Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
This study investigates how satire and sarcasm serve as pragmatic devices in a single TikTok video by Rian Fahardhi addressing Indonesia’s subsidized fuel policy. It aims to delineate the distinctive linguistic strategies such as ironic framing, metaphorical exaggeration, and mocking lexical choices through which public discontent is articulated, and to assess their implications for digital political discourse. Employing a qualitative descriptive methodology within a pragmatic framework, the research analyzes the video’s transcript selected via purposive sampling, focusing on illocutionary acts and impoliteness strategies that breach politeness norms to amplify critique. The findings reveal that satire manifests subtly through rhetorical questions and ironic contrasts, while sarcasm appears more explicitly in stark lexical juxtapositions and mocking tonal shifts (e.g., “it feels like we got beaten and given candy”) tic maneuvers not only expose policy inconsistencies but also leverage TikTok’s multimodal affordances to engage and persuade audiences. The study corroborates Culpeper et al.’s model of impoliteness and demonstrates critical humor’s potency as sociopolitical resistance, underscoring TikTok’s emerging role as a platform for nuanced policy critique.
This article examines the names of days of the week (панядзелак, etc.) in the pages of the second Belarusian-language newspaper „Nasza Niwa” („Naša Niwa”), published in Vilna (Vilnius) in 1906–1915 (from December 1906 to January 1913 it was the only Belarusian-language newspaper in the world). The article focuses in particular on the first year of publication of this newspaper. Materials from the subsequent years of publication of this newspaper are also used for comparison. This data is compared with dialect materials from the second half of the 19th – early 21st centuries and with dictionaries of the modern Belarusian literary language. The article uses data from Polish, Old Russian, Church Slavonic, and other languages for diachronic and areal analysis. The aim of the article is to compare all lexical units that functioned in „Nasza Niwa” and in dialects in order to determine which forms were appropriate for the literary language of the early 20th century and what application they have in contemporary literary Belarusian. The issues raised in the article have not yet been considered in scholarly work. This study uses the following research methods: linguistic description, the retrospective method (in reconstructing vocabulary from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries), the statistical method (in analyzing extensive material from newspapers), etc. Based on the analyzed material, this article concludes that, in general, the names of the days of the week in the Belarusian literary language of the early 20th century coincide with the norm of the early 21st century, despite the fact that, both in „Nasza Niwa” and in the dialects, there were variants of the names of the II (аўторак – уторак), IV (чацвер – чэцвер) and V (пятніца – пяток) days of the week. On the other hand, the variants of the name of the VI (субота) day of the week – сыбота, сабота – present in the dialects were not found in the pages of „Nasza Niwa” or in academic dictionaries of the early 21st century.
Thermal imaging technology, known for its noncontact and noninvasive nature, offers distinct advantages in computerized emotion sensing. In the literature, a decrease in nose-tip temperature has been associated with dynamic subjective arousal. However, these studies were limited by their focus on a few regions of interest, neglecting a comprehensive analysis of the entire face, and not accounting for the temporal dynamics of thermal changes. To overcome these limitations, we propose an analytical method for facial thermal images using statistical parametric mapping (SPM), which was developed for functional brain image analysis. We developed semiautomated preprocessing protocols to effectively realign and standardize facial thermal images. To validate these analyses, we recorded the thermal images of participants’ faces and assessed dynamic valence and arousal ratings while they observed emotional films. The proposed SPM analyses revealed significant negative associations with dynamic arousal ratings at the nose tip and forehead. The analyses incorporating temporal disparity revealed more forehead clusters than the analyses assuming no delay. These findings validate the proposed pixel-based facial thermal image analysis method using SPM. The results suggest that computerized pixel-based analysis of facial thermal images can be used to estimate dynamic emotional states, with potential applications in various human behavioral fields, including mental health diagnosis and marketing research. • We developed a pixel-based facial thermal image analytical method using SPM. • The method for emotion sensing was tested with an experiment showing emotional films. • Facial thermal images and dynamic valence/arousal ratings were measured. • Negative associations with arousal ratings were detected at the nosetip and forehead. • The data validate the pixel-based facial thermal image analysis for emotion sensing.
The 2024 United States presidential campaign offered a unique opportunity to examine the intersection of gender and political communication, particularly through the persuasive linguistic strategies of Kamala Harris and Donald Trump. Although extensive scholarship exists on gender bias in political leadership, fewer studies have analyzed how gender expectations shape candidates’ deployment of classical rhetorical appeals. Guided primarily by Aristotle’s concepts of ethos, pathos, and logos, and supported interpretively by Lakoff’s gender and language theory and Role Congruity Theory, this manuscript explores the ways in which Harris and Trump construct credibility, evoke emotional responses, and develop logical arguments in their campaign speeches. The analysis draws on six speeches delivered across three key campaign stages, representing primary election statements, pre-election arguments, and post-election remarks. Speech texts were assembled into a cleaned corpus and coded through NVivo, supported by type-token ratio calculations to capture lexical diversity. Findings show that Harris constructs an ethos rooted in moral legitimacy, service, and collective identity, deploys empathetic and inclusive emotional appeals, and relies on structured, policy-oriented logical reasoning. Trump constructs a contrasting ethos of authoritative dominance, uses fear, anger, and crisis-driven emotional activation, and employs simplified causality to justify assertive political action. The comparative analysis reveals that Aristotelian appeals are deeply shaped by gender norms, with Harris navigating contradictory expectations of authority and warmth, and Trump amplifying traditionally masculine rhetorical conventions without penalty. By demonstrating how persuasive appeals intersect with gendered communicative structures, this manuscript contributes to scholarship in political rhetoric and gender studies, offering insights relevant for understanding contemporary presidential discourse and the challenges faced by female candidates in navigating expectations of leadership, emotion, and public credibility.
This paper examines the use of slang in the Uzbek and Turkish languages and analyzes its influence on cultural processes and language development. Slang is viewed as a dynamic and expressive layer of vocabulary that reflects social changes, youth culture, and contemporary modes of communication. The study explores the sociolinguistic functions of slang, its role in informal interaction, and its gradual penetration into the standard language through mass media, social networks, and popular culture. By comparing Uzbek and Turkish slang, the research identifies both shared tendencies shaped by globalization and language contact, as well as culture-specific features rooted in national traditions and social norms. The findings suggest that while slang enriches lexical diversity and communicative expressiveness, it also raises concerns regarding language norms and standardization. The paper contributes to contrastive linguistics and linguacultural studies by highlighting the interaction between slang, culture, and language evolution.
The article explores submissiveness as one of the key models of human behaviour and social interaction, affecting both the individual and the collective level of functioning an individual. Submissiveness is interpreted as an inherently human trait, as well as a set of social defensive strategies that indicate a person’s refusing power, status, autonomy or control. The article is aimed at identifying and analyzing the linguistic means by which submissiveness is expressed, as well as studying the influence of psychological and social factors on the formation of submissive behaviour in the context of interpersonal interaction. In a psychological context, a submissive personality is viewed as a complex result of the interaction between various factors, including ingenuity traits, social environment, and the individual’s personal experience. The formation of a submissive personality occurs under the influence of professional, social and cultural factors that reflect deeply rooted social norms and values. Submissive behaviour has been found to be typical of societies where there is a clear hierarchy, or where traditional gender roles are maintained. The analyzed sources of illustrative material demonstrate how submissiveness is realized through a variety of lexical, syntactic and stylistic means, in particular rhetorical questions, soft imperatives, negative constructions, etc. The context of uncertainty, external pressure, emotional tension affects the speech behaviour of the characters, forcing them to adapt to the situation by avoiding confrontation, reducing the categoricity of utterances and creating a trusting tone. All these elements together form a multifaceted image of a submissive personality, who acts within the limits imposed by both internal feelings and external circumstances.
