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16504 papers
Background While numerous studies observed notable changes in syntactic complexity among individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), these studies predominantly concentrated on isolated internal structures of language but rarely defined the syntactic complexity variation in AD on a continuum. Given that working memory load exhibits a continuous rather than binary pattern in populations and plays a crucial role in syntactic processing and generation, research on syntactic complexity changes in AD could benefit from expanding to include this perspective.Aims To examine the probabilistic distribution of syntactic complexity in AD under controlled sentence length conditions from the perspective of working memory, and to develop a comprehensive linguistic profile of syntactic complexity variation in AD by analyzing fine-grained syntactic features.Methods & procedures The corpus materials consist of descriptions based on the Cookie-Theft picture component provided by 70 individuals with AD (mean MMSE = 20.97) and 70 cognitively intact elderly individuals (mean MMSE = 29.21) from the DementiaBank clinical language transcript dataset. We employed dependency distance to quantify working memory load and syntactic complexity. Additionally, three finer-grained dependency metrics, namely adjacent dependency distribution (1dd%), mean dependency distance (MDD) and dependency direction distribution, enable a deeper interpretation of the syntactic complexity variations in AD from different perspectives.Results (1) The distribution of dependency distances in AD was similar to that in the healthy control (HC) group, both following the Zipf-Alekseev model, and the variations of the parameters within the model were analogous between the two treebanks; (2) The performance of AD patients in adjacent dependency, MDD and dependency direction differed from that of the HC group across varying sentence lengths; (3) “Simplified” and “ungrammatical” structures were the primary syntactic features in AD.Conclusions These findings confirmed the presence of syntactic impairments in AD. The decline of syntactic complexity can be attributed to the failure of the “End Weight” principle due to working memory deficits in AD patients. The study contributes to the easier identification of AD patients and more effective working memory interventions, thereby improving language production in AD patients.
The article traces the peculiarities of verb stress in "The First Reader for Public Schools" authored by A. Krushelnytskyi, O. Popovych, and B. Lepkyi (1918), which was one of the official textbooks for Ukrainian-speaking schools during the time of Austria-Hungary. The proposed publication introduces the textbook by the mentioned authors into the scientific linguistic circulation in the accentological aspect. The article identifies historically formed accentuation models, analyses the degree of their compliance with the norms of the time recorded in Western Ukrainian dictionaries and grammars of the late 19th - early 20th century, determines the possibility of their application in the modern literary language. Research Objective: To define the conformity degree of accentuation in "The First Reader for Public Schools" (1918) by A. Krushelnytskyi, O. Popovych, and B. Lepkyi to the linguistic norms that were in effect in the Ukrainian-language education system of Austria-Hungary on the one hand, and to the requirements of the main Ukrainian Orthographies and grammars of the 20th – 21st centuries on the other. Source Base: "The First Reader for Public Schools" by A. Krushelnytskyi, O. Popovych, B. Lepkyi (1918); "Malorus’ka-German Dictionary" by Ye. Zhelekhivsky and S. Nedilsky (1886); "Grammar of the Rus’ka Language" by S. Smal’-Stotskyi and F. Gartner (1893). The research utilized the following methods: descriptive, comparative, statistical, comprehensive material selection, partially historical reconstruction. Article Structure: Introduction, Literature Review, Presentation of the Main Material, Conclusions. The section "Presentation of the Main Material" includes the following subsections: "Features of Verbs Stress of the First Conjugation", "Features of Verbs Stress of the Second Conjugation", "Features of Irregular Verbs Stress". In the "The First Reader", a total of 900 verb word forms were identified. Of these, 866 usages (96 percent) conform to modern accentuation norms. In the section "Presentation of the Main Material", 34 verb stresses were analyzed, which do not correspond to the norms of modern Ukrainian literary language. It was found that 32 word forms conform to the norms that were in force in Halychyna and Bukovyna at the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century. The indicated linguistic and cultural environment could have influenced the stress of certain verbal forms. In the "Conclusions" section, it is noted that the research results attest to the stability of basic verb stress in the Ukrainian literary language across time and space. Practically all accentuations in the "The First Reader for Public Schools" (1918), which differ from contemporary norms, corresponded to the standards of the Ukrainian literary language at that time. Therefore, the "The First Reader" exhibited a high degree of accentuation normativity. The accentuation norms in the "The First Reader" corresponded to the living literary language of Halychyna and Bukovyna at the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century.
