Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of metaphorical modeling of the concept “Sünde” (Sin) in modern German media discourse. Within the framework of the cognitive-discursive paradigm, the author examines the transformation of religious semantics and its adaptation to the needs of secular communication. The methodological foundation of the work is a synthesis of Charles Bally’s theory of modality and the conceptual metaphor theory by G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, which allows investigating sin not as a static lexical unit, but as a dynamic evaluative operator. Based on German lexicographical sources and texts from high-quality press (Der Spiegel, Die Zeit, Die Welt), the study establishes the nuclear-peripheral hierarchy of the concept, where the sacred core is contrasted with the secularized periphery. Special attention is paid to identifying and analyzing dominant metaphorical models. In particular, the model of “professional responsibility” is described using the lexeme “Bausünde”, where architectural mistakes are conceptualized as a moral crime against public space. The strategy of “psychological trivialization” through the concepts of “Jugendsünde” and “Gedankensünde” is analyzed, indicating a decrease in the register of seriousness of the concept and its ironic reimagining. A separate section is devoted to metaphorical intensifiers “Erbsünde”, “Todsünde”, and “Hauptsünde”, which in economic and political contexts mark systemic crises and fatal mistakes. It is proved that the evolution of the concept occurs through a change in the modal frame: from external divine control to internal rational and social regulators. The article confirms that in modern German media discourse, the concept “Sünde” has turned into a universal tool for marking any deviations from the norm while maintaining its high axiological potential.
Generative artificial intelligence is increasingly reshaping beginning French instruction by expanding access to conversational practice, corrective feedback, vocabulary development, translation, and individualized support. Yet the linguistic forms produced by large language models also raise a fundamental sociolinguistic question: which varieties of French are rendered visible, legitimate, and teachable through machine-generated language? This review examines the relationship between generative AI, standard-language ideology, and Francophone plurality in introductory French education. Drawing on scholarship from applied linguistics, sociolinguistics, artificial intelligence in education, critical digital literacy, and Francophone studies, it analyzes training-data representation, algorithmic preferences for standardized forms, regional and African varieties, diasporic French, learner exposure, corrective feedback, representational bias, and emerging approaches to pluralistic AI literacy. The review finds that generative systems frequently operate within data, benchmarking, and alignment environments that privilege standardized, high-resource and often metropolitan forms of French. Consequently, African, Canadian, Caribbean, diasporic, colloquial, and contact-influenced varieties may receive less consistent representation, while novice learners may interpret fluent machine output as neutral linguistic authority. At the same time, generative AI offers important pedagogical benefits through repeated practice, rapid feedback, accessible interaction, and personalized language support. The review concludes that AI should function as a critically mediated pedagogical resource rather than an autonomous arbiter of correctness. It recommends deliberate exposure to diverse Francophone voices, explicit distinction between grammatical error and legitimate variation, systematic verification of AI outputs, teacher professional development, and the integration of critical AI literacy from the earliest stages of instruction. Future research should prioritize longitudinal, comparative, corpus-based, and geographically diverse studies that evaluate both learning effectiveness and representational equity.
Inside a challenge of ideas there are several phases in a Creative Support System (CSS), they are problem analysis, ideation, evaluation, and implementation. Our problem: we need a full semantic lexical database SLD in an oral (voice) and writing way to help stakeholders to create ideas, these ideas contain nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives in the English, Spanish, and French languages. We utilize a Cloud Service Provider to use a service of Artificial Intelligence (AI), also we prepare nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs files in order to create the service text to voice and create our SLD with voice. This paper presents, first, an introduction about some contests that use a semantic lexical database in different languages; second, a SLD management approach using analysis of texts; third, a management application approach to complete all the new elements; fourth, the results of the management application approach, finally the conclusions and future work.
This paper proposes a conceptual framework for integrating social robots into Islamic Arab communities in a manner that aligns with local cultural, ethical, and linguistic norms. Addressing critical gaps—such as navigating Arabic dialect diversity, adhering to Islamic ethical principles, and maintaining privacy in IoT-enabled environments—the framework comprises five core modules: a Cultural Knowledge Base, Behavior Adaptation Module, Ethical Integration Module, Arabic Language Processing System, and Privacy Management Module. This model fosters trust and acceptance by enabling robots to function effectively in healthcare, education, and public services. Future research will involve iterative testing and real-world evaluations to refine and validate the framework's applicability across diverse global and multi-faith contexts.
The influence of lyrics on music aesthetics has long been a prominent research topic in the fields of aesthetics, musicology, and psychology.However, empirical studies have yielded inconsistent findings concerning the effects of lyrics.Accordingly, the present study examines the effect of lyrics on music aesthetics across historical periods.We selected representative popular music from the late 20th century, known as "era music", and representative popular music from the contemporary period, known as "modern music", both with and without lyrics, as materials.After listening to each music clip, participants sequentially completed aesthetic rating, preference rating, and familiarity rating tasks.We found that the aesthetic rating and its inter-subject correlation for era music with lyrics were significantly higher than those for the version without lyrics, while no significant difference was observed between the two versions of modern music.These results illustrate the era-dissociation effect of lyrics in music aesthetic ratings, suggesting the era-dissociation characteristics of lyrics and the difference in individual subjective aesthetic standards.
Abstract Sentence length, defined by the number of words contained in a sentence, has always been of great concern in linguistic research. Many studies have been conducted on the distribution of sentence length in specific languages. To further explore the characteristics and patterns of sentence length and their relationship with dependency distance in Spanish, we use the SUD syntactic treebank and conduct a quantitative analysis within the theoretical framework of dependency grammar. It is found that the sentence length distribution of Spanish follows a positive negative binomial model, and there is no significant difference in sentence length distribution among different mean dependency distances (MDDs), but the distribution of the number of sentences in different sentence length intervals follows a normal distribution. In Spanish, sentence length and MDD interact with each other – the longer the sentence is, the greater the MDD is, and vice versa – which is consistent with previous research findings. Also, as sentence length increases in Spanish, short-distance dependencies decrease, but remain within a certain range of fluctuations, which confirms once again that language is a complex and self-adaptive system driven by humans.
