Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
Affective inertia – the extent to which changes in one’s affective state persist over time – isan important feature of affect dynamics. It is often examined using experience sampling studies thatcapture momentary affect multiple times per day for multiple consecutive days. Intensity profiledrawings were recently introduced as a continuous measure of affect in everyday life. While addingcontinuous intensity profile drawings to discrete, momentary affect ratings offers detailed insightsinto temporal affect trajectories in between beeps, it is not clear how a meaningful and informativemeasure of affect dynamics like inertia can be derived from it. In a secondary analysis, we comparedseveral operationalisations of affective inertia on two criteria: (1) how stable these estimates areover time, and (2) how effectively they capture individual differences that relate to depressionbeyond what can be explained by momentary affect ratings. Drawing-based estimates weregenerally more stable than those based on beeps but still failed to reach acceptable split-halfcorrelations. Moreover, they did not robustly explain additional variance in depressive symptomsbeyond beep-based metrics. Together, our results do not support the incremental validity ofintensity profile drawings compared to momentary assessments of affect in capturing affectiveinertia and its relationship with depression.
This study examines the discursive strategies employed by Professor Kwesi Yankah in his "Occasional Kwatriot Kwesi Yankah Writes" commentaries, using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) grounded in van Dijk’s sociocognitive approach. Drawing on a qualitative methodology, the study analyses 20 commentaries published in 2024, with a special focus on Yankah’s integration of his unique writing style to critique societal norms and ideologies. The data reveal high lexical densities (75.80%–83.08%), emphasising Yankah’s content-rich discourse. Through the socio-cognitive framework, the research explores how Yankah’s columns negotiate language, cognition, and societal structures to construct ideological positions. Findings indicate his adept use of satire and anecdotes that blend local linguistic expressions (orature) with formal rhetoric to engage diverse audiences. Notable strategies include vivid imagery, intertextual references to Ghanaian music and folklore, metaphor, hyperbole and irony that transition seamlessly from anecdotal narratives to socio-political critiques. The study highlights Yankah’s ability to provoke critical reflection, challenge entrenched ideologies, and foster dialogue on social justice and political accountability. By decoding these discursive strategies, this research contributes to understanding how language mediates cultural identities to offer an understanding of the role of media discourse in shaping public opinion and advocating for social reform.
Many factors influence the language environment in preschool, for example, the language background and competence of the teachers, children's ages, language proficiency levels and language backgrounds, the access to play and learning materials and the composition of preschool groups. There is a lack of knowledge on how various aspects of the interactive language environment in preschool relate to children’s language use and language learning. The present thesis includes studies on various aspects of teachers’ and children’s interactional practices. The aim of the thesis is to highlight variation in reschoolers’ and teachers’ interaction and language use in monolingual and multilingual preschools in Sweden. The following research questions have guided the analysis: What characterizes children's and teachers’ verbal and embodied interaction and language use in preschools with monolingual and multilingual children? How do teachers’ and children’s interaction and language use contribute to the preschool language environment, and what does this signify for multilingual children's opportunities to acquire the language of education? The study builds on video ethnographic data. Teachers and children from eight preschool units situated in both high SES monolingual areas and low SES multilingual areas participate. Data was collected during nine months, and each group of teachers and children were video recorded during ordinary preschool activities such as play, mealtimes, teaching and storybook-reading. The video recorded data was transcribed and analyzed drawing on Conversation Analysis. As a complement to the video data, the participating children’s language production and language comprehension were assessed using The New Reynell Developmental Language Scales (Swedish version) and nonsense words. For paper 3 and 4, the transcriptions were also analyzed linguistically regarding word types, word tokens and decontextualized turns. The findings show that children use code-switching and crossing as interactional resources. Children are multilingual policy agents who create their own social and linguistic norms through multilingual practices, and they sometimes choose an alternative language as lingua franca in preschool (in this case English). Children’s play in both areas are characterized by interaction, joy, community, and joint attention, which create rich and stimulating social environments. However, children’s use of vocabulary differs between the areas, including both qualitative aspects (e.g. the use of decontextualized turns), and quantitative aspects (e.g. word types used). The vocabulary which children expose each other to during peer play talk is shaped and conditioned by their knowledge of the preschool lingua franca, in this case Swedish. L2 children in the multilingual preschools lack access to play with L1 speakers of the language of education, and their peer play talk is restricted by a joint low proficiency in Swedish. L1 children in monolingual preschools lack access to play with multilingual peer models. When children are allowed to take initiatives and act on their topics of interest during language teaching sessions, opportunities for concept development, abstract thinking, and cooperation arise. The preschool language teaching practices need to be dynamic and flexible in relation to children’s language backgrounds and their use of various language resources. A challenge arises when teachers and children have limited access to a lingua franca during language teaching. However, it is the role of the teacher to use a rich and varied language and to act responsively, and both follow and extend children’s contributions. Teacher's use of SSS might contribute to a language conducive context for children with special needs, but there is a risk that teachers’ focus on performance of SSS might constrain their responsivity. Teachers’ use of SSS therefore needs to be related to fundamental aspects of high-quality language interaction. The study concludes that children make strategic choices regarding which language to use in different contexts. All children have the right to participate, not only in socially rich and engaging play, but also in language conducive play where they can use and develop the curricular target languages. Teachers need to verbally support and enrich the play of children who are unable to act as sources of rich input to each other. Such support includes the use of a rich and diverse lexicon, advanced grammar and decontextualized language. Training preschool teachers how to improve their responsively oriented interactions with children might be a productive way of promoting the language learning environment of both monolingual and multilingual preschools.
This paper introduces foundational resources and models for natural language processing (NLP) of historical Turkish, a domain that has remained underexplored in computational linguistics. We present the first named entity recognition (NER) dataset, HisTR, and the first Universal Dependencies treebank, OTA-BOUN, for a historical form of the Turkish language along with transformer-based models trained using these datasets for named entity recognition, dependency parsing, and part-of-speech tagging tasks. Furthermore, we introduce the Ottoman Text Corpus (OTC), a clean corpus of transliterated historical Turkish texts that spans a wide range of historical periods. Our experimental results demonstrate prominent improvements in the computational analysis of historical Turkish, achieving strong performance on tasks that require understanding of historical linguistic structures -- specifically, 90.29% F1 in named entity recognition, 73.79% LAS for dependency parsing, and 94.98% F1 for part-of-speech tagging. They also highlight existing challenges, such as domain adaptation and language variations between time periods. All the resources and models presented are available at https://hf.co/bucolin to serve as a benchmark for future progress in historical Turkish NLP.
Mastery of legal language is essential for aspiring legal professionals, and this process of linguistic socialization begins in law school. While much research has focused on lectures and doctrinal content, less attention has been paid to how law students acquire legal language norms through interactive settings. This study examines how academic tutors at a Dutch law school contribute to students’ language socialization during small-group tutorial sessions. Drawing on participant observations and semi-structured interviews, the analysis reveals how tutors correct or reinforce students’ language use, and how these correction practices reflect differing language ideologies – ranging from the valorization of traditional legal terminology to the acceptance of more accessible alternatives. These practices shape not only students’ understanding of legal concepts but also their acquisition of linguistic capital and sense of professional identity. The study highlights how language norms are reproduced or challenged in early legal education and considers the implications of this for inclusion and access within the legal profession. The study contributes to broader discussions about legal language ideology, including the accessibility concerns raised by the plain language movement.