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective.</strong> This exploratory study investigated whether perspective-taking and awareness of vulnerability procedures could enhance impressions of robots. <br><strong>Background.</strong> A society characterized by the harmonious coexistence of humans and robots is poised for realization in the imminent future. Nevertheless, numerous challenges must be confronted for the materialization of such a societal paradigm. One among them pertains to the prevailing tendency for humans to harbor adverse perceptions of robots, the amelioration of which proves to be a complex endeavor. The present study undertakes an exploratory investigation into strategies aimed at mitigating unfavorable impressions associated with robots. <br><strong>Study design.</strong> Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: control group, perspective perception group, and robot vulnerability awareness group, and received different instructions. <br><strong>Participants.</strong> Online experiments were conducted with 360 participants who were asked to imagine and describe a day in the life of a robot, and their impressions of the robot were measured using a questionnaire. <br><strong>Measurements.</strong> Upon conjecturing and articulating the robot's daily routines, participants shared their perceptions of the robot through the application of three assessment tools: the Robot Anxiety Scale, the Mind Attribution Scale, and the Familiarity Rating Scale. <br><strong>Results.</strong> The manipulation checks confirmed successful manipulation, but there was no evidence that perspective-taking or awareness of vulnerability influenced impressions of the robot. <br><strong>Conclusions.</strong> The efficacy of perspective-taking, a technique established as beneficial in ameliorating adverse perceptions of humans, may exhibit diminished effectiveness in the context of alleviating negative impressions associated with robots.</p>
Abstract Classical models of tool knowledge and use are centred on dorsal and ventral parietal pathways. Theories of semantic cognition implicate a “hub-and-spoke” network, centred on the anterior temporal lobe (ATL), that underpins all concepts including tools. Despite their prominence, the two theoretical frameworks have never been brought together and the large discrepancy in the functional neuroanatomy addressed. We undertook a multiple-regression Representational Similarity Analysis (RSA) of task fMRI data with four (motor action, broad function, mechanical function, object structure) feature-based models. The motor action model correlated with the activation patterns in bilateral superior parietal lobules (SPL), while the models of broad function and mechanical effect aligned with the activation patterns in bilateral ATLs. The object-structure model correlated with activation patterns in bilateral middle occipital gyri. The results also showed that the ventral ATL activation patterns corresponded simultaneously with all RDM models except object structure. Furthermore, a standard univariate analysis using tool-familiarity ratings for parametric modulation revealed that classical tool-network regions (frontal, inferior parietal, and posterior middle temporal cortices) were increasingly active as the tool familiarity reduced. These results demonstrate that parietal and ATL regions are both crucial and motivate a major extension and revision of the neuroanatomical framework for tool use. Significance Statement This study provides definitive evidence for convergent tool representation in human anterior temporal lobe (ATL), outside the traditionally focused parietal lobe as the critical centre for human tool-use ability. For many years the parietal lobe was considered crucial in recognizing and planning use of familiar objects, while regions in temporal lobe received little attention. Our advanced multi-voxel analysis with artefact-resistive fMRI scanning revealed that both non-motor (tool-function) and motor (kinematics for tool use) information convergently represented in the left ventral ATL, while showing other distributed regions encoding distinct types of tool information in anterior temporal and parietal regions. These findings highlight the ATL’s crucial role in tool representation and necessitate a significant expansion of neuroanatomical framework for human tool-use ability.
