Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
Recent advancements in Natural Language Processing (NLP) have ushered in a new era of textual style transfer (TST), a domain aimed at altering textual attributes such as tone and sentiment while preserving the content's essence. This study introduces a creative framework that employs a dual-component architecture consisting of a classifier and a generator to achieve text de-stylization, particularly sentiment neutralization. The classifier, built upon the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model, serves as a dynamic loss function guiding the generator, constructed on a Transformer-based encoder-decoder framework, to produce sentiment-neutral text. Our method leverages a self-supervised mechanism, enabling the generation of target text without reliance on parallel corpora, thereby addressing the limitations of existing TST methodologies. We preprocessed datasets from Stanford Sentiment Treebank-5 (SST-5) and Internet Movie Database (IMDb) movie reviews and employed them for training the classifier and generator, respectively. Preliminary results demonstrate the model's proficiency in preserving semantic integrity while effectively neutralizing sentiment. Future work envisions expanding this framework to enable text stylization across a spectrum of discursive contexts, enhanced by deep learning architectures and an iterative feedback mechanism for user-driven refinement.
The discipline of natural language processing is now placing the highest level of research focus on sentiment analysis. Nevertheless, despite its significant capabilities, the use of this technology remains limited in the agricultural industry. The objective of this research is to analyse the online review characteristics, review length, and review sentiment score across different food products. Furthermore, the analysis examines the differences in customer sentiment ratings based on the length of the reviews. This study proposes an enhanced preprocess method, which can adjust the selection and weighting of features or attributes of the parsed tree structures dynamically, based on the specific context or target sentiment being analyzed. This technique aims to improve the accuracy and relevance of sentiment analysis by tailoring the feature selection process to better capture the sentiment expression in different contexts. Furthermore, it uses the Valence Aware Dictionary and Sentiment Reasoner (VADER) lexicon-based categorisation approach to assess consumer sentiment across many domains. The approach entails creating a specialised vocabulary for the agricultural domain using the VADER lexicon. The reviews are then classified using this dictionary. The variations in sentiment ratings across the different farm evaluations provide a thorough feedback to the companies. Additionally, it conveys a brand’s assessment by customers and provides performance feedback for expanding into other areas. By evaluating various reviews, the VADER Lexicon classifier with Treebank dynamic filtering (VADER_TDF) method achieves $\mathbf{9 8 \%}$ of accuracy, $\mathbf{9 3 \%}$ of precision, 91% of recall and 90% of F1-score.
Background: Color plays a pivotal role in visual perception, shaping emotions, attention, and cognition, particularly in art-related contexts. However, the influence of artistic training on color perception and neural processing remains poorly understood.Methods: This study examined differences in color perception between art and non-art groups using behavioral ratings and EEG data. Forty-four participants (22 art majors: 21.82 ±1.56 years old; 22 non-art majors: 20.73 ± 1.67 years old) with an equal gender ratio were recruited. Participants completed color perception tasks involving cool, warm, and neutral hues while EEG data were recorded with a 65-electrode system. Behavioral ratings and ERP components (P2 and P3) were analyzed, supplemented by decoding analysis to uncover neural processing patterns.Results: Behavioral data indicated that warm hues elicited higher emotional valence ratings than cool and neutral hues for both groups. EEG analysis revealed that warm and cool hues evoked larger P3 amplitudes compared to neutral hues. A group-hue interaction was observed in the P2 component, with the non-art group showing greater variability in P2 amplitudes across hues. Decoding analysis provided further evidence of distinct neural processing differences between the two groups.Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that color perception differs between art and non-art groups, particularly in the neural processing of the P2 component. Warm and cool hues elicit stronger emotional and attentional responses, highlighting distinct cognitive mechanisms influenced by artistic expertise.Keywords: ERP; color perception; P2; P3; artistic training
The article focuses on the morphological specifics of the verbal system in the liturgical interpretation in MSS RGADA 88 and BOGISHICH 52. The linguistic analysis aims at obtaining linguistic data about the era when the works originated and about the literary school to which their author belonged. The observations have revealed that the verbal system of the language contemporary to the author of the manuscripts does not show significant changes compared to that of Old Bulgarian. The paradigm of Old Bulgarian conjugations is intact. The use of the infinitive is regular. The innovations established are of a limited number. In terms of its morphological and syntactic characteristics (sporadic dropping of adverbial -т from the present ending for the 3rd person singular; usage of the future simple tense; registration of an archaic form for the first sigmatic aorist of the verb рещи; predominance of contracted forms of the imperfect tense; preference for passive voice forms with the the particle се; transformation of personal into impersonal forms and vice versa), the translation bears the characteristic features of South Slavic literary language dating from the 14th – 15th centuries. It corresponds to the linguistic norms established probably already in the scriptoria of the monasteries on Mount Athos in the early 14th century. These norms were also adopted by the writers of the Tarnovo Literary School, and later laid down in the foundations of the Resava Literary School in Serbia. The scribe who compiled the Slavic epitome of the liturgical interpretation demonstrated considerable freedom of choice in his translation. This distinguished him from the characteristic manners of the translators belonging to the schools of Tarnovo and to the Mount Athos monasteries, who were striving to find a formal similarity to the Greek text. The specificity of the verbal system in the text discussed can be explained by the fact that it is a summary translation, as well as by the unofficial nature of the document.
When stimuli are retained in visual working memory (VWM), external stimuli which overlap this representation capture attention when performing a visual task. It has not been determined whether this mechanism can partly account for attentional capture by categories of real-world affective stimuli. Across five dual-task visual search and VWM change detection experiments (4/5 pre-registered; total N = 119) participants had to detect the change in either positive (kitten) or threat-related (spider) animal exemplars, whilst performing an intervening visual search task with peripheral distractors from these affective categories. Affective stimulus associations were confirmed by self-reported arousal and valence ratings in all samples, and confirmed in an independent sample (n = 82). It was hypothesised that threat-related and positive distractors would capture attention more, versus a neutral (bird or no distractor) baseline, when matching the contents of VWM. Experiments 1 - 3, however, found no evidence of increased capture by VWM-matching affective stimuli, though there was cumulative evidence of goal-independent capture by threat-related distractors. When, however, the trial structure became unpredictable, requiring constant preparation for the VWM task response (Experiment 4), or advanced action preparation to the VWM task was enabled (Experiment 5), then VWM-matching threat-related distractors caused greater attentional capture. This VWM-driven capture, however, was not found for positive distractors in any experiments. The results probe the boundary conditions when VWM contents drive attentional capture by entirely task-irrelevant affective categories, and suggests that background memory representations may not influence attention unconditionally, and instead may depend partly on their current prioritisation.
Graphic health warnings (GHWs) are regarded a highly cost-effective public policy to communicate the health risks involved in smoking, mainly when they trigger negative emotional reactions. GHWs promote intentions to quit among smokers and prevent smoking initiation among non-smokers. In three experiments, we study how smokers and nonsmokers differ in implicit and explicit measures of emotional reactions towards GHWs. Experiment 1 used the Self-Assessment Manikin to measure explicit emotional (arousal and valence) ratings for six warnings published in tobacco products. Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment 1 but smokers and nonsmokers rated a new set of 36 GHWs not yet published. Experiment 3 used an implicit task, the Affect Misattribution Procedure, to evaluate and compare the affective responses to GHWs provided by smokers and non-smokers. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that smokers explicitly reported weaker negative emotional reactions to both familiar and unfamiliar GHWs compared to nonsmokers. Experiment 3 showed similar levels of negative implicit emotional responses among smokers and nonsmokers. Our data suggest that the decreased affective response involves high-order cognitive elaboration and evaluations of the messages conveyed by GHW, while early negative emotions triggered by the graphic component of the warnings similarly affect smokers and non-smokers. We propose that implicit measures may serve as additional and inexpensive tools for dissociating explicit biased affective responses of smokers towards GHWs from automatic emotional responses. In particular, the affect misattribution procedure may help to design warnings that communicate the risks of smoking but prevent adverse outcomes such as cognitive dissonance.