The article explores irony as a complex linguistic and pragmatic phenomenon that plays a significant role in creating satirical effect within the sketch genre. The object of analysis is the sketch «Les Flics» by French comedian Coluche, in which irony functions as a tool of social critique, particularly through the ridicule of flaws within the institution of police. The study identifies the main linguistic, stylistic, and pragmatic means used to construct irony. It demonstrates that the central communicative strategy shaping the critical attitude toward the police system is the deliberate provocation of the audience and the emphasis on the absurdity of the depicted social conditions. The comic effect arises from the contrast between socially expected norms of behavior (including verbal conduct) and the reality represented by the narrator-character. Stylistic devices such as antiphrasis, metaphor, metonymy, grotesque, and sarcasm, along with linguistic features such as colloquial register, slang, and violations of linguistic norms, are shown to contribute to the portrayal of deep linguistic and social deviation in the police character. The article draws on contemporary linguistic theories, including pragmatics, speech act theory, polyphony theory, and relevance theory. It concludes that irony in the sketch is both staged and situational, with the comic effect emerging from the conflict between expectation and reality. Special attention is given to implicature, polyphonic structure of the utterance, and the satirical function of the narrator. The study shows that irony not only enhances the aesthetic dimension of the text but also performs a socially critical function by shaping a discourse of resistance. Future research directions include the analysis of other Coluche sketches in the context of linguistic critique of society.
We examine how the elements that introduce relative clauses, namely relative complementizers and relative pronouns, evolve over the history of Icelandic using the phrase structure analysis of the IcePaHC treebank.The rate of these elements changes over time and, in the case of relative pronouns, is subject to effects of genre and the type of gap in the relative clause in question.Our paper is a digital humanities study of historical linguistics which would not be possible without a parsed corpus that spans all centuries involved in the change.We relate our findings to studies on the Constant Rate Effect by analyzing these effects in detail.
Lexical Semantic Change (LSC) provides insight into cultural and social dynamics. Yet, the validity of methods for measuring different kinds of LSC remains unestablished due to the absence of historical benchmark datasets. To address this gap, we propose LSC-Eval, a novel three-stage general-purpose evaluation framework to: (1) develop a scalable methodology for generating synthetic datasets that simulate theory-driven LSC using In-Context Learning and a lexical database; (2) use these datasets to evaluate the sensitivity of computational methods to synthetic change; and (3) assess their suitability for detecting change in specific dimensions and domains. We apply LSC-Eval to simulate changes along the Sentiment, Intensity, and Breadth (SIB) dimensions, as defined in the SIBling framework, using examples from psychology. We then evaluate the ability of selected methods to detect these controlled interventions. Our findings validate the use of synthetic benchmarks, demonstrate that tailored methods effectively detect changes along SIB dimensions, and reveal that a state-of-the-art LSC model faces challenges in detecting affective dimensions of LSC. LSC-Eval offers a valuable tool for dimension- and domain-specific benchmarking of LSC methods, with particular relevance to the social sciences.
Introduction: the article presents a comprehensive analysis of the lexical-semantic field of the word atәm ‘bad’ in the Khanty language. It is considered its compatibility with various classes of nouns, dialect variations (Kazym, Shuryshkar, Ural, Surgut dialects), as well as phraseological and cultural connotations. Particular attention is paid to the role of the lexeme atәm in the formation of a negative assessment in the Khanty language picture of the world. Objective: to identify the structure and composition of the lexical-semantic field of the word atәm ‘bad’ in the Khanty language, establishing its semantic connections and features of use in the dialects of the Khanty language. Research materials: the empirical basis of the study was the card index composed of examples of bilingual dictionaries in the Khanty language, folklore collections, and field materials of the author. Results and novelty of the research: the study of evaluative vocabulary in the structural and semantic aspect plays a key role in understanding the system organization of a language, since it allows us to reveal the relationship between the formal structure of language units and their axiological content. The adjective atәm ‘bad’ in the Khanty language is a universal mean of expression of negative assessment in various fields: physical condition, appearance, character, aesthetics. It reflects the cultural norms, worldview and value system of the Khanty people. The wide compatibility of this adjective describes harmful, undesirable or poor quality, it combines practical unsuitability, moral condemnation and spiritual danger. In the language picture of the world, through the word atәm, ideas about norm, good and evil, sacred and profane are expressed. Thus, the word atәm is an important element of the Khanty worldview, reflecting a synthesis of practical, ethical and spiritual assessments. The scientific novelty of the study lies in a comprehensive analysis of the word atәm ‘bad’ in the Khanty language, revealing its role as a universal cultural and worldview marker. For the first time in the structural and semantic aspect, the lexical-semantic field of the adjective atәm ‘bad’ in the dialects of the Khanty language is considered.
The Mitochondrial Stress, Brain Imaging, and Epigenetics (MiSBIE) study (Kelly et al., 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.08.006) was designed to investigate how mitochondria regulate multisystemic processes involved in resilience and disease vulnerability across the lifespan. Specifically, the study assessed emotional, cognitive, neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune functioning in both healthy individuals (n = 70) and patients with Mitochondrial Disease (MitoD) (n = 40). Participants underwent both home-based assessments reflecting normative physiological conditions, and clinic-based protocols that included fasting and non-fasting baseline measurements as well as exposure to an acute psychological stressor. This dataset and documentation pertain to the MiSBIE Stress Reactivity Subproject, which focuses on responses to the acute stressor. In this arm of the study, we aimed to examine the reactivity and recovery of key stress response systems following a simplified, 5-minute version of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST, cf. Kelly et al., 2024, for details). Study Design and Measurements: Participants provided self-report affect ratings and biofluid samples (blood and saliva) over a 2-hour time period, beginning with a baseline measurement 5 minutes before stress exposure and continuing across seven post-stressor time points (at 5, 10, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes). Various affective states (i.e., Stressed, Nervous, Angry, Calm, Relaxed, Energetic, and Worn-out) were assessed on Likert scales. From the biofluids, we analyzed hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hormones (ACTH and cortisol), and sympathetic-adreno-medullary (SAM) axis catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine), as well as other steroids produced in the mitochondria (testosterone, cortisone, corticosterone, progesterone, DHEA, and DHEAs), and other catecholamines relevant to affect regulation (serotonin and dopamine). Additionally, physiological measures included peripheral body temperature (hand, tongue, and neck) and continuously assessed breathing rate (BR), heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and electrodermal activity (EDA). At the time of data upload (Aug 2025), BR, HR, BP and EDA raw data are still undergoing technical pre-processing and will be made available for analysis later. Planned Analyses: Our main objective is to assess whether patients with mitochondrial disease (MitoD) differ from healthy controls in their emotional, hormonal, and physiological stress reactivity. To evaluate this, we will apply longitudinal mixed-effects models to model the time courses of each outcome variable. Therefore, models will include: (i) Fixed effects of interest for evaluating our research questions, i.e., main effects of Time, Group (MitoD vs. Control), and their interaction; (ii) random effects to map the study design, i.e., COVID-19 timing (i.e., pre vs. post pandemic visits), analytical batch (to map technical variance) and participant ID (to account for repeated within-subject measures), and (iii) potential fixed covariates, i.e., sex, BMI, and age. We will construct multiple candidate mixed-effects models that consistently include our hypothesis-relevant fixed effects and design-relevant random effects (i.e., Time x Group + (1|COVID19) + (1|Batch) + (1|Subject)) and vary in their inclusion of additional covariates. Model selection will be based on Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). The model with the lowest criterion values will be selected for interpretation. Distributional Properties and Special Considerations: Due to the strictly positive and typically right-skewed nature of hormonal concentration data, we anticipate using log-normal distributions (or log-transformation of outcomes) in our modeling. In addition, many biofluid markers are also subject to technical detection limits, resulting in: (i) Left-censoring (values below the lower limit of detection, LLOD); (ii) Semi-quantitative measurements (values detectable but below the lower limit of quantification, LLOQ); and (iii) Ceiling effects (values above the upper limit of quantification, ULOQ). We plan to address these properties through: (i) Tobit mixed-effects models for left-censored outcomes; (ii) Generalized rank-based models (e.g., aligned rank transform (ART) mixed-effects models) for outcome with relevant proportions of semi-quantitative data; and (iii) more complex censoring-aware modeling approaches that account for the simultaneous presence of three tiers of data quality (LLOD-censored, semi-quantitative, fully quantitative). Model adequacy will be evaluated using standard criteria such as information criteria, posterior predictive checks, and assumption diagnostics. Post-Hoc Analysis and Interpretation: Significant main or interaction effects relevant to our hypotheses will be explored through post hoc comparisons, with correction for multiple testing where appropriate. Figures will visualize the model-derived estimates on the backdrop of individual data trajectories.