ABSTRACT Street’s (1984) concept of “ideological model” advocates for the plural character of literacy, validating all models of writing. From this perspective, marginalized literacy practices are as legitimate as dominant literacy practices, despite being socially stigmatized. In this article, I aim to investigate in what ways the literacy narratives of two adult students transgress social and linguistic norms. I employ a narrative analysis methodology that incorporates the discursive, situated and performative nature of the stories (MOITA LOPES, 2021) I analyze. At the social level, access to reading and writing is, for the students, a subversion of imposed norms that deprived them of the right to education. As women who migrated from the northeast to the southeast of Brazil in search of better living conditions, returning to school and learning to read and write are acts of resistance that challenge the status quo. At the linguistic level, the students reaffirm their enunciative intentions by transgressing the standard norm of the language, expanding the possibilities of meaning in their texts through the subversive use of punctuation and deixis. The outcomes emphasize the need to recognize the students’ literacy journey as a social criticism against insufficient policies on the provision of quality education for all. Furthermore, the outcomes point to the need for language teaching and learning approaches that recognize non-institutionalized models of literacy as valid knowledge that enhances and enriches language learning, minimizing the abyssal line (SANTOS, 2010) between orality and literacy as well as between school and non-school knowledge.
This study examines the interplay between sociolinguistic competence and language transfer in English as Second Language (ESL) learning within Omani higher education. With Arabic as the first language, Omani ESL learners navigate linguistic and cultural influences that shape their English proficiency. Grounded in transfer theory and sociocultural perspectives on second language acquisition, this research investigates how institutional and cultural contexts impact sociolinguistic competence and the extent to which Arabic linguistic norms contribute to language transfer. Using a comparative methodology, data was collected through surveys, interviews, and language use analysis from students across three distinct institutions: Sultan Qaboos University (public-urban), Muscat University (private-urban), and Sur University College (public-rural). Findings indicate that sociolinguistic competence varies based on institutional setting, exposure to English, and interactional norms, with Arabic exerting both positive and negative transfer effects. The study underscores the challenges of integrating sociolinguistic competence into ESL curricula and provides recommendations for enhancing pragmatic training, pedagogical strategies, and teacher professional development to mitigate negative transfer and improve communicative proficiency.
The aim of the study is to identify the verbal and non-verbal linguistic means represented at different levels of the artwork and involved in the formation and transmission of moral ideas reflecting the cultural values of the Ossetian people. The material for the study of the cultural and mimetic functions of linguistic signs was the heroic poem “Azzheriev Kuytsykk” by G.F. Barakov. The poem creates an image of an ethnic personality living in certain historical, cultural, and everyday conditions and acting in accordance with the moral principles established by the Ossetians. The author uses the linguistic features of Ossetian folklore, which enriches the artistic and pictorial properties of this work and helps to see the source of a number of moral concepts. Scientific novelty is determined by the unexplored language of Ossetian literary texts, reflecting the system of the national literary language and contributing to the transmission of the moral code from generation to generation. To achieve this goal, the following research methods were used: descriptive – for generalization and systematization of practical material (the article examines the lexical and grammatical levels of the analyzed text); a method of contextual analysis to determine the actual lexical meaning of words and other linguistic units used in the text, an interpretation method to identify hidden meanings and shades of words; a semantic and stylistic method aimed at establishing stylistic connections of linguistic units at various levels, taking into account the author’s intention; linguistic and cultural analysis, which involves considering the text as a cultural phenomenon and making it possible to identify cultural information decoded in a single linguistic sign and in the entire text. As a result, it is established that the linguistic means used by the author to represent the worldview of the Ossetian people in the historical period described perform a cultural function, reflecting the norms of behavior and moral values accepted in society.
La langue comme vecteur de responsabilisation Auteur: Camille Guerineau Affiliation: Chercheuse indépendante ORCID: 0009-0009-0364-6396 Description Mise en garde sur la sensibilité du sujet Ce projet aborde des dimensions linguistiques, culturelles et religieuses qui touchent à des identités fortes, notamment la langue arabe et la tradition islamique. L’objectif n’est en aucun cas d’essentialiser une langue ou une croyance, ni de les réduire à des mécanismes de déresponsabilisation. Il s’agit d’analyser, dans un cadre strictement scientifique, comment certaines structures discursives et représentations culturelles peuvent interagir avec les normes françaises de responsabilité individuelle, et parfois générer des malentendus. Cette recherche se veut descriptive et explicative, non normative. Elle vise à mettre en lumière des dynamiques linguistiques et socio culturelles dans un contexte migratoire précis, sans généralisation abusive ni jugement de valeur. En adoptant une approche comparative et en mobilisant la linguistique cognitive et la sociolinguistique, le projet entend contribuer à une meilleure compréhension interculturelle et à un dialogue constructif entre institutions et populations concernées. Plan détaillé de thèse Introduction Présentation du sujet: langue, responsabilité et intégration. Contexte migratoire en France (enjeux sociaux, culturels et institutionnels). Justification scientifique et sociale du projet. Problématique et hypothèses. Méthodologie générale. Chapitre 1: Cadre théorique 1.1 Linguistique cognitive et agentivité Hypothèse Sapir Whorf. Théories de l’agentivité (Talmy, Langacker). 1.2 Sociolinguistique et migration Langue et identité en contexte migratoire. Études sur la perception de la responsabilité dans différentes cultures. 1.3 Religion et destin Al qadar dans l’islam. Interaction entre croyance religieuse et représentations sociales. Chapitre 2: Structures linguistiques de l’arabe et du français 2.1 Tournures impersonnelles en arabe dialectal Exemples contrastifs: « le verre s’est cassé » « j’ai cassé le verre » 2.2 Comparaison avec le français Mise en avant du sujet agentif. 2.3 Effets cognitifs et discursifs Influence de la syntaxe sur la perception de l’action et de la responsabilité. Chapitre 3: Étude socio culturelle en contexte migratoire 3.1 Enquête de terrain Entretiens avec jeunes issus de l’immigration maghrébine. Observation des discours dans différents contextes (école, justice, institutions). 3.2 Analyse des représentations Explications des actes: destin, hasard, agentivité, responsabilité. 