Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
An essential component of finance and investing is stock price prediction, which attempts to project a stock’s future price. The objective is to use a variety of techniques and data sources to predict the direction and size of price changes. Sentiment analysis of financial news data offers insightful information about the state of the market and possible changes in stock prices. Stock price projections become more accurate and dependable when sentiment research is combined with additional machine learning and deep learning models. This research develops a multicollinearity Least Square Recursive Optimised Deep Belief Network Classification (MLSRODBN) method for sentiment analysis-based stock price prediction that promises better accuracy and shorter processing times. The MLSRODBN Method comprises multiple layers for efficient stock price prediction, including preprocessing, feature selection, and classification processes. In hidden layer, Treebank Word Tokenization is performed to partition the sentences into tokens or words. Finally, Partial Least Square Regression Analysis is carried out to perform efficient sentiment classification (i.e., positive, negative, or neutral) based on the extracted keywords from the financial news. The analysis’s conclusions show that the MLSRODBN strategy fared better at predicting stock prices than other deep learning methods that were currently in use.
Graphic health warnings (GHWs) are regarded a highly cost-effective public policy to communicate the health risks involved in smoking, mainly when they trigger negative emotional reactions. GHWs promote intentions to quit among smokers and prevent smoking initiation among non-smokers. In three experiments, we study how smokers and nonsmokers differ in implicit and explicit measures of emotional reactions towards GHWs. Experiment 1 used the Self-Assessment Manikin to measure explicit emotional (arousal and valence) ratings for six warnings published in tobacco products. Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment 1 but smokers and nonsmokers rated a new set of 36 GHWs not yet published. Experiment 3 used an implicit task, the Affect Misattribution Procedure, to evaluate and compare the affective responses to GHWs provided by smokers and non-smokers. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that smokers explicitly reported weaker negative emotional reactions to both familiar and unfamiliar GHWs compared to nonsmokers. Experiment 3 showed similar levels of negative implicit emotional responses among smokers and nonsmokers. Our data suggest that the decreased affective response involves high-order cognitive elaboration and evaluations of the messages conveyed by GHW, while early negative emotions triggered by the graphic component of the warnings similarly affect smokers and non-smokers. We propose that implicit measures may serve as additional and inexpensive tools for dissociating explicit biased affective responses of smokers towards GHWs from automatic emotional responses. In particular, the affect misattribution procedure may help to design warnings that communicate the risks of smoking but prevent adverse outcomes such as cognitive dissonance.
This paper focuses on the spelling mistakes that are idiosyncratically imposed by phonological variation in Cameroon English (henceforth CamE). The paper seeks to establish that, apart from graphology, there is a pronunciation spelling phenomenon where variation in CamE pronunciation conditions writers of English in Cameroon to spell a good number of words differently from what is obtained in Standard British English (Henceforth SBE) and Standard American English (Henceforth SAE). Data for the paper were collected through observation and two spelling tests, a diction spelling test and a multiple-choice spelling test, from sixty junior secondary school students (thirty male and thirty female from age 9 to 17) in GBHS Atiela – Bamenda. The students were from four different forms; Forms 1, 2, 3, 4 and they were chosen because they had not memorised several spellings like students of the upper classes. The school was chosen because it is in the metropolis and has students from diverse backgrounds. The data were analysed qualitatively using Generative Phonology as the theory. The findings reveal that CamE speakers of the secondary level, teachers and students, deviate from native English spelling (SBE and SAE) norms, unconsciously, through phonological processes as substitution, devoicing, analogy, epenthesis, metathesis and CamE-styled homophony. I recommend that a standard variety of pronunciation be adopted and that emphasis be laid on teaching pronunciation in order to curb spelling mistakes since the former is a major generator of the latter and / or a dictionary of CamE should adopt general acceptable spellings that related to Cameroon-derived names and other lexical items denoting cultural uniqueness.
The article deals with insufficiently studied academic prose by Russian writers who have been actively using English in academic settings only for the last fifteen years. To meet the requirements of international academia, Russian scholars need to have a good command of English for performing academic tasks, including publishing their research findings in international journals in order to get promoted in the field. The study has been inspired by the increasing interest in variations in the use of metadiscourse in English academic texts across disciplinary boundaries. Its main focus is on the repertoire and distribution of interactional metadiscourse markers in research article abstracts by nonnative English writers working in social sciences and engineering. In order to investigate metadiscourse in Russian-authored academic writing from a cross-disciplinary perspective, this study adopted a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Data collected from 240 research article abstracts was examined for cross-disciplinary differences in the use of metadiscourse. Hyland's taxonomy of interactional metadiscourse was adopted for the analysis. This study aimed to confirm the findings obtained by other researchers who claim that social science authors interact more with the audience than their counterparts in engineering and that differences in the deployment of metadiscourse are more influenced by the disciplinary or generic norms rather than cultural backgrounds of writers. To achieve this aim, the study analyses disciplinary preferences in shaping knowledge through the employment of metadiscourse seeking to identify (1) cross-disciplinary differences in the frequency of occurrence of metadiscourse markers; (2) cross-disciplinary differences in the frequency of the types of hedging, boosting, attitude, self-mention and engagement; (3) cross-disciplinary differences in the use of lexical units that serve metadiscourse functions. The results revealed that while research article abstracts derived from the social science journals included five categories of interactional metadiscourse (hedging, boosting, attitude, engagement, and self-mention), in engineering research article abstracts only four types (hedging, boosting, attitude, and self-mention) appeared. The frequency of occurrences of metadiscourse categories and types also varied across disciplines. The findings confirmed the assumption that metadiscourse is expressed in accordance with the accepted disciplinary and genre-specific norms rather than influenced by cultural backgrounds of L2 writers. Due to a small number of research article abstracts collected to build the corpus, the research results can be interpreted only as trends in the two disciplines. Through a study of interactional preferences of writers from a larger number of disciplines, we will learn more about rhetorical practices and values.
Abstract Older adults with depression have a high incidence of sleep disturbance which is posited to be mechanistically involved in maladaptive overnight emotional memory consolidation. In older adults (≥ 50 years) with and without depression, we aimed to compare group differences in overnight emotional memory and rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) (N2 and N3) sleep disturbance. Secondly, we investigated the relationship between emotional memory consolidation, self-report emotional valence and arousal perception, and sleep disturbance. Participants underwent overnight PSG with high-density EEG. An emotional memory image task with concurrent subjective emotional arousal and valence rating was completed before and after sleep. REM sleep disturbance was measured by REM sleep duration, global REM gamma and alpha activity and REM EEG arousal index. NREM sleep disturbance was measured by NREM sleep duration, global NREM delta, alpha and sigma power, and NREM EEG arousal index. T-tests and non-parametric tests were used for group comparisons. Linear regressions were used to assess relationships between sleep disturbance and emotional memory. Twenty-two older adults (Depression: n = 12, Control: n = 10) with a mean age of 63.7 ± 6.5 years completed the study. Older adults with depression demonstrated differences in overnight perception of emotional valence and arousal for negative information, suggesting sleep may be involved in emotion perception. Global delta power in NREM was reduced in older adults with depression, suggestive of homeostatic alterations. However, no robust associations between overnight memory consolidation, emotional valence or arousal and REM or NREM sleep disturbance were observed.