Nowadays, when the importance of language culture and competent communication increases, maintaining the accuracy of the word is one of the important linguostylistic requirements. The article is devoted to the problem of paronymy, the nature of which has not yet been specifically studied in Kazakh linguistics. In the modern linguistic space, the inability to correctly use paronyms has become a common phenomenon, leading to stylistic and semantic errors not only in colloquial speech, but also in official, scientific, journalistic and artistic texts. The purpose of this research work is to clarify the nature of paronymic words in the Kazakh language, determine their meaning and stylistic nuances, as well as functional characteristics. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: to review the study of word pairs recognized as paronyms in foreign and Kazakh linguistics, analyze the semantic and stylistic features of paronyms in the Kazakh language, suggest ways of their correct use, show their similarity and difference with other similar lexical and semantic groups in our language, analyze their use in accordance with the norms of the literary language, as well as frequently encountered errors that arise due to the inability to distinguish them. As a result of the study, a review of research works was conducted, examples of paronymic pairs recognized as paronyms in our language were given, and the reasons for their incorrect use were identified. In addition, specific examples of incorrect use were given that undermine linguistic accuracy, and ways to correct them were proposed. The article analyzed the opinions of journalists and scientists M. Balakayev, R. Syzdyk, N. Shakeev and H. Nurmukhanov on the need to stabilize and clarify the meanings of such pairs of words with different meanings but similar pronunciation, which cause difficulties in our language, and presented scientifically substantiated proposals aimed at improving language culture. It was concluded that lexical units recognized as paronyms are not only the result of colloquial speech, but can be considered as a lexical-semantic group with its own characteristics and belonging to the language system. The article uses comparative, semantic-stylistic, and in some cases etymological and lexicographic methods of analysis to identify the semantic, stylistic and functional features inherent in each of the paronymic pairs.
Languages exhibit varying degrees of complexity in their gender systems. Some, like Finnish and English, convey gender distinctions solely through lexical variation (e.g., äiti–isä, mother–father, respectively), while others feature intricate agreement systems encompassing pronouns, adjectives, predicate nominatives, and verbs. Further, some languages already employ gender-neutral pronouns within their traditional linguistic norms (e.g., Finnish uses hän for ‘he,’ ‘she,’ and ‘it’) while others have had to create new pronouns (e.g., hen in Swedish) and new agreement systems (e.g., elle and the corresponding -e gender morpheme in Spanish) that exist beyond gender binaries. Relatedly, languages employing grammatical gender often use the so-called generic masculine to refer to mixed-gender groups of people, presenting issues for women who go linguistically unrepresented in such constructions which have prompted calls and attempts for reform. But where innovation towards inclusion occurs also come issues in using and teaching novel linguistic forms. This article uses the Spanish gender system and its novel inclusive forms, along with some examples from other languages, as a case study for answering two key questions that world language and second language educators must answer as they approach inclusive languages: What do I tell my nonbinary students when they ask what linguistic options they have? and How do I teach language without enforcing gender stereotypes? Recommendations include faithfulness to the morphophonology of the target language, visibilizing linguistically marginalized groups, and, above all, a willingness to engage in discussions about gender. Lastly, sample inclusive pedagogical resources for language teachers are provided.
Large language models (LLMs) have reignited debate about whether machines without minds or intentions can genuinely participate in linguistic practice. Critics portray them as ‘stochastic parrots’ that manipulate form without meaning, whereas defenders emphasize their impressive functional capacities. This paper argues that these disputes conflate distinct dimensions of meaning and agency. I extend Huw Price’s distinction between i-representation and e-representation (roughly, inferential versus environment-tracking types of representation) by differentiating physical e-representation—such as a fuel gauge, grounded in causal coupling—from symbolic e-representation, exemplified in language and mediated by agents. This refinement clarifies what is at issue: LLMs clearly display i-representational competence through their participation in inferentially structured discourse. Whether their outputs possess symbolic e-representational content, however, is contested and framework-relative. It depends on whether agent-mediated uptake is taken to suffice, or whether additional grounding conditions—such as intentions, causal connections, or proper functions—are required. I further distinguish norm-sensitivity—the capacity to track and adapt to linguistic norms, which grounds their i-representational competence—from norm-responsibility, the reflexive capacity to own commitments and bear accountability. Technical analysis of LLM architectures shows that they exhibit advanced norm-sensitivity through statistical learning but entirely lack norm-responsibility. LLMs thus occupy a distinctive position: they are genuine functional participants in linguistic practices, yet fall short of the reflexive agency characteristic of responsible speakers.
Hoarding is a mental-health problem manifested by excessively saving items irrespective of their value. One factor considered in the assessment of hoarding severity is the amount of clutter in a dwelling, usually quantified through a visual scale called the “Clutter Image Rating” (CIR). This requires a visit to an individual's home and rating clutter on the CIR scale, a time-consuming, subjective, and often non-repeatable process. To date, several methods were proposed for automatic rating of clutter from images but were evaluated on relatively narrow and unbalanced datasets. In this paper, we introduce a new 1,800-image, balanced dataset of clutter images that has been CIRrated by health professionals. We also propose a new method for rating clutter that is based on the Vision Transformer. We evaluate the proposed method against a state-of-the-art clutterrating method on two datasets via 4-fold cross-validation. We also perform two ablation studies (loss-function parametrization and data augmentation). In quantitative comparisons, we measure accuracy and accuracy within ±1 since even health and humanservice professionals admit to challenges in assigning exact CIR values. The proposed method is shown to outperform the best method to-date by 4.50-7.12% points in exact CIR matching and by 5.80-6.53% points in matching with a slack of ±1. Even more importantly, the new method achieves accuracy of over 93% with a slack of ±1 suggesting it can be a reasonable proxy for ratings by health professionals and a valuable tool in the assessment and treatment of hoarding disorder.
The article examines the Jadid legacy at the center of drama and analyzes the impact of the reform movement (religious, cultural, educational, and political directions) on literary language. The connection of Jadid dramaturgy with the traditions of stage and folk theater, its role in raising social issues, and the enrichment of theater lexicon with units carrying the semantics of modernization are shown. To systematize the lexical layer in the work, a corpus-based dictionary program consisting of explanatory, etymological, thematic, ethnographic, paremiological, and author's dictionaries is proposed. As a result, Jadid plays are evaluated as a “living document” of the language of the period and are based on the reconstruction of the history of the language and the enrichment of modern norms as a reference source.