<div><strong>Objective:</strong> To evaluate remote testing as a tool for measuring emotional responses to non-speech sounds.</div> <div><strong>Design:</strong> Participants self-reported their hearing status and rated valence and arousal in response to non-speech sounds on an Internet crowdsourcing platform. These ratings were compared to data obtained in a laboratory setting with participants who had confirmed normal or impaired hearing.</div> <div><strong>Study sample:</strong> Adults with normal and impaired hearing.</div> <div><strong>Results:</strong> In both settings, participants with hearing loss rated pleasant sounds as less pleasant than did their peers with normal hearing. The difference in valence ratings between groups was generally smaller when measured in the remote setting than in the laboratory setting. This difference was the result of participants with normal hearing rating sounds as less extreme (less pleasant, less unpleasant) in the remote setting than did their peers in the laboratory setting, whereas no such difference was noted for participants with hearing loss. Ratings of arousal were similar from participants with normal and impaired hearing; the similarity persisted in both settings.</div> <div><strong>Conclusions:</strong> In both test settings, participants with hearing loss rated pleasant sounds as less pleasant than did their normal hearing counterparts. Future work is warranted to explain the ratings of participants with normal hearing.</div>
This article explores denominal nominalization, also known as verbification, based on modern English-language journalistic discourse material. Denominal nominalization appears to be a type of conversion that presupposes the usage of affixless means of word formation, which results in the formation of a new part of speech – verb based on the same root of the source word-noun. Traditionally, it is deverbal substantiation, which is considered the most widespread type of conversion in English, though recently, the processes of the reverse character show their activity and are supposed to attract attention from the side of linguists. The study demonstrates the processes of transforming nouns into verbs and analyzes the general linguistic consequences of such transformations: linguistic economy and contextual efficiency. The role of digital communication and the latest technological advances for creating and applying verbified linguistic units is particularly emphasized. (e.g., to Google, to Zoom, to DM, to email). Examples from modern journalistic discourse illustrate how verbification enhances dynamism and expressiveness in media language. It seems that denominational nominalization is closely related to the British-American communicative values of clarity, directness, and logical communication, as well as to Anglo-American values such as action–work orientation. Through the prism of verbification as a grammatical phenomenon, Grice’s cooperative principle and relevance theory are manifested since verbification increases the efficiency of the meaning transmission. In addition, denominalization can contribute to the development of social identity and professional group linguistic norms, especially in the field of business and digital communication. The article emphasizes the role of verbification in adapting English to modern needs, marking cultural identity, and facilitating linguistic innovation. Future research directions include cross-linguistic and cross-cultural comparisons of this grammatical phenomenon, particularly between English and Ukrainian as focal languages, to study both changes in syntactic functions and sentence structures, as well as the pragmatic and cultural consequences of the spread of this phenomenon.
The peculiarities of the Ukrainian translation of verbs that introduce direct speech in the texts of works of British fiction are clarified in the article. The texts of the Ukrainian translations of Jonathan Stroud’s «Lockwood & Co.» series of novels are analyzed by the author. It was found out that the problem of semantic and stylistic interpretation of direct speech and the selection of verbs that introduce direct speech when translating English works of fiction into Ukrainian is a constantly relevant one and causes active discussions among translation experts, linguists and critics. In particular, there are significant differences in the opinions of scientists regarding the expediency and legality of using lexical substitutions to specify verbs when translating into Ukrainian. While some researchers believe that translators do not sufficiently use the synonymous variety of the Ukrainian language in order to diversify it and emphasize the artistic text, other translation experts and critics are convinced that such translation substitutions are unacceptable changes to the original artistic text and demonstrate an incorrect the translator’s approach to their work. Thus, translation techniques, which some scholars consider to be successful and creative tools that help to align the original text with the norms of Ukrainian stylistics, others consider to be a serious violation and unlawful distortion of the original author’s artistic work. It has been proved that the second approach is typical for researchers from Western countries, which is largely caused by the peculiarities of cultures and, as a result, is reflected in the norms of western European languages.
<p>Empirical studies have begun to assess the impact of contextual factors (e.g., evaluator role, crime type) on evaluations of alibi believability. Little is known about how such factors work together to impact alibi believability. The current study used a 2 (evaluator role: police investigator vs. juror) x 2 (alibi consistency: consistent vs. inconsistent) x 2 (crime seriousness: assault vs. murder) mixed factorial design. Mock investigators (n = 56) and mock jurors (n = 60) assessed fictitious case files that included alibi evidence. Results demonstrated that evaluator role did not significantly affect ratings of alibi strength or credibility, or suspect guilt. Consistent alibis elicited higher ratings of alibi strength and credibility, and lower ratings of guilt, compared to inconsistent alibis. Surprisingly, crime seriousness impacted ratings of suspect guilt such that assault cases enhanced ratings of guilt compared to murder cases. The implications for legal evaluator training and evidence dissemination are discussed.</p>
Activity and parameter sparsity are two standard methods of making neural networks computationally more efficient. Event-based architectures such as spiking neural networks (SNNs) naturally exhibit activity sparsity, and many methods exist to sparsify their connectivity by pruning weights. While the effect of weight pruning on feed-forward SNNs has been previously studied for computer vision tasks, the effects of pruning for complex sequence tasks like language modeling are less well studied since SNNs have traditionally struggled to achieve meaningful performance on these tasks. Using a recently published SNN-like architecture that works well on small-scale language modeling, we study the effects of weight pruning when combined with activity sparsity. Specifically, we study the trade-off between the multiplicative efficiency gains the combination affords and its effect on task performance for language modeling. To dissect the effects of the two sparsities, we conduct a comparative analysis between densely activated models and sparsely activated event-based models across varying degrees of connectivity sparsity. We demonstrate that sparse activity and sparse connectivity complement each other without a proportional drop in task performance for an event-based neural network trained on the Penn Treebank and WikiText-2 language modeling datasets. Our results suggest sparsely connected event-based neural networks are promising candidates for effective and efficient sequence modeling.