Objectives: Individuals with hearing loss complain of perceiving the emotions conveyed in music. While many studies have examined this issue, the cortical mechanisms involved remain unclear. This study aims to investigate how audibility affects cortical activity during the emotional perception of music. Methods: Musical stimuli expressing happiness, sadness, and neutrality were filtered at 1kHz to simulate low-frequency (LFsim) or high-frequency (HFsim) hearing loss. Forty-eight healthy participants were randomly assigned to three groups: HFsim group, LFsim group, and normal hearing (NH) group. During 64-channel EEG recording, participants listened to these stimuli, followed by rating arousal and valence (dimensional model) and selecting emotions (discrete model). Each of the 15 stimuli was presented 20 times, resulting in a total of 300 trials. Results: The HFsim group exhibited significantly increased alpha power during the perception of all three emotions, particularly in the sad condition. Trials were selected based on normalized ratings of arousal and valence (high or positive >= 0.3, low or negative < -0.3, middle -0.3<= and < 0.3). In the sad condition, alpha power showed prolonged periods of significant differences among groups, especially in arousal while valence ratings displayed minimal variability. Alpha changes were more pronounced in the sad condition and more evident in arousal than in valence. Conclusions: These results suggest that the lack of high-frequency auditory information might require increased cognitive load during emotional perception. Additionally, audible spectral information, especially high-frequency audibility, significantly affects alpha activity during the perception of musical emotions.
Previous models for learning the semantic vectors of items and their groups, such as words, sentences, nodes, and graphs, using distributed representation have been based on the assumption that the basic sense of an item corresponds to one vector composed of dimensions corresponding to hidden contexts in the target real world, from which multiple senses of the item are obtained by conforming to lexical databases or adapting to the context. However, there may be multiple senses of an item, which are hardly assimilated and change or evolve dynamically following the contextual shift even within a document or a restricted period. This is a process similar to the evolution or adaptation of a living entity with/to environmental shifts. Setting the scope of disambiguation of items for sensemaking, the author presents a method in which a word or item in the data embraces multiple semantic vectors that evolve via interaction with others, similar to a cell embracing chromosomes crossing over with each other. We obtained two preliminary results: (1) the role of a word that evolves to acquire the largest or lower-middle variance of semantic vectors tends to be explainable by the author of the text; (2) the epicenters of earthquakes that acquire larger variance via crossover, corresponding to the interaction with diverse areas of land crust, are likely to correspond to the epicenters of forthcoming large earthquakes.
Time of day can alter memory performance in general. Its influence on memory recognition performance for faces, which is important for daily encounters with new persons or testimonies, has not been investigated yet. Importantly, high levels of the stress hormone cortisol impair memory recognition, in particular for emotional material. However, some studies also reported high cortisol levels to enhance memory recognition. Since cortisol levels in the morning are usually higher than in the evening, time of day might also influence recognition performance. In this pre-registered study with a two-day design, 51 healthy men encoded pictures of male and female faces with distinct emotional expressions on day one around noon. Memory for the faces was retrieved two days later at two consecutive testing times either in the morning (high and moderately increased endogenous cortisol levels) or in the evening (low endogenous cortisol levels). Additionally, alertness as well as salivary cortisol levels at the different timepoints was assessed. Cortisol levels were significantly higher in the morning compared to the evening group as expected, while both groups did not differ in alertness. Familiarity ratings for female stimuli were significantly better when participants were tested during moderately increased endogenous cortisol levels in the morning than during low endogenous cortisol levels in the evening, a pattern which was previously also observed for stressed versus non-stressed participants. In addition, cortisol levels during that time in the morning were positively correlated with the recollection of face stimuli in general. Thus, recognition memory performance may depend on the time of day and as well as on stimulus type, such as the difference of male and female faces. Most importantly, the results suggest that cortisol may be meaningful and worth investigating when studying the effects of time of day on memory performance. This research offers both, insights into daily encounters as well as legally relevant domains as for instance testimonies.
This paper delves into the text processing aspects of Language Computing, which enables computers to understand, interpret, and generate human language. Focusing on tasks such as speech recognition, machine translation, sentiment analysis, text summarization, and language modelling, language computing integrates disciplines including linguistics, computer science, and cognitive psychology to create meaningful human-computer interactions. Recent advancements in deep learning have made computers more accessible and capable of independent learning and adaptation. In examining the landscape of language computing, the paper emphasises foundational work like encoding, where Tamil transitioned from ASCII to Unicode, enhancing digital communication. It discusses the development of computational resources, including raw data, dictionaries, glossaries, annotated data, and computational grammars, necessary for effective language processing. The challenges of linguistic annotation, the creation of treebanks, and the training of large language models are also covered, emphasising the need for high-quality, annotated data and advanced language models. The paper underscores the importance of building practical applications for languages like Tamil to address everyday communication needs, highlighting gaps in current technology. It calls for increased research collaboration, digitization of historical texts, and fostering digital usage to ensure the comprehensive development of Tamil language processing, ultimately enhancing global communication and access to digital services.
Currently, Sentiment Analysis (SA) has been gradually applied in a variety of fields and has become one of the most researched topics in adolescent education. However, since the interaction between cognition and emotion is involved in every learning process, it is possible to intervene with students based on the emotions they express in classroom or extracurricular environments, in order to assist teachers in assessing the overall state of students. This is conducive to improving teaching effectiveness, facilitating personalized learning, improving the emotional state and mental health of students, and promoting development and progress in the field of education. Emotion recognition is usually studied using electroencephalography (EEG), which is not practical for the adolescent population that spends most of their time at school almost every day. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an SA method based on a modified transformer network combined with convolutional neural network (CNN), aiming to utilize language for emotion recognition. The experiments were conducted using the Standford Sentinent Treebank (SST) dataset for training and validation of the model, which categorizes emotions into two categories based on positive and negative emotions, and ultimately obtains an overall accuracy of 95.00%. The experimental results demonstrate the recognition ability of our proposed model in sentiment analysis and show the potential for application in adolescent education.
Cultural beliefs and practices find expressions through rituals. Birth is a rite of passage and children are perceived as special gift from the Supreme Being. As such, pregnancy and childbirth are special events cherished and celebrated through varied rituals in different cultures worldwide. Thus, pregnancy and childbirth are not only biological events, but also socially and culturally constructed with associated symbols that represent the social identities and cultural values of the Bakossi people of the South West Region of Cameroon who speak Akoosè language and use it during such rituals. Ritual and language are greatly related. This paper aims to explore the embodied language of ritual after child birth in Akoosè and people’s possession of a sacred but rare ability to use language in a peculiar way to orthodox linguistic norms especially while looking at Birth Songs, burying of the placenta, incantations and the language during libation while welcoming the child home. The ritual language used is an essential aspect that reflects the values and customs of the people given the variations in the language used like the use of metaphors, proverbs and other literary devices, giving the ceremony a poetic and symbolic feel. Language which is one of the principal issues in this study is defined by Sone, (2016) as a systematic means which human beings use in the communication of thoughts, ideas, values, norms and feelings. Data realized is through Tape and video recordings and participant observation. It is assumed that the custodians of the spoken discourse, is far more than mere use of words, rather it is a linguistically significant variety when studied within the Akoosè /Akɔ́ɔ́sè/context.