3.3 Confrontation avec la norme française Responsabilité individuelle et autonomie comme valeurs centrales. Chapitre 4: Résultats et discussion Impact des structures linguistiques sur la perception de la responsabilité. Rôle de la croyance religieuse dans l’externalisation de la responsabilité. Conflits et malentendus interculturels. Implications pour l’intégration sociale et institutionnelle. Conclusion Synthèse des résultats. Limites de l’étude. Perspectives: pédagogie interculturelle, sensibilisation institutionnelle, ouverture vers d’autres langues et contextes migratoires. Méthodologie Corpus linguistique bilingue (arabe dialectal / français). Analyse qualitative (discours, entretiens, observation). Approche comparative (structures linguistiques et représentations sociales). Outils: analyse du discours, linguistique cognitive, sociolinguistique. Introduction développée La langue n’est pas seulement un outil de communication: elle constitue une matrice cognitive et culturelle qui oriente notre rapport au monde. Selon l’hypothèse Sapir Whorf, les structures linguistiques influencent la manière dont les individus perçoivent, catégorisent et interprètent la réalité. Certaines langues mettent en avant l’agent de l’action (« j’ai cassé le verre »), tandis que d’autres privilégient des tournures impersonnelles (« le verre s’est cassé »), ce qui peut modifier la perception de la responsabilité. De nombreuses recherches ont montré que les différences lexicales et grammaticales façonnent la vision du monde des locuteurs: les Inuits distinguent des dizaines de nuances de neige, le breton possède le terme glaz pour désigner une couleur intermédiaire entre bleu et vert, certaines langues sans futur marqué influencent la manière dont leurs locuteurs envisagent la planification. Dans ce cadre, il est pertinent d’interroger la langue arabe, notamment dans ses formes dialectales, et son interaction avec la croyance religieuse au destin (al qadar), afin de comprendre comment ces représentations linguistiques et culturelles peuvent influencer la perception de la responsabilité individuelle en contexte migratoire en France. Bibliographie sélective Sapir, E. (1921). Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. Whorf, B. L. (1956). Language, Thought, and Reality. Duranti, A. (1997). Linguistic Anthropology. Hymes, D. (1972). On Communicative Competence. Bourdieu, P. (1982). Ce que parler veut dire. Bandura, A. (1997). Self efficacy: The Exercise of Control. Sayad, A. (1999). La double absence. Kerbrat Orecchioni, C. (2005). Le discours en interaction Guerineau, C. (2023). La langue comme vecteur de responsabilisation. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17706182
Syntactic analysis stands at the heart of Natural Language Processing (NLP), serving as the cornerstone upon which deeper linguistic understanding is built-particularly for morphologically complex languages such as Arabic. This paper delivers a comprehensive comparative study of contemporary syntactic analyzers designed explicitly for Arabic, dissecting the strengths and limitations of rule-based, statistical, machine learning, and hybrid methodologies, and recent neural network and transformer-based models. Given Arabic's intricate morphological structure and rich syntactic variation, accurately capturing syntactic relationships poses a significant challenge. To address this complexity, our study meticulously evaluates existing algorithms, highlighting advancements, performance gaps, and practical trade-offs. In addition, recognizing that robust syntactic parsing is anchored in high-quality annotated datasets, we provide a thorough overview of available Arabic treebanks and annotated corpora, emphasizing their critical role and contribution to syntactic parsing advancements. By synthesizing current efforts in the domain, this comparative analysis not only offers clarity on the state-of-the-art but also guides future research directions. Ultimately, our work seeks to empower NLP practitioners and researchers with nuanced insights, enabling more informed choices in the development of powerful, accurate, and linguistically insightful Arabic syntactic analyzers.
When encountering a potential threat, humans and animals engage in different strategic behaviours, such as orienting and defence, depending on the perceived threat imminence. Orienting has been associated with attentional immobility and heightened 'stimulus intake', while defence is linked to action preparation and 'sensory rejection'. First, we replicated previous findings showing that humans exhibit either heart rate (HR) acceleration or deceleration in response to the same threat-related picture content. Second, we provide direct evidence that orienting, as indexed by increased HR deceleration, leads to enhanced visuocortical processing of threat-related images, as measured by steady-state visual evoked potentials (ssVEPs). Excitation of motor-relevant cortical circuits, assessed by beta-band desynchronization, was reduced in relation to HR deceleration. Conversely, HR acceleration was associated with a reversed pattern: reduced visual processing and increased excitation of cortical motor circuits, as reflected in ssVEP and beta-band modulations. While self-reported measures of state and trait anxiety, along with valence, arousal and dominance ratings, did not account for variations in HR response patterns, shorter self-paced viewing time of looming threat pictures was linked to defensive HR changes, whereas orienting-like HR responses were associated with longer avoidance latencies.
The incorporation of real-world contexts into mathematical problems has become increasingly significant on a global scale, which is also reflected in Vietnamese education reform. This emphasis has resulted in the development of different series of textbooks designed to enhance student engagement and foster active learning through real-world problem contexts. In particular, the geometry and measurement strand presents substantial opportunities for the integration of contexts. In this study, we investigate the theoretical foundations of contexts, context familiarity, and context authenticity in mathematics education, with a focus on the plane geometry content in ninth-grade Vietnamese textbooks. The analysis is supported by four illustrative examples drawn from three reformed textbook series, demonstrating how context familiarity and authenticity are represented. A 5-point Likert-type survey of 109 students (72 males and 37 females) revealed that the soccer context was rated as less familiar than the airplane context overall, with no significant difference in familiarity ratings between boys and girls. Both the bike-riding and tripod contexts were rated as moderately authentic but not highly so. The authors also acknowledge several limitations and offers certain recommendations for future research in the area of contextual mathematics education.
This study examines how religious minorities are represented and made intelligible within platform-native journalism, with particular attention to the discursive strategies employed by Indonesian digital news media on YouTube. The purpose of the study is to critically explore how intercultural meanings, inclusivity, and social legitimacy are constructed through audiovisual news content featuring minority religious groups, and how such representations operate within broader social and ideological contexts. Using a qualitative research design, the study applies Critical Discourse Analysis based on Teun A. van Dijk’s three-dimensional framework, encompassing textual structures, social cognition, and social context. The primary data consist of selected special-feature videos produced by Kumparan’s YouTube channel that focus on Sikh and Orthodox Christian communities in Indonesia, supported by secondary data from relevant literature and institutional documents. The findings reveal that platform-native journalism does not merely report on religious diversity but actively performs discursive inclusion through careful lexical choices, narrative framing, visual composition, and dialogic presentation. These strategies position minority religions as legitimate social actors while simultaneously aligning journalistic narratives with dominant norms of tolerance, harmony, and national pluralism. At the level of social cognition, the media organization demonstrates an awareness of its influential role in shaping public understanding of religious difference, while at the level of social context, the discourse reflects broader efforts to manage religious diversity within a multicultural society. The significance of this study lies in its contribution to religious and media studies by highlighting how digital journalism platforms function as sites where inclusion is not only articulated but enacted discursively. By foregrounding platform-native news practices, this research offers a nuanced understanding of religion, media power, and intercultural communication in contemporary society, making it relevant to international discussions on religion in the digital public sphere.
Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across various natural language processing (NLP) tasks.However, recent studies suggest that they still face challenges in performing fundamental NLP tasks essential for deep language understanding, particularly syntactic parsing.In this paper, we conduct an in-depth analysis of LLM parsing capabilities, delving into the underlying causes of why LLMs struggle with this task and the specific shortcomings they exhibit.We find that LLMs may be limited in their ability to fully leverage grammar rules from existing treebanks, restricting their capability to generate syntactic structures.To help LLMs acquire knowledge without additional training, we propose a selfcorrection method that leverages grammar rules from existing treebanks to guide LLMs in correcting previous errors.Specifically, we automatically detect potential errors and dynamically search for relevant rules, offering hints and examples to guide LLMs in making corrections themselves.Experimental results on three datasets using various LLMs demonstrate that our method significantly improves performance in both in-domain and cross-domain settings.
The article studies the vocabulary used in epidemiology and infectious diseases, an integral part of the Ukrainian terminology system. It addresses the issue of whether these terms comply with the requirements of the terminological norm. The lexical and semantic features and inter-changeability of such lexemes are clarified. The terminology in epidemiology and infectious diseases encompasses designations for processes, conditions, disease names, substances, enzymes, allergens, toxins, vaccines, viruses, bacteria, scientific disciplines, subfields, professional titles, individuals, and medical instruments. The analysis indicates that the reviewed terms generally comply with the features of the terminological norm, as they correlate with the concepts they denote, are part of the medical terminology system, have clear definitions in dictionaries, and are stylistically neutral. However, specific terms do not fully meet the criteria of unambiguity, as some exhibit polysemy while others demonstrate synonymy, with both foreign-origin terms and their Ukrainian equivalents being identified.
This study explores the use of slang words in the post and comment sections of the “Jual Beli Akun Mobile Legends Indonesia” Facebook community. The purpose of this research is to identify the types of slang and the types of meaning conveyed in the communication among users within this digital marketplace. Using a qualitative descriptive method, the data were collected through document analysis from 105 posts and 17 comments over the span of one week. The study applied Allan and Burridge’s classification of slang (Clipping, Acronym, Fresh and Creative, Imitative, and Flippant) and Leech’s theory of meaning (Conceptual, Connotative, Stylistic, and Affective). The findings revealed that Clipping was the most dominant slang type, indicating a preference for brevity and efficiency. Connotative meaning was also the most prevalent, showing how slang reflects not only linguistic function but also social and emotional context. The results suggest that slang in this online community is used not only to simplify communication but also to build shared identity, express sentiment, and reinforce group belonging. This study contributes to understanding how digital communities, especially those based on gaming and trading, develop and sustain their own informal linguistic norms. Types of Meaning
The article examines the word-formation competence of artificial intelligence in translating German feminatives into Ukrainian, with a focus on competing suffix models and compliance with contemporary linguistic norms. The object of the study is feminatives as a component of the Ukrainian word-formation system, while the subject is the translation strategies used by different versions of the ChatGPT language model. The research material includes German official texts containing feminatives denoting professions, positions, and social status. The methodology is based on contrastive and quantitative analysis of German feminatives with the suffix -in/-innen and their Ukrainian equivalents generated by three ChatGPT versions (GPT-4.0, GPT-5.1, and GPT-5.2), correlated with data from the General Ukrainian Language Corpus (HRAK). The results reveal clear differences in word-formation strategies. GPT-5.2 shows the highest sensitivity to modern Ukrainian tendencies, while GPT-5.1 demonstrates a transitional pattern and GPT-4.0 prefers traditional forms. The findings confirm the increasing sensitivity of language models to word-formation variability and corpus-based data.
This article explores the theoretical foundations and practical implications of adequacy and equivalence in translation studies. Drawing upon the frameworks of prominent scholars such as Y.I. Retsker, L.S. Barkhudarov, the paper examines how different approaches define and apply the concepts of equivalence in relation to linguistic norms, functional correspondence, and communicative effect. The analysis highlights the distinction between formal, dynamic, and functional equivalence, and the roles they play in achieving accurate translation outcomes. Special attention is given to the translator’s linguistic and cultural competence and the inherent asymmetry in bilingualism, which significantly affects translation choices. Furthermore, the article discusses translation criticism as a tool for evaluating the quality and equivalence of translated texts.
Sentiment analysis is an essential component of natural language processing, which focuses on extracting subjective insights, like emotions and opinions from text. In this research, an innovative framework has been introduced for Twitter sentiment analysis that integrates Echo State Networks (ESN), Improved Student Psychology Based Optimization (ISPBO), and BERT embeddings. The proposed ESN-ISPBO-BERT model was evaluated on the SemEval-2016-1 and SemEval-2016-2 datasets and compared against other models, including SVM-Glove, CNN-BERT, LSTM, CNN, KNN, SVM, BERT, and GRU. The outcomes indicate that the suggested model exceeds all baseline models, and has achieved outstanding performance. On SemEval-2016-2, it achieves 98.82% accuracy, 98.79% precision, 98.96% recall, and 98.87% F1-score, while on SemEval-2016-1, it achieves 98.76% accuracy, 98.81% precision, 98.92% recall, as well as 98.86% F1-score. Moreover, the suggested model achieved the values of 98.51%, 98.42%, 98.87%, and 98.64% in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score on Stanford Sentiment Treebank (SST-2). These outcomes indicate the efficiency of combining reservoir calculating, innovative optimization techniques, and contextual embeddings for the aim of sentiment analysis. The proposed model is a strong solution for the evaluation of Twitter data, with possible applications in brand monitoring, analyzing customer feedback, and tracking sentiment in real-time. This investigation represents the importance of hybrid strategies in tackling the issues of sentiment analysis on social media.
The advanced models of deep neural networks like bidirectional encoder from the transformers (BERT) and others, poses challenges in terms of computational resources and model size. In order to tackle these issues, techniques of model pruning have surfaced as the most useful methods in addressing the issues of model complexity. This research paper explores the concept of pruning BERT attention heads across the ensemble of winning tickets in order to enhance the efficiency of the model without sacrificing performance. Experimental evaluations show how effective the approach is, in achieving significant model compression while still maintaining competitive performance across different natural language processing tasks. The key findings of this study include model size that has been reduced by 36%, with our ensemble model reaching greater performance as compared to the baseline BERT model on both Stanford Sentiment Treebank v2 (SST-2) and Corpus of Linguistic Acceptability (CoLA) datasets. The results further show a F1-score of 94% and 96%, respectively, and accuracy scores of 95% and 96% on the two datasets. The findings of this research paper contribute to the ongoing efforts in enhancing the efficiency of large-scale language models.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to refine the 99m Tc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (Tc-99m DMSA) renal static imaging (DMSA) rating method and evaluate its prognostic value in children with urinary tract infections (UTIs) associated with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). METHODS: Retrospective analysis was conducted on DMSA data (DMSA1 at the initial visit and DMSA2 at follow-up; imaging interval ≥ 6 months) and clinical data from 117 children. Each kidney was divided into three regions: upper, middle, and lower. Lesions were graded in a blinded manner based on the distribution of the imaging agent and whether the defect area exceeded 50% of the region. Lesion grades were classified as 0 (normal) to 5 (complete defect). DMSA2 ratings were categorized as complete recovery, improvement, similar, or deterioration, and clinical factors influencing each group were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 160 diseased kidneys were identified in 117 children. The DMSA1 and DMSA2 image ratings were highly consistent (kappa coefficients: 0.806, 0.839, 0.813, 0.820 for left and right kidneys, respectively). A statistically significant difference in image ratings was observed between DMSA1 and DMSA2 when DMSA1 rating was ≥3b. Changes in DMSA2 ratings were associated only with the initial DMSA1 rating and the presence of breakthrough urinary sensation at follow-up. CONCLUSION: Image changes were related solely to breakthrough urinary sensation. When the initial DMSA lesion grade exceeds 3b, improvement in the lesion is unlikely, regardless of subsequent breakthrough urinary sensation. The modified DMSA rating method is effective and can predict prognosis in children with UTIs.