This study investigated whether mentalistic text-vignettes of a robot enhances participants’ tendency to adopt the intentional stance. We also investigated whether the valence of a robot's action consequence influences judgements of intentionality and moral responsibility. We presented participants with scenarios from the InStance Test before and after they read the mentalistic text-vignettes. We found that InStance scores were significantly higher after they read the text-vignettes, implying an increased likelihood of adopting the intentional stance. This effect may have arisen from the mentalistic description of the robot, which could have primed participants to mentally simulate its experiences. Additionally, we found that the valence of a robot's action consequence did not significantly affect ratings of intentionality, which replicates previous results. However, unlike previous studies the valence of the action consequence did not affect moral responsibility ratings. Future studies could investigate (1) how the appearance of a robot influences moral responsibility judgements and (2) if text-vignettes using mechanistic descriptions modulate the tendency to adopt the intentional stance.
The article deals with phraseological units, an integral part of the artistic text, as they perform several important functions.They convey the content load but also reflect a certain community's cultural and linguistic features.It was analyzed that in literature, phraseological units are often used to emphasize the author's style, create an emotional and imaginative atmosphere, and for a deeper disclosure of characters' characters and motives.The study of usual and occasional phraseological units in a literary text allows a better understanding of how the author achieves his artistic goals and how it affects the reader's perception.Common idioms are stable expressions widely used in everyday speech and reflect established linguistic norms and cultural associations.They play an important role in shaping the understanding of the text, creating a certain level of linguistic and cultural recognition.In contrast, occasional phraseological units arise in the author's creative activity and have a unique, individual character.They can be new formations or modifications of usual phraseology, which allows the author to create new images and strengthen the emotional impact on the reader.A study of Charlotte Bingham's work, particularly her novels The Chestnut Tree and The Blue Note, shows how she skillfully uses everyday and casual idioms to create a multi-layered and emotionally charged text.Common phraseology in her works is often used to emphasize the historical context and social environment in which the characters are.Occasional phraseological units help create unique images that reflect the characters' inner experiences and add a special flavor to the text.Thus, phraseological units in an artistic text perform not only a communicative, but also an aesthetic function.Their research allows for a deeper understanding of the linguistic picture of the world created by the author and assesses his contribution to the development of the literary language.This is especially important in modern literary research, which is increasingly paying attention to the linguistic aspects of the text and looking for new approaches to its analysis.
This research provides a new way to discover online educational services with focus on retrieving and analysing web service descriptions from WSDL documents through UDDI entries in addition to API documentation of various websites and sources. Key steps involved in the proposed algorithm are semantic enrichment, text processing, ranking, similarity computation and data retrieval. First of all, different APIs and WSDLs from UDDI entries were collected and studied. Textual refinement of web service descriptions is done using text preparation techniques such as tokenization, stop word elimination, lemmatization etc. Synonym expansion is an example of how lexical databases like WordNet can be used for semantic enrichment enhancing the contextual understanding of the service descriptions. Thereafter enhanced similarity measures are applied for determining semantic similarity between user queries and web service descriptions so that matching query intents with feature sets becomes simpler. Finally search results are ranked based on both authority (derived from PageRank algorithm) as well as semantic relevance metrics so as to suggest most trustworthy and appropriate contextually relevant services to users since. In online service discovery, the suggested technique has been found to be effective and useful through experimentation. This suggests that it can enhance the user friendliness and availability of web service ecosystems.