Unlike traditional macro-power theories, Foucault's micro-power theory reveals the complex inter-constructive relationship between linguistic norms and social power structures. His assertion that "discourse is power" provides a crucial perspective for analyzing the mechanisms of power operation within linguistic practices[3]. This study employs Foucault's power theory as its analytical framework. Through an in-depth interpretation of the movie My Fair Lady, it uncovers the inherent paradox between linguistic norms and subject empowerment, thereby transcending conventional boundaries in film analysis. This approach not only offers a novel theoretical pathway for interpreting My Fair Lady but also deepens the practical significance of Foucault's power theory within cultural criticism, exposing the concealed power dynamics within linguistic practices and their dialectical shaping of subject freedom.
UD labels that are used by generated dependency treebank.
Michael Riffaterre’s semiotic theory, with its emphasis on ungrammaticality and multi-layered reading, has provided an influential model for analyzing the distinctive structure of poetic language. This study investigates the application of Riffaterre’s semiotic framework to Qur’anic interpretation, with a specific focus on Angelika Neuwirth’s intertextual readings of the Qur’an. Neuwirth views the Qur’an as a poetic and dialogical text that engages with earlier religious and cultural traditions. She employs Riffaterre’s model to reveal the text's semantic depth and internal coherence through the notions of ungrammaticality and dual signification. Using Surah al-Ikhlāṣ as a case study, this paper critically evaluates Neuwirth’s application of Riffaterre’s theory by examining her treatment of the supposed “ungrammaticality” regarding the use of the word aḥad. The paper argues that the notion of ungrammaticality in the Qur’an can be reinterpreted not as a violation of linguistic norms, but rather as a semiotic cue that signals deeper intertextual and theological meanings. Accordingly, evaluating alleged irregularities requires a contextual analysis of lexical patterns across the entire Qur’an, where usage, frequency, and semantic range reveal a consistent theological logic. By integrating insights from classical Arabic grammar, lexicography, and tafsīr with modern semiotic theory, this study reassesses the scope and limits of applying Riffaterre’s model to sacred text analysis. It concludes that while semiotic and intertextual approaches can illuminate the Qur’an’s structural and semantic complexity, they must operate within a balanced hermeneutical framework that respects the text's revelatory nature and linguistic precision. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that the intentional utilization of ungrammaticality in the Qur’an effectively serves specific theological functions.
This paper examines the rapid evolution of net slang and its consequential impact on Standard Mandarin, highlighting the interplay between net slang and traditional linguistic norms. The study begins by delineating three principal characteristics of net slang: multiformity, simplicity, and flexibility. Through a survey assessing Chinese attitudes towards net slang, both positive and negative viewpoints are revealed. Results indicate that while net slang can enhance communication with creative elements such as emoticons, it also risks grammatical divergence and semantic deviations. These impacts are particularly pronounced in the realm of Chinese language education, where net slang affects graphology and fosters misinterpretations. Despite these challenges, the paper advocates for a balanced approach, proposing the integration of beneficial aspects of net slang into Standard Mandarin following rigorous evaluation. Emphasizing language sustainability, the study underscores the role of educators and parents in promoting reading, thereby ensuring the harmonious coexistence of net slang and standard language while preserving linguistic integrity for future generations.
International audience
The drive for internationalization in higher education has accelerated over the past two decades, reshaping how universities teach, collaborate, and move knowledge across borders. Central to this transformation are not only institutional partnerships and student exchange programs, but the more subtle and powerful roles of language, literature, and culture. These elements shape how students understand the world and how universities construct global learning spaces. English has taken on the role of academic lingua franca, simplifying international communication. Yet, its dominance raises complex questions about equity, inclusion, and cultural diversity. At the same time, we’re witnessing rapid developments in artificial intelligence (AI) that promise to radically alter how we think about access, communication, and language learning in higher education. Against this backdrop, the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) has set a clear goal: by 2030, at least 20% of graduates should have studied or trained abroad (European University Association, 2023). To reach this target, we must reconsider whether English alone can carry the weight of internationalization, or whether a more multilingual, AI-supported approach is needed.
This study investigates the role of psycholinguistics in elucidating the underlying cognitive mechanisms that give rise to language learning errors in second language acquisition. Rather than viewing errors as mere deviations from target language norms, this study interprets them as manifestations of mental processes activated during language comprehension and production. Employing a qualitative documentary research design, this investigation synthesizes findings from scholarly books, journal articles, and previous empirical studies related to psycholinguistics and error analysis. The analysis reveals that lexical, grammatical, and phonological errors frequently emerge due to constraints in lexical retrieval, phonological encoding, working memory capacity, and the developmental nature of interlanguage. The findings further demonstrate that language errors follow systematic patterns shaped by interactions among first-language influence, incomplete internalization of second-language rules, and cognitive processing limitations. This study concludes that psycholinguistic perspectives offer a comprehensive and explanatory framework for understanding the mental operations that contribute to the emergence, recurrence, and potential fossilization of learner errors. These insights provide valuable implications for instructional practices that aim to address the cognitive origins of learners’ difficulties in second language development.
Social relationships are central to well-being. A subgroup of afferent nerve fibers, C-tactile (CT) afferents, are primed to respond to affective, socially relevant touch and may mitigate the effects of stress. The endocannabinoid ligand anandamide (AEA) modulates both social reward and stress. We thus hypothesized that AEA levels would be associated with the perceived pleasantness of affective touch in humans. Across two studies, we explored perceptions of affective, socially relevant touch and general affective stimuli. In study 1, adult participants (N = 101) were recruited based on presence (CM+) or absence (CM-) of documented childhood maltreatment (N = 52 CM+; N = 49 CM-). In study 2, healthy individuals were randomized to receive an inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH; PF-04457845) to increase AEA levels (n = 16) or placebo (n = 29). Outcomes included self-report ratings of touch pleasantness and intensity, valence and arousal ratings of affective images, and plasma levels of endocannabinoids AEA and 2-AG, cortisol, and oxytocin. In study 1, higher AEA levels were associated with a reduced preference for affective, CT-optimal touch. In study 2, pharmacological elevation of AEA resulted in reduced preference for affective touch. These effects were specific to social processing, as AEA levels were not related to ratings of affective images. In contrast to our hypothesis, elevated AEA was associated with reduced pleasantness ratings of CT-optimal, affective touch. This provides novel, in-human data linking AEA to social processing, adding nuance to the rationale for its use as a potential novel therapeutic target in disordered in social processing.
Decision-making in economic and moral contexts involves complex affective processes that shape judgments of fairness, responsibility, and conflict resolution. While previous studies have primarily examined behavioral choices in economic games and moral dilemmas, less is known about the underlying affective structure of these decisions. This study investigated how individuals emotionally represent economic (ultimatum game) and moral (trolley dilemma) decision-making scenarios using multidimensional scaling (MDS) and classification. Participants rated their emotional responses, including positive (pleased, calm, happy, peaceful) and negative (irritated, angry, gloomy, sad, fearful, anxious) affective states, to 16 scenarios varying by game type, the presence or absence of conflict, and intensity. MDS revealed two primary affective dimensions of distinguishing conflict from no-conflict and economic from moral scenarios. No-conflict-economic scenarios were strongly associated with positive affective responses, while the no-conflict-moral scenarios elicited heightened fear and anxiety rather than positive emotions. Increasing unfairness in the ultimatum game affected affective representation, while variations in the number of lives at stake in the trolley dilemma did not. Cross-participant classification analyses demonstrated that game type and conflict conditions could be reliably predicted from affective ratings, indicating systematic and shared emotional representations across participants. These findings suggest that economic and moral decisions evoke distinct affective structures, with fairness modulating conflict perception in economic contexts, while moral decisions remain affectively stable despite changes in intensity.