<p class="TableParagraph">This research analyzes Generational Shifts and Linguistic Tensions: Controversial Use of Slang in Heterogeneous Islamic Boarding School Communities. The aim of this research is to explore the dynamics of the use of slang among students in heterogeneous Islamic boarding schools, with a focus on how this language shapes their daily communication, analyzing the sociolinguistic impact of slang on traditional linguistic norms in the Islamic boarding school environment. The method used in this research is a qualitative method that directly observes the phenomenon of language shift in Islamic boarding schools. Based on the research results, it was found that there was a shift in language which showed a shift in the vocabulary commonly used in everyday conversation, the use of this vocabulary reflects a style of speech that is considered relaxed in interactions between peers, for example the words "santuy", "sabi", "kuy" etc. The implications of this research can be used as a benchmark for intergenerational language shifts in Islamic boarding schools and reveal how modern language trends interact with established cultural and religious expectations.</p>
This study, based on one of the pioneering studies of József Herman (published in 2000) and using the capabilities and tools of the Computerized Historical Linguistic Database of Latin Inscriptions of the Imperial Age, attempts to describe and analyse the linguistic and dialectological characteristics of Latin in late imperial and early medieval (4-7th century) Italy as evidenced in inscriptions. Limited to the field of phonology, a consonantal and a vocalic phenomenon (the story of the word-final ‑s as well as the e-i and o-u mergers) is the subject of this study which aims to find out whether the late Latin territorial distribution of these changes predicts or anticipates the characteristic territorial differences within the Italian dialects and between the Italian and Sardinian dialects? The study shows that the question posed can be answered in an essentially positive way and that the time of geographically determined occurrence (or non-occurrence) of both discussed phenomena can be given with relative certainty.
Modern lifestyles demonstrably influence language as a social construct. The Russian language is not exempt from the constant evolution of its lexical units; some terms lose their original meanings and acquire new ones, while others become obsolete, replaced by newer vocabulary. Certain situations may necessitate deviations from established linguistic conventions, potentially creating legal grounds for subsequent litigation. The purpose of the study is to analyze some challenging issues of spelling and using words in the Russian language that are reflected in judicial practice. The present study was carried out based on traditional general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, etc.) and methods of legal science (system analysis, formal-legal, etc.). Analysis of regular and irregular spelling and using words, including foreign ones, in the Russian language tellingly reveals the complexity of linguistic issues facing courts. Notably, challenges arise from the lack of a unified legal and linguistic definition of the word “obscene”, hindering its subsequent legislative consolidation, and from misuse of technology in drafting court documents, leading to repeated mistakes. It is concluded that it is necessary to expand the List of grammars, dictionaries and reference books approved by Order of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation No. 195 dated 8 June 2009, containing the norms of the modern Russian literary language when used as the state language of the Russian Federation, including because of the need to legislatively consolidate the new vocabulary appearing in the reference literature.
In humans, olfactory perception appears to be a complex and multidimensional process. Classically, intensity, hedonicity, and familiarity are the main features assessed in perceptual evaluations. Several factors are well known to modulate odor perception such as environmental context, stimulus properties, or individual characteristics. Regarding the latter, female sex hormones may play an important role in modulating odor perception. In this context, few studies have investigated whether odor perception might change during the menstrual cycle in relation to odor category and perceptual features. The aim of the present study was to compare the follicular and luteal phases in women on and off oral contraceptives for the three main characteristics of odor perception (intensity, hedonicity, and familiarity) and for different odor categories (fruit, vegetable, and environmental odors). Results showed that all odors were perceived as more intense during the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase. Hedonic ratings showed differences in responses to odor categories: Fruit odors were perceived as more pleasant during the luteal phase, while vegetable odors were perceived as more unpleasant. Familiarity ratings increased during the luteal phase for two of the three odor categories (i.e., fruit and environmental odors). Comparisons between women using hormonal contraceptives (in both phases of the cycle) and those not using hormonal contraceptives revealed no significant differences in any of the dimensions assessed or in any of the odor categories. These findings are discussed in relation to the putative role of sex hormones in olfactory perception. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
This paper introduces foundational resources and models for natural language processing (NLP) of historical Turkish, a domain that has remained underexplored in computational linguistics. We present the first named entity recognition (NER) dataset, HisTR, and the first Universal Dependencies treebank, OTA-BOUN, for a historical form of the Turkish language along with transformer-based models trained using these datasets for named entity recognition, dependency parsing, and part-of-speech tagging tasks. Furthermore, we introduce the Ottoman Text Corpus (OTC), a clean corpus of transliterated historical Turkish texts that spans a wide range of historical periods. Our experimental results demonstrate prominent improvements in the computational analysis of historical Turkish, achieving strong performance on tasks that require understanding of historical linguistic structures -- specifically, 90.29% F1 in named entity recognition, 73.79% LAS for dependency parsing, and 94.98% F1 for part-of-speech tagging. They also highlight existing challenges, such as domain adaptation and language variations between time periods. All the resources and models presented are available at https://hf.co/bucolin to serve as a benchmark for future progress in historical Turkish NLP.
This chapter explores the usage of third-person singular pronouns in English, arguing for the Sex-Tracking View, where pronouns (‘he/him’ and ‘she/her’) traditionally entail information about biological sex. Linguistic evidence supports this view, as pronouns are used consistently to denote sex in contexts involving non-human animals, suggesting that English pronouns have evolved to track biological sex rather than gender or “gender identity,” that is, one’s attitude about the sexes. I respond to objections from Michael Glanzberg and Cameron Domenico Kirk-Giannini, who propose a Gender-First View, by arguing, among other things, that their objections to the Sex-Tracking View may well confuse linguistic norms with social conventions. The chapter then transitions to normative considerations, questioning whether we should maintain the practice of sex-tracking with pronouns. Arguments in favor include the social importance of distinguishing between males and females for safety, the facilitation of sexual reproduction, and the moral implications of pronoun use as signaling acceptance or rejection of specific ideologies. However, I also consider objections to this practice: it may not affirm individuals’ attitudes about the sexes, including his own; it could be seen as exclusive; it may potentially invade privacy; and it might lead to social or professional repercussions for non-compliance. I then critically evaluate these objections.
The rapid rise of digital communication platforms has profoundly influenced the English language�s evolution, altering its syntax, vocabulary, and usage norms. This study investigates how social media, texting, and instant messaging contribute to language change, focusing on the emergence of new lexical items, shifts in grammar, and pragmatic variations. Through qualitative content analysis and corpus linguistics, the research explores the dynamic interaction between digital communication modes and contemporary English, highlighting implications for language teaching, literacy, and cultural identity.