We examined differences in physiological responses to aversive and non-aversive naturalistic audiovisual stimuli and their auditory and visual components within the same experiment. We recorded five physiological measures that have been shown to be sensitive to affect: electrocardiogram, electromyography (EMG) for zygomaticus major and corrugator supercilii muscles, electrodermal activity (EDA), and skin temperature. Valence and arousal ratings confirmed that aversive stimuli were more negative in valence and higher in arousal than non-aversive stimuli. Valence also showed an emotional enhancement effect for cross-modal integration. Both heart rate deceleration and facial EMG potentiation for corrugator supercilii were larger for aversive compared to non-aversive conditions for audiovisual stimuli and their auditory components, even after controlling for arousal. Facial EMG potentiation for zygomaticus major was greater for aversive compared to non-aversive conditions for audiovisual stimuli and EDA was greater for aversive compared to non-aversive conditions for visual stimuli. Neither of these effects remained significant after controlling for arousal. These findings provide a benchmark for examining atypical sensory processing of mundane aversive stimuli for clinical populations. • Audiovisual clips and their components were examined in the same experiment. • Heart rate deceleration for aversive audiovisual clips and their auditory components. • Increased corrugator supercilii potentiation for aversive audiovisual clips. • Increased corrugator supercilii potentiation for aversive auditory components. • Overall, physiological responses to the visual component were less distinct.
The article considers the adequacy of machine translation in terms of linguistic norms in the target language and compliance with the corresponding stylistic genre. The relevance of the study is determined by the active implementation of artificial intelligence technologies that provide the possibility of machine translation, which contributes to the optimization of communication processes. The aim of the study is to analyze official press releases from English into the Russian language with the help of DeepL, an online translator. The research material included 2024 governmental information materials – press statements, media notes, special briefings, and notices to the press – a total of 35,000 words. The research methods included definitional analysis, establishing the correspondence of the target language to the source language in terms of equivalence and adequacy, semantic-contextual analysis. As a result, multiple cases of word-by-word translation, violations of Russian linguistic norms in stylistics, lexical combinatorics, and syntax were identified. Stylistic inconsistences occur due to word-for-word translation and insufficient analysis of the surrounding context. In terms of frequency, stylistic errors are classified in the descending order: incorrect translation of abbreviations, violations of lexical combinatorics, syntagmatics and morphology. Literal translation and translation-free method are applied for translating abbreviations and lexical units lacking Russian equivalents. In order to avoid violations of stylistic norms of the Russian language, a deeper semantic analysis of the original text is required for adequate selection of terms, adverbial collocations and nominative units. The identified cases of stylistic violations indicate the need to train the translation program in the methods of holistic transformation, semantic development and complex linguistic units of the official business style. Recommendations for improving the online translator’s work include learning clichéd expressions and extended syntactic constructions peculiar to the Russian official formal style, which are much more complex than the equivalent English structures.
Interactive internet platforms allow speakers to comment on linguistic variation in utterances from around the world to which they are exposed. Digital platforms thus function not only as spaces for discussing linguistic usage but also as arenas for negotiating language norms. Participants in these discussions often adopt strongly asserted normative positions. In this context, a project developed at the University of Kiel is presented in the article. It aims to analyse such normative discourses from a comparative perspective, with the goal of highlighting the specificities of different linguistic cultures. The article draws attention to a gradual shift in the conception of linguistic norms: traditional regulatory institutions increasingly see their authority challenged by a significant portion of language users, who formulate normative claims grounded in social arguments. This shift reflects a normativisation process that is now shaped by more participatory and transnational dynamics.
This research explores the practices of Pakistani teachers in the use of internal and external modification strategies in the applications for casual leave addressed to the principals. The study is qualitative in nature and is based on a collection of authentic leave applications from two government colleges, selected through purposive sampling. The analysis is based on Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Project (CCSARP) framework, which has been modified by Economidou-Kogetsidis (2011) for written requests so that internal and external modification strategies are systematically identified. The results indicate that the internal modification of requests was more common, particularly the use of lexical and phrasal downgrader “humbly,” “kindly,” “with due respect” along with external modifiers like grounders and expressions of gratitude. The requests that teachers made showed differing degrees of mitigation which revealed varying levels of formality, deference, and in some cases, institutional hierarchy awareness. The implication of the study is that Pakistani teachers use a mix of internal and external modifications in leave applications to show politeness, respect, and pragmatic awareness of institutional norms; the study recommends focusing on pragmatic competence in teacher training programs to ensure smooth and effective communication in academic settings.
The purpose of our research is to show the types of lexical units and their interconnection, to distinguish five types of frame structures, which largely determine the formation of the future translator’s image of the world. Methods of the research. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: a categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling, and generalization. The empirical method is ascertaining research. The results of the research. The goal of the Methodological Support is to form students’ communicative competence; conscious positive speech behavior; mastering the norms of the modern Foreign and Ukrainian literary language; acquiring skills in operating with the terminology of a future profession; the ability to use various functional styles and substyles in the educational activities and professional use of them; forming skills in the process of communication justified use of language tools in compliance with the etiquette of professional communication; ensuring the skills of competent compilation of professional documentation. Conclusions. Depending on the type of lexical units and their interconnection, we distinguish five types of frame structures, which largely determine the formation of the future translator’s image of the world: 1) a semantic frame, in which one and the same entity, content, etc. is characterized by its quantitative, qualitative, existential, positional and temporal characteristics; 2) a transformational frame, in which several elements that are participants in a certain event are assigned roles; 3) a possessive frame, which contains the subject entities some / any, which are related to each other as a whole and its part: the frame is characterized by certain semantic characteristics; the whole one consists of different parts; 4) a taxonomic or identification frame represents a separate categorization of relationships; 5) a comparative frame, which illustrates the similarity relations, which are based on the convergence of concepts in a paradigm of human perception.
This paper introduces our project for developing Asian Language Treebank (ALT).The ALT project aims to advance the state-of-the-art Asian natural language processing (NLP) techniques through the open collaboration for developing and using ALT.The project is a joint effort of six institutes for making a parallel treebank for seven languages: English, Indonesian, Japanese, Khmer, Malay, Myanmar, and Vietnamese.The process of building ALT began with sampling about 20,000 sentences from English Wikinews, and then these sentences were translated into the other six languages.ALT will have word segmentation, part-of-speech tags, syntactic analysis annotations, together with word alignment links among these languages.
The article analyses the phenomenon of linguistic deviations in online communication, including both linguistic errors and deliberate innovations. It presents the characteristics of the language in the digital space, drawing attention to the speed of communication, user anonymity and the use of abbreviations, neologisms and emoticons. The analysis of online comments revealed the most common deviations from the norm, including starting sentences with a lowercase letter, omitting or using punctuation in a non-standard way, spelling mistakes, and pleonasms. The potential causes of these phenomena were discussed, as well as their possible effects, including permanent changes in the perception of linguistic norms and the development of new forms of communication. The role of education, social campaigns and self-education in maintaining a balance between the innovation and creativity of social media users and the care for linguistic correctness were emphasised.