Graphic health warnings (GHWs) are regarded a highly cost-effective public policy to communicate the health risks involved in smoking, mainly when they trigger negative emotional reactions. GHWs promote intentions to quit among smokers and prevent smoking initiation among non-smokers. In three experiments, we study how smokers and nonsmokers differ in implicit and explicit measures of emotional reactions towards GHWs.nbsp; Experiment 1 used the Self-Assessment Manikin to measure explicit emotional (arousal and valence) ratings for six warnings published in tobacco products. Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment 1 but smokers and nonsmokers rated a new set of 36 GHWs not yet published.nbsp; Experiment 3 used an implicit task, the Affect Misattribution Procedure, to evaluate and compare the affective responses to GHWs provided by smokers and non-smokers.nbsp; Experiments 1 and 2 showed that smokers explicitly reported weaker negative emotional reactions to both familiar and unfamiliar GHWs compared to nonsmokers.nbsp; Experiment 3 showed similar levels of negative implicit emotional responses among smokers and nonsmokers.nbsp; Our data suggest that the decreased affective response involves high-order cognitive elaboration and evaluations of the messages conveyed by GHW, while early negative emotions triggered by the graphic component of the warnings similarly affect smokers and non-smokers.nbsp; We propose that implicit measures may serve as additional and inexpensive tools for dissociating explicit biased affective responses of smokers towards GHWs from automatic emotional responses. In particular, the affect misattribution procedure may help to design warnings that communicate the risks of smoking but prevent adverse outcomes such as cognitive dissonance.
Previous models for learning the semantic vectors of items and their groups, such as words, sentences, nodes, and graphs, using distributed representation have been based on the assumption that the basic sense of an item corresponds to one vector composed of dimensions corresponding to hidden contexts in the target real world, from which multiple senses of the item are obtained by conforming to lexical databases or adapting to the context. However, there may be multiple senses of an item, which are hardly assimilated and change or evolve dynamically following the contextual shift even within a document or a restricted period. This is a process similar to the evolution or adaptation of a living entity with/to environmental shifts. Setting the scope of disambiguation of items for sensemaking, the author presents a method in which a word or item in the data embraces multiple semantic vectors that evolve via interaction with others, similar to a cell embracing chromosomes crossing over with each other. We obtained two preliminary results: (1) the role of a word that evolves to acquire the largest or lower-middle variance of semantic vectors tends to be explainable by the author of the text; (2) the epicenters of earthquakes that acquire larger variance via crossover, corresponding to the interaction with diverse areas of land crust, are likely to correspond to the epicenters of forthcoming large earthquakes.
Objectives: Individuals with hearing loss complain of perceiving the emotions conveyed in music. While many studies have examined this issue, the cortical mechanisms involved remain unclear. This study aims to investigate how audibility affects cortical activity during the emotional perception of music. Methods: Musical stimuli expressing happiness, sadness, and neutrality were filtered at 1kHz to simulate low-frequency (LFsim) or high-frequency (HFsim) hearing loss. Forty-eight healthy participants were randomly assigned to three groups: HFsim group, LFsim group, and normal hearing (NH) group. During 64-channel EEG recording, participants listened to these stimuli, followed by rating arousal and valence (dimensional model) and selecting emotions (discrete model). Each of the 15 stimuli was presented 20 times, resulting in a total of 300 trials. Results: The HFsim group exhibited significantly increased alpha power during the perception of all three emotions, particularly in the sad condition. Trials were selected based on normalized ratings of arousal and valence (high or positive >= 0.3, low or negative < -0.3, middle -0.3<= and < 0.3). In the sad condition, alpha power showed prolonged periods of significant differences among groups, especially in arousal while valence ratings displayed minimal variability. Alpha changes were more pronounced in the sad condition and more evident in arousal than in valence. Conclusions: These results suggest that the lack of high-frequency auditory information might require increased cognitive load during emotional perception. Additionally, audible spectral information, especially high-frequency audibility, significantly affects alpha activity during the perception of musical emotions.
Time of day can alter memory performance in general. Its influence on memory recognition performance for faces, which is important for daily encounters with new persons or testimonies, has not been investigated yet. Importantly, high levels of the stress hormone cortisol impair memory recognition, in particular for emotional material. However, some studies also reported high cortisol levels to enhance memory recognition. Since cortisol levels in the morning are usually higher than in the evening, time of day might also influence recognition performance. In this pre-registered study with a two-day design, 51 healthy men encoded pictures of male and female faces with distinct emotional expressions on day one around noon. Memory for the faces was retrieved two days later at two consecutive testing times either in the morning (high and moderately increased endogenous cortisol levels) or in the evening (low endogenous cortisol levels). Additionally, alertness as well as salivary cortisol levels at the different timepoints was assessed. Cortisol levels were significantly higher in the morning compared to the evening group as expected, while both groups did not differ in alertness. Familiarity ratings for female stimuli were significantly better when participants were tested during moderately increased endogenous cortisol levels in the morning than during low endogenous cortisol levels in the evening, a pattern which was previously also observed for stressed versus non-stressed participants. In addition, cortisol levels during that time in the morning were positively correlated with the recollection of face stimuli in general. Thus, recognition memory performance may depend on the time of day and as well as on stimulus type, such as the difference of male and female faces. Most importantly, the results suggest that cortisol may be meaningful and worth investigating when studying the effects of time of day on memory performance. This research offers both, insights into daily encounters as well as legally relevant domains as for instance testimonies.
An essential component of finance and investing is stock price prediction, which attempts to project a stock’s future price. The objective is to use a variety of techniques and data sources to predict the direction and size of price changes. Sentiment analysis of financial news data offers insightful information about the state of the market and possible changes in stock prices. Stock price projections become more accurate and dependable when sentiment research is combined with additional machine learning and deep learning models. This research develops a multicollinearity Least Square Recursive Optimised Deep Belief Network Classification (MLSRODBN) method for sentiment analysis-based stock price prediction that promises better accuracy and shorter processing times. The MLSRODBN Method comprises multiple layers for efficient stock price prediction, including preprocessing, feature selection, and classification processes. In hidden layer, Treebank Word Tokenization is performed to partition the sentences into tokens or words. Finally, Partial Least Square Regression Analysis is carried out to perform efficient sentiment classification (i.e., positive, negative, or neutral) based on the extracted keywords from the financial news. The analysis’s conclusions show that the MLSRODBN strategy fared better at predicting stock prices than other deep learning methods that were currently in use.