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, adopted in 2006, has highlighted the need to find ways of ensuring access to information and full communication for people who have difficulty reading and understanding “standard” literary texts. The authors of the convention highlight the use of specific languages and the development of new methods of presenting text and its formatting. Particular emphasis is placed on the availability of cultural information in appropriate formats. Indeed, this paves the way for a novel approach to language communication. The Convention has provided a catalyst for a new direction in linguistics, namely the comprehension and practical description of the communicative variant of a national language intended for certain groups of its speakers. Practical work has a long history and has undergone significant developments, whereas academic research is still in its infancy. Another parallel process is the general trend towards the need for simplified forms of language, caused by digitalization and the accelerated pace of life, which does not allow for extensive reading and in-depth understanding of texts. As a matter of fact, a revision of the criteria for linguistic norms in "standard" texts is currently being considered. However, it should be noted that the process does not only affect standard texts; the practice of translating complex cultural texts into more comprehensible forms is also on the rise. This encompasses both intralanguage transformations and interlingual translations. The objective of this paper is to elucidate the concepts of "plain" and "easy-to-read" languages, to examine the distinctive characteristics of their operational nuances, and to address the challenges associated with the translation of fictional texts into "easy-to-read language," with a particular focus on F.M. Dostoevsky's novel "The Brothers Karamazov", translated into Japanese.
лингвокультурный концепт «Благодарность» занимает важное место в русской культуре и языке. Он отражает ценности, нормы и традиции, характерные для русского общества, и проявляется в различных формах речевого и невербального поведения. Понимание этого концепта помогает глубже проникнуть в специфику русской культуры и межличностных отношений. В русском языке концепт «Благодарность» выражается через множество лексических средств и устойчивых выражений. Наиболее очевидными репрезентантами являются слова «спасибо», «благодарю», «весьма признателен» и их синонимы. Эти слова могут варьироваться в зависимости от ситуации и степени формальности общения. Например, «спасибо» используется в повседневной речи, в то время как «благодарю» и «весьма признателен» характерны для более официальных контекстов. Помимо лексических единиц, в русском языке существуют устойчивые выражения и фразеологизмы, которые служат для выражения благодарности. Фразы «от всего сердца», «большое спасибо», «не знаю, как вас благодарить» и подобные им позволяют говорящему подчеркнуть искренность и глубину своей признательности. Интересным аспектом является использование формул вежливости в русском языке. Например, при получении помощи или услуги часто говорят: «Благодарю за помощь», «Спасибо за поддержку». Невербальные способы выражения благодарности также играют важную роль в русской культуре. Улыбка, кивок головы, пожатие руки или объятия могут сопровождать вербальные выражения благодарности, усиливая их значение. Такие жесты помогают установить эмоциональный контакт и передать искренность чувств. Лингвокультурный концепт «Благодарность» в русском языке также находит отражение в литературе, фольклоре и пословицах. В русских сказках и рассказах герои часто выражают благодарность за оказанную помощь или добрые поступки, что подчеркивает важность этого концепта в культуре. Пословицы и поговорки, такие как «От благодарности не убудет» и «Доброе слово и кошке приятно», акцентируют внимание на значении благодарности в межличностных отношениях и важности доброго отношения к другим людям. the linguistic-cultural concept of “Gratitude” occupies an important place in Russian culture and language. It reflects the values, norms, and traditions characteristic of Russian society and manifests itself in various forms of verbal and non-verbal behavior. Understanding this concept helps to delve deeper into the specifics of Russian culture and interpersonal relationships. In the Russian language, the concept of “Gratitude” is expressed through a multitude of lexical means and idiomatic expressions. The most obvious representatives are the words “thank you,” “I thank you,” “very grateful,” and their synonyms. For example, “thank you” is used in everyday speech, while “I thank you” and “very grateful” are characteristic of more formal contexts. Phrases like “from the bottom of my heart,” “thank you very much,” “I don’t know how to thank you,” and similar ones allow the speaker to emphasize the sincerity and depth of their gratitude. Such expressions help to intensify the emotional coloration of the statement and make it warmer and more personal. An interesting aspect is the use of politeness formulas in the Russian language. For example, when receiving help or services, people often say, “Thank you for your help,” “Thank you for your support.” These expressions not only demonstrate gratitude but also contribute to maintaining positive communication and strengthening social ties. Non-verbal ways of expressing gratitude also play an important role in Russian culture. A smile, nodding, a handshake, or hugs can accompany verbal expressions of gratitude, enhancing their meaning. Such gestures help establish emotional contact and convey sincerity of feelings. The linguistic-cultural concept of “Gratitude” in the Russian language also finds reflection in literature, folklore, and proverbs. In Russian fairy tales and stories, characters often express gratitude for help or kind deeds, emphasizing the importance of this concept in culture. Proverbs and sayings, such as “Gratitude won’t diminish” and “A kind word is pleasant even to a cat,” draw attention to the significance of gratitude in interpersonal relationships and the importance of a kind attitude towards others.
Background: Color plays a pivotal role in visual perception, shaping emotions, attention, and cognition, particularly in art-related contexts. However, the influence of artistic training on color perception and neural processing remains poorly understood.Methods: This study examined differences in color perception between art and non-art groups using behavioral ratings and EEG data. Forty-four participants (22 art majors: 21.82 ±1.56 years old; 22 non-art majors: 20.73 ± 1.67 years old) with an equal gender ratio were recruited. Participants completed color perception tasks involving cool, warm, and neutral hues while EEG data were recorded with a 65-electrode system. Behavioral ratings and ERP components (P2 and P3) were analyzed, supplemented by decoding analysis to uncover neural processing patterns.Results: Behavioral data indicated that warm hues elicited higher emotional valence ratings than cool and neutral hues for both groups. EEG analysis revealed that warm and cool hues evoked larger P3 amplitudes compared to neutral hues. A group-hue interaction was observed in the P2 component, with the non-art group showing greater variability in P2 amplitudes across hues. Decoding analysis provided further evidence of distinct neural processing differences between the two groups.Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that color perception differs between art and non-art groups, particularly in the neural processing of the P2 component. Warm and cool hues elicit stronger emotional and attentional responses, highlighting distinct cognitive mechanisms influenced by artistic expertise.Keywords: ERP; color perception; P2; P3; artistic training
International audience
Language technology has the potential to facilitate intercultural communication through meaningful translations. However, the current state of language technology is deeply entangled with colonial knowledge due to path dependencies and neo-colonial tendencies in the global governance of artificial intelligence (AI). Language technology is a complex and emerging field that presents challenges for co-design interventions due to enfolding in assemblages of global scale and diverse sites and its knowledge intensity. This paper uses LiveLanguage, a lexical database, a set of services with particular emphasis on modelling language diversity and integrating small and minority languages, as an example to discuss and close the gap from pluriversal design theory to practice. By diversifying the concept of emerging technology, we can better approach language technology in global contexts. The paper presents a model comprising of five layers of technological activity. Each layer consists of specific practices and stakeholders, thus provides distinctive spaces for co-design interventions as mode of inquiry for de-linking, re-thinking and re-building language technology towards pluriversality. In that way, the paper contributes to reflecting the position of co-design in decolonising emergent technologies, and to integrating complex theoretical knowledge towards decoloniality into language technology design.