A collection of trained models for syntactic parsing of Latin. The models have been trained using UDPipe 1.2 (Straka et al., 2016) and Stanza (Qi et al., 2020) on the harmonized version of the Latin treebanks available in Universal Dependencies (UD) version 2.10, as described in Gamba and Zeman (2023a,b).
The article is devoted to the manifestation, formation, ways of mastering and theoretical basis of free word combinations in English as a free field in the science of linguistics. One of the main communicative goals of foreign language acquisition and its teaching in higher education institution is to adopt the regularities of such word combinations and to instill lexical speaking habits to learners. Mastering the norms of combining words in linguistics with each other is of great importance and one of the most important and difficult factors in learning different foreign languages. Keywords: word combinations, syntax, free and fixed combinations, disobedience and subordination connections
This study aims to describe and analyze various forms of lexical errors found in the observation report texts in Indonesian language textbooks for eighth-grade junior high school students, as well as identify inappropriate diction based on categories such as connotative, denotative, formal, informal, general, specific, and borrowed foreign words. The research utilized a qualitative descriptive linguistic analysis of three authentic and representative observation report texts. The findings indicate numerous lexical errors, including the use of foreign terms without equivalents, redundant synonyms, and words inappropriate for formal or scientific contexts. These errors potentially reduce communication effectiveness, disrupt message clarity, and affect language correctness within the texts. If left uncorrected, such errors may cause ambiguities and hinder students’ comprehension of the reports objectively and accurately. Suggested corrections include selecting precise, specific words aligned with Indonesian language norms and employing neutral, objective language to facilitate student understanding and strengthen the educational value of the textbook. These findings provide valuable references for developing quality teaching materials and enhancing teachers’ and authors’ competencies in crafting effective, standards-compliant texts. This research is expected to offer practical and theoretical benefits, ultimately improving the overall language learning process in educational settings.
Abstract Treebanks (parsed corpora) play an important role in linguistic research, but creating high-quality parses can be very labor-intensive. This paper discusses the prospects of creating such parses in the context of New Englishes and what kinds of research insights parses can deliver. We present Singapore English as a case study. We suggest that despite the many contact-derived lexical and grammatical properties of Singapore English, it is quite feasible to apply an off-the-shelf American English parser to generate parses of Singapore English. In addition, we present an exploratory analysis of noun phrases in a Singapore English treebank, to illustrate the potential of parses and treebanks in research on World Englishes.
This article examines the names of days of the week (панядзелак, etc.) in the pages of the second Belarusian-language newspaper „Nasza Niwa” („Naša Niwa”), published in Vilna (Vilnius) in 1906–1915 (from December 1906 to January 1913 it was the only Belarusian-language newspaper in the world). The article focuses in particular on the first year of publication of this newspaper. Materials from the subsequent years of publication of this newspaper are also used for comparison. This data is compared with dialect materials from the second half of the 19th – early 21st centuries and with dictionaries of the modern Belarusian literary language. The article uses data from Polish, Old Russian, Church Slavonic, and other languages for diachronic and areal analysis. The aim of the article is to compare all lexical units that functioned in „Nasza Niwa” and in dialects in order to determine which forms were appropriate for the literary language of the early 20th century and what application they have in contemporary literary Belarusian. The issues raised in the article have not yet been considered in scholarly work. This study uses the following research methods: linguistic description, the retrospective method (in reconstructing vocabulary from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries), the statistical method (in analyzing extensive material from newspapers), etc. Based on the analyzed material, this article concludes that, in general, the names of the days of the week in the Belarusian literary language of the early 20th century coincide with the norm of the early 21st century, despite the fact that, both in „Nasza Niwa” and in the dialects, there were variants of the names of the II (аўторак – уторак), IV (чацвер – чэцвер) and V (пятніца – пяток) days of the week. On the other hand, the variants of the name of the VI (субота) day of the week – сыбота, сабота – present in the dialects were not found in the pages of „Nasza Niwa” or in academic dictionaries of the early 21st century.
The article critically analyses the methodological practices of studying the lexicographic stratification of economic terms in English-Ukrainian translation dictionaries. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the effectiveness of the key methods and techniques used in these methodological practices, in particular, the structural method and its technique, namely component analysis, as well as the functional method. The importance of quantitative and statistical methods is emphasized in such studies to determine the frequency of use of terms, which allows establishing the regularities of their functioning in texts of professional languages. The study also underscores the expediency of using the methods of unification, normalisation and cluster analysis, which contribute to the process of standardisation of industry terminology. The role of translation dictionaries for terminological practices is explored, with an emphasis on the importance of reflecting in them the ways of adapting authentic terms to the norms of the target language and the peculiarities of sectoral terminology, especially economic terminology. Preliminary assumptions suggest that the existing methodological practices do not have clear criteria for stratifying the terms of professional languages, which impacts the quality of the compiled lexicographic resources of the translation type. The proposed methodology includes four stages. The first stage involves the systematisation of terms according to the criteria of abstraction, scale, research object and sectoral differentiation. This makes it possible to classify terms depending on their level of generality and scope. At the second stage, the structural method is used to analyse the internal organisation of terms, including their phonetic, morphological, syntactic and lexical aspects. The third stage focuses on the semantic analysis of foreign language terms using distributional analysis to account for contextual differences. The fourth stage involves quantitative and statistical analysis using Zipf’s law to determine the frequency of terms. This helps to create frequency dictionaries that optimise the translation and adaptation of terminology. The developed methodology has the potential for further development of terminological translation lexicography and optimisation of interlingual professional communication processes.
The relevance of the study is determined by the need for a comprehensive description of the stylistic variability of Canadian French, which is shaped by bilingualism, regional differentiation, and active contact processes with the English language. The aim of the study was to establish the functional, structural, and sociolinguistic parameters of diaphasic registers that define the contemporary French-speaking space in Canada. The research methodology was based on a qualitative analysis of public, media, and institutional texts representing different registers, as well as on a structural-functional approach to their comparison. The analysis covered four main stylistic levels of Canadian French: formal (institutionnel), neutral (courant), colloquial (familier), and joual as a separate diaphasic-diatopic variety. Their functional interaction, coexistence in a single communicative space, and specific differentiation, manifested at the level of vocabulary, phonetics, syntax, and pragmatic characteristics of French Canadians’ speech, were established. The study includes a description of the lexical, syntactic, phonetic, and pragmatic properties of registers and the peculiarities of their contextual functioning. The results demonstrate that the formal register ensures the stability and normativity of institutional communication; the neutral register acts as an interregional mediator, combining standardization with Canadian markers; the colloquial register is characterized by phonetic reductions, pragmatic particles, and a high frequency of Anglicisms; joual functions as a local cultural-identity variety with its own lexical-phonetic complex. The study shows that diaphasic variation in French-speaking Canada is a key mechanism for the formation of linguistic identity and reflects the complex interaction of social, regional, and contact factors. The results obtained are of practical importance for the further description of the Canadian French norm, the development of resources for teaching French as a second language, the compilation of regional corpora, and the conduct of comparative sociolinguistic studies.