This study investigated the linguistic features of abstracts across five scientific and technical disciplines: biochemistry, civil engineering, computer and information sciences, electronics engineering, and mechanical engineering. Abstracts play a crucial role in academic papers by summarizing key findings, methodologies, and implications. Through the lens of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) and genre analysis, this study aimed to determine whether linguistic features vary across disciplines and classify these disciplines based on the similarity of their linguistic features. The corpus consisted of 5,000 abstracts, with 1,000 from each discipline, sourced from the open-access journal PLOS ONE. Using Biber's [1] multidimensional analysis framework, this study examined 63 of 67 linguistic features, including passive voice, conjunctions, amplifiers, and discourse markers. Statistical analysis, including correlation and cluster analyses, revealed that the disciplines can be broadly divided into two groups: biochemistry and computer & information sciences, and a second group including mechanical engineering, civil engineering, and electronics engineering. These findings suggest that while some linguistic features are shared across disciplines, others vary substantially. For example, biochemistry has a higher frequency of passive constructions and large noun phrases, whereas computer and information sciences frequently use first-person pronouns and amplifiers. These insights are valuable for ESP instruction as they highlight the need for discipline-specific writing guidance in higher education. Educators can use this information to develop effective writing instruction tailored to the linguistic norms of each field. Future research could expand on these findings by exploring additional rhetorical elements and examining the impact of linguistic features on reader comprehension.
Abstract Older adults with depression have a high incidence of sleep disturbance which is posited to be mechanistically involved in maladaptive overnight emotional memory consolidation. In older adults (≥ 50 years) with and without depression, we aimed to compare group differences in overnight emotional memory and rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) (N2 and N3) sleep disturbance. Secondly, we investigated the relationship between emotional memory consolidation, self-report emotional valence and arousal perception, and sleep disturbance. Participants underwent overnight PSG with high-density EEG. An emotional memory image task with concurrent subjective emotional arousal and valence rating was completed before and after sleep. REM sleep disturbance was measured by REM sleep duration, global REM gamma and alpha activity and REM EEG arousal index. NREM sleep disturbance was measured by NREM sleep duration, global NREM delta, alpha and sigma power, and NREM EEG arousal index. T-tests and non-parametric tests were used for group comparisons. Linear regressions were used to assess relationships between sleep disturbance and emotional memory. Twenty-two older adults (Depression: n = 12, Control: n = 10) with a mean age of 63.7 ± 6.5 years completed the study. Older adults with depression demonstrated differences in overnight perception of emotional valence and arousal for negative information, suggesting sleep may be involved in emotion perception. Global delta power in NREM was reduced in older adults with depression, suggestive of homeostatic alterations. However, no robust associations between overnight memory consolidation, emotional valence or arousal and REM or NREM sleep disturbance were observed.
Статья посвящена функционально-семантическому анализу и описанию русских заимствований в текстах хакасских героических сказаний. Не претендуя на всеобщий охват анализируемого материала, на примере 18 лексем мы установили, что тексты героических сказаний, в силу традиционности жанра, являются относительно закрытыми для иноязычных новшеств. Гораздо больше русизмов встречается в произведениях малых фольклорных жанров, поскольку они передаются в произвольной повествовательной форме. Процесс проникновения заимствований в данную сферу зависит от их фонетической и лексико-грамматической адаптации в языке-реципиенте. Почти все рассмотренные нами заимствования видоизменены в соответствии с нормами хакасского языка. В лексико-семантическом плане все они распределены на три типа: а) не имеющие аналогов в хакасском языке заимствованные слова, зафиксированные в лексикографических источниках; б) имеющие аналоги в хакасском языке заимствованные слова, зафиксированные в лексикографических источниках; в) разовые, эпизодичные использования русизмов. Данную категорию слов составляют в основном существительные, за исключением глаголов просай 'прощай', че[е]сте- 'чествовать' и междометной конструкции какой чорт. Обсуждение фактического материала в нашей работе происходит в рамках нашего понимания терминов «русское заимствование», выражающего частотное и, как правило, лексикографически зафиксированное слово, и «русизм» как русского слова, эпизодически используемого в повседневной речи билингва. В перспективе дальнейшее углубленное изучение данной категории слов на материале хакасских героических сказаний раскроет их новые скрытые особенности и закономерности. The article is devoted to the functional-semantic analysis and description of Russian borrowings in the texts of Khakass heroic tales. Without claiming universal coverage of the analyzed material, using the example of 18 lexemes, we established that the texts of heroic tales, due to the traditional nature of the genre, are relatively closed to foreign language innovations. Much more Russianisms are found in works of small folklore genres, since they are conveyed in an arbitrary narrative form. The process of borrowings penetration into this area depends on their phonetic and lexico-grammatical adaptation in the recipient language. Almost all of the borrowings we examined are modified in accordance with the norms of the Khakass language. In lexical-semantic terms, they are all divided into three types: a) borrowed words that have no analogues in the Khakass language and are recorded in lexicographical sources; b) borrowed words that have analogues in the Khakass language and are recorded in lexicographic sources; c) one-time, episodic use of Russianisms. This category of words consists mainly of nouns, with the exception of the verbs prosai 'farewell', che[е]ste- 'honor' and the interjectional construction kakoichort. The discussion of factual material in our work takes place within the framework of our concepts of the terms "Russian borrowing", which expresses a frequency and, as a rule, lexicographically fixed word, and "Russianism", as a Russian word occasionally used in a bilingual's everyday speech. In the future, further in-depth study of this category of words based on the material of Khakass heroic tales will reveal their new hidden features and patterns.
This paper delves into the text processing aspects of Language Computing, which enables computers to understand, interpret, and generate human language. Focusing on tasks such as speech recognition, machine translation, sentiment analysis, text summarization, and language modelling, language computing integrates disciplines including linguistics, computer science, and cognitive psychology to create meaningful human-computer interactions. Recent advancements in deep learning have made computers more accessible and capable of independent learning and adaptation. In examining the landscape of language computing, the paper emphasises foundational work like encoding, where Tamil transitioned from ASCII to Unicode, enhancing digital communication. It discusses the development of computational resources, including raw data, dictionaries, glossaries, annotated data, and computational grammars, necessary for effective language processing. The challenges of linguistic annotation, the creation of treebanks, and the training of large language models are also covered, emphasising the need for high-quality, annotated data and advanced language models. The paper underscores the importance of building practical applications for languages like Tamil to address everyday communication needs, highlighting gaps in current technology. It calls for increased research collaboration, digitization of historical texts, and fostering digital usage to ensure the comprehensive development of Tamil language processing, ultimately enhancing global communication and access to digital services.
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, adopted in 2006, has highlighted the need to find ways of ensuring access to information and full communication for people who have difficulty reading and understanding “standard” literary texts. The authors of the convention highlight the use of specific languages and the development of new methods of presenting text and its formatting. Particular emphasis is placed on the availability of cultural information in appropriate formats. Indeed, this paves the way for a novel approach to language communication. The Convention has provided a catalyst for a new direction in linguistics, namely the comprehension and practical description of the communicative variant of a national language intended for certain groups of its speakers. Practical work has a long history and has undergone significant developments, whereas academic research is still in its infancy. Another parallel process is the general trend towards the need for simplified forms of language, caused by digitalization and the accelerated pace of life, which does not allow for extensive reading and in-depth understanding of texts. As a matter of fact, a revision of the criteria for linguistic norms in "standard" texts is currently being considered. However, it should be noted that the process does not only affect standard texts; the practice of translating complex cultural texts into more comprehensible forms is also on the rise. This encompasses both intralanguage transformations and interlingual translations. The objective of this paper is to elucidate the concepts of "plain" and "easy-to-read" languages, to examine the distinctive characteristics of their operational nuances, and to address the challenges associated with the translation of fictional texts into "easy-to-read language," with a particular focus on F.M. Dostoevsky's novel "The Brothers Karamazov", translated into Japanese.