Forensic linguistics, a multidisciplinary field that applies linguistic analysis to legal and professional contexts, plays a critical role in legal proceedings and investigations. This study explores its applications in Uzbekistan, where the intersection of linguistics and law is particularly significant due to the country's linguistic diversity and socio-cultural dynamics. The article examines cases involving insults (haqorat), defamation (tuhmat), and other contentious languages, analyzing speech and text’s semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic features. It highlights the methodological challenges of regional dialects, cultural idioms, and hierarchical social structures. Additionally, the study addresses the broader applications of forensic linguistics, including analyzing extremist materials, authorship disputes, and evaluating legal documents. Recommendations include establishing linguistic databases, training programs for forensic linguists, and policy reforms to enhance linguistic expertise in legal contexts. The findings underscore the vital role of forensic linguistics in ensuring fairness, accountability, and justice in Uzbekistan’s legal system, emphasizing the importance and impact of the field.
Neural network accelerators have become essential in addressing the growing computational demands of AI and machine learning applications. This study evaluates the performance of neural network accelerators implemented on FPGA and ASIC platforms, utilizing TensorFlow for neural network model design and Xilinx Vivado for FPGA hardware prototyping. Benchmark tests were conducted using CNNs, RNNs, and Transformer models on datasets such as CIFAR-10, ImageNet, and Penn Treebank (PTB). Key performance metrics, including latency, power consumption, throughput, and accuracy, were analyzed. Results revealed that ASIC outperformed FPGA across all metrics, with 40% lower latency, 46.7% reduced power consumption, and 33% higher throughput, while maintaining a slightly higher accuracy (94% vs. 92%). The discussion highlighted ASIC's suitability for real-time, power-efficient AI tasks, whereas FPGA remains advantageous for prototyping and adaptable AI architectures. In conclusion, ASIC excels in performance and efficiency, making it ideal for deployment in resource-constrained AI applications, while FPGA serves as a flexible platform for iterative design and experimentation. These findings provide valuable insights for selecting hardware platforms based on application-specific requirements in neural network microcircuit design.
Ambiguity is a common phenomenon found across languages and has been studied extensively. Nevertheless, not not much has been done on ambiguity in Eggon. In an attempt to fill the existing gap, the present article studies ambiguity and its intricacies in Eggon Language. Specifically, the research aims at exposing lexical ambiguity in the language, its nature and sources. The study also tries to provide ways of disambiguating such structures. Data is generated through participant observation of native speakers, documented sources (Eggon dictionary) and introspection. Descriptive method is used in analysing the generated data. The findings show that ambiguity is a common phenomenon in Eggon. The use of tone helps to disambiguate some ambiguous words. Moreover, most lexical ambiguities occur due to polysemy and homonymy and can be disambiguated through contextualization. Lexical ambiguity also results in other types of ambiguities in the language, such as semantic and syntactic ambiguities. Further study into dialectal ambiguity will add to Eggon linguistic database.
Abstract Understanding other people’s emotions accurately (i.e., empathic accuracy) is thought to be critical for building and maintaining social connections. Past research suggests empathic skills change with age, but few studies examine age differences in empathic accuracy within the context of close relationships. We examined whether empathic accuracy is higher among middle-aged couples (ages 40-50) compared to older couples (ages 60-70) using a sample of 154 heterosexual long-term marriages. Husbands and wives visited the laboratory and engaged in a 15-minute conversation on a topic of disagreement in their marriage. Conversations were video-recorded. Husbands and wives watched a video playback of their conversation twice, each time continuously rating either their own or their spouse’s emotional valence during the conversation using a rating dial that ranged from “very negative” to “very positive”. These continuous valence ratings were used to compute each spouse’s empathic accuracy as the strength of the correlation between their ratings of their spouse’s emotions and their spouse’s own self- ratings. Results revealed that age was not associated with husbands’ empathic accuracy. In contrast, older wives had greater empathic accuracy compared to middle-aged wives (Mdiff =.19, p =.028). However, older adults had been married longer, and length of marriage also predicted women’s empathic accuracy. Findings suggest that older women are better able to track the changing valence of their husbands’ emotions, perhaps because they have more practice.
With the advent of the information age, the massive increase of English text data puts forward higher requirements for text analysis and processing. The aim of this study is to accurately evaluate the semantic complexity of English text through an autoencoder structure based on bidirectional attention. This paper first analyzes the importance of automatic classification of semantic complexity in English text, and then builds an autoencoder structure based on bidirectional attention, which captures bidirectional information in text, and then uses the autoencoder structure for feature extraction and dimension reduction, which further strengthens the model’s ability to capture semantic complexity. Finally, A Bidirectional Attention Self-Encoding English Text Semantic Complexity Automatic Grading Model (BSETG) is established. This study conducted experimental verification based on semantic Evaluation (SemEval) dataset, convolutional neural network (CNN)/Daily Mail dataset and Penn Treebank dataset, and conducted a comparative analysis with existing semantic complexity evaluation methods. The experimental results show that the overall accuracy of BSETG algorithm is maintained between 70% and 90%, the response speed of BSETG algorithm is relatively fast, and the success rate of BSETG algorithm is relatively stable to a large extent.
Abstract Expressions in which the word for a body part is also used for objects can be found in many languages. Some languages use body part terms to refer to object parts, while others have only a few idiosyncratic examples in their vocabulary. Studying the word forms referring to body and object concepts, i.e., colexifications, across languages, offers insights into cognitive principles facilitating such usage. Previous studies focused on full colexifications in which the same word form expresses two distinct concepts. Here, we utilize a new approach that allows us to analyze partial colexifications in which a concept is built out of the word forms for two separate concepts, like river mouth. Based on a large lexical database, we identified body and object concepts and analyzed 39 colexifications across 329 languages. The results show that word forms for body concepts are used slightly more frequently as a source for object names. However, the detailed examination of directional tendencies and colexifications of word forms between body and object concepts reveals linguistic variation. The study sheds light on meaning extensions between two concrete domains and showcases the synergies that arise through the combination of existing data and methods.
The article examines the scientific methodological foundations of thesauru research of literary texts. To this end, the formation of the concept of thesaurus and the meaning of the thesaurus method, the types of thesaurus dictionary and their main function are analyzed. The importance of the thesaurus research method in the study of literary texts is determined. The research used methods such as systematization, generalization, sorting, and formulation of the material. The article pays special attention to foreign and domestic thesaurus studies, analyzes the types of thesaurus dictionaries and their features. The article compares the thesaurus and a simple dictionary, identifies a number of optimal moments and ineffective aspects of the thesaurus. In the article, the thesaurus is recognized as a special terminological dictionary within a particular subject area, the meanings of which are close to terms (words and phrases) and semantic relations between them and grouped into concepts. The thesaurus analysis method is also an important research method in modern literary science. The thesaurus research method is widely used in the analysis of literary texts, as it allows you to identify semantic connections between words and understand the meaning of a work, helps to analyze and classify words, create dictionaries and lexical databases. The results achieved in the course of the study can be used in thesaurus research, the construction of a thesaurus based on literary texts.