This article presents a contrastive analysis of lexical variation in spoken French across three major Francophone regions of Europe – France, Belgium, and Switzerland. The study focuses on identifying and interpreting lexical items used in everyday communication, with particular attention to variation shaped by regional, social, and cultural factors. The analysis centers on examples of common vocabulary, such as terms for mobile phones, money-related expressions and words reflecting elements of local material culture. These lexical units are examined in terms of their use in colloquial, often familiar or substandard registers, as well as their role in constructing speakers’ identities and sense of belonging to a particular community. The methodology is based on a comparative approach to linguistic phenomena observed in various sociocultural contexts. This enables the identification of both shared traits (such as widely circulated borrowings and cross-regional Francophone influences) and region-specific innovations (including preserved archaisms and spontaneous neologisms). In addition to the analysis of authentic linguistic data, the study draws on a secondary corpus, including research in Francophone sociolinguistics and dialectology, reports by Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), and studies on language policy in Belgium, Switzerland, and France. The findings suggest that lexical variation should not be seen as a threat to linguistic norms but rather as evidence of vitality of the French language and its adaptability to communicative needs. These differences serve not only as markers of regional identity but also as indicators of social positioning, communicative strategy, and group affiliation. Thus, the lexical diversity observed within European Francophonie highlights the functional richness of French and its capacity to maintain internal cohesion amid a plurality of speech practices.
Tokenizer, POS Tagger, Lemmatizer, and Parser model based on the PDT-C 2.0 treebank (http://hdl.handle.net/11234/1-5813). The model documentation including performance can be found at https://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/udpipe/2/models#czech_pdtc2.0_model. To use these models, you need UDPipe version 2.1, which you can download from https://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/udpipe/2.
The study aims to determine the specific features of the representation of conceptual metaphors of death in Russian translations of Dylan Thomas’s poetry, in comparison with the poetic and philosophical content of the original texts. The research focuses on the verbalization methods of metaphorical images related to the theme of death and the analysis of poetic devices used by translators to preserve the semantic depth and emotional impact of the original. The scientific novelty of the research lies in establishing the characteristic strategies for conveying the conceptual metaphors of death in poetic translations of D. Thomas’s works into Russian and identifying the specifics of lexical-semantic and rhythmic-intonational transformations. The Russian versions of the poems “And death shall have no dominion” and “Do not go gentle into that good night”, translated by V. Betaki and M. Koreneva, were selected as research material. The analysis revealed that key metaphors and images related to the theme of death undergo semantic and stylistic transformations in the translations, due to both the individual interpretation of the translators and the peculiarities of the target language culture. The translations that successfully combine the preservation of the original conceptual metaphor with its adaptation to the poetic norms of the Russian language demonstrate the greatest semantic accuracy and poetic expressiveness.
Tabiiy tilni qayta ishlashda (NLP) parsing, treebank usullari gaplarning sintaktik tahlili, gaplardagi birliklarning sintaktik aloqalari va gap tuzilmasini belgilash bilan shug‘ullanadi. O‘zbek tili morfoanalizatorida 35 000 ta turli uzunlikdagi gaplar POS teglangan bo‘lib, keyingi bosqich esa o‘zbek tilida sintaktik teglash tizimini ishlab chiqish, teglarni taklif etish hisoblanadi. Maqolada o‘zbek tilida sintaktik parsing masalasi, gap bo‘laklarini aniqlash modellari va o‘zbek tili matnlarini dependency parsing qilish muammolari, sintaktik teglar masalasi tadqiq qilindi. O‘zbek tilida sintaktik parsing va treebank masalasi boshqa agglyutinativ tillar bilan solishtirilgan holda tahlil qilindi.
Abstract Combining research in developmental sociolinguistics and L1 acquisition, this study explores how caregivers may orient children towards (socio)linguistic norms through parental feedback. Based on self-recorded family interactions in the Belgian-Dutch setting, it applies a top-down quantitative perspective to examine feedback on non-conventional versus non-standard language use, alongside a bottom-up qualitative perspective highlighting factors that influence parental feedback occurrence. Findings reveal limited feedback on children’s non-standard language use, with participation frameworks and multiactivity contexts emerging as possible constraints. The combined approach also foregrounds possible tensions between researcher categorisations and participants’ perspectives. Overall, this study offers a first step in bridging research on parental feedback and sociolinguistic variation, identifying patterns that merit further investigation.
Language is a reflection of cultural identity. Linguistic norms imposed by dominant cultures denigrate Chicanos’ way of speaking. As a result, these norms convey the inferiority of Chicano cultural identities. This essay explores the ways in which these oppressive norms are conveyed and enforced and identifies the impacts of linguistic oppression. It also celebrates the marginalized dialects within her culture and advocates for resistance to linguistic assimilation.
В статье рассматриваются лексические особенности перевода Евангелия от Матфея на удмуртский язык на материале лексики рыболовного промысла. Актуальность исследования обусловлена малоизученностью лексических особенностей ранних переводов библейских текстов. В процессе отбора материала нами были обнаружены следующие лексемы, относящиеся к теме рыболовства: рыболов, лодка, сеть, невод и уда. Детальный анализ оригинального и переводных текстов показал, что каждая из них имеет свои особенности передачи значений. Это особенно ярко наблюдается в случаях перевода значений слов сеть (δίκτυον) и невод (σαγήνη) на удмуртский язык, что обусловлено диалектной принадлежностью как переводчиков, так и предполагаемых адресатов, а также отсутствием кодифицированной литературной нормы до 1930-х гг. Современный перевод, выполненный М.Г. Атамановым, является оптимальным образцом перевода лексики рыболовного промысла на удмуртский язык. The article examines the lexical features of the translated Gospels of Matthew in the Udmurt language based on the vocabulary of fishing. The relevance of the study is due to the lack of research on the lexical features of early translations of biblical texts. During the selection process, we identified the following lexemes related to fishing: fisherman, boat, net, seine, and line. A detailed analysis of the original and translated texts revealed that each of these lexemes has its own specific features in terms of conveying semantic meanings. This is especially evident in cases of translation of the meanings of the words net (δίκτυον) and seine (σαγήνη) into Udmurt, due to the dialect affiliation of both translators and intended recipients, as well as the lack of a codified literary norm before the 1930s. The modern translation made by M.G. Atamanov is an optimal example of translating fishing vocabulary into the Udmurt language.
