Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
This study investigated gender representation in English textbooks from Classes 6 to 10 in Bangladesh, using corpus analysis. AntConc, a textual analysis tool, was used to quantify the occurrence of gender-related lexical items in resources. The corpus comprises approximately 147,698 tokens distributed across the four textbooks. The results revealed significant disparities in the distribution of male- and female-associated lexical items. Here, male-related words occurred 1,958 times (1.33 %), whereas female-related words occurred 1,165 times (0.79 %). The highest imbalance ratio (0.94 %) was found in textbooks of class 6 having male represented words (1.95%) and female represented words (1.01%). This male-dominated gender disproportion appeared in the other three textbooks at different ratios, which may reflect Bangladesh’s cultural and societal norms. These distinctive and male-centred gender-biased textbooks may have an impact on students’ perceptions of gender roles and societal expectations. The findings of this corpus analysis predict how much textbook content may affect female students’ sense of inclusion and their collective consciousness of gender rights. Finally, it recommends ensuring gender equality and inclusion in the textbooks.
The article discusses the problem of detecting and interpreting the value components of Russian words in the Internet media discourse, which do not have an explicit language expression. The method of cognitive-and-discursive analysis of corpus data is applied. It is based on the research technique of identifying semantic auras (semantic prosody) of the word studied in its immediate contextual environment in texts. The material under study is comprised of contexts extracted from the newspaper corpus as part of the Russian National Corpus. The relative adjective progressivnyj (progressive, advanced), which does not have any evaluativeness in the lexical-semantic system of the Russian language, in its discursive realization demonstrates an implicit positive or negative evaluation, induced in the context, regularly arises. The author came to the conclusion that positive evaluation associated with the semantic components “promoting progress, advanced” and “imbued with advanced ideas, sentiments” is most often realized. However, in a number of uses, the immediate or further contextual environment contributes to implication and negative evaluation, which is caused by ideas about “excessive” progressiveness, i.e. exceeding the norm, from the speaker’s point of view, and that progress also concerns the negative aspects of social or cultural life.
Purpose. The authors conducted a comparative study of the general statistical characteristics of modern Russian and Serbian punctuation practice using the material of Internet texts from the early 20s of the 21 st century. Results. The authors analyzed three important characteristics of punctuation practice: the composition and frequency of punctuation situations, the lexical indicators of syntactic relations used (conjunctions, particles, introductory words, etc.), and the occurrence of punctuation marks. The Russian and Serbian parts of the sample are balanced in terms of the number of uses of punctuation marks and in terms of their focus/lack of focus on compliance with the norm on the Internet platforms provided to the authors of the texts. The comparative study revealed similarities and differences in all analyzed parameters. Conclusion. It was found that the high degree of similarity of the main indicators caused by the kinship and typological similarity of the languages is combined with obvious differences, including different occurrence of punctuation situations in graphic practice, different composition and different activity of formal indicators of syntactic connection, different density of punctuation marks per punctuation situation. This means that a comparative study of punctuation practice taking into account statistical data allows us to identify the real relationship between the two punctuation systems, rather than the relationship set by normative documents.
This article is focused on the rules for stressing words in Ukrainian language. All stress tendencies of Ukrainian words are given by parts of speech. The article gathers the work of scientists who are mastering the Ukrainian accentual system. To demonstrate the rules of Ukrainian accent and the difficulty of determining the accent depending on the meaning of words for a foreign audience, we could take the story “Why” by Liudmyla Starytska-Cherniakhivska, whose work demonstrates a high level of culture of written speech and deserves consideration in the Ukrainian philology curriculum for foreigners, demonstrating the beauty and the power of the Ukrainian word, the philosophy of the heart and freedom of our people. The Ukrainian accentuation system is based on the Middle Transdnieper dialects in the South-East dialect, which have become accepted in Ukrainian literature. To study the Ukrainian accent effectively, it’s essential to outline the general regularities of the accent system for foreign speakers at the beginning stage. They need to explain that there is a literary standard to which we strive and whose rules we try to adhere to, and there are dialect features that sometimes differ from the literary norm and become identifiers of the speaker’s belonging to a certain social or dialect group. It is also important to teach the stress system of the Ukrainian language, analyzing as many texts as possible to distinguish between different lexical and grammatical forms, the forms of which are identified by stress. In addition, a foreigner should be aware that the normalization of the Ukrainian literary accent is ongoing, which is connected with the existence of parallel variants of the accentuation of words and the presence in everyday linguistic practice of developed and fixed national variants – doublets, which blur the accent system, because they do not show a tendency to distinguish meaning words, but only “encumber”.
