merely following in their footsteps’ (275). The existential weight of his case, particularly for those who ‘draw upon the biblical witness as the sole or primary norm for personal or churchly practice’, is not lost on Das (286). If he is correct, how should his fellow Protestants, who have almost universally embraced remarriage, proceed? Das's concluding reflections are very brief, and not quite pastoral, but sensitive and hopeful. Jesus and Paul may view remarriage as adultery, but adultery, like all sins, can be forgiven. Their teachings need not imply that remarriage is a state of continuous adultery (288). Second marriages are real marriages, even if not convened appropriately, and the New Testament never calls for them to be dissolved after the fact. Das's parting counsel, therefore, is that ‘The remarried partners should repent of the adultery and then remain “where they are,” to draw on Paul's language in 1 Cor 7’ (291). Of course, Das recognizes that it is for others—ethicists, pastors and counsellors—to work out the practical implications of his argument in full; but there is no question that it will be necessary for them to do so moving forward. Though this study is scholarly and at times technical, its lucid central arguments should be accessible to determined non-specialists. And the gravity of its claims must at least be sensed and addressed, even if not ultimately accepted, by all Christians who regard Scripture and Tradition as in any sense authoritative for faith and practice.
This article examines the influence of attention economy on the linguistic structure of the Russian literary language in social media. The relevance of the study is обусловлена тем, что digital communication prioritizes speed, visibility, and user engagement, which in turn reshape traditional linguistic norms. The paper analyzes syntactic compression, fragmentation, lexical economy, and expressive strategies as key features of online discourse. Furthermore, it demonstrates that linguistic structures are increasingly adapted to the constraints of attention-driven environments. The study concludes that these changes do not represent degradation of the literary language, but rather its functional adaptation to new communicative conditions.
Aim. To identify lexical transformations in the speech of Soviet and Russian football commentators in the context of sociocultural change. Methodology. The analysis is based on archival broadcasts of football matches spanning the period from 1987 to 2024 (featuring V. N. Maslachenko, V. I. Pereturin, V. V. Utkin, and V. S. Stogniyenko). The research employs methods of lexical, discourse, and comparative analysis, as well as elements of the linguistic cultural approach. Results. The findings reveal that political, cultural, and technological factors have significantly influenced the linguistic evolution of sports commentators. The study documents instances of anglicization, stylistic register shifts, and the emergence of neologisms. Research implications. The research traces shifts in commentator speech as reflections of broader sociocultural dynamics. It raises questions about language norms in mass media and introduces previously unsystematized lexical material into the academic study of sports discourse.
Structured Abstract Objective Ambient artificial intelligence (AI) tools are increasingly adopted in clinical practices. This study investigated whether and how clinicians edit AI-generated drafts and the linguistic differences between AI drafts and clinician-finalized notes. Materials and Methods This retrospective study analyzed real-world data from ambulatory clinics at a large academic health system spanning two vendor deployments. We quantified clinicians’ editing behavior using the Myers diff algorithm to compare AI drafts and final documentation. We then applied statistical and linguistic analysis to study factors associated with the frequency/intensity of editing across note sections, turnaround time, clinician characteristics, and encounter types. Results Across 23,760 notes that included one or more ambient AI sections, 84.4% were edited by clinicians before signing off. While rates of unedited notes differed across note sections and care settings, the dominant source of variation was individual clinician practice style rather than specialty-level norms. Notes signed after 24 hours had lower overall edit intensity. The final versions showed small but statistically significant linguistic changes and exhibited slightly higher lexical diversity and modest changes in readability. Editing is most intensive in the assessment and plan section, and varies across specialties. Conclusion and Discussion A majority of AI-drafted clinical notes were edited by clinicians, although the editing rate varies across note sections, medical specialties, and individual clinicians. Future research is needed to further analyze this editing behavior to inform improvement in AI-assisted clinical documentation to achieve better documentation quality, efficiency, and clinician satisfaction.
This article examines the semantic characteristics of certain lexical units found in Uzbek dialects, analysing their occurrence across various linguistic sources and the processes of semantic expansion and narrowing. The main objective of the study is to determine the semantic dynamics of clothing-related terms, assess their semantic potential within the literary language, and explore the sociolinguistic factors influencing this process. The research employs descriptive, comparative, and statistical-linguistic methods to carry out a lexical-semantic analysis of clothing names. The semantic fields, synonymic chains, and historical patterns of usage of the examined words have been identified. This process is closely linked to communicative necessity and normative language policy. In conclusion, the systematic study of dialectal lexical units contributes to a deeper understanding of the internal developmental mechanisms of the Uzbek language, enriches natural word-formation processes, and broadens lexical norms. The results of this study have practical relevance for lexicography, translation studies, and language education.