Discourse relations play a pivotal role in establishing coherence within textual content, uniting sentences and clauses into a cohesive narrative. The Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB) stands as one of the most extensively utilized datasets in this domain. In PDTB-3, the annotators can assign multiple labels to an example, when they believe that multiple relations are present. Prior research in discourse relation recognition has treated these instances as separate examples during training, and only one example needs to have its label predicted correctly for the instance to be judged as correct. However, this approach is inadequate, as it fails to account for the interdependence of labels in real-world contexts and to distinguish between cases where only one sense relation holds and cases where multiple relations hold simultaneously. In our work, we address this challenge by exploring various multi-label classification frameworks to handle implicit discourse relation recognition. We show that multi-label classification methods don't depress performance for single-label prediction. Additionally, we give comprehensive analysis of results and data. Our work contributes to advancing the understanding and application of discourse relations and provide a foundation for the future study
This research aims to analyze and determine 1) the role of digital technology in lexicology research, 2) a digital lexicography system for Arabic, and 3) the benefits and challenges of digitizing Arabic lexicology. The research method that researchers use is qualitative research with a library study type of research. The results of this research are: 1) Digital technology has had a significant impact on lexicology research, increasing efficiency, accessibility, and collaboration. With advanced tools and techniques like N.L.P., machine learning, and cloud storage, lexicology researchers can collect, analyze, and disseminate data more effectively and innovatively, enriching researchers' understanding of the language. 2) The digital lexicography system for Arabic consists of various technological components that combine to provide comprehensive and easily accessible linguistic information, such as utilizing digital corpora, lexical databases, N.L.P. tools, intuitive user interfaces, mobile applications, and data visualization tools. 3) Digitization of Arabic lexicology offers excellent benefits in terms of accessibility, research efficiency, data updates, collaboration, and visualization. However, challenges such as dialect diversity, data quality, technology infrastructure, data security, language complexity, and technology education need to be addressed to maximize the potential of this digitalization.
Abstract: The article starts with a characterization of Israeli Hebrew, and its development from a conglomeration of written sources going back to classical Hebrew, including ones from about 17 centuries when it was not spoken. As a result, what became accepted as Israeli Hebrew is a merged grammatical (and lexical) system, built upon written sources regarded as the normative standard that should dictate speech norms as well, and that any deviation from it would be detrimental. Some Hebraists question whether a language that was not spoken for so long can still be regarded as "Hebrew," or even as a Semitic language. The average Israeli fails to recognize the inevitability of change in language development through history, and the existence of multiple levels of language uses (registers) side-by-side, each of which is just as legitimate as the other. We follow with illustrations of the expansion of new word formation from existing bases through linear derivation by means of suffixes, a most transparent process, alongside discontinuous (root+pattern) derivation. We will also explore the changing treatment of possessive and existential sentences, the neutralization of numeral gender, the maintenance of fixed stress in certain classes of words, and a certain tendency towards rhythmic alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables. Some of these have precedents in earlier stages of Hebrew, and demonstrate that change is a natural result of Israeli Hebrew's being a living language, and should not be regarded as evidence of its deterioration, becoming non-Semitic, an artificial hybrid language, or creole.
In this paper we focus on a subclass of multi-word expressions, namely compound formation in German. The automatic detection of compounds is a known problem and we argue that its resolution should be given more urgency in light of a new role we uncovered with respect to ad hoc compound formation: the systematic expression of attitudinal meaning and its potential importance for the down-stream NLP task of stance detection. We demonstrate that ad hoc compounds in German indeed systematically express attitudinal meaning by adducing corpus linguistic and psycholinguistic experimental data. However, an investigation of state-of-the-art dependency parsers and Universal Dependency treebanks shows that German compounds are parsed and annotated very unevenly, so that currently one cannot reliably identify or access ad hoc compounds with attitudinal meaning in texts. Moreover, we report initial experiments with large language models underlining the challenges in capturing attitudinal meanings conveyed by ad hoc compounds. We consequently suggest a systematized way of annotating (and thereby also parsing) ad hoc compounds that is based on positive experiences from within the multilingual ParGram grammar development effort.
Expressions in which the word for a body part is also used for objects can be found in many languages. Some languages use body part terms to refer to object parts, while others have only a few idiosyncratic examples in their vocabulary. Studying the word forms referring to body and object concepts, i.e., colexifications, across languages, offers insights into cognitive principles facilitating such usage. Previous studies focused on full colexifications in which the same word form expresses two distinct concepts. Here, we utilize a new approach that allows us to analyze partial colexifications in which a concept is built out of the word forms for two separate concepts, like river mouth. Based on a large lexical database, we identified body and object concepts and analyzed 39 colexifications across 329 languages. The results show that word forms for body concepts are used slightly more frequently as a source for object names. However, the detailed examination of directional tendencies and colexifications of word forms between body and object concepts reveals linguistic variation. The study sheds light on meaning extensions between two concrete domains and showcases the synergies that arise through the combination of existing data and methods.
Abstract A characteristic trait of Vedic as well as Classical Sanskrit is the use of nominal compounds. Diachronic linguistic studies have observed an increasing use of compounds in Vedic texts. It is also generally accepted that compounds should be read as syntactic phrases and that they can be equivalent to subordinate clauses. However, it has not been studied so far whether and to which degree compounds replaced competing syntactic structures such as relative clauses or participial constructions over time. Using data from a syntactic treebank of Vedic and early Classical Sanskrit, this paper addresses the questions whether compounding replaced equivalent constructions and which textual and sociolinguistic factors may have driven this process. The paper studies compounds used as adnominal and adverbial modifiers, and compares their frequency distributions with those of subordinate clauses, adjectives, converbs, and participial constructions. Since the number of relevant cases is limited and the sociolinguistic factors driving the use of compounds are not well understood, the observed distributions are modeled with a hierarchical Bayesian framework that extracts an optimal subset from a set of possible explanatory factors (chronology, geography, poetry/prose alternation, genre, and school affiliation of Vedic texts).
The research aims to identify the characteristics of Kate Middleton’s speech manner and communication style as a representative of the linguocultural type “lady” in British linguoculture. The scientific novelty of the work lies in revealing the dynamism and variability of the linguocultural type “lady” through a complex analysis of Kate Middleton’s speech portrait in the context of modern cultural realities. The research is the first one to integrate phonetic, grammatical, and lexical aspects of speech, which contributes to a more complete understanding of how speech characteristics shape public image and reflect cultural expectations. The article examines interviews and public speeches by Kate Middleton, which makes it possible to analyze the characteristics of her speech in various contexts. As a result, key aspects of Kate Middleton’s speech portrait as a representative of the “lady” type have been identified. The strict adherence to Received Pronunciation (RP) norms, expressed in the clear articulation of consonants and adherence to rhythm, emphasizes Kate Middleton’s commitment to the traditions of aristocratic communication. The active use of abstract vocabulary and evaluative adjectives creates emotionally rich communication, contributing to the formation of trusting relationships with the audience. The use of the imperative mood and personal pronouns highlights Kate Middleton’s leadership qualities and strategic focus on establishing close contact with interlocutors. These results confirm that Kate Middleton is a striking example of the combination of traditional refinement and modern communication norms in the context of the linguocultural space.