The article focuses on translating the English three-component quantitative metaphor which consists of a metaphorised noun, preposition «of» and a noun denoting substance into Ukrainian. The paper aims to find out and explicate reasons of divergent grammatical forms of source and target nouns in quantitative structures. The study analyses cases of using target lexical units that are not considered to be equivalents for source metaphorised nouns in the English-Ukrainian translation and explains the necessity of applying such translation technique. The authors have noticed that the same semantic groups of nouns are metaphorised in the English and Ukrainian languages, apart from the group of animal names. The one and only English noun «whale» can be used in the three-component quantitative structure to denote indefinitely large quantity. It has been mentioned that English metaphorised nouns can be substituted with stylistically neutral lexical units while rendering into Ukrainian such as «багато», «величезний», etc. A metaphorised noun can be sometimes modified by the adjective «цілий» in the target text in order to emphasize the meaning of indefinitely large quantity. The English three-component quantitative metaphor is rendered into Ukrainian by means of the two-component metaphor which consists of a metaphorised noun and the genitive form of a noun denoting substance. Another twocomponent structure that consists of an adjective and a metaphorical noun can be used in the target text, but the latter structure acquires slightly different meaning from that of the former. Pursuant to the linguistic norms of the Ukrainian language a metaphorical noun is used in the singular and a noun denoting substance is used in the plural if the inflectional paradigm of a noun allows these number forms. As far as the English language is concerned, both nouns of the quantitative structure can obtain both number forms if their inflectional paradigm allows. The mentioned phenomenon can cause divergence between grammatical number of a source and a target noun in the English-Ukrainian translation. The authors highlight that usage of Ukrainian lexical units that are not equivalents for English metaphorised nouns is caused by the difference in the linguistic norms of combining metaphorised nouns and nouns denoting substance.
The language employed in matrimonial advertisements has a considerable impact on how people perceive marriage and gender roles. In addition to reflecting and reinforcing societal norms, values, and gender roles, the language used in matrimonial ads may have an impact on how individuals and families view themselves and one another in the setting of marriage. The current study explored linguistic choices in marriage ads to depict women in traditional gender roles and how they contribute to the representation of women. Matrimonial websites and social media platforms were used to compile a corpus of matrimonial ads. The current study utilized Systemic Functional Linguistics' appraisal theory to explore women representation in matrimonial ads. About 43 matrimonial ads were analyzed by using the ATLAS.ti software, for lexico-grammatical choices pertaining to judgment and appreciation. To identify the linguistic features and patterns, the textual content of matrimonial ads was analyzed linguistically. This analysis concentrated on lexical choices, linguistic structures, and presence of evaluative language, all of which align with appraisal theory concepts. The study determined that women are mostly categorized in terms of their physical attributes, such as beauty, height, weight, their age, occupation, education, character, and nature.
The article examines the employment discourse features on the example of vacancies on Internet sites, namely professional activity nominations, in a comparative aspect of Russian and German linguistic cultures. The relevance of the research is due to the significance and popularity of vacancy texts within the employment discourse, as well as its development and modification in connection with the transition to an online format. The comparative approach allows us to consider the specifics of vacancy texts, both in sociolinguistic and linguacultural aspects. The aim of the study is to identify sociolinguistic and linguacultural features of professional activity nominations in vacancy announcements in the Russian and German employment discourse. The research material is presented by Russian and German job advertisements, namely, professional activity nominations, collected by a continuous sampling method in the amount of 500 texts. The methodological basis of the study is also cognitive-discursive and comparative analyses. The authors find that even at the level of professional activity titles, the German employment discourse is closer to the institutional discourse, where the gender component is represented as a sociolinguistic and linguacultural feature. The Russian discourse of employment is closer to everyday discourse, which is manifested in the designation of professional activity directly by the compilers of advertisements. By sociolinguistic features, the authors of the article understand the statistics of the most popular professions and activities, taking into account such aspects as the applicant’s education, gender, and other socially significant characteristics and skills. Linguistically, the authors systematize the communicative features of the nominations in terms of linguistic means at different levels, implementing the employment discourse tactics, obeying the social and linguistic norms of national culture. The most expressive and popular language tools in Russian linguaculture, especially in the field of naming the types of proposed activities, include occasional job nominations and borrowings. The reasons for this type of nominations are discussed in detail by the authors in the article.