This paper examines how an Indonesian live-streamer and his audiences create a hybrid communal identity by using vulgar language and code-mixing with reference to the popular YouTube livestream @deandeankt. With the digital medium transforming the world into a global village, the streaming culture in Indonesia provides a distinct perspective into how localized linguistic practices interact with global trends in the internet. The interpretivist-constructivist paradigm applied in the current case study research was aimed at understanding the way language and interaction produced hybrid identities. It gathered linguistic and paralinguistic data of @deadndeakt’s livestream for 90 minutes with netnography and thematic analyses. According to the study, abusive swearing (e.g., "kontol [dick]", "goblok [stupid]") represents 89.3 percent of the vulgar language and serves as playful insults, which enhance group cohesion. Emphatic swearing ("Anjing! Gua kalah! [Bitch! I lost!]") and cathartic swearing (“Ngentot, mic-nya rusak! [Fuck, the microphone is broken!]”) increase the emotional involvement. Intra-sentential blends, especially code-mixing (“Brightness-nya kita bikin tiga kali [We increase the brightness threefold]”), prevails in 85 percent. Other examples combine English gaming slang (template, unarchive) with Indonesian structure and local dialects, like a Javanese swear word (“Cok [Damn]”). Pronunciations, such as BTW [read in Indonesian: be te we] are even more localized global terms. It is analyzed that the vulgar language usage assists in persona creation and building of relationships with the audience, creating a tight-knit, exclusive community in which such language represents belonging and emotional release, despite its offensiveness in the larger society. Moreover, streamers combine Indonesian and English with gaming jargon to successfully appeal to their bilingual audience, so that they could be technically accurate and still fit into the global gaming cultures. These activities form a hybrid identity, where speakers possess a strong sense of Indonesian culture but are consistent with international trends, which strengthens group exclusivity. The results draw attention to live-streaming as a contact zone in which language negotiates belonging, which disrupts strict cultural boundaries. The study highlights the sociolinguistic innovativeness of online communities and recommends future research on offline effects of these online linguistic norms and the effects of the hybrid identities and communicative practices used in live-streaming communities on daily language, social interaction, and identity formation in the real world. The authors also suggest cross-cultural comparative research to find out whether the phenomena are specific to the Indonesian situation or have they become a global trend.
This article is dedicated to the study of the reasons for the use of stylistically lower vocabulary by young people in contemporary German.Despite the presence of some works on the proposed topic, there is still no research that investigates the differential distinction between the terms "slang," "jargon," and "argot," their stylistic features, and the reasons for the use of youth jargon by young people.Previous studies have examined youth vocabulary from a linguocultural perspective or have focused on its semantic and functional characteristics.The issue of social differentiation in the lexical composition of the German language is attracting more and more attention from Germanist researchers, as social factors influence the development of every language.Language as a social phenomenon reflects interpersonal relationships, which are represented by both common vocabulary and expressive vocabulary, including sociolects (jargon, slang, and argot).Jargon is closer to literary language, differs from it by specific vocabulary and pronunciation, but it does not have its own phonetic and grammatical system.Slang is emotionally charged vocabulary of a low and familiar style, common among lower social classes and certain age groups (craftsmen, school youth) and it involves departure from the norms of literary language.Argot, unlike slang and jargon, is a "secret language," a closed subsystem of language that contains elements of code and serves narrow social interests.Socially differentiated vocabulary is used for specific communicative reasons, reflecting particular speech preferences, and serves as an expressive or euphemistic synonym for already existing literary lexical units in the language.Jargonisms, slang, and argotisms are characterized by metaphorical reinterpretation, and a large number of neologisms are found among the studied vocabulary.Linguists attribute the main reasons for the emergence of youth vocabulary to the desire of young people to distance themselves from society and language norms, as well as to express their originality and creativity.In the future, it would be useful to examine the lexicostylistic and structural features of youth vocabulary in a comparative aspect using German and Ukrainian as material.
BACKGROUND: Pregnancy and Bell's palsy both cause physical, psychological and social challenges. Incidence of Bell's palsy rises in the third trimester of pregnancy and postpartum, yet few studies have explored the lived experiences of pregnancy-associated Bell's palsy. AIM: To assess the impact of pregnancy-associated Bell's palsy on quality of life and self-perception compared to Bell's palsy unrelated to pregnancy. METHODS: This survey study used a convergent mixed methods approach. Seventeen participants were recruited from the Sydney Facial Nerve Clinic. Data collected included demographics, clinical information, open-ended responses and patient-reported outcome measures. Quality of life was measured by the Facial Disability Index and a questionnaire, while self-perception was assessed with the Mirror Gazing Cognition and Affect Rating Scale. Associations between pregnancy status and the outcome measures were analysed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Other predictors were identified using the Fisher's exact test and regression models. Thematic analysis was performed on qualitative data. RESULTS: Age was inversely associated with appearance-related distress (β=-.593, p=.025), with younger women having greater distress. No statistically significant differences in quality of life and self-perception scores were found between Bell's palsy and pregnancy-associated Bell's palsy groups. Thematic analysis identified 5 main themes: experience with healthcare, body image, impact on daily life, improving healthcare, and impact of pregnancy-associated Bell's palsy. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the functional and psychosocial challenges faced by pregnancy-associated Bell's palsy patients. Targeted treatment guidance, referral pathways and specific support for pregnancy-associated Bell's palsy are warranted to improve patient outcomes.
This study aims to describe and analyze various forms of lexical errors found in the observation report texts in Indonesian language textbooks for eighth-grade junior high school students, as well as identify inappropriate diction based on categories such as connotative, denotative, formal, informal, general, specific, and borrowed foreign words. The research utilized a qualitative descriptive linguistic analysis of three authentic and representative observation report texts. The findings indicate numerous lexical errors, including the use of foreign terms without equivalents, redundant synonyms, and words inappropriate for formal or scientific contexts. These errors potentially reduce communication effectiveness, disrupt message clarity, and affect language correctness within the texts. If left uncorrected, such errors may cause ambiguities and hinder students’ comprehension of the reports objectively and accurately. Suggested corrections include selecting precise, specific words aligned with Indonesian language norms and employing neutral, objective language to facilitate student understanding and strengthen the educational value of the textbook. These findings provide valuable references for developing quality teaching materials and enhancing teachers’ and authors’ competencies in crafting effective, standards-compliant texts. This research is expected to offer practical and theoretical benefits, ultimately improving the overall language learning process in educational settings.