This article examines the structural and semantic organization of advertising texts in Uzbek and English from a linguistic perspective. The study focuses on how advertising language functions not only as a means of providing information but also as a persuasive tool that influences consumer psychology and behavior. Special attention is given to semantic features such as denotative and connotative meanings, as well as Geoffrey Leech’s seven types of meaning: conceptual, connotative, social, affective, reflected, collocative, and thematic meaning. The research analyzes advertising slogans from different fields, including beverages, cosmetics, and clothing products, in order to identify the role of lexical choice, emotional coloring, stylistic devices, and gender-oriented language in advertising discourse. The article also compares the linguistic and cultural characteristics of Uzbek and English advertisements and demonstrates how advertising texts reflect social values, cultural norms, and consumer expectations. The findings show that advertising language is carefully structured to create emotional impact, attract attention, and increase the persuasive power of the message.
Linguistic violence, such as insults, humiliations, and related forms, has been an integral part of human communication since time immemorial.The mechanisms underlying insults rest not only on the choice of lexical items but also on the speaker's intention.These components of linguistic violence are examined in the present article through the lens of speech act theory.On the basis of this theoretical framework, it is possible to identify invective linguistic behavior to a certain extent, which constitutes the focus of the presented research.The study investigates invectivity in spoken Czech, with its primary aim being to uncover the relationship between the semantic category of an expression, its function (vulgar versus invective use), and the socio-demographic characteristics of speakers (gender, age, and level of education).The results demonstrate that invectivity is neither a random nor a purely lexical phenomenon, but rather a pragmatically and socially structured process that reflects power relations, cultural norms, and gender stereotypes.By integrating the theoretical framework of speech act theory with empirical sociolinguistic analysis, the research shows that invectivity is a dynamic communicative phenomenon that transcends mere vulgarity; it functions as a tool for the linguistic construction of social hierarchies and cultural identity.
Gallicisms are both specific features of French and borrowings from French by other languages (neologisms). Our collective project focuses on Gallicisms in several Romance languages. These borrowings follow paths and motivations and employ processes that partially resemble those of slang and specialized languages, as slang is described by French linguists: word replacement and substitution, lexical neologism through the creation of new words or the distortion of existing ones, lists of synonyms that duplicate existing lexical units, errors such as metathesis, and semantic and stylistic developments such as metonymy and polysemy. It remains to examine the relationship between these borrowings and formal variation in the Romanian lexicon, as well as their relation to the prescriptive norm in Spanish.
This study investigates the representation of Generation Z (Gen Z) slang in online news discourse by analyzing a Kompas.com article entitled “Bahasa Gaul Gen Z Kian Marak, Begini Kata Peneliti Bahasa” published on November 8, 2024. The research aims to reveal how Gen Z slang is constructed as a social phenomenon and how ideological meanings are embedded through media language. This study employs a descriptive qualitative method under a critical paradigm, using Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) framework: textual analysis (micro level), discursive practice (meso level), and socio-cultural practice (macro level). The findings show that the article frames Gen Z slang as an increasingly widespread trend through evaluative lexical choices such as “kian marak” and the inclusion of popular terms like FOMO, YOLO, JOMO, healing, and ghosting. At the discursive practice level, Kompas.com legitimizes the phenomenon by combining Gen Z voices with expert commentary, creating a hierarchy of authority in which academic interpretation becomes dominant. At the socio-cultural level, the discourse reflects broader contexts of digital culture, globalization, and generational identity, while also revealing an ideological tension between viewing slang as linguistic creativity and treating it as an influence-driven trend that may challenge standard language norms. Overall, the study confirms that online news media plays an active role in shaping public perceptions of youth language, constructing Gen Z slang not only as a linguistic variation but also as a cultural marker tied to identity and power relations in contemporary Indonesian society
This article presents a comparative analysis of the linguistic, stylistic, and structural features of official document texts in the Uzbek and Turkish languages. The study examines state documents, official correspondence, directives, orders, contracts, applications, and decisions as illustrative materials. The terminological systems, syntactic structures, lexical units, and stylistic norms of document texts in both languages are identified, and their similarities and differences are analyzed on a scientific basis. The results reveal the common Turkic roots of Uzbek and Turkish document language, contemporary trends in the development of official style, and factors related to national language policy.