Currently, Sentiment Analysis (SA) has been gradually applied in a variety of fields and has become one of the most researched topics in adolescent education. However, since the interaction between cognition and emotion is involved in every learning process, it is possible to intervene with students based on the emotions they express in classroom or extracurricular environments, in order to assist teachers in assessing the overall state of students. This is conducive to improving teaching effectiveness, facilitating personalized learning, improving the emotional state and mental health of students, and promoting development and progress in the field of education. Emotion recognition is usually studied using electroencephalography (EEG), which is not practical for the adolescent population that spends most of their time at school almost every day. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an SA method based on a modified transformer network combined with convolutional neural network (CNN), aiming to utilize language for emotion recognition. The experiments were conducted using the Standford Sentinent Treebank (SST) dataset for training and validation of the model, which categorizes emotions into two categories based on positive and negative emotions, and ultimately obtains an overall accuracy of 95.00%. The experimental results demonstrate the recognition ability of our proposed model in sentiment analysis and show the potential for application in adolescent education.
Purpose. The authors conducted a comparative study of the general statistical characteristics of modern Russian and Serbian punctuation practice using the material of Internet texts from the early 20s of the 21 st century. Results. The authors analyzed three important characteristics of punctuation practice: the composition and frequency of punctuation situations, the lexical indicators of syntactic relations used (conjunctions, particles, introductory words, etc.), and the occurrence of punctuation marks. The Russian and Serbian parts of the sample are balanced in terms of the number of uses of punctuation marks and in terms of their focus/lack of focus on compliance with the norm on the Internet platforms provided to the authors of the texts. The comparative study revealed similarities and differences in all analyzed parameters. Conclusion. It was found that the high degree of similarity of the main indicators caused by the kinship and typological similarity of the languages is combined with obvious differences, including different occurrence of punctuation situations in graphic practice, different composition and different activity of formal indicators of syntactic connection, different density of punctuation marks per punctuation situation. This means that a comparative study of punctuation practice taking into account statistical data allows us to identify the real relationship between the two punctuation systems, rather than the relationship set by normative documents.
Abstract Expressions in which the word for a body part is also used for objects can be found in many languages. Some languages use body part terms to refer to object parts, while others have only a few idiosyncratic examples in their vocabulary. Studying the word forms referring to body and object concepts, i.e., colexifications, across languages, offers insights into cognitive principles facilitating such usage. Previous studies focused on full colexifications in which the same word form expresses two distinct concepts. Here, we utilize a new approach that allows us to analyze partial colexifications in which a concept is built out of the word forms for two separate concepts, like river mouth. Based on a large lexical database, we identified body and object concepts and analyzed 39 colexifications across 329 languages. The results show that word forms for body concepts are used slightly more frequently as a source for object names. However, the detailed examination of directional tendencies and colexifications of word forms between body and object concepts reveals linguistic variation. The study sheds light on meaning extensions between two concrete domains and showcases the synergies that arise through the combination of existing data and methods.
Expressions in which the word for a body part is also used for objects can be found in many languages. Some languages use body part terms to refer to object parts, while others have only a few idiosyncratic examples in their vocabulary. Studying the word forms referring to body and object concepts, i.e., colexifications, across languages, offers insights into cognitive principles facilitating such usage. Previous studies focused on full colexifications in which the same word form expresses two distinct concepts. Here, we utilize a new approach that allows us to analyze partial colexifications in which a concept is built out of the word forms for two separate concepts, like river mouth. Based on a large lexical database, we identified body and object concepts and analyzed 39 colexifications across 329 languages. The results show that word forms for body concepts are used slightly more frequently as a source for object names. However, the detailed examination of directional tendencies and colexifications of word forms between body and object concepts reveals linguistic variation. The study sheds light on meaning extensions between two concrete domains and showcases the synergies that arise through the combination of existing data and methods.
Cultural beliefs and practices find expressions through rituals. Birth is a rite of passage and children are perceived as special gift from the Supreme Being. As such, pregnancy and childbirth are special events cherished and celebrated through varied rituals in different cultures worldwide. Thus, pregnancy and childbirth are not only biological events, but also socially and culturally constructed with associated symbols that represent the social identities and cultural values of the Bakossi people of the South West Region of Cameroon who speak Akoosè language and use it during such rituals. Ritual and language are greatly related. This paper aims to explore the embodied language of ritual after child birth in Akoosè and people’s possession of a sacred but rare ability to use language in a peculiar way to orthodox linguistic norms especially while looking at Birth Songs, burying of the placenta, incantations and the language during libation while welcoming the child home. The ritual language used is an essential aspect that reflects the values and customs of the people given the variations in the language used like the use of metaphors, proverbs and other literary devices, giving the ceremony a poetic and symbolic feel. Language which is one of the principal issues in this study is defined by Sone, (2016) as a systematic means which human beings use in the communication of thoughts, ideas, values, norms and feelings. Data realized is through Tape and video recordings and participant observation. It is assumed that the custodians of the spoken discourse, is far more than mere use of words, rather it is a linguistically significant variety when studied within the Akoosè /Akɔ́ɔ́sè/context.
The paper presents the results of the development of a corpus for Russian with the syntactic markup. Having discussed the main advantages of the constituent grammar approach to the syntax, we present examples of resources, that are currently available on the internet, and highlight basic expectations for a constituency treebank. Then the paper describes the process of developing the treebank, which includes working out the design of data representation, creation of an ensemble of morphosyntactic markup tools, filtering erroneous parses and matching examples, etc. The paper finishes outlining the basic principles of search in the treebank, describing its main characteristics and giving some examples of use.
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This paper explored the cultural and linguistic aspects of health exchanges between healthcare practitioners and patients among the Jukuns of Wukari in Nigeria, within the health centres in the town. It focused on patient-healthcare-provider dynamics and found out how language and culture influenced healthcare communication within formal settings. Integrating ethnographic, sociolinguistic, and anthropological approaches, the study unveiled how language and culture impacted interactions and health-seeking behaviours in these centres. It revealed the roles of language and culture in understanding health information, healthcare provider-patient exchanges, and treatment adherence within the distinct sociolinguistic context of the Jukun. Using such qualitative techniques as interviews and observations in the health centres, the study captured the intricate verbal and nonverbal communication, specific cultural discourse patterns, and communication strategies used by patients and healthcare practitioners. Findings highlighted diverse cultural and linguistic methods employed by Jukuns, such as using proverbs, ironies, metaphors, and nonverbal cues, to express themselves in healthcare settings. The research showed that these methods could facilitate communication with familiar practitioners but might complicate interactions with those from different ethnic backgrounds. Ultimately, it offered crucial perspectives for refining healthcare provision, aligning with the precise linguistic and cultural contexts of the Jukun community within formal healthcare settings in Wukari and other parts of Jukunland. Based on the foregoing, the researchers recommended that health practitioners should make use of interpreters and familiarise themselves with the cultural and linguistic norms of their immediate communities for effective health discourse that would enhance quality healthcare delivery.
This paper discusses how to verify hypotheses about the use of a given lexical choice when synonymic pairs of archaisms and preslavisms (and their different readings) occur in manuscripts of both direct and indirect traditions of the Didactic Gospel [DG] of Constantine of Preslav. Using three synonymous pairs as examples (тъкъмо/тъѭ, постт/алъкат, пастꙑрь/ пастѹхъ), the paper illustrates the potential of lexicological and textual analysis (identifying the frequency and distribution of synonymic pairs in the text, examining their semantic differences, and analyzing the different readings in textual transmission). The work highlights how the existence of synonymic pairs often influences a priori assumptions in discussions concerning the unique characteristics of the homiletic collection, leading to the identification of geographical and temporal markers of the Preslav redaction in the text. Finally, the work shows that Constantine of Preslav’s Didactic Gospel reflects the transitional nature of late 9th century Bulgaria, marked by the Christianization of Slavic communities – a period and a text where written and spoken language, the language used in liturgical, homiletical, and intra-church communication coexist, despite their different norms.