Purpose Traditional blood flow restriction resistance training (BFR-Trad) is a cost-effective and time-efficient exercise modality that offers significant skeletal muscle benefits, including strength and mass gains. Despite employing low loads, BFR-Trad may not be well tolerated by all populations due to its high intensity, pain-associated muscle discomfort, low affectivity, and cardiovascular responses. Consequently, reducing BFR intensity may be an interesting approach to making traditional BFR more clinically applicable. This was approached through the proposal of the present Clinical BFR. Methods Twenty-two healthy, untrained subjects (both female and male) aged between 18 and 30 years participated. Subjects completed three sessions of unilateral knee extension exercises randomly assigned to the BFR-Trad, BFR-Clinical_c (cadenced), and BFR-Clinical_a (-autoregulated) exercise protocols. Results The BFR-Trad condition induced greater increases in perceived exertion, discomfort, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and lactate levels compared to the BFR-Clinical conditions ( p < 0.05). Muscle concentric velocity showed greater increases in the BFR-Clinical_a condition ( p < 0.001), along with higher affectivity ratings for the exercise compared to the BFR-Clinical_c and BFR-Trad conditions ( p < 0.05). Conclusion Compared to traditional BFR, clinical BFR was scored as less intense, reduced pain-associated discomfort, decreased DOMS, increased affectivity, diminished systolic blood pressure responses, decreased fatigue and muscle activation, and promoted similar glycemic responses. Altogether, our results support the potential use of clinical BFR in clinical settings.
The language of Kethoprak Wahyu Manggolo: A sociolinguistic study Kethoprak is a form of traditional Javanese theater that serves not only as entertainment but also as a medium of communication and cultural preservation. This study is motivated by the limited number of works that examine linguistic aspects in kethoprak performances, particularly from a sociolinguistic perspective. It aims to investigate language variation in performances by Kethoprak Wahyu Manggolo through a sociolinguistic approach. The analysis focuses on varieties of Javanese, such as ngoko, krama madya, and krama alus, and on how their use reflects cultural values and social relations within Javanese society. The research employs a qualitative descriptive method, using non-participatory observation of dialogue in performance videos. The findings indicate that language variation is guided not only by linguistic norms, but also functions as a symbol of social status, a vehicle for emotional expression, and a means of conveying moral values and subtle social critique. The speech styles used by characters in the performances mirror a hierarchical social structure, power relations, and the cultural identity of Javanese society. This study underscores the importance of traditional performing arts as a medium for preserving language and local cultural values. Kethoprak merupakan salah satu bentuk teater tradisional Jawa yang tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai hiburan, tetapi juga sebagai media komunikasi dan pelestarian budaya. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh belum banyaknya kajian yang menelaah aspek kebahasaan dalam pementasan kethoprak, khususnya dari sudut pandang sosiolinguistik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji variasi bahasa dalam pementasan Kethoprak Wahyu Manggolo dengan pendekatan sosiolinguistik. Fokus kajian diarahkan pada bentuk-bentuk ragam bahasa Jawa seperti ngoko, krama madya, dan krama alus, serta bagaimana penggunaan bahasa tersebut mencerminkan nilai budaya dan relasi sosial masyarakat Jawa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik observasi non-partisipatif terhadap dialog dalam video pementasan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan variasi bahasa tidak hanya mengikuti norma linguistik, tetapi juga berfungsi sebagai simbol status sosial, alat ekspresi emosi, dan sarana penyampaian nilai moral serta kritik sosial secara halus. Ragam bahasa yang digunakan tokoh-tokoh dalam pementasan mencerminkan struktur sosial yang hierarkis, relasi kekuasaan, dan identitas kultural masyarakat Jawa. Penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya seni pertunjukan tradisional sebagai media pelestarian bahasa dan nilai budaya lokal.
Introduction: High-intensity interval training promotes significant reductions in blood pressure among older adults with hypertension. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding its application in low-cost models that are feasible and scalable in everyday settings. Purpose: This pilot study was conducted to examine the feasibility and preliminary effects of an outdoor high-intensity interval training program guided by perceived exertion on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in older adults with hypertension, thereby providing evidence to guide the design and implementation of a subsequent, larger-scale clinical trial. Methods: Thirty-one participants (66±4 years; hypertension duration: 14±9 years) were randomized to a six-week intervention: Exercise group (n=18) or control (n=13). The exercise group performed three weekly outdoor sessions, progressing from four to eight 1-minute bouts at a perceived exertion of 7–8, interspersed with active recovery at 3–4. Heart rate and affective response (Feeling Scale) were monitored. The control group attended weekly health education sessions. Results: Feasibility was assessed via consent (18.6%), retention (83.3%), adherence (89%), and adverse events (11.1% reported musculoskeletal issues). Participants trained at >75% Heart rate reserve and >85%, maximum heart rate with positive affective ratings. The HIIT group showed reductions in 24-hour systolic (-3 mmHg), diastolic (-2 mmHg), and nighttime systolic BP (-5 mmHg) (p<0.05). Nighttime diastolic BP (-3 mmHg) and augmentation index (-5.6%) also decreased, though not significantly. Conclusion: In conclusion, an outdoor high-intensity interval training program based on perceived exertion is feasible for older adults with hypertension and may lead to clinically meaningful reductions in 24-hour ABP.
We use advertising billboards and posters of three mobile telecom giants to spotlight translanguaging spaces as marketing strategies in the multilingual and multicultural landscapes of Zambia (south-central Africa). We argue that telecommunications giants deploy, in their marketing discourses, an assemblage of various semiotic resources on translanguaging spaces. Consequently, we show that this occasions a breakdown of language ideologies and blurs boundaries between languages of different sociopolitical statuses, reach and appeal, much to the benefit of telecom giants who wish to grow their subscriber base. We show how the outcome of semiotic complementarity of resources in translanguaging spaces addresses multiple actors in one design by integrating linguistic resources formerly separated by different practices and places for marketing purposes. In this way, we conclude that arising from (semiotic) creativity and defiance of expected linguistic norms, the sociolinguistics of translanguaging spaces admit both amalgamated forms and full-fledged languages in unpredictable ways, enabling telecom giants to achieve their marketing objectives.
[EN] We introduce Argos, an online search engine for Greco-Latin treebanks, developed by the Greek Linguistics Group at ILC (CSIC). Argos is designed as an intuitive and efficient tool, enabling complex searches and providing results in user-friendly formats, with future plans for expansion to incorporate more features and languages. To contextualize this tool, we present a brief overview of the state of the art in treebanks, focusing particularly on those dedicated to Ancient Greek and Latin, and their search engines.
The translinguistic research paradigm contributes to the study of specific aspects of social interaction among multilingual language users. The multimodal and multisensory nature of language is manifested in language varieties including geographical, social, age or gender varieties. Human beings in the process of language contacts are very conscious of the relationship between race, nation and community on the one hand and language on the other, and the discrepancies between boundaries in linguistic structural terms and in socio-cultural and ideological terms. The object of the study is anglicisms used by the students of Don State Technical University in the media space from the point of view of highlighting their lexico-semantic characteristics and functioning. The aim of the research is to study the main trends in the use of anglicisms by students in social student networks. On the basis of the conducted online survey of 360 students of DSTU we tested hypotheses about the reasons and main trends in the use of anglicisms, the influence of students' specialization on their use in speech. The respondents' answers were divided into the following categories: 1) the most frequent anglicisms; 2) meanings of words; 3) spheres of application; 4) violation of the linguistic norm; 5) reasons for their usage; 6) prospects. We collected both quantitative and qualitative data, including surveys and observations. The results of the research indicate the tendency of frequent usage of direct borrowings and calques from English related to the sphere of “Internet” usage. Multilingual learners freely incorporate Anglicisms into their speech to overcome differences, discrepancies, inconsistencies and ambiguities in communication, manipulating them for strategic benefits when necessary. The use of anglicisms in the speech of the youth does not depend on their belonging to a professional community, with the exception of jargon and professional slang.