The traditional ontological division between the lexicon and grammar has often resulted in a reductionist view of the lexicon and lexical competence as composed of individual words in isolation. This narrow view of the lexicon has transcended disciplinary boundaries and is apparent in the focus on single words of widely used psycholinguistic measures of language (e.g. picture naming, verbal fluency, lexical decision) and cognitive ability alike (e.g. Stroop, recall in working memory span). This article argues that such an approach has imposed limitations on the questions that can be examined by researchers and on the generalizability of some results. Here I propose that, rather than assigning multiword units their own ‘niche’ in psycholinguistic studies, they should be viewed as part of the way core lexical competence is measured and conceptualized, both in monolingual and bilingual speakers. I also review promising advances in recent years brought about by a surge in the number of studies focused on multiword units and by new tasks of individual cognitive skill (e.g. multiword-based chunking ability). These hold the potential to allow for a cross-disciplinary shift in the examination of lexical competence as grounded in community-based norms and in line with current usage-based approaches.
Gender-inclusive language remains a topic of ongoing public debate involving institutions, the general public, and professionals – among whom translators play a key role as social actors who must navigate conflicting expectations and make complex decisions. This is especially evident for translators working with languages such as Spanish, where grammatical gender, along with number, is one of the two core inflectional categories that systematically affect nouns, determiners, and adjectives. This paper analyzes the perceptions regarding the use of gender-inclusive language on the part of professional translators in Spain, through a qualitative study of the views of a sample (n = 154) of professionals across various specialities. While most participants express support for gender-inclusive language, there are also negative opinions and neutral stances. The study highlights the complexities of navigating between personal convictions, professional constraints, and client expectations. It reveals the coexistence of competing ideologies – one informed by gender awareness and the other by prescriptive linguistic norms – and how these tensions shape translators’ decision-making. Additionally, the findings underline the influence of factors such as the source text, client preferences, and the perceived role of translation as a professional service. This research aims to shed light on the evolving role of gender-inclusive language in translation.
The article examines idioms related to folk customs and rituals in the Polish and Ukrainian languages as a key element of intercultural dialogue between the two nations. It is studied how these phraseological units reflect the cultural, historical and social aspects of Polish and Ukrainian folk life. Particular attention is paid to common and distinctive features in the phraseological systems of both languages, which allows for a deeper understanding of the national identities and cultural features of Poles and Ukrainians. The article analyzes the role of phraseology in the preservation and transmission of cultural heritage, as well as in the formation of modern intercultural dialogue between Poland and Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to research and analyze phraseology related to folk customs and rituals in the Polish and Ukrainian languages in the context of intercultural dialogue between the two nations. Phraseologisms are an integral part of any language, reflecting not only lexical features, but also deep cultural and social structures inherent in one or another nation. Through these language constructions, it is possible to trace how two close, but at the same time unique cultures reflect their worldview, beliefs and social norms. Religion occupies an important place in the lives of both Ukrainians and Poles, which is clearly reflected in the phraseology of both languages. One of the most striking examples is the Christmas and Easter holidays, the rites and rituals of which are reflected in phraseology. The analysis of phraseological units associated with religious holidays allows us to better understand how religious traditions shape the linguistic picture of the world. The article examines phraseological units related to wedding and funeral rites in the Polish and Ukrainian languages. It was found that they have both common features and certain differences. The article examines folk customs and everyday life, which also found a place in phraseology. The study showed that the Polish and Ukrainian phraseological systems contain both common elements that reflect similar cultural practices and unique phraseological units that emphasize the national specificity of each nation.