In recent decades, linguistic research has seen an expansion of the range of issues that address the relationship between emotions and language. The importance of studying the emotive vocabulary in languages of the world is proven by an increased interest in the analysis of various aspects of emotive vocabulary, also by the development of the history of emotion as an independent theoretical concept of modern linguistics. One of the areas of analysis is the study of emotive vocabulary in texts written in ancient languages from the point of view of its etymological, functional, stylistic and semantic characteristics. The study of ancient Germanic emotive vocabulary contributes to the reconstruction of fragments of a medieval person’s emotional picture, contributes to the systematization of linguistic means of representing emotions and clarification of the norms of socially prescribed emotional behavior in a particular linguistic culture. The purpose of this article is to identify an inventory of the lexical and semantic group “basic emotions” in the Gothic language and to characterize their etymological links. The article is a case study of 119 lexical units, representing both the names of basic emotions and their manifestations as reactions in Gothic texts. The empirical material for analysis was formed using continuous sampling. The analysis of the language material was carried out using the methods of scientific description and generalization, the method of analyzing dictionary definitions, interpreting the results, and using the method of quantitative calculation. In this article, the emotive vocabulary (i.e. emotives) is understood as a set of language units with differing structural and functional characteristics (lexical, phraseological, syntactic, morphological, textual), in the semantics of which emotions are reflected in different proportions. The inventory of emotion vocabulary includes lexical and phraseological emotive units that are capable of expressing emotional experiences independently, and emotive means of the phonetic, prosodic, morphological, syntactic levels, which are of an auxiliary nature. The article analyzes a group of emotive units of the first type. The emotive vocabulary of the Gothic language is a system of lexical means functionally aiming at the social coding of the emotional behavior accepted in the corresponding language community. The lexical units of the Gothic emotive vocabulary include direct representations of emotions, descriptions of emotional reactions through the symptomatology of their manifestation, and units that directly express emotions. The article analyzes the lexical units of the first two types, semantically representing basic emotions (according to K.E. Izard). The study of the Gothic emotive lexicon confirms the fact that all emotions of the basic level, namely, interest, joy, surprise, grief, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame and guilt are lexically designated in the language. The lexical-semantic group “basic emotions” is represented by nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, in quantitative terms unevenly distributed in segments related to different emotions. According to the collected data, such core emotions as joy (pleasure), anger (rage) and fear (horror) have been extensively represented in Gothic, for which more than ten designations have been identified. The analysis of representations of basic emotions in the Gothic language makes it possible to evaluate both the relative chronology pertinent to the entrance of the emotion words to the word stock and the adaptability of language means for conveying nonnative concepts in a translated text in the context of a social bilingual environment. In the overwhelming majority, the vocabulary of emotions is represented by derivatives based on the verbal or adjectival stems. Nouns denoting basic emotions in Gothic are represented by the lexemes of all three grammatical genders that belong to the declension types ending in either a vowel or a consonant, with a prevalence of feminine nouns. The morphemic structure of emotion words usually contains a word-forming suffixal element (a suffix per se or a stem-forming suffix of a “younger” origin). The most ancient layer of nominal designations of emotions includes neuter nouns of the declension types in -a and in -ja. Verbal representatives of the emotion vocabulary under consideration belong to different classes of the Gothic weak verbs; a few cases are examples of strong, preterite-present and reduplicating verbs. A written religious document in the Gothic language demonstrates the whole range of basic emotions that people could experience in the past, and why they experienced them, i.e. in connection with what situations, also in what form they felt them, what social practices generated a certain “code” of emotional manifestations.
Abstract Understanding other people’s emotions accurately (i.e., empathic accuracy) is thought to be critical for building and maintaining social connections. Past research suggests empathic skills change with age, but few studies examine age differences in empathic accuracy within the context of close relationships. We examined whether empathic accuracy is higher among middle-aged couples (ages 40-50) compared to older couples (ages 60-70) using a sample of 154 heterosexual long-term marriages. Husbands and wives visited the laboratory and engaged in a 15-minute conversation on a topic of disagreement in their marriage. Conversations were video-recorded. Husbands and wives watched a video playback of their conversation twice, each time continuously rating either their own or their spouse’s emotional valence during the conversation using a rating dial that ranged from “very negative” to “very positive”. These continuous valence ratings were used to compute each spouse’s empathic accuracy as the strength of the correlation between their ratings of their spouse’s emotions and their spouse’s own self- ratings. Results revealed that age was not associated with husbands’ empathic accuracy. In contrast, older wives had greater empathic accuracy compared to middle-aged wives (Mdiff =.19, p =.028). However, older adults had been married longer, and length of marriage also predicted women’s empathic accuracy. Findings suggest that older women are better able to track the changing valence of their husbands’ emotions, perhaps because they have more practice.
Forensic linguistics, a multidisciplinary field that applies linguistic analysis to legal and professional contexts, plays a critical role in legal proceedings and investigations. This study explores its applications in Uzbekistan, where the intersection of linguistics and law is particularly significant due to the country's linguistic diversity and socio-cultural dynamics. The article examines cases involving insults (haqorat), defamation (tuhmat), and other contentious languages, analyzing speech and text’s semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic features. It highlights the methodological challenges of regional dialects, cultural idioms, and hierarchical social structures. Additionally, the study addresses the broader applications of forensic linguistics, including analyzing extremist materials, authorship disputes, and evaluating legal documents. Recommendations include establishing linguistic databases, training programs for forensic linguists, and policy reforms to enhance linguistic expertise in legal contexts. The findings underscore the vital role of forensic linguistics in ensuring fairness, accountability, and justice in Uzbekistan’s legal system, emphasizing the importance and impact of the field.
Introduction. The archived Oirat-language (in Clear Script) letters by Khan Ayuka are also available in their synchronic Russian translations. The seventeenth-eighteenth communication practices could involve oral messages to be transmitted to the addressee by the envoy, and such message would be openly indicated in the letter. To date, this aspect of correspondence has received no special attention, despite the specified structural and substantive element of official Kalmyk narratives — and related translations — is important enough as a marker of records management norms inherent to that era. Goals. The article seeks to identify peculiarities of certain linguistic patterns employed to express there are (were) additional data to be delivered orally — both in a Kalmyk text and its translation. The work shall also consider the practice of including such oral messages into synchronic Russian translations. Materials. The study examines a total of 236 letters (and their translations) by Khan Ayuka from the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts and Kalmykia’s National Archive dated between 1665 and 1724. The identified scope of official texts contains 41 mentions of oral messages. Results. In Clear Script texts and their synchronic Russian translations, mentions of additionally available messages to be delivered orally are articulated with standard formulas that however do not exclude some lexical and grammatical variability. Oral messages of Khan Ayuka would be regularly included into their Russian translations after 1716, which attests to a gradual change in standard procedures for Clear Script letters, further improvement of records management processes in general — and translation processes in particular. The recorded oral parts may repeat the data given in the letter, explain reasons behind the request contained therein, or essentially supplement the written message. The markers of such once oral fragments are the colloquial particle de, passive constructions, and set formulas that precede any written record of the messenger’s oral speech. Such written narratives may contain graphic indications of thematic sections, the latter’s numerical designations, and confirming signatures of the messenger proper.