This article explores the theoretical foundations and practical implications of adequacy and equivalence in translation studies. Drawing upon the frameworks of prominent scholars such as Y.I. Retsker, L.S. Barkhudarov, the paper examines how different approaches define and apply the concepts of equivalence in relation to linguistic norms, functional correspondence, and communicative effect. The analysis highlights the distinction between formal, dynamic, and functional equivalence, and the roles they play in achieving accurate translation outcomes. Special attention is given to the translator’s linguistic and cultural competence and the inherent asymmetry in bilingualism, which significantly affects translation choices. Furthermore, the article discusses translation criticism as a tool for evaluating the quality and equivalence of translated texts.
Mood, an individual’s emotional state, fundamentally shapes how the brain interprets sensory input by providing a continuous affective context for prediction and evaluation. In language processing, mood may bias the interpretation of emotionally valenced words, amplifying or dampening their perceived affect. Yet, the temporal dynamics of these mood-valence interactions remain poorly understood. To clarify inconsistent evidence on the timing and nature of mood-valence interactions, we examined how induced mood influences early stages of emotional word processing using EEG. Participants performed a valence-rating task for positive, negative, and neutral words in a baseline condition and following positive or negative mood induction. Event-related potentials were analysed across early processing windows (N1, P2, EPN) using cluster-based permutation statistics. Positive mood selectively attenuated N1 amplitudes for highly valenced words, consistent with reduced prediction error under mood-congruent expectations. Later components (P2, EPN) showed decreased amplitudes for both high and neutral valence, suggesting reduced model updating under mood-congruent expectations. Negative mood, in contrast, produced weaker and temporally delayed modulations. Behaviourally, participants responded more quickly to valenced words under induced mood conditions, supporting the neural findings. Interpreted within a predictive coding framework, these results support the theoretical view that mood functions as a hyperprior, tuning the precision of predictive models during language comprehension. Positive mood appears to enhance predictive flexibility and facilitate the processing of affectively congruent words, whereas induced negative mood reduces positive affect. Taken together, the findings highlight how affective states dynamically modulate early predictive mechanisms in emotional language processing.
This article explores the critical engagement of two academics who confront lived experiences with the institutional and tangible dimensions of linguistic barriers and discrimination in the Portuguese district of Faro. Centred on the challenges posed at the border, the study fits into the wider framework of mobilities between North Africa and southern Europe, and attempts to demonstrate how language, as a form of social practice, impacts access to employment, education and society at large. Portuguese emerges as a dual entity: an institutional barrier, a form of socio-spatial control that reinforces exclusion, illustrating exclusionary processes within hierarchies and structural violence; a transnational bridge that fosters belonging and, simultaneously, a battleground where identity and self-determination face the constraints imposed by the economic, social, and political order that impact Moroccan migration to southern Portugal. The research highlights the imbrications of the undervaluation of migrants' cultural knowledge, the ambivalence of linguistic identity within a globalized world, exacerbating social exclusion, and systemic discrimination of non-privileged migrants in a polarized region shaped by social and economic asymmetries and increasingly representative nationalisms. From a systemic justice perspective, this devaluation reinforces structural inequalities, marginalizing those who do not conform to dominant linguistic norms. The national languages’ role as linguistic and cultural gatekeeper exemplifies the intersection of identity construction and socio-political hierarchies in the context of mobilities. This study, grounded in a collaborative project blending autobiography and biographical research, employs qualitative methods, including biographic interviews, ethnographic observation, and critical human rights studies.
Abstract This study investigates primary-stress placement in Nigerian L1 English (NL1E), an emerging accent of young Nigerians who acquire English as a first language, in order to account for the speakers’ stress patterns and the factors influencing them. In total, 194 lexical items were analysed, comprising 82 disyllabic words, 52 trisyllabic words and 60 morphologically complex words extracted from a passage read by 100 participants. The results reveal a blend of two stress systems — inner circle and distinctive NigE — with a slight preference for the inner-circle stress norms. Syllable weight and affix type were found to significantly influence stress placement. The findings portray NL1E stress as a hybrid system drifting towards the exonormative standard, possibly driven by the speakers’ continuous exposure to inner-circle accents through diction instruction and non-enculturation sources of learning.
Настоящее исследование посвящено комплексному анализу языковых норм в процессуальных документах с позиций юридической лингвистики и современной правоприменительной практики в контексте управления образовательными процессами. На основе междисциплинарного подхода выявлены ключевые дискурсивные особенности процессуальных документов, функционирующих в образовательной среде, и определены основные лингвистические маркеры, свидетельствующие о качестве их составления. Эмпирическую базу исследования составили 527 процессуальных документов образовательных организаций различного уровня, проанализированных с применением корпусного, семантико-стилистического, прагматического и статистического методов. По результатам исследования разработана таксономия типичных речевых дефектов в процессуальной документации образовательных учреждений, выявлены корреляции между языковой компетентностью составителей документов и юридической эффективностью текстов, а также сформирована модель лингводидактического сопровождения юридического документооборота в образовательных организациях. Предложенная модель оптимизации языковых норм в процессуальной документации апробирована в 12 образовательных учреждениях, что позволило зафиксировать существенное повышение качества документооборота и снижение количества оспариваемых решений на 37,8%. Результаты исследования вносят значительный вклад в развитие теории управления образованием и могут быть использованы при совершенствовании нормативно-правового регулирования образовательной деятельности. This study is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of linguistic norms in procedural documents from the perspective of legal linguistics and modern law enforcement practice in the context of educational process management. Based on an interdisciplinary approach, the key discursive features of procedural documents functioning in the educational environment have been identified, and the main linguistic markers indicating the quality of their compilation have been identified. The empirical basis of the study was 527 procedural documents of educational organizations of various levels, analyzed using corpus, semantic-stylistic, pragmatic and statistical methods. Based on the results of the study, a taxonomy of typical speech defects in the procedural documentation of educational institutions was developed, correlations between the linguistic competence of document drafters and the legal effectiveness of texts were identified, and a model of linguistic and didactic support for legal document management in educational organizations was formed. The proposed model for optimizing language norms in procedural documentation was tested in 12 educational institutions, which allowed for a significant improvement in the quality of document management and a 37,8% decrease in the number of contested decisions. The research results make a significant contribution to the development of the theory of educational management and can be used to improve the legal regulation of educational activities.
This paper examines the vital role context plays in Interactional Sociolinguistics (IS) especially as it relates to cross-cultural miscommunications exemplified in British/American and Nigerian data. This study, therefore, critically investigates the intricate dynamics of how context shapes interactional communication, highlighting how cross-cultural differences, linguistic norms and societal expectations and contextualization cues often lead to semantic misrepresentation, misunderstandings and miscommunications. Drawing on empirical data from complex and linguistically diverse cultural background, the study demonstrates how Gumperz IS and contextualization theories can lighten-up the complex interplay between language, culture and context in cross-cultural sociolinguistic interactions. The study drew from purposively selected structured interviews involving electricians, bricklayers, teacher/pupils exchange and Head of Department/staff conversations, which were subjected to discourse analysis. The data reflect work environment across different regions, including USA, UK and Nigeria. The findings reveal that language is consequential in sociocultural context in which communication takes place, and also brings to the fore that effective cross-cultural communication requires not only linguistic competence but also a deep understanding of the cultural nuances and contextual factors that shape interactional dynamics. This paper also contributes to the unburdening of age-long perception that pragmatic context alone rather than cross-cultural differences often lead to miscommunication and distortion of intended meaning in interactional communication in an increasingly globalized world. Keywords: Interactional Sociolinguistics, Cross-Cultural Miscommunication, Contextualization Cues, Context, Cultural Differences.