The topicality of undertaken research is determined by the constantly changing social norms in modern society, which are reflected in the cinematographic world. Cinematography provides a golden opportunity to consider and analyze a range of unique linguistic phenomena. The major purpose of the present paper is to study the phenomenon of dysphemisation in the English-speaking film space based on the set of the following films in English: Green Book by the American film director, Peter J. Farrelly, the screen adaptation of the autobiography 12 Years a Slave by Terrence S. McQueen, the well-known film The Help by Tate Taylor and the biographical drama Hidden Figures by Theodore Melfi. In the films the main storyline is generally based on the aspect of discrimination against persons of certain racial backgrounds and women, based on the policy of the United States of America during the infamous period of slavery (XVII–XIX centuries) and the historical era of segregation (XIX–XX centuries). During the study theoretical methods (analysis and synthesis) and empirical methods (observation and description) were used. As a result of the conducted study, the classification of dysphemistic lexical units was determined in terms of author’s intentions (dysphemisms with an emphasis on a different skin color; dysphemisms-comparisons with animals, plants and inanimate objects; dysphemisms-designations of social status; dysphemisms expressing gender discrimination), as well as their role and reason for use in the selected set of films – demonstration of a biased, cruel attitude towards recipients and also a reflection of the socio-cultural environment that encompassed US society during the historical time period under study.
Formulaic language contributes to demonstrating membership in a specific discourse community. However, the norms of a specific language community tend to change over time, which adds to the complexity of academic writing. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to explore the changes in the usage of lexical bundles in scientific papers in the field of education over the last 20 years. The focus is on lexical bundles, multi word sequences that recur frequently and are distributed widely across different texts. As a prominent feature of any text, exploring their usage and change over time brings insight into the changes which occur in the academic writing style. The results showed a decrease in the usage of lexical bundles over time. Statistically significant differences were found in the structural and functional usage of lexical bundle tokens for both groups and subgroups. This indicates that the concrete bundles used over time have not significantly changed but only the frequency of their usage.
The article examines the functioning of phraseological units within legal discourse. It is emphasized that legal phraseology accumulates social experience that reflects national and cultural specificity, is a verbal expression of thoughts, emotional assessments and is able to carry multifaceted pragmatic information related to communication. Characteristic features of phraseological units are determined: unity of content and form, reproducibility, stable lexical composition, grammatical constancy, invariance of the order of constituent elements, prevalence among speakers. The genetic classification of legal phraseological units is analyzed. It was established that the professional activity of a lawyer involves the use of phraseological units of various types, which is due to the oral and written spheres of communication. Within the framework of legal discourse, the professional communication of a lawyer identifies the main phraseological units that have communicative and pragmatic potential: language stamps, legal aphorisms, phraseology from Greek and Roman mythology, and colloquial everyday phraseology. It is noted that language stamps prevail in the written speech of a lawyer and ensure the normativeness and uniformity of legal texts. Legal aphorisms and phraseology from Greek and Roman mythology occupy a significant and special place in oral legal communication, which help to solve basic moral problems, to find justifications for actions and motives. It is emphasized that the use of phraseological units in court proceedings helps to strengthen the positions of the parties to the court process, interest and convince of the correctness of judgments, because legal phraseology accumulates the legal experience and moral wisdom of many generations of different peoples. It was concluded that legal phraseology in jurisprudence performs the function of interpreting legal norms, has communicative and pragmatic potential, is inseparable from morality and contributes to the disclosure of the principles of legality, humanism and legal freedoms.
The object of the study was the lexical material of the first volume of the «Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language» edited by D. N. Ushakov. The purpose of the study was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of nouns naming a female person. The results of the study will allow in the future to identify the features and trends in the ways of naming female persons, the statics and dynamics of their use in speech from the point of view of stylistic norms, as well as to determine their status in the Russian literary language. As a result of the semantic, stylistic, etymological, comparative lexical analysis of nouns naming a female person conclusions were drawn: there are 15 lexical and semantic groups of nouns naming a female person by profession, nationality /nationality, place of residence, religious beliefs, title etc. were identified. It was found that a large number of obsolete words were included in the dictionary. A special place is occupied by dialectal and colloquial names of women. Etymological analysis showed that most of the names of female persons are of native Russian origin, formed in a word-formation way using suffixes, partly in a metaphorical way. Some of the words are borrowed entirely from French, Latin, etc. Russian languages, the other part has a borrowed root, but the word itself is formed in the Russian language with the help of Russian suffixes. It is argued that some of the nouns naming a female person by profession, position, occupation are not recorded in modern explanatory dictionaries because of their status in the SRL - «outdated» or they are abnormal (dialectal, colloquial).