Frequencies of occurrence for phrase and function labels in the PS treebank.
Introduction. The issues of contacting languages and cultures do not lose their significance in a modern multilingual and multicultural society. English, representing a means of global communication, is a universal means of communication, uniting representatives for whom English is a non-native language. One of the most accessible ways to obtain information about current events in the world is mass media, as they broadcast information of various kinds and provide readers and viewers with quick access to facts, documents, videos, and audio messages. Methodology and sources. Based on a comparative analysis with British English and the American English, similar and distinctive features of the Nigerian English in the English-speaking Nigerian media discourse were identified. The specific features of the English language Nigerian media discourse are examined using the example of the daily English language Nigerian online newspaper “Vanguard”. Results and discussion. In the article, the most productive types of lexical manifestations functioning in the online newspaper “Vanguard” were identified, forming the properties of the English-speaking Nigerian media discourse, in relation to the British media discourse. It has been established that the most frequent lexical manifestations in the texts of the online newspaper “Vanguard” are abbreviations and acronyms that reflect the most significant social aspects of the Nigerians’ life and represent economic, political, legal, cultural and historical aspects. It is proved that phraseological units are subject to nativization in the English-language media discourse and are part of a group of high-frequency lexical manifestations, reflecting the realities of local languages and cultures. It is noted that the unproductive types of lexical manifestations in the texts of the online newspaper “Vanguard” include borrowings. It has been established that borrowings from the French language are a characteristic feature of the English-speaking Nigerian media discourse, which is associated with the need to maintain economic relations with neighboring francophone countries. Conclusion. The results of the research work indicate that the English-speaking Nigerian media discourse has unique properties formed as a result of the interaction of British English, American English and numerous Nigerian languages and cultures. Functioning in the English-speaking Nigerian media space, English is subject to nativization, including at the lexical level. The influence of autochthonous languages and cultures dominates the norm, which results in abbreviations and phraseological units that have undergone significant transformations function in the texts and video materials of the English-speaking Nigerian media.
The article concentrates on the study of the lexicon of customary law in different subdialects of the Yakut language. Despite the vast area of Yakut language distribution, the language is characterized by its monolithic character and lack of significant dialectal differences. Dialectologists distinguish only the subdialects with some lexical and grammatical peculiarities. In this regard, the considered category of vocabulary is not characterized by great diversity. This phenomenon is connected with the archaization and withdrawal from use of the lexicon of customary law due to the inclusion of Yakut society in the field of Russian legislation. The terms borrowed from the Russian language appeared to replace native terminology. Another reason is the development of mass writing and the transition to common literary norms of the language. The largest amount of dialectal vocabulary is noted in the terminology of kinship and property, which continues to function actively. In addition, individual examples are present in such branches of customary law as criminal law, property relations, social and administrative structure. The identified vocabulary is categorized into groups of colloquialisms and semantic categories in accordance with the branches of Yakut customary law. The article attempts to analyze the etymological analysis. A significant number of words are borrowings from the Russian language. The considered lexical units are formed as a result of semantic shift, phonetic adaptation of Russisms. In the field of criminal law, many lexemes are represented by euphemisms that emerged in order to express taboo concepts.
The article offers a comprehensive comparative analysis of the semantic and pragmatic characteristics of conflictogenic phraseology in Ukrainian and English, functioning within conflict discourse. The study is based on empirical material and demonstrates that phraseological units play a key role in verbalising various types of conflict situations, as they encode behavioural models, cultural perceptions of acceptable and unacceptable confrontation, and the ways in which the actions of interaction participants are evaluated. The article argues that the conflictogenic potential of idioms is determined by their ability to describe, intensify, or interpret different forms of conflict – verbal, physical, psychological, or hybrid. Based on the systematisation of Ukrainian and English phraseological material, four symmetrical lexical-semantic fields are identified: “Verbal conflict”, “Physical conflict”, “Hybrid conflict”, and “Conflict context”. Each field exhibits its own structural organisation, metaphorical foundations, and pragmatic functions. The study shows that Ukrainian phraseology predominantly actualises conflict occurring “here and now”, emphasising the dynamics of quarrelling, emotional tension, and the aggressor’s actions. A significant proportion of the units represents small-scale domestic or situational altercations, as well as combinations of verbal and physical aggression. In contrast, English phraseology more commonly denotes large-scale or intense confrontations, including those with force-based imagery, and is distinguished by the presence of stable expressions that signal the mitigation or resolution of a dispute – patterns not observed in the Ukrainian material. Within the field of “Hybrid conflict”, idioms are identified that combine physical, psychological, and communicative mechanisms of pressure. The “Conflict context” field demonstrates the greatest culturally conditioned asymmetry between the two languages: English phraseology actively encodes avoidance strategies, manipulative schemes, or observer roles, whereas the Ukrainian system more often reflects pre-conflict and post-conflict states, as well as expressions that support or encourage aggressive behaviour. Overall, the study concludes that both languages possess a high potential for the formation of conflictogenic phraseology; however, differences in metaphorical models, the scale of the situations represented, and the pragmatic functions of idioms reflect culturally specific cognitive and communicative norms. The research underscores the importance of incorporating phraseological resources into the analysis of conflict communication and outlines prospects for further classification of idioms into more fine-grained lexical-semantic groups, taking into account authentic contexts of use.
This article examines the pragmatic functions of intensifiers in English and Uzbek media texts, focusing on how lexical and phraseological means are used to strengthen meaning, guide interpretation, and influence audience perception. Intensifiers such as scalar adverbs, extreme adjectives, reduplication, evaluative expressions, and emotionally loaded phraseological units are analyzed within their communicative contexts. The study reveals that English media typically employs controlled, graded forms of intensification to shape evaluative tone subtly, while Uzbek media relies more heavily on expressive and culturally embedded intensifiers to create emotional resonance. By comparing these patterns, the research highlights how linguistic structure, cultural norms, and media strategies determine the pragmatic roles of intensifiers in shaping stance, persuasion, dramatization, and ideological framing.