The article examines the scientific methodological foundations of thesauru research of literary texts. To this end, the formation of the concept of thesaurus and the meaning of the thesaurus method, the types of thesaurus dictionary and their main function are analyzed. The importance of the thesaurus research method in the study of literary texts is determined. The research used methods such as systematization, generalization, sorting, and formulation of the material. The article pays special attention to foreign and domestic thesaurus studies, analyzes the types of thesaurus dictionaries and their features. The article compares the thesaurus and a simple dictionary, identifies a number of optimal moments and ineffective aspects of the thesaurus. In the article, the thesaurus is recognized as a special terminological dictionary within a particular subject area, the meanings of which are close to terms (words and phrases) and semantic relations between them and grouped into concepts. The thesaurus analysis method is also an important research method in modern literary science. The thesaurus research method is widely used in the analysis of literary texts, as it allows you to identify semantic connections between words and understand the meaning of a work, helps to analyze and classify words, create dictionaries and lexical databases. The results achieved in the course of the study can be used in thesaurus research, the construction of a thesaurus based on literary texts.
Neural network accelerators have become essential in addressing the growing computational demands of AI and machine learning applications. This study evaluates the performance of neural network accelerators implemented on FPGA and ASIC platforms, utilizing TensorFlow for neural network model design and Xilinx Vivado for FPGA hardware prototyping. Benchmark tests were conducted using CNNs, RNNs, and Transformer models on datasets such as CIFAR-10, ImageNet, and Penn Treebank (PTB). Key performance metrics, including latency, power consumption, throughput, and accuracy, were analyzed. Results revealed that ASIC outperformed FPGA across all metrics, with 40% lower latency, 46.7% reduced power consumption, and 33% higher throughput, while maintaining a slightly higher accuracy (94% vs. 92%). The discussion highlighted ASIC's suitability for real-time, power-efficient AI tasks, whereas FPGA remains advantageous for prototyping and adaptable AI architectures. In conclusion, ASIC excels in performance and efficiency, making it ideal for deployment in resource-constrained AI applications, while FPGA serves as a flexible platform for iterative design and experimentation. These findings provide valuable insights for selecting hardware platforms based on application-specific requirements in neural network microcircuit design.
The article analyzed translations of the public signs installed on the territory of China and are aimed at native speakers of the Russian language. It is important to note that when translating from Chinese into Russian, while taking into consideration to the differences in the system of languages, the norms of the contemporary Russian literary language, including syntactic norms, are violated. In this paper, the authors propose a classification of the types of violations of the linguistic norms of the present-day Russian literary language based on the texts of public signs in Russian. The reasons for the occurrence of these violations are presented and a recommended translation option is proposed. Errors in the translation of public signs are described from the point of view of syntactic structures, e. g. various types of phrases and sentences. At the same time, along with the violation of syntactic norms in the translation of public signs into Russian, violations of lexical norms are considered. More precise equivalents for both languages are proposed, taking into account cross-cultural communication aspects. The set public signs translated into Russian can serve as a starting point for further research into graphic, spelling, lexical, grammatical and even pragmatic errors.
يَهدفُ بَحْثُ آليَّاتِ التَّماسُكِ النَّصِّي فِي خِطَابِ فَضِيلَةِ الإِمَامِ الأَكْبَرِ أَحْمَدَ الطَّيِّبِ (فَلْسَفَةُ المُسَاوَاةِ فِي الإِسْلَامِ، العَدْلُ) إِلَىٰ الكَشْفِ عَنْ وَسَائِلِ وَأَدَوَاتِ التَّمَاسُكِ اللُّغَوِيِّ فِي خِطَابِ فَضِيلَتِهِ وَتَنَوُّعِ هَـٰذِهِ الآلِيَّاتِ بَيْنَ النَّحْوِيَّةِ وَالمُعْجَمِيَّةِ وَأَثَرِهِمَا اَلدِّلَالِيِّ وَدَوْرِهِمَا فِي سَبْكِ الخِطَابِ وَاتِّسَاقِ أَجْزَائه وَالرَّبْطِ بَيْنَ عَنَاصِرِهِ الدَّاخِلِيَّةِ والخَارِجِيَّةِ وَاتِّسَاقِهَا مَعَ السِّيَاقِ الخَارِجِيِّ، فَقَدِ تَوَفَّرَ فِي هَـٰذَا الخِطَابِ العَدِيدُ مِنْ وَسَائِلِ التَّمَاسُكِ الَّتِي أَثَّرَتْ فِي وَجَازَةِ الخِطَابِ وَإِيفَائه بِالْمَطْلُوب، فَقَامَ التَّمَاسُكُ بِرَبْطِ جَمِيعِ أَجْزَاءِ النَّصِّ مَعَ وَجَازَتِهِ، وقَدْ كَشَفْتُ عَنْ وَسائِلِ التَّماسُكِ فِي خَطابِ فَضِيلَةِ الإمامِ الأكبَرِ أحمدِ الطيِّبِ (فَلْسَفَةُ المُسَاوَاةِ فِي الإِسْلَامِ، العَدْلُ) مِن خِلالِ تَمْهِيدٍ ومَبْحَثَينِ، أمَّا عَنِ التَّمْهِيدِ فَيَشْتَمِلُ عَلَىٰ: (قَبَسٍ مِن نُّورٍ فِي سِيْرَةِ شَيْخِ الأَزهَرِ أحمدَ الطَّيبِ، مَفْهومِ التَّماسُكِ لُغَةً واصْطِلاحا، أَهمِّيَّتِهِ، أدَوَاتِهِ، أنْواعِهِ)، وأمَّا عَنِ المَباحِثِ، فالمَبْحَثُ الأوَّلُ: الدراسة التطبيقية، اشْتَمَلَ عَلَىٰ نص الخطاب والتعريف به، التَّماسُكِ النَّحْوِيِّ: الإحالَةُ عَلَىٰ المُستَوَيَيْنِ (الإفْرادِيِّ والتَّركِيبِيِّ)أمَّا الإفْرادِيُّ، يَشْمَلُ: (الإحالَةُ بالضَّمِيرَ- اسْمَ الإِشارَةِ- الاسْمَ المَوْصولَ- أدَواتِ المُقارَنَةِ)، وأمَّا الإحالَةُ عَلَىٰ مُسْتَوىٰ التَّراكِيبِ يَشْمَلُ: (الاسْتِفْهامَ، النِّداءَ، الأَمْرَ، والرَّبْطَ)، أمَّا المَبْحَثُ الثَّانِي: آليَّاتُ التَّماسُكِ عَلَىٰ المُسْتَوىٰ المُعْجَمِيِّ: (التَّكْرارُ، المُصاحَبَةُ أوِ التَّضَامُّ، التَّلازُمُ الذِّكْرِيُّ، التَّرادُفُ، والضّد). ووَضَّحْتُ ذَلِكَ مِنْ خلالِ المَنْهَجِ الوَصْفِيِّ بِأَداتَيْهِ: الإحْصاءِ والتَّحْلِيلِ، واعْتَمَدتُّ عَلَىٰ مَصادِرَ مُتَنَوِّعَةٍ فِي كُلِّ فُروعِ اللُّغَةِ الَّتِي تَخْدِمُ البَحْثَ، وفِي نِهايةِ المَطافِ تَوَصَّلْتُ إلىٰ عِدَّةِ نَتائِجَ كانَتْ مَرْجُوَّةً مِنَ البَحْثِ، مِنْ أبْرَزِها: أكَّدَ البَحْثُ عَلَىٰ المَوْهِبَةِ اللُّغَوِيَّةِ الفِطْرِيَّةِ لَدَىٰ فَضِيلَةِ الإمامِ أحمدَ الطيِّبِ، وقُدْرَتِهِ عَلَىٰ الرَّبْطِ بَيْنَ أجْزاءِ النَّصِّ بالإحالاتِ المَقالِيَّةِ والمَقامِيَّةِ، ويَتَأَثَّرُ النَّصُّ بشَخْصِيَّةِ قائِلِهِ وَمَدَىٰ تَأَثُّرِهِ بِالأَعْرَافِ الاجْتِمَاعِيَّةِ والحَالَةِ اَلنَّفْسِيَّةِ وبِالمَوْقِفِ الَّذِي قِيلَ فِيهِ النَّصُّ، وَقَد انْعَكَسَ ذَلِكَ عَلَىٰ خِطَابِهِ، كَمَا أَثْبَتَ البَحْثُ تَعَدُّدَ وَسَائِلِ التَّمَاسُكِ النَّصِّيِّ فِي خِطَابِ فَضِيلَتِهِ وَإِنْ كَانَتِ الإِحَالَةُ بِالضَمِيرِ أَكْثَرَ انْتِشَاراً مِنْ غَيْرِهَا مِنْ أَدَوَاتِ التَّمَاسُكِ، وَمِنْ خِلَالِ الإِحْصَاءِ تَبَيَّنَ شُيُوعُ ضَمَائِرِ الغَيْبَةِ وَتَقَارُبُ ضَمَائِرِ التَّكَلُّمِ والْخِطَابِ، مِمَّا يُبَيِّنُ اهْتِمامَ فَضِيلَتِهِ بِأُمُورِ الرَّعِيَّةِ بالرَّغْمِ مِنْ تَعَدُّدِ الأدْيانِ والجِنسِيَّاتِ عَلَىٰ مُسْتَوَىٰ العالَمِ. The research on the mechanisms of textual coherence in the discourse of His Eminence the Grand Imam Ahmed Al-Tayeb (The Philosophy of Equality in Islam, Justice) aims to reveal the means and tools of linguistic coherence in the discourse of his virtue and the diversity of these mechanisms between grammatical and lexical and their semantic impact and their role in casting the discourse and the consistency of its parts and the link between its internal and external elements and their consistency with The external context, has been available in this speech many of the means of cohesion that affected the brevity of the speech and fulfillment of the required, the coherence linked all parts of the text with its briefness, has revealed the means of cohesion in the speech of His Eminence the Grand Imam Ahmed Tayeb (philosophy of equality in Islam, justice) through a preamble and two sections, as for the preamble it includes: (Qabas from the light in Biography of Sheikh Al-Azhar Ahmed Al-Tayeb, the concept of cohesion language and idiomatically, its importance, tools, types), and as for the investigations, the first topic: applied study, included the text of the speech and its definition, grammatical coherence: referral at the two levels (individual and synthetical), the individual, includes: (referral by pronoun - name of the sign - relative name - comparison tools), and the referral at the level of structures includes: (interrogative, call, command, and linkage), and the second topic: the mechanisms of cohesion at the lexical level: (repetition, accompaniment or combination, male correlation, synonymy, and opposite). She clarified this through the descriptive approach with his two tools: statistics and analysis, and relied on various sources in all branches of the language that serve the research, and eventually reached several results that were desired from the research, most notably: The research emphasized the innate linguistic talent of Imam Ahmad Al-Tayeb, and his ability to link parts of the text with essay and maqam references, The text is affected by the personality of the person who said it and the extent to which it is affected by social norms and psychological state and the situation in which the text was said, and this was reflected in his speech, and the research also proved the multiplicity of means of textual coherence in the speech of his virtue, although the referral of conscience is more prevalent than other tools of cohesion, and through statistics show the prevalence of the pronouns of backbiting and the convergence of pronouns Speaking and discourse, which shows the interest of His Eminence in the affairs of the parish despite the multiplicity of religions and nationalities at the level of the world.
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Abstract To explore if translation-intrinsic features are apparent in other types of bilingualism-influenced constrained language use such as non-native production, this study approaches syntactic and typological properties of constrained English translated from Chinese and written by native Chinese speakers via two cognitively-motivated dependency metrics, viz. mean dependency distance (MDD) and dependency direction (DDir). Results of this study show that translated English (both L1 and L2) and non-native English differ from the non-constrained native English in a similar way yet to a slightly different extent, but not from each other in both indicators. Syntactically, bilingually-constrained varieties exhibit reduced syntactic complexity with shorter MDDs, suggesting a simplification tendency. Typologically, cross-linguistic influences are detected in constrained varieties for being more head-final in word-order primed by the source or native language Chinese. Surprisingly, it seems that language directionality affects, albeit marginally, the affinity between constrained varieties, with non-native English being more syntactically and typologically similar to translated English from L1 than from L2.
Previous research has established that determining lexical sophistication (i.e., the percentage of sophisticated words in a text) through the judgment of teachers on a corpus of words is a more accurate method than relying on word frequency-based lists. However, this approach can be time-consuming. To overcome this drawback, a new method is proposed in this study, which involves rating specific words out of context. A list of 68 words that appeared in approved high-school textbooks of teaching Hebrew to Arabic speakers was given to six experienced Hebrew teachers, who then categorized the words into four levels of lexical sophistication: (1) very basic words to (4) very advanced words. From this, a list of 28 words was created, with seven words from each level, and the lexical sophistication level was agreed upon by two-thirds of the teachers. Nineteen Arabic-speaking learners of Hebrew were asked to define the chosen words (passive vocabulary) and compose a sentence including each (controlled-active vocabulary) in a test-retest study at two time-points: the 11th and 12th grade. The results indicated that although there was no significant increase in lexical sophistication over time, significant differences emerged between the four levels of lexical sophistication, with students’ accuracy decreasing as the level of lexical sophistication increased. Additionally, only in the 11th grade was passive vocabulary found to be significantly larger than controlledactive vocabulary. However, as acquisition time increased, the gap between these two vocabulary types narrowed, due to improved performance in the controlled-active task. Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between passive and controlled-active vocabulary, which became stronger with more acquisition time.
Ambiguity is a common phenomenon found across languages and has been studied extensively. Nevertheless, not not much has been done on ambiguity in Eggon. In an attempt to fill the existing gap, the present article studies ambiguity and its intricacies in Eggon Language. Specifically, the research aims at exposing lexical ambiguity in the language, its nature and sources. The study also tries to provide ways of disambiguating such structures. Data is generated through participant observation of native speakers, documented sources (Eggon dictionary) and introspection. Descriptive method is used in analysing the generated data. The findings show that ambiguity is a common phenomenon in Eggon. The use of tone helps to disambiguate some ambiguous words. Moreover, most lexical ambiguities occur due to polysemy and homonymy and can be disambiguated through contextualization. Lexical ambiguity also results in other types of ambiguities in the language, such as semantic and syntactic ambiguities. Further study into dialectal ambiguity will add to Eggon linguistic database.