Lexical association data is a valuable resource in psycholinguistics, providing researchers with empirical insights into which words are perceived as 'belonging together'.One of the largest such datasets for English, the University of South Florida Free Association Norms database, is available freely online.The raw data format however requires some technical steps to tap into the potential it offers for network science, which can present a barrier for some researchers.This paper introduces a userfriendly command-line tool, fan_xplorr, that addresses this issue by providing linguists with access to the data.With the proposed tool, researchers can interactively display portions of the semantic network dataset in the form of interactive network graphs.The design of the tool enables linguists to access the dataset without advanced technical skills and promotes exploration within the dataset for psycholinguistic studies.
Literature in music theory and psychology shows that, even in isolation, musical sounds can reliably encode gender-loaded messages. Musical material can be imbued with many ideological dimensions and gender is just one of them. Nonetheless, studies of the gendering of music within multimodal communicative events are sparse and lack an encompassing theoretical framework. The present study attempts to address this literature gap by employing a critical quantitative analysis of music in gendered toy marketing, which integrated a content analytical approach with multimodal affective and music-focused perceptual responses. Ratings were collected on a set of 606 commercials spanning a ten-year time frame and strong gender polarization was observed in nearly all of the collected variables. Gendered music styles in toy commercials exhibit synergistic design choices, as music in masculine-targeted adverts was substantially more abrasive-louder, more inharmonious, and more distorted-than in feminine-targeted ones. Thus, toy advertising music appeared deliberately and consistently in line with traditional gender norms. In addition, music perceptual scales and voice-related content analytical variables explain quite well the heavily polarized affective ratings. This study presents a empirical understanding of the gendering of music as constructed within multimodal discourse, reiterating the importance of the sociocultural underpinnings of music cognition. We provided a public repository with all code and data necessary to reproduce the results of this study on github.com/marinelliluca/music-role-gender-marketing.
Pedagogical terms in John Dewey’s papers are investigated in the current article. The investigation is performed by formation and comparison of semantic networks of terms. Semantic networks are analyzed with the WordNet lexical database and compared with each other. Factual and contextual information about Dewey’s ideas is obtained from the results of the comparison. The use of the grammatical links between the terms to form the semantic networks and the use of the semantic networks to get new information about Dewey’s pedagogical ideas are the novelty of the current analysis. Practical importance of the current study is connected to the development of the method of comparison of scientific papers using their semantic networks.
International audience
The system, retrieving information from heterogeneous sources is discussed. Architecture of the system is based on multi-agent approach. The user's queries could be presented in the native language. Retrieving process based on using knowledge, representing via ontology scheme. For this purpose the wordnet ontology is used. The development process of the ontology is discussed. The presented system works on a distributed environment, where component agents collaborate via XML web services and SOAP protocols.
Abstract To explore if translation-intrinsic features are apparent in other types of bilingualism-influenced constrained language use such as non-native production, this study approaches syntactic and typological properties of constrained English translated from Chinese and written by native Chinese speakers via two cognitively-motivated dependency metrics, viz. mean dependency distance (MDD) and dependency direction (DDir). Results of this study show that translated English (both L1 and L2) and non-native English differ from the non-constrained native English in a similar way yet to a slightly different extent, but not from each other in both indicators. Syntactically, bilingually-constrained varieties exhibit reduced syntactic complexity with shorter MDDs, suggesting a simplification tendency. Typologically, cross-linguistic influences are detected in constrained varieties for being more head-final in word-order primed by the source or native language Chinese. Surprisingly, it seems that language directionality affects, albeit marginally, the affinity between constrained varieties, with non-native English being more syntactically and typologically similar to translated English from L1 than from L2.
• Pedestrians felt more aroused with larger highly automated vehicles (HAVs) than smaller HAVs. • Higher trust ratings were reported for larger HAVs with static eHMI compared to no eHMI, while the opposite was true for smaller HAVs. • Shorter crossing initiation times when pedestrians interacted with HAVs through dynamic eHMI, which signals automation status and yielding intent. • Pedestrians felt safer and trusted HAVs more with dynamic eHMIs compared to static or no eHMIs. • In non-matching conditions, pedestrians showed more negative evaluations of trust, perceived safety, and affective responses than in matching. Highly automated vehicles (HAVs) will soon be introduced into mixed urban traffic. Pedestrians might have an idea of HAVs. Nevertheless, they probably have never interacted with them before. Moreover, pedestrians will not be able to communicate with HAVs like they are used to with manual vehicles. External human–machine interfaces (eHMIs) are possible design solutions for HAVs to ensure safe interaction with other road users. Light-based eHMIs positively affected pedestrians’ trust ratings, perceived safety, and willingness to cross. However, previous studies often neglected the effect of vehicle size, although larger-sized HAVs could be potentially perceived as the more significant threat. Additionally, the relationship between vehicle kinematics and eHMIs for differently sized HAVs remains an underexplored research topic. This study investigated the effects of vehicle size (small vs. large), eHMI state (dynamic eHMI vs. static eHMI vs. no eHMI), and vehicle kinematics (yielding vs. non-yielding) on pedestrian crossing behavior and their subjective assessment. In virtual reality, we created a shared space traffic scenario, in which the eHMI and vehicle kinematics matched or did not match. For yielding conditions, the results showed that participants felt more aroused with larger HAVs than with smaller HAVs. Moreover, pedestrians initiated their crossing significantly earlier when both vehicle sizes had a dynamic eHMI compared to a static eHMI vs. no eHMI. Additionally, pedestrians evaluated a dynamic eHMI with higher trust ratings, higher perceived safety, and more positive affective reactions. The results manifested that the use of dynamic eHMIs can effectively enhance pedestrian-vehicle communication with a large and a small HAV. For non-matching conditions, the participants tended to rely on the vehicle kinematics for both vehicle sizes. Overall, the study highlighted the potential of eHMIs for pedestrian interactions with HAVs of varying sizes when they are well-coordinated with the vehicle kinematics, aiming to enhance safety and efficiency in mixed-traffic environments.
entiment analysis is a field of research that uses NLP/Artificial Intelligence techniques to determine thoughts, emotions, and attitudes expressed about an object or event. This means analyzing the tone or mood of the text, feelings and thoughts. Many sentiment analysis studies and linguistic resources have been developed for the English language. However, there are a limited number of studies on the Uzbek language. The reasons for this are insufficient data collection, direct translation of existing English language resources not being compatible with the Uzbek language, differences in the grammatical structure of the two languages, and regional, religious, and mental differences. The study aims to identify emotional-expressiveness units that express emotional evaluation and to develop a linguistic database for emotional analysis. It deals with the issues of developing the linguistic support for sentiment analysis of Uzbek language texts; the study of context-dependent factors in emotional analysis; and determining the best style for the Uzbek language. Attention is paid to the analysis of expressing emotional evaluation means specific to the Uzbek language levels.
Introduction: Recently, the microstate analysis method has been widely used to investigate the temporal and spatial dynamics of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. However, most studies have focused on EEG at resting state, and few use microstate analysis to study emotional EEG. This paper aims to investigate the temporal and spatial patterns of EEG in emotional states, and the specific neurophysiological significance of microstates during the emotion cognitive process, and further explore the feasibility and effectiveness of applying the microstate analysis to emotion recognition. Methods: We proposed a KLGEV-criterion-based microstate analysis method, which can automatically and adaptively identify the optimal number of microstates in emotional EEG. The extracted temporal and spatial microstate features then served as novel feature sets to improve the performance of EEG emotion recognition. We evaluated the proposed method on two publicly available emotional EEG datasets: the SJTU Emotion EEG Dataset (SEED) and the Database for Emotion Analysis using Physiological Signals (DEAP). Results: For the SEED dataset, 10 microstates were identified using the proposed method. These temporal and spatial features were fed into AutoGluon, an open-source automatic machine learning model, yielding an average three-class accuracy of 70.38% (±8.03%) in subject-dependent emotion recognition. For the DEAP dataset, the method identified 9 microstates. The average accuracy in the arousal dimension was 74.33% (±5.17%) and 75.49% (±5.70%) in the valence dimension, which were competitive performance compared to some previous machine-learning-based studies. Based on these results, we further discussed the neurophysiological relationship between specific microstates and emotions, which broaden our knowledge of the interpretability of EEG microstates. In particular, we found that arousal ratings were positively correlated with the activity of microstate C (anterior regions of default mode network) and negatively correlated with the activity of microstate D (dorsal attention network), while valence ratings were positively correlated with the activity of microstate B (visual network) and negatively correlated with the activity of microstate D (dorsal attention network). Discussion: In summary, the findings in this paper indicate that the proposed KLGEV-criterion-based method can be employed to research emotional EEG signals effectively, and the microstate features are promising feature sets for EEG-based emotion recognition.