Generic nouns such as Sache and Ding pose a challenge for semantic annotation due to their referential underspecification and context-dependent meaning. Although frequently classified under categories like {artefact} or {object}, their actual referents often belong to abstract or cognitive domains, as in Der Placeboeffekt ist eines der faszinierendsten Dinge in der Welt der Medizin. Drawing on valency grammar, this study shows that these nouns activate different argument structures depending on their syntagmatic environment, reflecting semantic flexibility and combinatorial variability. Lexical databases such as GalNet or GermaNet frequently assign multiple synsets to these nouns, illustrating their ontological ambiguity. This paper examines whether large language models (LLMs) can replicate this nuanced classification. Using a gold standard corpus annotated by linguists, we implement a two-step prompting strategy —supplying LLMs with predefined semantic tags and contextual windows— to test their performance. The results underscore the limitations of current LLMs in dealing with the lexical underspecification of generic nouns, even when provided with an extended context window. These findings contribute to ongoing discussions on the automation of semantic tagging and point to meaningful ways in which AI systems can complement human expertise in natural language processing tasks.
This article explores the impact of television on children's language development and analyzes linguistic shortcomings observed in television programs. To identify the main issues, the authors conducted a large-scale survey covering all regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan and analyzed the results comprehensively. Based on the respondents' answers, the study identified the main challenges in language development and drew conclusions based on scientific approaches. The survey addressed several aspects: the influence of the language used in children's television programs on their speech development, the level of children's proficiency in the Kazakh language, the conformity of media language with linguistic norms, common language deviations in children's speech, and the amount of screen time. The findings demonstrate the need to enhance mechanisms aimed at preserving linguistic norms and fostering a generation fluent in the Kazakh language, especially in the context of growing influence from television and internet media. A total of 622 individuals participated in the survey. The sociolinguistic analysis of the collected data made it possible to track the dynamics of lexical deviations in children's language use. The study, which covered various demographic and geographical groups, revealed how social factors – particularly television dependence – affect lexical changes in children's speech. The research confirms the critical role of parents in laying the foundation of the native (Kazakh) language and highlights the significant influence of the surrounding environment, especially television, on children’s adherence to linguistic norms. The survey was conducted in Kazakh using open-ended questions, and data collection spanned three months. The article analyzes the impact of television and gadgets on children's language development and provides recommendations for implementing public initiatives in the cultural and linguistic direction.
Information on the relationship between facial thermal responses and emotional state is valuable for sensing emotion. Yet, previous research has typically relied on linear methods of analysis based on regions of interest (ROIs), which may overlook nonlinear pixel-wise information across the face. To address this limitation, we investigated the use of machine learning (ML) for pixel-level analysis of facial thermal images to estimate dynamic emotional arousal ratings. We collected facial thermal data from 20 participants who viewed five emotion-eliciting films and assessed their dynamic emotional self-reports. Our ML models, including random forest regression, support vector regression, ResNet-18, and ResNet-34, consistently demonstrated superior estimation performance compared to traditional simple or multiple linear regression models for the ROIs. To interpret the nonlinear relationships between facial temperature changes and arousal, saliency maps and integrated gradients were used for the ResNet-34 model. The results show nonlinear associations of arousal ratings in nose = tip, forehead, and cheek temperature changes. These findings imply that ML-based analysis of facial thermal images can estimate emotional arousal more effectively, pointing to potential applications of non-invasive emotion sensing for mental health, education, and human-computer interaction.
The article is devoted to the process of acquisition of a linguistic norm. This newly introduced notion is verified empirically in the scope of contemporary Polish – its partial norms: vocabulary and lexical norms. Conclusions arising from analyses of the material of spoken Polish and from the so-called ‘youngest Polish’ in comparison with data contained in studies on general Polish show that the phenomenon of acquisition of the linguistic norm occurs. Questions have also been posed, which have so far remained unanswered scientifically, concerning the limits of acquisition in terms of the age of the persons acquiring it, as well as the acquisition of other partial language norms. I also postulate a new ontology of normative competence to complement the dual arrangement of linguistic competence and communicative competence.
BACKGROUND: Color plays a pivotal role in visual perception, shaping emotions, attention, and cognition, particularly in art-related contexts. However, the influence of artistic training on color perception and neural processing remains poorly understood. METHODS: This study examined differences in color perception between art and non-art groups using behavioral ratings and EEG data. Forty-four participants (22 art majors: 21.82 ± 1.56 years old; 22 non-art majors: 20.73 ± 1.67 years old) with an equal gender ratio were recruited. Participants completed color perception tasks involving cool, warm, and neutral hues while EEG data were recorded with a 65-electrode system. Behavioral ratings and ERP components (P2 and P3) were analyzed, supplemented by decoding analysis to uncover neural processing patterns. RESULTS: Behavioral data indicated that warm hues elicited higher emotional valence ratings than cool and neutral hues for both groups. EEG analysis revealed that warm and cool hues evoked larger P3 amplitudes compared to neutral hues. A group-hue interaction was observed in the P2 component, with the non-art group showing greater variability in P2 amplitudes across hues. Decoding analysis provided further evidence of distinct neural processing differences between the two groups. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that color perception differs between art and non-art groups, particularly in the neural processing of the P2 component. Warm and cool hues elicit stronger emotional and attentional responses, highlighting distinct cognitive mechanisms influenced by artistic expertise.