Non-normativity, understood as departures from linguistic norms and standards, has been notably articulated in modern linguistics and, in a serious scholarly manner, by formalists. The Qur’an, as the preeminent symbol of manifestations of beauty, perfection, and coherence of the Arabic language, transcends the framework of norms and standards, thereby placing itself at the apex of eloquence and rhetoric. This sacred text, aimed at institutionalizing monotheistic rationality, eradicating manifestations of polytheism, and instilling thoughts contrary to pre-Islamic (al-jāhilī) norms, has crossed the boundaries of pre-Islamic tradition with a distinctive literary language, generating a revolution in Arabic language. The present study, adopting an analytical-descriptive approach, examines non-normativity in Surah al-Kahf at three levels: phonological, syntactic, and semantic. The findings indicate that at the phonological level, devices such as al-ikhfāʼ (concealment), al-idghām (assimilation), and al-madd (prolongation) serve to harmonize sound and musicality with meaning and the situational context of the surah. It is as if the scenes and events are unfolding and the audience perceives them with the faculty of hearing. At the syntactic level, phenomena such as al-ḥadhf (ellipsis), al-taqdīm (preposing), al-taʾkhīr (postponing), al-taḍmīn (conflation), and al-iltifāt (shifts in person) enable the reader to apprehend God’s focal points with the most complete concepts expressed in the briefest phrases. At the semantic level, non-normativity manifested through metaphors and figurative language fosters vivid imagery of various situations and dynamic reader cognition; so much so that the reader appears to observe all these elements and finds themselves in the scene of events. Consequently, with these aesthetics, the sacred text of the Qur’an is better understood, and its sweetness is savored.
This article analyzes the linguistic and poetic experiments of the surrealists within the broader context of the avant-garde movements that preceded them. By reviewing the ideas and theoretical works of Romantic poets, Symbolists, Futurists, and Dadaists, the study identifies key generalizations about the nature of their linguistic experimentation and evaluates their influence on the poetics of surrealism. The research demonstrates that a characteristic feature of most avant-garde schools was their dissatisfaction with the expressive potential of language, which was perceived as an imperfect tool for conveying thought and reflecting the rapid social and cultural changes of the early 20th century. In response, avant-garde movements rebelled against conventional linguistic norms, undertaking poetic experiments to create a new form of poetry in a liberated, rule-free language. The study examines the principles inherited by surrealists from their predecessors and analyzes the aesthetic concepts central to surrealism. It summarizes the perspectives of surrealist theorists and practitioners regarding the linguistic tools employed to construct surrealistic imagery. The findings reveal that the surrealists' approach to the artistic word significantly diverged from that of other avant-garde schools. Where others perceived absurdity or lack of sense, surrealists discovered latent, often esoteric meanings. For surrealists, language was not a flawed medium but a key to authentic knowledge untainted by centuries of cultural tradition. In their pursuit of deeper expression, surrealist poets turned to automatic writing, a technique that became a defining feature of the movement for several years. Through the creation of the "Laboratory of Surrealist Studies," these poets conducted experiments at the intersection of linguistics and psychology. Their goal was to rediscover an "authentic and genuine" language, explore its imaginative and creative potential, and restore a man’s harmony with an inner nature uncorrupted by imposed cultural values.
The article is dedicated to the study of the interaction of norms and values of social morality and law as normative and regulatory mechanisms since their requirements are understandable for representatives of a particular society. It is shown that social morality and law are entrusted with the performance of a common function – the stabilization of social relations, which they perform by various means. It is noted that in modern times, the relationship between morality and law is represented by two trends: the stability of society can be ensured by 1) legal registration of norms and values of social morality and 2) legal protection of norms and values of social morality. The place and role of social morality in the cultural code of society are revealed. The question of the formation of morality and law in the early modern cultural and historical period is highlighted. It is proved that the formation of the modern theory of positive law and basic ethical theories (particularly, the theory of social morality) goes back to early modern times. Changes in social life in the sphere of science, production, trade, and religion, and the formation of the bourgeoisie as a class influenced the formation of the basic norms and values of social morality in the specified cultural and historical period. It is proved that within the boundaries of early modern everyday life, the formation of a new type of social morality took place. Lexical and terminological searches in the ethical sphere are characteristic of social science research of the specified period, and the formation of the modern concept of “morality” took place. Attention is focused on the fact that the modern understanding of law is derived from its modernist interpretation (law is recognized as a contract, law is the sphere of secular human activity, law is autonomous from morality and religion (the latter are relegated to the sub-legal domain), recognition of the priority of law-making and law-making activity of the state, the state is given special legal personality). The article considers morality and rights through their rationality and artificiality within the mechanistic picture of the world. Considerable attention is paid in the article to the peculiarities of the formation of individualism as a mental trait of a European and its influence on the formation of law and morality in the new era.