The intensification of the sphere of the study of critical thinking based on formal logical principles, found in the works of modern researchers, actualizes the appeal to the topic of logical analysis of language. The program settings of the course «Logic and critical Thinking» are focused on the thorough immersion of participants in the acute issues of the use of natural language. The purpose of this article is to reflect on the subjects of ambiguity in language and the operational tasks of pedagogical practice in critical thinking that arise in this regard. Understanding the experience of implementing an educational project is aimed at outlining the logical foundations of critical skills built through the prism of students’ reflexive vision. The framework of language and thinking problems is evaluated through ranking of course positions illustrating the possibilities of developing critical thinking through comprehension of language forms. The registered ambiguity is shown taking into account the requirements of the verbal or situational context in the application of the concept. The analysis of texts carried out in a practical lesson leads to the understanding of ambiguity as a linguistic norm that requires acceptance and appropriate cognitive support. The achievement of students becomes a competent vision of the content of the problem of ambiguity, characterizing critical judgment abilities in handling information. Attention is focused on the fact of terminological ambiguity, which implies the identification of clear meanings and deepening into the processes of cognition as such. The conclusion is made about the need for methodical development of the problem of ambiguity in language, since the focus on the subtleties of intellectual and speech mechanisms contributes to the formation of critical skills of project participants.
This article explores creative processes in discourse and language. As a starting point, the notion of linguistic creativity is regarded in relation to that of the linguistic norm. The main focus is on the description of the method of parametrization of linguistic creativity and the results of its application. This method is based on a three-level system of parameters. The macro-, micro-, and interdiscourse parameters composing this system facilitate the identification of creative use of language units in different types of discourse (such as media discourse, artistic discourse, advertising discourse, etc.). The study is based on the material from a functional electronic corpus of texts, which encompasses English -language films and their literary sources published from the 1960s to the present day. The article reveals variants of using the method of parametrization and principles of distinguishing cases of non-creative and creative exploitation of linguistic means in cinematic discourse. According to research findings, the creative or non-creative character of a particular language unit is determined by one of the two main purposes of its use in films. If a linguistic unit is used to create the impression of natural communication (the so-called artistic-aesthetic stylization), its use is qualified as non-creative. If a linguistic unit realizes certain aesthetic and pragmatic tasks in a film, its use is creative. The elaborated method of parametrization can be applied to any type of discourse. It detects ‘hotspots’ of changes in the state of a particular language and gives these changes a systematic linguistic assessment.
ввиду высокой пластичности языковой нормы вопрос о способах перевода фразеологических, стилистически окрашенных и лексически сниженных речевых выражений всегда остаётся актуальным. Истоки таких средств языка находятся в области гносеологии, когда говорящему не только необходимо найти наименование вещи, но и выразить своё эмоционально-оценочное суждение. В процессе этого акта происходит образное переосмысление, т.е. отход от буквального значения в ходе семантического сдвига. Просторечные глагольные фразеологические единицы, образованные от нейтральных лексем литературного стандарта, обычно принадлежат к просторечной лексике. Зачастую имея аналог в литературном стандарте, они характеризуются стилистической сниженностью. Определение стилистической сниженности может быть осуществлено посредством комплексного метода стилистической идентификации. Также просторечные глагольные фразеологизмы могут обозначать процессы и действия, которые не имеют обозначения в литературном стандарте. Их можно квалифицировать как окказиональные, так как они не зафиксированы лексикографически и являются индивидуальными речевыми комплексами, образованными по тем же лексико-семантическим моделям, что и фразеологизмы, зафиксированные в словаре. Фразеологизмы субстандартного слоя лексики в качестве основной имеют экспрессивную функцию, а номинативная функция вторична. Окказиональные просторечные глагольные фразеологические единицы являются экспрессивным средством и отличаются более высокой степенью экспрессивности, чем узуальные. due to the high plasticity of the linguistic norm, the question of how to translate phraseological, stylistically colored and lexically reduced speech expressions always remains relevant. The origins of such means of language are in the field of epistemology, when the speaker not only needs to find the name of a thing, but also express his emotional and evaluative judgment. In the process of this act, there is a figurative reinterpretation, i.e. a departure from the literal meaning in the course of a semantic shift. Colloquial verbal phraseological units formed from neutral lexemes of the literary standard usually belong to the colloquial vocabulary. Often having an analogue in the literary standard, they are characterized by stylistic leniency. The definition of stylistic reduction can be carried out through a comprehensive method of stylistic identification. Also, colloquial verbal phraseological units can denote processes and actions that do not have a designation in the literary standard. They can be qualified as occasional, since they are not fixed lexicographically and are individual speech complexes formed according to the same lexico-semantic models as the phraseological units recorded in the dictionary. Phraseological units of the substandard vocabulary layer have an expressive function as the main one, and the nominative function is secondary. Occasional colloquial verbal phraseological units are an expressive means and have a higher degree of expressiveness than conventional ones.
Wearable devices often struggle to capture the full range of emotions accurately through peripheral physiological signals like Electrodermal Activity (EDA), Photoplethysmogram (PPG), and Electromyogram (EMG), leading to reduced classification accuracy. While Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are recognized for their superior emotion detection capabilities, past EEG-based studies have been confined to lab settings with high-end systems using 32-64 channels. There is a growing need for systems that can continuously monitor emotions outside the lab. Modern wearable EEG devices, with configurations from single to eight channels, offer a solution. Our study investigates if integrating EEG data from only two channels in commercial wearable EEG devices with peripheral signals can enhance emotion detection accuracy. Using the publicly available DEAP dataset, which provides EEG and peripheral signals from 32 participants exposed to emotional stimuli, we explore various preprocessing and feature extraction techniques for multimodal emotion detection. The DEAP dataset categorizes emotions based on valence and arousal ratings, converting them into binary class problems: High Valence vs. Low Valence and High Arousal vs. Low Arousal. Intra-class emotion classification is performed using a Random Forest classifier with $\mathbf{5}$-fold cross-validation. Results show that while single-modality peripheral signals achieve classification accuracies of 76-85%, the addition of EEG data significantly boosts accuracy up to $\mathbf{9 5 \%}$. Combining EEG data with peripheral signals also greatly improves individual subject valence and arousal classification accuracy and F1 scores.
This community service activity aimed to socialize the correct (standard) use of the Indonesian language, thereby fostering a sense of love for the country among students at SMA Negeri 1 Cinangka, Serang Regency, Banten. The goal of this activity was to instill early awareness among students to use the Indonesian language according to standardized spelling with deep love for the nation, without feeling ashamed, outdated, or merely using it as a form of identity as Indonesian citizens. It sought to rekindle a sense of nationalism in the students of SMAN 1 Cinangka by encouraging them to love and use the Indonesian language in accordance with linguistic norms.The method used in the socialization activity involved preparation, implementation, evaluation, and reporting. The socialization event was held at SMA Negeri 1 Cinangka, Cinangka Village, Serang Regency, on Monday, August 26, 2024. The participants of this activity included 207 students from SMA Negeri 1 Cinangka and the KKM (Kuliah Kerja Mahasiswa) group 38 of Cinangka. The speakers were lecturers from Bina Bangsa University with a background in the field of linguistics. The results of this activity produced an understanding and awareness among students to use the Indonesian language according to standardized spelling with deep love for the nation, without feeling ashamed, outdated, or merely using it as a form of identity as Indonesian citizens. This socialization activity is expected to rekindle a sense of nationalism in the students of SMAN 1 Cinangka, encouraging them to love and use the Indonesian language in accordance with linguistic norms.