Интервью продолжает тему перевода богослужения на современные языки (Вестник Свято-Филаретовского института. 2020. Вып. 36. С. 100–128). В предлагаемой публикации в первую очередь затрагиваются вопросы перевода на русский язык. Сравниваются возможные подходы к решению проблемы понимания смысла богослужения: перевод богослужения, подстрочный перевод, комментирование текста, изучение церковнославянского языка. В интервью приводятся примеры, показывающие, что трудности в понимании богослужения связаны не только с незнанием церковнославянского языка, но и с особенностями перевода оригинального греческого богослужения на церковнославянский язык, с библейской образностью богослужебных текстов. Перевод в наибольшей степени способствует действенности молитвы. Обсуждается наиболее подходящее выражение для обозначения языка, на который совершается перевод (современный русский язык, русский литургический язык, церковнорусский язык) и влияние языка богослужебных переводов на современную языковую ситуацию. Уделяется внимание таким проблемам, как принципы перевода, выбор источников для перевода, воз- можность лексической, синтаксической, прагматической, художественной эквивалентности перевода оригинальному тексту, сохранение в переводе привычных славянизмов, влияние богословского смысла текста на выбор того или иного переводческого решения и др. Особо говорится о влиянии перевода богослужебных текстов на устроение миссии и катехизации, жизнь церковных общин, вхождение новых людей в традицию Церкви. Священник Георгий Кочетков начал переводческую деятельность с 1970-х гг. в контексте взрослой катехизации. К. А. Мозгов и П. С. Озерский — филологи, участники работы по переводу православного богослужения, ведущейся в Свято-Филаретовском институте. На сегодняшний день вышел перевод всего корпуса неизменяемых богослужебных текстов, а также канона прп. Андрея Критского, избранных песнопений Октоиха и Постной Триоди, готовится перевод Цветной Триоди. Игумен Силуан (Туманов) занимается переводческой деятельностью с 2003 г., выпустил ряд книг с переводом древних литургий и отдельных богослужебных текстов. Протоиерей Георгий Иоффе — автор поэтического перевода Псалтири и других богослужебных текстов на русский язык. Священник Максим Плякин входит в рабочую группу Издательского совета РПЦ по кодификации акафистов и выработке норм акафистного творчества. The interview continues the theme of translating of Church worship services into modern languages (The Quarterly Journal of St. Philaret’s Institute, 2020, Iss. 36, pp. 100–128). The proposed publication primarily addresses the issues of translation into Russian. It compares the possible approaches to solving the problem of understanding the meaning of the divine service: translation of the divine service, literal translation, commentary on the text, and study of the Church Slavonic language. The interview provides examples showing that the difficulties in understanding the divine service are related not only to ignorance of the Church Slavonic language, but also to the peculiarities of the translation of the original Greek divine service into Church Slavonic, and to the biblical imagery of the divine service texts. Translation contributes most to the effectiveness of prayer. The interview discusses the most appropriate expression for the language into which the translation is made (modern Russian language, Russian liturgical language, Church- Russian language) and the influence of the language of liturgical translations on the contemporary linguistic situation. Attention is paid to such problems as the principles of translation, the choice of sources for translation, the possibility of lexical, syntactic, pragmatic, artistic equivalence of the translation to the original text, the preservation of familiar Slavicisms in translation, the influence of the theological meaning of the text on the choice of a particular translation solution, and others. Special mention is made of the influence of the translation of liturgical texts on the organisation of mission and catechesis, the life of church communities, and the entry of new people into the tradition of the Church. Priest Georgy Kochetkov began translating Church worship services in the 1970s in the context of adult catechesis. К. A. Mozgov and P. S. Ozersky, professional philologists, were members of his translation group in different years. To date, the translation of the entire corpus of unchanging liturgical texts has been prepared, as well as the Canon of St. Andrew of Crete, selected hymns of the Octoechos, and the translation of the Lenten and Colored Triodion is being prepared. Hegumen Siluan (Tumanov) has been engaged in translation work since 2003, and has published a two-volume book of translations of ancient liturgies and individual liturgical texts. Archpriest George Ioffe is the author of a poetic translation of the Psalms into Russian. Priest Maxim Pliakin is a member of the working group of the Publishing Council of the Russian Orthodox Church on the codification of akathists and the development of norms for akathist creativity.
The Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, Revised (RMET-R) is a widely used measure that purports to assess theory of mind (ToM). However, the psychometric properties of the RMET-R have been called into question. To examine a wider array of the RMET-R's psychometric properties, as compared to prior studies, we recruited undergraduate students ( N = 640; 65.31 % women; M age = 20.33; SD = 4.30) from three public universities. Participants completed the RMET-R, a novel word choice familiarity task, a novel task rating each response option's description of the picture, along with emotional valence and arousal, and two self-report cognitive empathy measures. Results indicated a small positive correlation with one self-report measure of cognitive empathy, and acceptable internal consistency. Performance was related to prior familiarity of words used on the test, and a quarter of the trials had a foil word rated similarly as the target word in describing picture. Item-level analysis found that valence ratings correlated significantly with accuracy, even on the least accurate items. Results corroborate and expand published concerns about the RMET-R's psychometric properties. We propose changes to the measure, including updated stimuli and structural improvements.
This paper examines the rapid evolution of net slang and its consequential impact on Standard Mandarin, highlighting the interplay between net slang and traditional linguistic norms. The study begins by delineating three principal characteristics of net slang: multiformity, simplicity, and flexibility. Through a survey assessing Chinese attitudes towards net slang, both positive and negative viewpoints are revealed. Results indicate that while net slang can enhance communication with creative elements such as emoticons, it also risks grammatical divergence and semantic deviations. These impacts are particularly pronounced in the realm of Chinese language education, where net slang affects graphology and fosters misinterpretations. Despite these challenges, the paper advocates for a balanced approach, proposing the integration of beneficial aspects of net slang into Standard Mandarin following rigorous evaluation. Emphasizing language sustainability, the study underscores the role of educators and parents in promoting reading, thereby ensuring the harmonious coexistence of net slang and standard language while preserving linguistic integrity for future generations.
This article discusses the controversial issue of which variety of English learners and instructors should use. The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 4, Target 4.7 states that learners need knowledge to promote peace and cultural diversity. It is argued here that a broad awareness of English varieties is a way to achieve this goal, and that the use of English in online environments can contribute towards its attainment. Two surveys were carried out to investigate how attitudes to varieties of English and to non-standard linguistic norms are changing. They were sent to students of English on online courses at a Swedish university in 2018-2019 and 2019-2021, and were responded to by 100 and 92 informants, respectively. The first survey demonstrated that the informants did indeed have a less strict view of which variety of English to learn and use, while the second survey demonstrated that features such as the omission of subjects, and informal spellings such as “yeah” appear to have become standardised and acceptable in all environments. These results appear to support what has been discussed in the literature, namely, that the use of English online is leading learners to review their beliefs and adopt a less strict view of varieties and norms. Thus, it is argued that online English usage can contribute towards the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 4, Target 4.7, cultural diversity and an awareness of the multifaceted dimensions of a global language in the 21st century.
Abstract This study investigates the relationship between literature and poetry reading frequency and participants’ ratings of metaphors on key features: quality, aptness, familiarity, and comprehensibility. Using a set of Serbian poetic metaphors, we explored two main questions: how reading habits correlate with metaphor feature ratings, and whether the type of reading material (i.e., literature vs poetry) influences sensitivity to these features. The sample consisted of 140 native Serbian-speaking students from varied academic disciplines. Participants rated metaphors based on reading frequency (literature and poetry) using a 7-point Likert scale. Analysis showed that frequent readers generally gave higher overall metaphor ratings than infrequent readers, with significant differences noted particularly in familiarity and comprehensibility. Specifically, familiarity ratings yielded the most substantial differences between infrequent and frequent readers, which can indicate the influence of reading experience on the perceived recognition and understanding of metaphors. Aptness and quality ratings showed no significant differences, which suggests that familiarity and comprehensibility are more sensitive to variations in reading habits.