This article states that in the formation of the norms of the Karakalpak literary language, especially the grammatical norm, not only units belonging to its own lexical layer, but also words imported from abroad, are of certain importance. At the same time, it is noted that it is very difficult to determine the linguistic source of a word and that a certain lexical unit has several connections with different languages, that is, the unit can be borrowed from the Karakalpak language through an intermediary language.
This study aims to explore the lexical system of Nasi Hadap-hadapan as a linguistic representation of local wisdom within the Langkat Malay community. Grounded in the framework of culinary language relativity, the research adopts an integrated linguistic and anthropological approach to reveal how language encodes cultural knowledge. Linguistic analysis was employed to identify and systematically document Malay culinary lexicons, while anthropolinguistic methods were used to organize these lexical items into cultural realms and domains. The findings indicate that the Nasi Hadap-hadapan tradition encompasses 58 distinct lexicons, which are classified into three main categories: 34 lexicons denoting types of dishes, 13 lexicons referring to food-processing techniques, and 11 lexicons associated with culinary tools. Further analysis across realms and domains demonstrates that these lexicons are not merely nominative linguistic units but function as symbolic expressions of cultural meaning. Collectively, they reflect the worldview of the Langkat Malay community, as manifested in shared attitudes, behavioral patterns, and socially sanctioned values and norms. In this way, the lexicon of Nasi Hadap-hadapan serves as a linguistic medium through which local wisdom is preserved, communicated, and reinforced within the community.
This article explores the linguistic and pragmatic aspects of describing character and personality traits in the English language. It analyzes lexical, grammatical, and stylistic means used to portray human character, as well as the pragmatic factors influencing meaning in different communicative contexts. The study highlights how language users select specific linguistic forms depending on social relations, intentions, and cultural norms. Through examples from spoken and written English, the article demonstrates the interaction between language structure and pragmatic meaning in character description.
Background: Several extensively documented studies have been conducted on Philippine English (PhE) as a variety of World Englishes; however, its acceptability in international publishing contexts or formal academic writing remains underexplored. Objective: This study determines the presence and acceptability of Philippine English features in internationally published, peer-reviewed research articles authored by Filipino scholars. Methodology: This study employed a qualitative, interpretative research design. The data collection utilised a focused content analysis approach, targeting a purposive sample of eight research articles authored by Filipino scholars. The selection criteria mandated that all articles be indexed in either the Scopus or Web of Science (WoS) databases, ensuring high scholarly rigour. The analysis involved systematic coding and thematic extraction to identify recurring patterns, concepts, and arguments within the selected publications. Results: The systematic content analysis of research articles reveals three primary characteristics of Philippine English (PhE): (1) Localized vocabulary, where PhE exhibits a distinct lexicon that preserves cultural and social genuineness while simultaneously mediating between local and worldwide identities; (2) Lexical innovations and grammatical deviations, where the language demonstrates significant lexical innovation through the integration of native Filipino terms and systematic deviations from standard grammatical norms; and (3) distinct educational register, where PhE maintains a unique academic tone in educational settings, a feature directly attributable to the enduring historical and educational impacts on the Philippine linguistic landscape. Conclusion: The evidence confirms the broad acceptance of Philippine English (PhE) within international scholarly discourse, thereby validating its distinctiveness and legitimacy among foreign scholars and peer reviewers. This empirical acceptance critically intensifies the claim for the endonormative stabilisation of Philippine English as a recognised variety of World Englishes. Unique contribution: This study made a pioneering contribution by providing actual presence and editorial acceptance of Philippine English in the peer-reviewed research articles encompassing an external acceptability in global scholarly discourse. Moreover, this study marks a significant step in dismantling the concepts of native speakerism and non-native speakerism, as well as legitimising and intensifying World Englishes. Key Recommendation: The integration of World Englishes, specifically Philippine English, must be fully incorporated in both local and international academic writing instruction to reflect and intensify the pluricentrism of the English language and promote legitimate academic registers across the global academic settings.