Elitzur (2018a) examines the occurrence of abstract nouns ending in -ūt in the Masoretic tradition of the Hebrew Bible, noting a distinct pattern that distinguishes the Pentateuch from other biblical texts. His analysis highlights that these nouns are relatively rare in the Pentateuch and often written defectively, while they are more frequent and usually spelled plene (with waw) in the Prophets and Writings. Elitzur investigates specific examples such as גַּבְלֻת ‘twistedness’ and עֵדֻת ‘testimony’ to support this observation. He raises the question of whether the defective spelling in the Pentateuch signifies a historical mismatch between written and spoken forms or if many words with defective -ūt originally ended with a different suffix, later adapted under changing linguistic norms. Building on and extending Elitzur’s study, the discussion reveals the complexities of diachrony in Hebrew, particularly regarding the -ūt endings, which are often deemed characteristic of later forms of the language. Cohen (2012) has challenged this characterisation, arguing that their distribution is comparable within both the Torah and later texts. The chapter problematises this viewpoint, suggesting that the focus should be on the frequency of tokens rather than on mere number of lexemes. Among other things, it is pointed out that the orthographic discrepancies in the usage of -ūt in the Torah could reflect underlying morphological differences, i.e., that they might represent a later reinterpretation of forms that originally had different suffixes. Ultimately, the evidence suggests a complex interplay between orthography and morphology, underscoring the challenges in tracing the historical development of these noun forms in biblical Hebrew.
Locality and Interference are two mechanisms which are attested to drive sentence comprehension. However, the relationship between them remains unclear---are they alternative explanations or do they operate independently? To answer this question, we test the hypothesis that in Hindi, interference effects (measured by semantic similarity and case markers) significantly predict locality effects (modelled using dependency length quantifying distance between syntactic heads and their dependents) within a sentence, while controlling for expectation-based measures and discourse givenness. Using data from the Hindi-Urdu Treebank corpus (HUTB), we validate the stated hypothesis. We demonstrate that sentences with longer dependency length consistently have semantically similar preverbal dependents, more case markers, greater syntactic surprisal, and violate intra-sentential givenness considerations. Overall, our findings point towards the conclusion that locality effects are reducible to broader memory interference effects rather than being distinct manifestations of locality in syntax. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings for the theories of interference in comprehension.
As the discussion of neology has expanded, various vocabulary and expressions have been added to the category of neology. Thus, the category of neology has been expanded. In this study, we propose ‘trending expressions’ as a broader concept than ‘neology’ or ‘memes’, which are the subject of today’s research. Accordingly, we define trending expressions based on the common characteristics of trending expressions and classify them according to their types. The most basic characteristic of trending expressions is ‘virality’, which means that they have a certain level of public recognition. In addition, trending expressions that are popular today are usually ‘deviant’ in the sense that they deviate from existing expressions, linguistic norms, or common sense in order to achieve novelty, and the deviant nature of trending expressions gives some trending expressions a cryptic character. Finally, these expressions are ‘playful’ in the sense that the use of language in and of itself creates a sense of satisfaction for the speaker. In this study, we categorize trending expressions into word-level trending expressions, phrase-level trending expressions, sentence-level trending expressions, sentence-plus trending expressions, and phrase-plus trending expressions according to their size, and provide examples of trending expressions belonging to each type. In addition, according to the kind of meaning they have, trending expressions are categorized into those that indicate new concepts, those that have specific discourse functions, and those that are simply used for entertainment.
Summary. Introduction. The formation of Ukraine as an independent state is associated with the sea and the maritime industry, and therefore the study of the maritime terminology system, its compliance with international terminological norms, acquires state significance. In this regard, the problem of a deep and comprehensive study of the term system of the maritime industry is not only an urgent and demanded scientific direction, but also a necessary condition for its development. Purpose. Substantiate certain processes of terminology of verbal and non-verbal parameters in Ukrainian maritime terminology. Methods. In order to comprehensively study the Ukrainian maritime terminology used: 1) the method of continuous sampling; 2) the method of component analysis, which is aimed at improving and refining vocabulary definitions of marine terms; 3) structural method, in combination with distributive analysis (used to define and describe the semantic structure of marine terms); 4) the method of word-formation analysis (used to establish the mechanism of word formation and its place in the vocabulary of the language); 5) structural-morphological approach (used to clarify the structure of derivative terms and to determine the basic models of term formation); 6) modeling method (used to determine the term formation of various structural models); 7) comparative method, which is based on the identification of common and distinctive features of verbal and nonverbal dimensions in the term formation of Ukrainian maritime terminology; 8) comparative-historical method, which is based on the history of the Ukrainian language and the development and formation of Ukrainian maritime terminology, determines the linguistic and cultural specifics of its formation; 9) general scientific methods are also used: observation, generalization, classification. Results. The study analyzes the functioning of the Ukrainian maritime terminology in terms of origin and use; the semantic meaning of the terms is highlighted; the semantic method of terminology is considered, in particular, the semantic transformations of metaphor and metonymy, as well as the processes of terminology, reterminology and determinology; the importance of the morphemic way of forming the term is noted; highlighted the structural features of the formation of one-component and multicomponent terms; substantiates the meaning of abbreviated processes in the functioning of terms; the terminological components of verbal and non-verbal components in the Ukrainian maritime terminology are considered. Originality. The novelty of the study is that for the first time the processes of creation of Ukrainian maritime terms are characterized at the structural and functional level; their verbal and nonverbal dimensions are thoroughly considered. Conclusion. Ukrainian maritime terminology is an integral part of the Ukrainian lexical system, and it is characterized by the same processes that occur in the literary language: some terms go out of use, new ones appear, some are radically changed, rethought. The maritime industry in Ukraine is constantly and dynamically developing, a large number of new maritime terms appear. Understanding the processes of formation of terms in Ukrainian maritime terminology is an indicator of the socio-economic, cultural and scientific development of society and indicates a high level of its development, its mobility and consistency.
The cultural heritage (CH) domain possesses large volumes, necessitating users to provide more precise details regarding their requirements. Nonetheless, several formidable challenges are observed by the CH information retrieval researchers, including vocabulary issues and access points. Hence, an increasing demand for models capable of addressing these issues and professional search systems are required. These models enable users to search efficiently inside the CH domain. Many non-experts among its users are also typically attracted by CH content, necessitating improved access models to these rich contents. Therefore, this study investigated a terminologies synonym expansion (TSE) model for CH content. The proposed model combined three elements in the framework: TextRank algorithm capacity for terminology identification, comprehensive WordNet lexical database for synonym expansion, and synonym linking to their respective terminologies. Consequently, two CH collections (CHiC2013 and CHiC2013_EDE) demonstrated a noteworthy enhancement compared to the traditional information retrieval methods. This model could bridge the vocabulary disparity between non-expert users and the specialised terminology employed in the CH domain.