Acceptability judgments are one of the major tools for (psycho)linguists to assess speakers’ preferences for specific utterances in a given language, shedding light on the grammar of the language under study. However, it is well known that factors that are not related to grammaticality, such as frequency of exposure, cognitive constraints, and others, can influence the perceived acceptability of an utterance. We will use the system of wh-interrogatives in French as an example to study the impact of linguistic norms on what is considered “good” French. In three experiments, we show that adult L1 French speakers have internalized the dichotomy between variants that are considered “good French”, according to the norms, and those that are suited to more informal daily life situations. Speakers can express these differences when given the appropriate tools, but not with a unique general acceptability scale. In line with previous work, we argue that acceptability judgments are a useful task, but that they need to be refined to account for sociolinguistic factors that constrain speakers’ assessments (i.e., linguistic norms, but also speaker group and formality of the context of interaction).
The methodology for mastering English-language communication involves the consistent familiarization of higher education students with institutional discourse that arises in various areas of professional communication. When mastering the provisions of intercultural communication, special attention is paid to the formation of discursive competence in order to help students reproduce the elements of institutional discourse, know its distinctive features, features of implementation and influence. Different approaches to defining the concept of discourse and its typological features are determined, which may create difficulties when teaching interaction in English. Institutional English-language discourse involves communicating in accordance with the norms of a certain society, using an expanded communicative code. Students must master conventional, culturally conditioned, normative speech forms of English-language interaction, understand the lexical and stylistic features of status roles. Institutional discourse bears the imprint of the normative givenness of certain social relations and communications, which implies the ability to interact intellectually in various situations of status-role speech activity. The specified discourse is consistent with the anthropocentric orientation of modern linguistics, the range of interests of which includes issues that are distinguished by interdisciplinary nature and the use of practical application methods. Such important functions as performative, normative, presentational and password should be designated from the side of the teaching methodology. Of particular importance is the mastery of professional vocabulary, which reflects all the linguistic means of communication of the professional society and ensures the process of interaction between its members in accordance with certain communication parameters. Along with the basic vocabulary, the need to master basic grammatical material in the form of structural models of sentences, most often presented in a certain institutional discourse, is revealed. The communicative-activity direction in teaching English-language institutional discourse to students involves the implementation of project, game, problem-search, and other teaching methods.
Abstract This paper argues that the study of binary personal pronouns needs to move beyond European languages and the focus on third-person pronouns, and it supports this argument by presenting the problem of the Japanese linguistic norm of binarily gendered first-person pronouns. The Japanese case illustrates five ways in which this field of study should expand. First, binary pronoun studies cannot continue to neglect first-person pronouns. Second, in addition to pronoun systems, the norms of usage must be considered. Third, Japanese requires different forms of resolution for the problem of binary pronouns. Fourth, research should explore linguistic self- and other-referring expressions by examining the distinct functions of first- versus third-person pronouns. Finally, the Japanese case demonstrates that the parties directly affected by binarily gendered pronouns include girls and women as well as gender-nonconforming and trans people. Considering the Japanese case thus potentially contributes to expanding the field in five important ways.
This article is devoted to the study of the nomination process for urban landscape elements. The purpose of the study is to determine the types and methods of nomination of commercial objects of Ufa. This article examines the functions of ergonyms and methods of creating such nominations, implemented in the designations of commercial objects of the Ufa urban landscape. The implementation of the ethno-cultural component in the multi-ethnic communicative urban environment is studied. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the principles of creating ergonyms are considered for the first time based on the material of a multi-ethnic urban space. As a result of the study, it was established that the name of the object is motivated by the function that prevails in the author’s mind at a particular moment. The most frequent methods of forming names are revealed, among which the lexical, lexical-semantic and word-formation methods of nomination dominate. Among the studied principles, a group of names motivated by the principle of compliance with Islamic laws and norms is highlighted, which emphasizes the ethnic and cultural diversity of the linguistic appearance of the capital city. The study revealed that the ethnonym “bashkort”, the toponyms “Ufa” and “Bashkortostan” are widely represented in the city language, characterizing it as a regional component with a distinct cultural and linguistic identity.
Background and aims: Despite a previously reported connection between compulsive sexual behaviors (CSB), such as problematic pornography use, and heightened cue-reactivity, empirical evidence of the alteration of processes responsible for increased salience attribution to erotic cues remains sparse. Drawing on similarities with addiction models, this study explores the neuronal mechanisms of CSB through the use of appetitive conditioning and extinction with erotic and monetary rewards. Methods: Thirty-two heterosexual males struggling with CSB (age: 28.9 ± 7.1), and 31 healthy matched participants (age: 27.8 ± 5.6) underwent active appetitive conditioning and extinction tasks in fMRI. The effects of conditioning and extinction towards cues of erotic and monetary rewards were measured via self-assessment (valence and arousal rating towards cues), behavior (reaction times), and brain reactivity. Results: In conditioning, subjective ratings increased, and reaction times were faster for both erotic and monetary cues among participants with CSB, along with altered activity in ventral striatum (vStr), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), and anterior orbitofrontal cortex (aOFC). In extinction, self-assessment ratings remained elevated in the CSB group for both cues in a non-reward-specific fashion, accompanied by altered activity of dACC and vStr. Discussion and conclusions: These findings suggest enhanced incentive salience attribution to conditioned cues, highlighting a generalized motivational and value-related transfer from rewards to the cues in participants with CSB. Additionally, despite the absence of rewards, the persistence of arousal and valence towards cues underscored the maladaptive extinction process. These insights advance the understanding of CSB's neurobiological underpinnings and its relation to addiction frameworks.
We address the challenge of syntactic parsing for Urdu, a morphologically rich language, and present state-of-the-art results for both constituency and dependency parsing. This paper offers four major contributions: 1) the conversion of the CLE-UTB phrase structure treebank into a dependency treebank by developing language-specific head-word and phrase-to-dependency label mapping rules; 2) a novel sequence labeling scheme that transforms the parsing task into a unified representation; 3) the training of contextualized word representations on a large 220 million tokens Urdu corpus collected from the web; and 4) development of parsing framework using two learning paradigms, single-task and multi-task learning. Several post-processing rules are applied to improve the quality of the automatically converted dependency structure treebank. The proposed sequence labeling scheme enables the use of a shared architecture that learns the syntactic structures from both grammatical structures simultaneously and hence improves generalization. Experiments show that the multi-task learning setup significantly enhances parsing performance, achieving an F1 score of 91.39 for constituency parsing (an improvement of 3.29 points) and a labeled attachment score of 85.69 for dependency parsing (an improvement of 1.49 points). These results demonstrate that learning cross-task representations provides measurable benefits and advances the state of syntactic parsing for Urdu.