Language development does not end with the attainment of native-speaker status. Across later childhood, adolescence, and even into adulthood, individuals continue to refine, reorganize, and expand the linguistic and multimodal resources that enable them to participate effectively in the diverse discursive practices that shape educational trajectories, social relationships, and active participation in different communicative contexts. While early language acquisition has been extensively described, far less is known about how speakers move from basic native-like communicative competence to the sophisticated, contextsensitive, and socially anchored uses of language that characterise proficient discourse practices. This special issue brings together seven original studies that address this shift by examining discursive practices in later language development (LLD) across linguistic, cognitive, socio-cultural, pragmatic, and affective dimensions.Our starting point is the observation that children who have mastered the sound system, grammar, and lexicon of their language are not yet fully proficient communicators. They still need to learn to navigate a range of discourse domains: constructing arguments in writing, managing peer interaction, interpreting and generating figurative language, integrating multimodal cues, understanding feedback as dialogue, and coordinating language with social expectations and interpersonal dynamics. Developing proficiency in these diverse areas involves the interplay of multiple factors-maturational constraints, schooling experiences, linguistic environments, communicative goals, and the characteristics of the interlocutors. The studies included in the present research topic address these interactions, highlighting how growth in discourse abilities emerges from dynamic systems rather than on the basis of a linear accumulation of skills.The issue opens with Lemen et al. study that examines children's comprehension of complex because and if sentences serving different pragmatic functions. Their findings show that neither cognitive complexity nor input frequency alone accounts for performance; instead, comprehension emerges at the intersection of linguistic structure, pragmatic relevance, and the contexts in which children encounter different utterance types.The following two contributions focus on lexical and rhetorical development in school-aged children. The study by Stavans and Zadurnasky provides a fine-grained account of rhetorical competence in Hebrew-speaking children's argumentative writing by tracing the developmental reorganization of discourse stance in the early school grades, from ages 7 to 10. Their findings reveal a shift from a writer-centered, emotional, and personal discourse stance to more text-oriented, epistemic, and generic formulations, underscoring not only the expansion of speakerwriters' perspectives, but also their progressive integration into coherent rhetorical attitudes.Zwilling and Ravid's research complements the foregoing study, by considering lexical development in Hebrew peer conversations across childhood and adolescence. Their corpus-based analysis shows how the distribution of what they term content and discourse words evolves in triadic peer talk, reflecting not only linguistic growth but also changes in social cognition, interactional expectations, and the pragmatic contribution of lexical usage in collaborative discourse.The next group of contributions addresses pragmatic and conceptual dimensions of discourse practices, emphasizing how communicative purposes, interlocutor characteristics, and contextual constraints shape developmental trajectories. Schariau et al. analyze the use of metaphors in dialogic explanations addressed to listeners with varying levels of expertise. Contrary to the expectation that metaphor use decreases with increasing expertise, they find the opposite pattern, so demonstrating that metaphor use is not merely a conceptual tool for novices but a flexible resource shaped by interactional context and communicative intent.Hess-Zimmermann and colleagues explore Mexican adolescents' metapragmatic reflections on verbal irony, demonstrating that interpretations of ironic criticism and praise are sensitive to age, the gender of the person using irony, and culturally shaped gender-role expectations. The study illuminates the development of pragmatic awareness in adolescence as young people begin to coordinate linguistic forms with nuanced social meanings.The final two studies extend the notion of discursive development to school-based genres, instructional contexts, and feedback practices. Aparici and colleagues investigate analytical essay writing across monolingual and bilingual students from elementary school to university, demonstrating how linguistic background (mono-and bi-lingual) interacts with developmental stage and pedagogical input to shape structural, syntacticdiscursive, and lexical features of writing. Their findings reveal that growth in analytical writing is driven not only by linguistic background but also by the complex interplay of age-related development, genre-oriented instruction, and teachers' evaluative practices.Tao and Qin, focusing on Chinese-speaking adolescents learning English as a foreign language, shift focus written qualitative feedback as a means of communicative interaction. Their mixedmethods study shows how adolescents conceptualize feedback-sometimes as guidance, sometimes as evaluation, sometimes as dialogic exchange-and how these approaches mediate their engagement with writing and their development of higher-order argumentative skills. Together, these studies highlight schooling as a key site where language users learn to integrate cognitive, rhetorical, and interpersonal demands of academic discourse.Taken together, the contributions to this research topic illustrate the richness and complexity of later language development as a multi-layered phenomenon. They show that discourse practices emerge not only from the growth of linguistic knowledge but from the dynamic interplay among cognitive resources, genre expectations, instructional support, cultural norms, and interactional contexts. By integrating perspectives from psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, pragmatics, discourse analysis, and educational linguistics, these studies advance our understanding of how children and adolescents become proficient communicators in the worlds they inhabit-and the worlds they are learning to enter.We hope that these studies will stimulate further research into the mechanisms, contexts, and trajectories of discourse development beyond early childhood, and so contribute to a more comprehensive theory of how language users build sophisticated, context-sensitive, and socially meaningful communicative competence across the lifespan.