Language technology has the potential to facilitate intercultural communication through meaningful translations. However, the current state of language technology is deeply entangled with colonial knowledge due to path dependencies and neo-colonial tendencies in the global governance of artificial intelligence (AI). Language technology is a complex and emerging field that presents challenges for co-design interventions due to enfolding in assemblages of global scale and diverse sites and its knowledge intensity. This paper uses LiveLanguage, a lexical database, a set of services with particular emphasis on modelling language diversity and integrating small and minority languages, as an example to discuss and close the gap from pluriversal design theory to practice. By diversifying the concept of emerging technology, we can better approach language technology in global contexts. The paper presents a model comprising of five layers of technological activity. Each layer consists of specific practices and stakeholders, thus provides distinctive spaces for co-design interventions as mode of inquiry for de-linking, re-thinking and re-building language technology towards pluriversality. In that way, the paper contributes to reflecting the position of co-design in decolonising emergent technologies, and to integrating complex theoretical knowledge towards decoloniality into language technology design.
The subject matter of this article concerns the imperative verb forms appearing in promotional descriptions of action and strategy games from e-commerce websites. The aim of the research was (1) to determine the semantic categories of imperatives present in such texts (treated as a paratext fulfilling a persuasive function) and (2) to establish if those categories appear in the descriptions of games of different genres in similar or differing proportions. The author created two corpora consisting of a total of 200 texts (100 descriptions of action games and 100 descriptions of strategy games), using the Korpusomat software and extracted lexical data automatically. The forms were assigned to particular meanings based on definitions available at the lexical database Słowosieć (plWordNet), then the lexical units were attributed to semantic domains (such as combat and conflict), and proportions were calculated on the basis of these findings with regards to the represented categories of meanings. The comparative analysis of the said outcomes brought about the conclusion that the imperative verb forms present in the descriptions of action and strategy games belong to almost all domains (excluding the category of atmospheric phenomena), and their quantity is of similar proportions. Based on the quantitative indicators, only one significant difference can be noticed – in the descriptions of action games there was a clearly higher percentage of verbs from the movement domain, while the strategy game corpus indicated higher appearances of verbs from the creation domain.
To measure emotion in daily life, studies often prompt participants to repeatedly rate their feelings on a set of prespecified terms. This approach has yielded key findings in the psychological literature yet may not represent how people typically describe their experiences. We used an alternative approach, in which participants labeled their current emotion with at least one word of their choosing. In an initial study, estimates of label positivity recapitulated momentary valence ratings and were associated with self-reported mental health. The number of unique emotion words used over time was related to the balance and spread of emotions endorsed in an end-of-day rating task, but not to other measures of emotional functioning. A second study tested and replicated a subset of these findings. Considering the variety and richness of participant responses, a free-label approach appears to be a viable as well as compelling means of studying emotion in everyday life.
Abstract A characteristic trait of Vedic as well as Classical Sanskrit is the use of nominal compounds. Diachronic linguistic studies have observed an increasing use of compounds in Vedic texts. It is also generally accepted that compounds should be read as syntactic phrases and that they can be equivalent to subordinate clauses. However, it has not been studied so far whether and to which degree compounds replaced competing syntactic structures such as relative clauses or participial constructions over time. Using data from a syntactic treebank of Vedic and early Classical Sanskrit, this paper addresses the questions whether compounding replaced equivalent constructions and which textual and sociolinguistic factors may have driven this process. The paper studies compounds used as adnominal and adverbial modifiers, and compares their frequency distributions with those of subordinate clauses, adjectives, converbs, and participial constructions. Since the number of relevant cases is limited and the sociolinguistic factors driving the use of compounds are not well understood, the observed distributions are modeled with a hierarchical Bayesian framework that extracts an optimal subset from a set of possible explanatory factors (chronology, geography, poetry/prose alternation, genre, and school affiliation of Vedic texts).
In this paper we focus on a subclass of multi-word expressions, namely compound formation in German. The automatic detection of compounds is a known problem and we argue that its resolution should be given more urgency in light of a new role we uncovered with respect to ad hoc compound formation: the systematic expression of attitudinal meaning and its potential importance for the down-stream NLP task of stance detection. We demonstrate that ad hoc compounds in German indeed systematically express attitudinal meaning by adducing corpus linguistic and psycholinguistic experimental data. However, an investigation of state-of-the-art dependency parsers and Universal Dependency treebanks shows that German compounds are parsed and annotated very unevenly, so that currently one cannot reliably identify or access ad hoc compounds with attitudinal meaning in texts. Moreover, we report initial experiments with large language models underlining the challenges in capturing attitudinal meanings conveyed by ad hoc compounds. We consequently suggest a systematized way of annotating (and thereby also parsing) ad hoc compounds that is based on positive experiences from within the multilingual ParGram grammar development effort.
OBJECTIVE: This study extended a classic self-referential learning paradigm by investigating the effects of intranasally-administered oxytocin in high and low socially anxious participants during social learning, as a function of social anxiety levels and sex. METHODS: In a randomized double-blinded design, 160 participants were either given intranasal oxytocin (24 I.U.) or placebo. Subsequently, while lying in an MR scanner, participants were shown neutral faces that were paired with positively, neutrally, or negatively valenced self-referential sentences, during which we measured self-reported arousal and sympathy of the facial stimuli, pupil dilation, and changes in the brain-oxygen-level dependent signal. Four-factor mixed analyses of variance with the between-subjects factors group (high socially anxious vs. low socially anxious), substance (oxytocin vs. placebo), and sex (male vs. female) and the within-subjects factor sentence valence (positive vs. neutral vs. negative) were conducted for each measure, respectively. RESULTS: Administration of intranasal oxytocin yielded an increase in sympathy ratings in high socially anxious compared to low socially anxious individuals and decreased arousal ratings for positively-conditioned faces in low socially anxious participants. As an objective physiological measure of arousal, pupil dilation mirrored the behavioral results. Oxytocin effects on neural activation in the insula interacted with anxiety levels and sex: low socially anxious individuals yielded lower activation under oxytocin than placebo; the converse was observed in high socially anxious individuals. This interaction also differed between sexes, as men yielded higher activation levels than women. These findings were more prominent for positively- and negatively-conditioned faces. Within the amygdala, high socially anxious men yielded higher activation than high socially anxious women in the left hemisphere, and low socially anxious men yielded higher activation than low socially anxious women from positively- and negatively-conditioned faces, though no influence of oxytocin was detected. CONCLUSION: These results suggest oxytocin-induced behavioral, physiological, and neural changes as a function of social learning in socially low and high anxious individuals. These findings challenge the amygdalocentric view of the role of emotions in social learning, instead contributing to the growing body of findings implicating the insula therein, revealing an interaction between oxytocin, sex, and emotional valence. Such discoveries raise an interesting set of questions regarding the computational goals of regions such as the insula in emotional learning and how neural activity can play a diagnostic or prognostic role in social anxiety, potentially leading to new treatment opportunities that may combine oxytocin and neurofeedback differentially for men and women.
Discourse relations play a pivotal role in establishing coherence within textual content, uniting sentences and clauses into a cohesive narrative. The Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB) stands as one of the most extensively utilized datasets in this domain. In PDTB-3, the annotators can assign multiple labels to an example, when they believe that multiple relations are present. Prior research in discourse relation recognition has treated these instances as separate examples during training, and only one example needs to have its label predicted correctly for the instance to be judged as correct. However, this approach is inadequate, as it fails to account for the interdependence of labels in real-world contexts and to distinguish between cases where only one sense relation holds and cases where multiple relations hold simultaneously. In our work, we address this challenge by exploring various multi-label classification frameworks to handle implicit discourse relation recognition. We show that multi-label classification methods don't depress performance for single-label prediction. Additionally, we give comprehensive analysis of results and data. Our work contributes to advancing the understanding and application of discourse relations and provide a foundation for the future study