This article is dedicated to the study of the reasons for the use of stylistically lower vocabulary by young people in contemporary German.Despite the presence of some works on the proposed topic, there is still no research that investigates the differential distinction between the terms "slang," "jargon," and "argot," their stylistic features, and the reasons for the use of youth jargon by young people.Previous studies have examined youth vocabulary from a linguocultural perspective or have focused on its semantic and functional characteristics.The issue of social differentiation in the lexical composition of the German language is attracting more and more attention from Germanist researchers, as social factors influence the development of every language.Language as a social phenomenon reflects interpersonal relationships, which are represented by both common vocabulary and expressive vocabulary, including sociolects (jargon, slang, and argot).Jargon is closer to literary language, differs from it by specific vocabulary and pronunciation, but it does not have its own phonetic and grammatical system.Slang is emotionally charged vocabulary of a low and familiar style, common among lower social classes and certain age groups (craftsmen, school youth) and it involves departure from the norms of literary language.Argot, unlike slang and jargon, is a "secret language," a closed subsystem of language that contains elements of code and serves narrow social interests.Socially differentiated vocabulary is used for specific communicative reasons, reflecting particular speech preferences, and serves as an expressive or euphemistic synonym for already existing literary lexical units in the language.Jargonisms, slang, and argotisms are characterized by metaphorical reinterpretation, and a large number of neologisms are found among the studied vocabulary.Linguists attribute the main reasons for the emergence of youth vocabulary to the desire of young people to distance themselves from society and language norms, as well as to express their originality and creativity.In the future, it would be useful to examine the lexicostylistic and structural features of youth vocabulary in a comparative aspect using German and Ukrainian as material.
The increasing use of English in many professional and academic contexts has played a pivotal role not only in expanding the teaching of English at universities worldwide but also in determining the growth of teaching in English. This has heightened the need to teach thesis writing in many English-medium contexts. Focusing on the tension between individuality – expressing an individual point of view – and commonality – adopting the rhetorical and linguistic norms of the specific discourse community addressed, we discuss our experience of designing an introduction to thesis writing for an EMI (English as a Medium of Instruction) multidisciplinary MA programme in Italy. The chapter begins by exploring the interplay between commonality and individuality, then proceeds to describe the course’s context and its educational underpinnings. The general principles are illustrated through an analysis of activities meant to teach the students how to engage with the discourse community of their choice and to express their stance: from engaging with discourse communities to finding relevant sources, incorporating other voices into a literature review, and working collaboratively on the conclusion section. The chapter closes with a brief summing up of the issues raised.
This research explores how Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in West Sumatra employ code-switching in their advertising discourse to construct linguistic identity, express cultural belonging, and project entrepreneurial modernity. Using Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as the analytical framework, this study examines linguistic features, forms of code-switching, and the underlying ideological meanings within promotional banners and billboards that combine English and Indonesian. The findings reveal that code-switching serves as more than a marketing strategy it functions as a socio-symbolic practice through which entrepreneurs negotiate between local authenticity and global aspirations. The frequent use of English, despite notable errors in diction, spelling, and syntax, underscores its symbolic power as a marker of prestige and progress in the post-pandemic economic landscape. However, these linguistic inaccuracies also indicate challenges in language proficiency and access to educational resources, exposing power asymmetries between local entrepreneurs and global linguistic norms. From a sociolinguistic standpoint, code-switching embodies both empowerment and vulnerability: it enables small businesses to gain visibility in global markets while simultaneously revealing structural inequalities in linguistic capital. The study concludes that language operates as a key site of negotiation where identity, economy, and ideology intersect. It recommends enhancing critical language awareness and multilingual marketing literacy in MSME training programs. Future research is encouraged to examine digital advertising discourses to understand how linguistic entrepreneurship evolves in online spaces. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on sociolinguistics, linguistic entrepreneurship, and the politics of language in Indonesia’s evolving marketplace.
The article is devoted to the study of humor in English-language comedy animated film text and the analysis of its translation strategies into Ukrainian. Modern animation is a reflection of world cultural universals. Animated film text is often saturated with humor which serves not only as a means of creating comic situations but also as a tool for disclosing characters, strengthening dramaturgy and establishing an emotional connection with the viewer. The object of this investigation is humor in English-language comedy film text. The subject is the translation strategies of English-language humor into Ukrainian. The research material covers humor from the American animated television series «Gravity Falls» [1] and their translation, made by the Ukrainian TV channel PLUSPLUS [2]. The analysis of humor in the animation «Gravity Falls» shows that the main mechanism for implementing the comic effect is the use of verbal elements. At the phonetic level, this is achieved by the peculiarities of the characters’ speech, non-compliance with orthoepic norms, and the use of non-literary language variants; at the morphological level – by the wide use of word-formation devices; at the lexical level – by the use of unusual or unexpected lexical elements that create contrast or irony in the context, repetitions, tropes; at the word combination level – by incorrect word agreement, periphrase, phraseological expressions; at the sentence level – by alogisms, ironic contrasts, too complex or simple sentence structure; at the text level – by context, repetitions, citations, allusions, and a mixture of registers and speech styles.Translating humor in audiovisual content is a challenging task, as the comic effect is often lost due to linguistic and cultural differences. The lack of universal solutions forces translators to approach each case individually and apply different strategies. Omission is used when humor cannot be adequately conveyed by means of the target language or it is not critically important for rendering. Humor preservation involves literary or approximate translation. Adaptation involves a creative rethinking of humor, taking into account the cultural characteristics of the target audience. The choice of the strategy depends on the context, the importance of the humorous element and its function in the text. Despite the inevitable losses, translation can enrich the target text, or completely rethink the content of the original.
Understanding emotional nuances in everyday language is crucial for computational linguistics and emotion research. While traditional lexicon-based tools like LIWC and Pattern have served as foundational instruments, Large Language Models (LLMs) promise enhanced context understanding. We evaluated three Dutch-specific LLMs (ChocoLlama-8B-Instruct, Reynaerde-7B-chat, and GEITje-7B-ultra) against LIWC and Pattern for valence prediction in Flemish, a low-resource language variant. Our dataset comprised approximately 25000 spontaneous textual responses from 102 Dutch-speaking participants, each providing narratives about their current experiences with self-assessed valence ratings (-50 to +50). Surprisingly, despite architectural advancements, the Dutch-tuned LLMs underperformed compared to traditional methods, with Pattern showing superior performance. These findings challenge assumptions about LLM superiority in sentiment analysis tasks and highlight the complexity of capturing emotional valence in spontaneous, real-world narratives. Our results underscore the need for developing culturally and linguistically tailored evaluation frameworks for low-resource language variants, while questioning whether current LLM fine-tuning approaches adequately address the nuanced emotional expressions found in everyday language use.