This paper aims to denaturalize the norm that Japanese first-person pronouns are gendered by analyzing why and how this norm was constructed from a historical discourse perspective. Focusing on two time periods, the early modernization era of the late nineteenth century and the wartime era of the first half of the twentieth century, the paper analyzes metapragmatic discourses found in the writings of linguists and intellectuals and in grammar books and school readers. Four main findings emerge, all of them related to the sexist nationalist ideologies that defined both periods. First, in the modernization era, nationalist ideologies promoted the construction of a national language, of which males were assumed to be the primary speakers. Second, this assumption legitimated linguists' practices of including masculinized pronouns and excluding feminized pronouns from the national language, such that gender-neutral watakushi and watashi and masculinized boku became the standard first-person pronouns, while no feminized pronoun was considered a standard form. Third, in Japan's linguistic colonization of East Asia during the wartime era, linguistic gender differences were highlighted as evidence of the superiority of the Japanese language. Fourth, to emphasize such linguistic gender differences, females' use of the masculinized pronoun boku was proscribed, while the norm of distinct gendered pronouns—especially watashi for females and boku for males—was gradually confirmed. These findings illustrate the importance of examining metapragmatic discourses from the diachronic perspective to deconstruct naturalized linguistic norms.
This study investigated whether mentalistic text-vignettes of a robot enhances participants’ tendency to adopt the intentional stance. We also investigated whether the valence of a robot's action consequence influences judgements of intentionality and moral responsibility. We presented participants with scenarios from the InStance Test before and after they read the mentalistic text-vignettes. We found that InStance scores were significantly higher after they read the text-vignettes, implying an increased likelihood of adopting the intentional stance. This effect may have arisen from the mentalistic description of the robot, which could have primed participants to mentally simulate its experiences. Additionally, we found that the valence of a robot's action consequence did not significantly affect ratings of intentionality, which replicates previous results. However, unlike previous studies the valence of the action consequence did not affect moral responsibility ratings. Future studies could investigate (1) how the appearance of a robot influences moral responsibility judgements and (2) if text-vignettes using mechanistic descriptions modulate the tendency to adopt the intentional stance.
This paper explored the cultural and linguistic aspects of health exchanges between healthcare practitioners and patients among the Jukuns of Wukari in Nigeria, within the health centres in the town. It focused on patient-healthcare-provider dynamics and found out how language and culture influenced healthcare communication within formal settings. Integrating ethnographic, sociolinguistic, and anthropological approaches, the study unveiled how language and culture impacted interactions and health-seeking behaviours in these centres. It revealed the roles of language and culture in understanding health information, healthcare provider-patient exchanges, and treatment adherence within the distinct sociolinguistic context of the Jukun. Using such qualitative techniques as interviews and observations in the health centres, the study captured the intricate verbal and nonverbal communication, specific cultural discourse patterns, and communication strategies used by patients and healthcare practitioners. Findings highlighted diverse cultural and linguistic methods employed by Jukuns, such as using proverbs, ironies, metaphors, and nonverbal cues, to express themselves in healthcare settings. The research showed that these methods could facilitate communication with familiar practitioners but might complicate interactions with those from different ethnic backgrounds. Ultimately, it offered crucial perspectives for refining healthcare provision, aligning with the precise linguistic and cultural contexts of the Jukun community within formal healthcare settings in Wukari and other parts of Jukunland. Based on the foregoing, the researchers recommended that health practitioners should make use of interpreters and familiarise themselves with the cultural and linguistic norms of their immediate communities for effective health discourse that would enhance quality healthcare delivery.
Taking into account the comparative-legal method, the article highlights the legal basis for the transfer of criminal prosecution (legal proceedings) of foreign states, belonging to the Romano-Germanic (continental law systems), Anglo-Saxon legal family (common law systems), as well as mixed type. Due to the fact that the effectiveness of this type of international cooperation in the field of criminal proceedings directly depends on the elaboration of the norms of national law and their compliance with international legal regulations, the author paid considerable attention to the legal regulation of those states with which the competent authorities of the Russian Federation had relations in the field of criminal Justice. The analysis used materialistic dialectics, legal hermeneutics (legal exegesis), special legal, comparative legal methods, sociological and linguistic approaches (component analysis of lexical meanings and analysis of translation transformations), as well as the forecasting method. The theoretical basis for the study was the work of both domestic and foreign lawyers, and among the regulatory framework, both international documents and national legislation of the Russian Federation and a number of foreign countries were highlighted. It is also important to use as an empirical basis for the study the materials of some criminal cases in which the intersystem institution of transfer of criminal prosecution (legal proceedings) was involved. Based on the results of the study, appropriate conclusions were drawn that have both theoretical and applied purposes. In particular, the author believes that the national legislation of many foreign countries contains provisions that in one way or another affect the transfer of criminal prosecution (legal proceedings). Some sovereign governments regulate this institution in general terms and relate it to the scope of providing legal assistance in criminal cases, others, on the contrary, detail it and distinguish it along with other types of international cooperation in the field of criminal proceedings (extradition, legal assistance in criminal cases, recognition and execution decisions of foreign judicial authorities), which we believe is justified. Therefore, it seems necessary to take into account the legislative experience of foreign colleagues, as a result of which we note the urgent procedural need for the adoption of new and additions to the existing domestic criminal procedural norms governing the issues of sending and accepting criminal case materials to/from a foreign state (a) in order to optimize this area of international activity of the Russian Federation, the national legislation of many foreign countries contains provisions that in one way or another affect the transfer of criminal prosecution (legal proceedings).
This paper explores null elements in English, Chinese, and Korean Penn treebanks. Null elements contain important syntactic and semantic information, yet they have typically been treated as entities to be removed during language processing tasks, particularly in constituency parsing. Thus, we work towards the removal and, in particular, the restoration of null elements in parse trees. We focus on expanding a rule-based approach utilizing linguistic context information to Chinese, as rule based approaches have historically only been applied to English. We also worked to conduct neural experiments with a language agnostic sequence-to-sequence model to recover null elements for English (PTB), Chinese (CTB) and Korean (KTB). To the best of the authors' knowledge, null elements in three different languages have been explored and compared for the first time. In expanding a rule based approach to Chinese, we achieved an overall F1 score of 80.00, which is comparable to past results in the CTB. In our neural experiments we achieved F1 scores up to 90.94, 85.38 and 88.79 for English, Chinese, and Korean respectively with functional labels.
Humans are remarkably good at understanding spoken language, despite the huge variability of the signal as a function of the talker, the situation, and the environment. This success relies on having access to stable representations based on years of speech input, coupled with the ability to adapt to short-term deviations from these norms, e.g. accented speech or speech altered by ambient noise. In the last two decades, there has been a robust research effort focused on a possible mechanism for adjusting to accented speech. In these studies, listeners typically hear 15 - 20 words in which a speech sound has been altered, creating a short-term deviation from its longer-term representation. After exposure to these items, listeners demonstrate "lexically driven phonetic recalibration"-they alter their categorization of speech sounds, expanding a speech category to take into account the recently heard deviations from their long-term representations. In the current study, we investigate such adjustments by bilingual listeners. French-English bilinguals were first exposed to nonstandard pronunciations of a sound (/s/ or /f/) in one language and tested for recalibration in both languages. Then, the exposure continued with both the original type of mispronunciation in the same language, plus mispronunciations in the other language, in the opposite direction. In a final test, we found simultaneous recalibration in opposite directions for the two languages-listeners shifted their French perception in one direction and their English in the other: Bilinguals can maintain separate adjustments, for the same sounds, when a talker's speech differs across two languages.