Automatic dependency parsing of Thai sentences has been underexplored, as evidenced by the lack of large Thai dependency treebanks with complete dependency structures and the lack of a published systematic evaluation of state-of-the-art models, especially transformer-based parsers. In this work, we address these problems by introducing Thai Universal Dependency Treebank (TUD), a new largest Thai treebank consisting of 3,627 trees annotated in accordance with the Universal Dependencies (UD) framework. We then benchmark dependency parsing models that incorporate pretrained transformers as encoders and train them on Thai-PUD and our TUD. The evaluation results show that most of our models can outperform other models reported in previous papers and provide insight into the optimal choices of components to include in Thai dependency parsers. The new treebank and every model's full prediction generated in our experiment are made available on a GitHub repository for further study.
International audience
Existing Latin treebanks draw from Latin's long written tradition, spanning 17 centuries and a variety of cultures.Recent efforts have begun to harmonize these treebanks' annotations to better train and evaluate morphological taggers.However, the heterogeneity of these treebanks must be carefully considered to build effective and reliable data.In this work, we review existing Latin treebanks to identify the texts they draw from, identify their overlap, and document their coverage across time and genre.We additionally design automated conversions of their morphological feature annotations into the conventions of standard Latin grammar.From this, we build new time-period data splits that draw from the existing treebanks which we use to perform a broad cross-time analysis for POS and morphological feature tagging.We find that BERT-based taggers outperform existing taggers while also being more robust to cross-domain shifts.
The linguistic validity of Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) parsing results relies heavily on treebanks for training and evaluation, so the treebank construction is crucial.Yet the current Japanese CCG treebank is known to have inaccuracies in its analyses of Japanese syntactic structures, including passive and causative constructions.While ABCTreebank, a treebank for ABC grammar, has been made to improve the analysis, particularly of argument structures, it lacks the detailed syntactic features required for Japanese CCG.In contrast, the Japanese CCG parser, lightblue, efficiently provides detailed syntactic features, but it does not accurately capture argument structures.We propose a method to generate a linguistically valid Japanese CCG treebank with detailed information by combining the strengths of ABC-Treebank and lightblue.We develop an algorithm that filters lightblue's lexical items using ABCTreebank, effectively converting lightblue output into a linguistically valid CCG treebank.To evaluate our treebank, we manually evaluate CCG syntactic structures and semantic representations and analyze conversion rates.
Information about the concordance between dynamic emotional experiences and objective signals is practically useful. Previous studies have shown that valence dynamics can be estimated by recording electrical activity from the muscles in the brows and cheeks. However, whether facial actions based on video data and analyzed without electrodes can be used for sensing emotion dynamics remains unknown. We investigated this issue by recording video of participants' faces and obtaining dynamic valence and arousal ratings while they observed emotional films. Action units (AUs) 04 (i.e., brow lowering) and 12 (i.e., lip-corner pulling), detected through an automated analysis of the video data, were negatively and positively correlated with dynamic ratings of subjective valence, respectively. Several other AUs were also correlated with dynamic valence or arousal ratings. Random forest regression modeling, interpreted using the SHapley Additive exPlanation tool, revealed non-linear associations between the AUs and dynamic ratings of valence or arousal. These results suggest that an automated analysis of facial expression video data can be used to estimate dynamic emotional states, which could be applied in various fields including mental health diagnosis, security monitoring, and education.