Апробирован один из вариантов когнитивно-семантического подхода к исследованию многозначного прилагательного «официальный»: построена фрейм-пропозиция ‘Официальное действие’, в которой репрезентанты компонентов представляют собой систематизированный речевой контекст исследуемой лексической единицы. Данная фрейм-пропозиция является общей для всех значений полисеманта, что составляет специфику избранной методики. Использование фреймового моделирования представляется актуальным, так как оно отвечает современным представлениям о функционирующем значении, сочетающем разные виды знаний о слове, включая экстралингвистическую информацию. Цель исследования состоит в уточнении семантической структуры лексемы «официальный» в условиях различающихся лексикографических решений и динамично развивающегося социального контекста. Статья написана на базе Национального корпуса русского языка, материал хронологически ограничен 2010–2021 гг. Во фреймпропозиции, помимо постоянного атрибута «официальный» и предиката, выделяются семантические роли Агенса, Результата, Способа, Экспериенцера, Средства, Потенциального контрагента, Бенефицианта, Социальной среды. Данные семантические роли частично коррелируют со словарными значениями. Картирование смыслового пространства «официальный» на основе репрезентаций семантических ролей по полученному результату оказалось наиболее близким к лексикографическим решениям «Современного толкового словаря русского языка» Т.Ф. Ефремовой и «Большого академического словаря русского языка» (т. 15). Научная новизна проведенного исследования связана с описанием динамики основного значения «официальный», интерпретацией нестандартных словоупотреблений, выявлением смыслового ядра полисеманта. Денотат Агенса официального действия в современных текстах расширяется за счет негосударственных акторов, в том числе коммерческих организаций, публичных персон и др. Возможность использования слова «официальный» в контекстах, обозначающих сферу обыденной жизни, объясняется опорой говорящего на экстралингвистическую информацию – наличие в данной сфере социальных норм. Установлено, что ‘норма’, а также ‘документ’ являются в семантике лексемы «официальный» ядерными смысловыми признаками, которые выражены репрезентантами большинства семантических ролей и регулярно имплицируются. Последнее, в совокупности с вышеуказанными особенностями Агенса, означает увеличение степени регламентированности и документирования в негосударственных сферах социальной жизни. The article tests one of the variants of the cognitive-semantic approach to the study of the polysemantic adjective "official": a frame-proposition 'Official action' is constructed, in which the component representatives represent a systematized speech context of the lexical unit under study. The use of frame modeling seems relevant, since it meets modern ideas about the functioning meaning, combining different types of knowledge about the word, including extralinguistic information. The aim of the study is to clarify the semantic structure of "official" in the context of different lexicographic solutions and a dynamically developing social context. The article is written on the basis of the National Corpus of the Russian Language, the material is chronologically limited to 2010-2021. In the frame proposition, in addition to the constant attribute "official" and the predicate, the semantic roles of Agent, Result, Method, Experiencer, Means, Potential Counterparty, Beneficiary, Social Environment are distinguished. These semantic roles partially correlate with dictionary meanings. Mapping the semantic space of "official" based on the representations of semantic roles according to the obtained result turned out to be the closest to the lexicographic solutions of the "Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" by T. F. Efremova and the "Big Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language" (vol. 15). The scientific novelty of the conducted research is connected with the description of the dynamics of the basic meaning of “official” (expansion of the denotation of the Agent at the expense of non-state actors); interpretation of non-standard word usages (explanation of the possibility of their use by the speaker’s reliance on the social norm); identification of the semantic core of the polysemantic. It has been established that the core semantic features of “official”, which are expressed by representatives of the majority of semantic roles and are regularly implied, are ‘norm’ and ‘document’.
This article examines the concept of occasional words (occasionalisms) and their linguistic features within modern discourse. It explores their definitions, structural characteristics, and functional roles from morphological, semantic, pragmatic, and stylistic perspectives. The study highlights the context-dependent nature of occasionalisms, emphasizing their expressive and evaluative functions as products of individual linguistic creativity. Special attention is given to their formation through analogy, their role in literary and journalistic texts, and their position between language norm and speech innovation. The article also differentiates occasionalisms from neologisms and nonce formations, focusing on their degree of lexicalization and communicative purpose. The findings demonstrate that occasional words are not random deviations but systematic, rule-governed innovations that contribute to linguistic development and reflect the dynamic interaction between language structure and usage.