The article discusses the role of lexical transformations in the translation process as an important means of preserving the stylistic features of the original text. Every language has its own system of expressive means, word formation and syntactic structures, so translators often face the necessity to adapt a text in order to preserve its meaning, style and emotional colouring. In order to achieve an adequate translation, various types of lexical transformations are widely used to convey the meaning with maximum accuracy and compliance with the communicative norms of the target language. The purpose of this paper is to study the role of lexical transformations in the translation process as a means of preserving the stylistic features of the original text and ensuring its adequacy and equivalence. The article employs the methods of comparative analysis, descriptive method, and contextual, and component analyses to identify the peculiarities of lexical transformations in the process of translation. The material for the analysis was the original texts and their translated counterparts containing various types of lexical transformations. The paper systematises the main types of lexical transformations (specification, generalisation, addition, antonymic translation, substitution) and substantiates their role in preserving the stylistic characteristics of the source text. The relationship between the choice of transformations and the communicative effectiveness of translation is investigated. Our analysis has shown that lexical transformations are a necessary tool in translation activity, as they contribute to the adaptation of the text in accordance with the norms of the target language, preserving the author's style, expressiveness and emotional colouring. The equivalence and adequacy of the translation depends on the correct choice of transformations. It has been found that the effective use of these transformations allows creating translations that not only accurately convey the meaning but also ensure the naturalness of presentation in the target language.
This article examines the stylistic features of modern Uzbek translations of William Shakespeare’s works, focusing on the ways translators preserve and adapt the playwright’s artistic language. Special attention is given to lexical choices, syntactic structures, figurative expressions, and cultural adaptation in contemporary Uzbek renditions of Shakespearean drama and poetry. The study analyzes how translators balance fidelity to the original text with the norms and expressive possibilities of the Uzbek language. By comparing selected passages from the source texts and their modern Uzbek translations, the research identifies dominant stylistic strategies such as domestication, poetic transformation, and semantic equivalence. The article also highlights the challenges posed by Shakespeare’s archaic language, metaphorical density, and rhetorical devices, and evaluates how these elements are reinterpreted for modern Uzbek readers. The findings demonstrate that modern translations tend to prioritize readability and cultural accessibility while striving to maintain Shakespeare’s aesthetic and emotional impact. The study contributes to translation studies by offering insights into cross-cultural literary translation and the development of Uzbek Shakespearean scholarship.
This study is devoted to the analysis of poetic texts by the poet Sha Ou (real name Wang Shida), written in the "Sichuan topolect" in the 1940s, with an emphasis on the lexical and syntactic features of these texts. The aim of the research is to demonstrate the non-discrete nature of the linguistic norm used in them, which is formed in conditions of functionally distributed multilingualism. The article examines the use of the local idiom as a means of vernacularizing poetry, which contributes to its accessibility for an illiterate peasant audience. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that, for the first time, the features of the "Sichuan topolect" have been systematized and analyzed on the basis of Sha Ou's poetry in the form in which it was used in the literature of the 1940s. The work focuses on how the use of local idioms contributes to the formation of cultural-linguistic and social identity. It also investigates the interaction of oral and written traditions, which allows for the identification of new aspects of the influence of dialects on the literary language and their role in socio-cultural transformation. The results obtained show that the "Sichuan topolect" in the texts of the 1940s represents the lingua franca of Sichuan – the Chengdu-Chongqing dialect. Sha Ou's poetry demonstrates a variety of dialectal inclusions – from individual dialectal lexemes to syntactic constructions and word-formation models atypical of the standard language.
Social media platforms are currently the primary medium of all types of communication from personal interactions, and opinion sharing to the dissemination of important international news. However, the ever-increasing amount of user-generated textual information coupled with the dynamic nature of the language, subtle or hidden nuances in expressions used, and contextual dependencies in text, renders timely and accurate sentiment analysis increasingly challenging. Sentiment analysis is an important task in its own right and is also used as the first step of many other classification tasks such as hate speech and misinformation detection. A significant portion of research on sentiment analysis and opinion mining has concentrated on categorizing social media content into three classifications: positive, negative, or neutral. However, despite their importance across numerous practical domains, the classification of extreme opinions, such as highly negative and highly positive sentiments, has only recently gained attention. To address this gap, we propose a framework, GenSent, a novel genetic algorithm-based optimization framework for sentiment classification. Unlike traditional methods that are often tailored to specific datasets, GenSent provides a versatile framework applicable to diverse sentiment analysis tasks from binary, ternary, and fine-grained 5-point scale classification that represents extreme sentiments as well. Through the use of a diverse pool of classifiers including support vector machines, Naïve Bayes, Logistic Regression, Decision Trees, Random Forests, and Stochastic Gradient Descent Algorithms, GenSent effectively builds a robust ensemble without any intervention. The framework is evaluated using binary, ternary, and fine-grained sentiment analysis datasets, namely, SemEval-2017 (Sentiment Analysis in Twitter) task (4A, 4B, and 4C) and Stanford Sentiment Treebank (SST-2 and SST-5). The performance of the proposed framework is compared with other existing well-known methods in the field using the same datasets. Comparative results demonstrate that GenSent outperforms existing methods, achieving significant improvements in sentiment classification across various metrics while reducing the computational complexity.
Abstract Objective Major depressive disorder (MDD) in adolescence is frequently accompanied by emotion regulation (ER) deficits, particularly in socially stressful contexts. However, how comorbid social anxiety disorder (SAD) modulates ER during social exclusion in depressed adolescents the behavioral and neural level remains poorly understood. Method Sixty-two adolescents (30 with MDD, 32 healthy controls; aged 12–18) completed a social-exclusion-stimuli task during electroencephalogram (EEG) recording. Using EEG in combination with a dedicated paradigm showing social exclusion (versus neutral situations), ER ability was assessed via cognitive reappraisal performance, negative affect ratings, EEG and prefrontal–limbic functional connectivity. The Adolescent-MDD group was further stratified by SAD comorbidity status. Results Compared to healthy peers, adolescents with MDD showed reduced cognitive reappraisal use and heightened negative affect during social exclusion, reflecting impaired top-down control. Neurally, they showed increased LPP amplitudes and greater left prefrontal theta-band activity during reappraisal, alongside weakened prefrontal-limbic functional coupling. Critically, youth with comorbid SAD demonstrated more pronounced ER impairments and fronto-limbic dysconnectivity, suggesting SAD amplifies neural inefficiency and social withdrawal in depression. Conclusion Disrupted prefrontal–limbic connectivity may underlie ER impairments in depressed adolescents, particularly those with comorbid SAD. These findings identify a potential neurophysiological target for early intervention and offer mechanistic insight into the interaction of depression, social anxiety, and ER during adolescence.
= 255) viewed 76 pictures with affective content and rated their experienced affect. Facial muscle activity during picture presentation was assessed via electromyography (EMG) as a direct physiological measure of affective reactions. We used a multilevel model to quantify affective awareness as the strength of the intraindividual relationship between a person's EMG reactions and affect ratings. This relationship was positive on average and differed significantly between participants. These individual differences in affective awareness were reliable and stable over time. Affective awareness was higher for women than for men and went along with generally strong affective EMG reactivity and better socioemotional abilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).