Background/objective: The Multidimensional Model of the Subjective Orgasm Experience (MMSOE) has been validated in the context of heterosexual relationships, with no evidence in the context of same-sex relationships. This study aims to examine the association of its dimensions (Affective, Intimacy, Sensory, and Rewards) with the propensity for sexual excitation, rating of sexual arousal, rating of genital sensations, and genital response. Method: Sixty-eight young adults (34 males and 34 females) who were sexually active with people of the same sex participated in a laboratory task in which they viewed content-neutral and sexually explicit gay films. Regression models were conducted to explain the dimensions of MMSOE from measures of sexual arousal. Results: In males, the rating of sexual arousal explained the Sensory dimension, while the genital response explained the Affective dimension, with sexual arousal as a state gaining more prominence. In females, however, the propensity for sexual excitation explained the Sensory dimension, with more salience of sexual arousal as a trait. Conclusions: The MMSOE is shown to be a valid theoretical framework for the study of orgasmic experience in the context of same-sex relationships, with clear implications for clinical practice.
Abstract Companies are increasingly introducing conversational reviews —reviews solicited via chatbots—to gain customer feedback. However, little is known about how chatbot-mediated solicitation influences rating valence and review helpfulness compared to conventional online forms. Therefore, we conceptualized these review solicitation media on the continuum of anthropomorphism and investigated how various levels of anthropomorphism affect rating valence and review helpfulness, showing that more anthropomorphic media lead to more positive and less helpful reviews. We found that moderate levels of anthropomorphism lead to increased interaction enjoyment, and high levels increase social presence, thus inflating the rating valence and decreasing review helpfulness. Further, the effect of anthropomorphism remains robust across review solicitors’ salience (sellers vs. platforms) and expressed emotionality in conversations. Our study is among the first to investigate chatbots as a new form of technology to solicit online reviews, providing insights to inform various stakeholders of the advantages, drawbacks, and potential ethical concerns of anthropomorphic technology in customer feedback solicitation.
Abstract Appetitive conditioning plays an important role in the development and maintenance of pornography‐use and gaming disorders. It is assumed that primary and secondary reinforcers are involved in these processes. Despite the common use of pornography and gaming in the general population appetitive conditioning processes in this context are still not well studied. This study aims to compare appetitive conditioning processes using primary (pornographic) and secondary (monetary and gaming‐related) rewards as unconditioned stimuli (UCS) in the general population. Additionally, it investigates the conditioning processes with gaming‐related stimuli as this type of UCS was not used in previous studies. Thirty‐one subjects participated in a differential conditioning procedure in which four geometric symbols were paired with either pornographic, monetary, or gaming‐related rewards or with nothing to become conditioned stimuli (CS + porn, CS + game, CS + money, and CS−) in an functional magnetic resonance imaging study. We observed elevated arousal and valence ratings as well as skin conductance responses for each CS+ condition compared to the CS−. On the neural level, we found activations during the presentation of the CS + porn in the bilateral nucleus accumbens, right medial orbitofrontal cortex, and the right ventral anterior cingulate cortex compared to the CS−, but no significant activations during CS + money and CS + game compared to the CS−. These results indicate that different processes emerge depending on whether primary and secondary rewards are presented separately or together in the same experimental paradigm. Additionally, monetary and gaming‐related stimuli seem to have a lower appetitive value than pornographic rewards.
Understanding the association between subjective emotional experiences and physiological signals is of practical and theoretical significance. Previous psychophysiological studies have shown a linear relationship between dynamic emotional valence experiences and facial electromyography (EMG) activities. However, whether and how subjective emotional valence dynamics relate to facial EMG changes nonlinearly remains unknown. To investigate this issue, we re-analyzed the data of two previous studies that measured dynamic valence ratings and facial EMG of the corrugator supercilii and zygomatic major muscles from 50 participants who viewed emotional film clips. We employed multilinear regression analyses and two nonlinear machine learning (ML) models: random forest and long short-term memory. In cross-validation, these ML models outperformed linear regression in terms of the mean squared error and correlation coefficient. Interpretation of the random forest model using the SHapley Additive exPlanation tool revealed nonlinear and interactive associations between several EMG features and subjective valence dynamics. These findings suggest that nonlinear ML models can better fit the relationship between subjective emotional valence dynamics and facial EMG than conventional linear models and highlight a nonlinear and complex relationship. The findings encourage emotion sensing using facial EMG and offer insight into the subjective-physiological association.