The article analyzes the impact of the current edition of the Ukrainian Orthography (2019) on the ratio of active and passive vocabulary in contemporary Ukrainian. Based on the theoretical foundations of lexicology, the study clarifies the essence of active and passive vocabulary and outlines the factors influencing their dynamics and interaction. The methodological framework comprises descriptive, comparative, and contextual-interpretive methods, which made it possible to trace changes in word usage under the influence of orthographic norms. The study reveals that the codification innovations of the orthography facilitated the return of certain historical forms (авдиторія [auditorium], катедра [chair], етер [ether]) from the passive lexicon to the active one, legalized forms (проєкт [project], Фройд [Freud]), and standardized the spelling of new foreign borrowings (госпіс [hospice], фоє [foyer], рієлтор [realtor]), which are integrated into the active vocabulary. Special attention is given to the role of feminatives, which, under the influence of orthographic codification, have moved from the periphery to the core of the contemporary lexicon. The article demonstrates that orthography not only reflects but also directly shapes lexical norms, influencing language practice, variation, and stylistic differentiation of modern Ukrainian lexemes. The results indicate that the current edition of the orthography acts as a factor of lexical dynamics, ensuring a balance between tradition and innovation. Further research prospects lie in analyzing the impact of orthographic changes on the linguistic behavior of different social groups and on the emergence of new trends in the stylistic and communicative development of the Ukrainian language.
This study explores the evolving interplay between language, cognition, and digital media in the context of the attention economy.It proposes six key dimensionsrepresentation, virtuality, attention, community language, cognitive transformation, and the speech-writing continuum -through which digital communication reshapes linguistic practices.Drawing on contemporary theories of mediatisation, multimodality, and sociolinguistics, the authors argue that digital environments fundamentally alter linguistic representation and identity construction.Through the analysis of semiotic innovation, platform logic, and cognitive offloading, the article highlights how digital discourse is not a degradation of language but an adaptive response to new communicative affordances.The findings invite a rethinking of linguistic norms and suggest directions for further research into the ethical, cultural, and neurological consequences of pervasive digital communication.
Background Dementia can impair cognitive functions in older adults and further affect language abilities, such as sentence construction. The use of linguistic biomarkers for detecting cognitive decline and early stages of dementia has demonstrated great potential due to its low-cost and non-invasive nature, especially towards a large aging population.Aims In this study, we focused on the syntactic complexity and aimed to identify highly discriminative syntactic features and those set in differentiating Mandarin-speaking older adults with and without cognitive impairment using machine learning models.Methods & procedures We established a new cohort consisting of 52 Chinese older participants, which has not been reported in any previous studies. After applying exclusion criteria, 49 were selected for this study, including 24 labeled as cognitively normal (CN) and 25 as cognitively impaired (CI) based on their scores in the MoCA-B test (Chinese version). Each of the participants completed three connected speech tasks: a picture description task (the Picnic Scene), a story narrative task (Sanmao’s Wanderings), and a story recall task (Cowherd and Weaver Girl). The speech recordings were automatically transcribed into text files and manually checked. We then performed treebank annotation, which was also manually corrected. Subsequently, 17 linguistic unit-based and 10 syntactic structure-based features were extracted from the texts using Python codes. To identify key syntactic features and feature sets, we first examined the discriminative power of these features per se for distinguishing between the CI and CN groups. Then we employed three machine learning algorithms to identify feature combinations performing the best in terms of high accuracy and AUC in cross-validation and minimal number of basic features.Outcomes & results No single feature or feature panels showed high discriminability between groups across all three tasks. However, certain macro-level features with high measurement robustness, such as mean depth of nodes, mean dependency distance, and the ratio of head-final dependencies in specific tasks are noteworthy. Moreover, through machine learning algorithms, we identified several well-performing feature combinations in terms of the metrics of cross-validation mean accuracy and area under curve (AUC). Notably, a feature panel with only two features (mean depth of nodes, and proportions of prepositional dependencies) achieved the best result across classifiers in the story narrative task (ACC = 0.840, AUC = 0.867).Conclusions This study demonstrated the potential of using purely treebank-derived features within a single linguistic domain (syntax) for cost-effective cognitive impairment screening, indicating the value of syntactic biomarkers for cognitive impairment in Mandarin-Speaking Older Adults.
This study explores the sociolinguistic characteristics of Generation Alpha's language use on TikTok, a platform blending creativity and social interaction. Examining code-switching, slang, and the influence of visual elements highlights how these features shape digital identities and cultural expression. The research uses qualitative methods like content analysis and user interviews to reveal how Gen Alpha adapts language to TikTok’s standards while challenging traditional linguistic norms. The findings demonstrate that digital communication significantly impacts the language of today’s youth, showcasing Generation Alpha’s sensitivity and inventiveness in coining new terms driven by rapid technological advancements. Social, cultural, and technical factors influence these communication patterns, with video and visual exchanges enhancing communication skills, shaping social identities, and fostering intergenerational connections. This research emphasizes the role of platform-specific language practices in shaping teenage culture and advancing sociolinguistics in social media contexts. It concludes that Generation Alpha employs a relaxed, creative, and trend-sensitive vocabulary, particularly on TikTok, reflecting contemporary digital communication trends. The study underscores the importance of understanding language dynamics in an ever-evolving digital landscape.
<span lang="EN-US">The illicit act of appropriating programming code has long been an appealing notion due to the immediate time and effort savings it affords perpetrators. However, it is universally acknowledged that concerted efforts are imperative to identify and rectify such transgressions. This is particularly crucial as academic institutions, including universities, may inadvertently confer degrees for work tainted by this form of plagiarism. Consequently, the primary objective of this research is to scrutinize the feasibility of identifying plagiarism within pairs of Verilog algorithms and texts. this study aims to detect plagiarism in textual content and Verilog code by leveraging diverse linguistic characteristics from the WordNet lexical database. The primary objective is to achieve optimal accuracy in identifying instances of plagiarism, incorporating features such as modifications to text structure, synonym substitution, and simultaneous application of these strategies. The system's architecture is intricately designed to unveil instances of plagiarism in both textual content and Verilog code by extracting nuanced characteristics. The systematic process includes preprocessing, detailed analysis, and post-processing, supported by a feature-rich database. Each entry in the database represents a distinctive similarity case, contributing to a thorough and comprehensive approach to plagiarism detection.</span>
Background: Emotional disturbances are central to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and shape how individuals anticipate and experience events.Objective: This study investigates affective forecasting and emotional experience among PTSD patients, trauma-exposed controls (TEC), and healthy controls (HC) using a novel virtual reality paradigm.Method: Eighty-six participants (30 PTSD, 28 TEC, 28 HC) rated their predicted and actual emotional responses (valence and arousal) to unpleasant, neutral, and pleasant virtual scenarios. Physiological measures included heart rate and skin conductance responses (SCR).Results: PTSD participants showed alterations in their affective forecasting and emotional experience, assigning significantly lower valence scores to pleasant and neutral scenarios and exhibiting amplified SCR to emotionally charged stimuli. Their arousal ratings for neutral stimuli were also more elevated compared to HC. In their forecasting, PTSD participants anticipated more positive – or less negative – emotions compared to what they experienced next.Conclusions: These findings reveal critical emotional processing differences in PTSD, both during affective forecasting and emotional experience, supporting cognitive models that emphasize biased processing of emotional information in this psychiatric condition.
We use advertising billboards and posters of three mobile telecom giants to spotlight translanguaging spaces as marketing strategies in the multilingual and multicultural landscapes of Zambia (south-central Africa). We argue that telecommunications giants deploy, in their marketing discourses, an assemblage of various semiotic resources on translanguaging spaces. Consequently, we show that this occasions a breakdown of language ideologies and blurs boundaries between languages of different sociopolitical statuses, reach and appeal, much to the benefit of telecom giants who wish to grow their subscriber base. We show how the outcome of semiotic complementarity of resources in translanguaging spaces addresses multiple actors in one design by integrating linguistic resources formerly separated by different practices and places for marketing purposes. In this way, we conclude that arising from (semiotic) creativity and defiance of expected linguistic norms, the sociolinguistics of translanguaging spaces admit both amalgamated forms and full-fledged languages in unpredictable ways, enabling telecom giants to achieve their marketing objectives.
As part of a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) project, which focuses on a case study, this study examines how lexical choices influence gendered ideologies through a study of film reviews of Barbie (2003). The study looks at the language employed in critiques and how gender roles, stereotypes, and feminist themes are written and spoken in the discourse of the film. It looks at how Barbie and Ken get empowered and how Ken is subordinated through certain key choices of lexical meaning, as well as the way Barbie and Ken subvert the traditional norms of gender. It demonstrates that the study revolves around the same lines as those of empowerment vs. subordination, stereotypes, and resistance to gender norms. Barbie is always shown as an empowered and independent figure who challenges traditional femininity, whereas Ken always represents a passive and subordinate identity that mirrors traditional masculinity. While both characters seem to cast their roles at first, Barbie struggles with societal beauty standards, and Ken struggles with a crisis of masculinity. Further, the analysis also discusses the pressure between feminism and commercialization, pointing out how the film criticizes patriarchal structures even when the film takes place in a consumer-obsessive culture. Overall, the study indicates the extent to which language can bring out gendered meaning and contributes to our understanding of how media discourse influences social perception of gender.
The article offers a comprehensive analysis of the burlesque metalinguistic communicative personality (BMCP) in contemporary networked discourse, contrasted with the elite metalinguistic communicative personality (EMCP). The object of the study is modern network discourse as an environment for constructing and performing communicative personalities. The subject of the study is the burlesque metalinguistic communicative personality in network discourse, its structural and functional parameters, and the communicative effects arising from them (audience engagement, reframing, delegitimisation/repositioning, etc.) in comparison with EMCP. The purpose of the research is to theoretically conceptualise and empirically model the BMCP phenomenon and to develop criteria for distinguishing it from EMCP. In line with this purpose, the following objectives are formulated: to refine the terminology and definition of BMCP; to identify the theoretical and methodological framework of the study; to describe the structural, linguistic, sociocultural and psychomental characteristics of BMCP; to compare them with the parameters of EMCP; to outline ethical risks (manipulation, hate speech, privacy) and provide recommendations for further research. The empirical data include approximately 40,000 texts from 1,000 accounts across multiple platforms (X/Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Telegram). The study employs a combination of discourse-analytic, pragmalinguistic, context-interpretative, network, and quantitative methods. The findings demonstrate that BMCP represents a new and unstable type of linguistic behaviour that disrupts established cultural codes, employs burlesque, irony, and linguistic chaos, and foregrounds material and globalisation-related factors. This contrasts with EMCP, which fulfils norm-setting and educational functions. The prospects for further research involve expanding the classification of network communicative personalities, modelling their discursive strategies, and analysing the influence of burlesque practices on the formation of new linguistic norms and ethical standards in the digital environment.
This paper examines the rapid evolution of net slang and its consequential impact on Standard Mandarin, highlighting the interplay between net slang and traditional linguistic norms. The study begins by delineating three principal characteristics of net slang: multiformity, simplicity, and flexibility. Through a survey assessing Chinese attitudes towards net slang, both positive and negative viewpoints are revealed. Results indicate that while net slang can enhance communication with creative elements such as emoticons, it also risks grammatical divergence and semantic deviations. These impacts are particularly pronounced in the realm of Chinese language education, where net slang affects graphology and fosters misinterpretations. Despite these challenges, the paper advocates for a balanced approach, proposing the integration of beneficial aspects of net slang into Standard Mandarin following rigorous evaluation. Emphasizing language sustainability, the study underscores the role of educators and parents in promoting reading, thereby ensuring the harmonious coexistence of net slang and standard language while preserving linguistic integrity for future generations.
The Model of Cultural-Emotional Design, a combination of Experience Engineering and New Social Value, aims to understand how visual design traits can evoke culturally mediated emotional responses. The study involved 60 adults aged 18-45, from East Asia and Western backgrounds, and none were design professionals. The study utilised an open-source COCO-style dataset, which was coded for typography, colour significance, and format, as well as emotion-culture mapping, employing a multimodal measurement approach. Participants viewed each IAPS image for 5 seconds, followed by a 3-second inter-stimulus interval. They reported self-assessed Differential Emotions Scale scores, continuous valence and arousal ratings, and real-time facial expression tracking. The results showed a moderate correlation between valence and arousal ratings, with both positive and negative correlations. Subjectivity was suggested by probabilities associated with facial muscle movements and emotional expression. Significant interactions between culture and design features were observed in terms of emotional responses, as indicated by mixed-effects modelling. The results indicated a strong connection between culture and design aspects regarding emotional responses, as demonstrated by mixed-effects modelling. Nonmanual signage and hardware terminals offer varied reading experiences across different languages. The arrangement of characters (e.g., for a book/magazine cover or flyer with bold type formatted in three columns per page). The Model of Cultural-Emotional Design effectively captures emotional design responses influenced by culture, facilitating the development of future AI-augmented multimodal methodologies that inform culturally attuned design processes. Future work will consider diversifying the dataset and examining additional physiological measures.
The rapid advancement and adaptability of Large Language Models (LLMs) highlight the need for moral consistency, the capacity to maintain ethically coherent reasoning across varied contexts. Existing alignment frameworks, structured approaches designed to align model behavior with human ethical and social norms, often rely on static datasets and post-hoc evaluations, offering limited insight into how ethical reasoning may evolve across different contexts or temporal scales. This study presents the Moral Consistency Pipeline (MoCoP), a dataset-free, closed-loop framework for continuously evaluating and interpreting the moral stability of LLMs. MoCoP combines three supporting layers: (i) lexical integrity analysis, (ii) semantic risk estimation, and (iii) reasoning-based judgment modeling within a self-sustaining architecture that autonomously generates, evaluates, and refines ethical scenarios without external supervision. Our empirical results on GPT-4-Turbo and DeepSeek suggest that MoCoP effectively captures longitudinal ethical behavior, revealing a strong inverse relationship between ethical and toxicity dimensions (correlation rET = -0.81, p value less than 0.001) and a near-zero association with response latency (correlation rEL approximately equal to 0). These findings demonstrate that moral coherence and linguistic safety tend to emerge as stable and interpretable characteristics of model behavior rather than short-term fluctuations. Furthermore, by reframing ethical evaluation as a dynamic, model-agnostic form of moral introspection, MoCoP offers a reproducible foundation for scalable, continuous auditing and advances the study of computational morality in autonomous AI systems.