Morocco.Langage(s) et traduction is a book edited by Dr. Mohammed Jadir, a recognized figure in the field of translation studies, who is a professor of linguistics, translation, and translation studies at Hassan II University in Casablanca and the founder of LALITRA laboratory.Jadir describes the book under review in his Introduction (Introduction: Sciences du langage et traductologie, 11-24) as "an interaction between language sciences and translation studies" (p.11).It consists of 246 pages, including an introduction, three major topical sections, an alphabetized bibliography, and publications by the editor.The following content evaluation explores the linkages made in the book between language(s) and translation.G. Bastin prefaced the book with a controversial statement, "time is no longer for linguists and translators (translatologists) to fight like cats and dogs".(2021, p. 7).According to the author, the debate between translation and linguistics is a remnant of a bygone era.From a linguistic perspective, translation must conform to textual and linguistic norms of the source and target languages.But for translation studies, linguistic frameworks inter alia overlook cultural and contextual variables, because "there is always a context in which the translation takes place, always a history from which a text emerges and into which a text is transposed" (Bassnett and Lefevere, 1990, p. 11).Therefore, the present book brings linguistics and translation into a dialectical dance.The editor describes the papers as "addressing three axes and interests of LALITRA laboratory, 'Translation', 'Literature' and 'Linguistics' (Jadir, 2021, p. 11).The three thematic divisions include the following titles: Translation (five papers), literature (three papers) and linguistics (five papers).Every chapter has a summative introduction and an alphabetized list of references for further reading.
В статье рассматривается частный случай межъязыковой семантической интерференции, а именно появление «ложных друзей переводчика» эксперт и экспертиза в результате вторичного заимствования этих слов из английского языка и ассоциации привносимых ими смыслов с формой уже усвоенных слов, первоначально заимствованных из французского. Авторы рассматривают как соответствующие языковой норме словарные значения, так и контекстные, включающие новые, характерные для английского языка, смыслы, связанные с медийностью, публичностью «предъявления знаний и умений», рыночной экономикой. В статье также анализируются употребления деривата экспертность и его ассоциации с экспертными знанием, контентом, позицией. Авторы приходят к выводу, что рассмотренные в статье лексемы находятся под воздействием сразу трех процессов: межъязыковой интерференции, глобализации и маркетизации дискурса, цифровизации и текстинга. The article considers a special case of interlanguage semantic interference, namely the appearance of "false friends of the translator" ekspert ‘expert’ and ekspertiza ‘expertise’, as a result of the secondary borrowing of these words from the English language and the association of their meanings with the form of words originally borrowed from French. The authors consider both dictionary meanings corresponding to the linguistic norm and contextual ones, including new meanings characteristic of the English language, related to media, publicity of "presenting knowledge and skills", and the market economy. The article also analyzes the use of the derivative ekspertnost' ‘expertness’ and its associations with expert knowledge, content, and position. The authors conclude that the lexemes considered in the article are influenced by three processes at once: interlanguage interference, globalization and marketization of discourse, digitalization and texting.
Optimization is a fundamental problem in AI research. Widely used first-order optimization methods like SGD and Adam have drawbacks, such as difficulty in hyper-parameter selection, poor performance on “ill-conditioned” loss landscapes, and bottle-neck of efficiency improvement. This has led to interest in “second-order” optimization methods, which, however, face high space and time complexity due to the storage and inversion of second-order matrices. Designing practical second-order methods to overcome these complexities is crucial. The Hessian-free method based on the conjugate gradient method (HFCG) addresses these issues by approximating the “second-order” updates iteratively. This paper extends HFCG to the Conformer model, implementing directional derivative calculations for multi-head self-attention, convolution, LayerNorm, and BatchNorm modules for the first time. A two-stage distributed training procedure (TDTP) is introduced to enhance optimization performance and reduce training time, including an improved update strategy and a new CG batch extraction method. TDTP was tested on the Penn Treebank and AMI datasets for language modelling tasks. Ablation experiments demonstrated the efficiency of HFCG and the new TDTP strate-gies. Additionally, the impact of the choice of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathbf{H}_{L}$</tex> in the generalized Gauss-Newton matrix on performance was explored and the hypothesis that HFCG might reduce performance differences caused by normalization was proposed.
In natural language processing, a critical activity known as word sense disambiguation (WSD) seeks to ascertain the precise meaning of an ambiguous wordin context. Traditional methods for WSD frequently involve supervised learning methods and lexical databases like WordNet. However, these methods fallshort in managing word meaning complexity and capturing fine-grained differences. In this paper, for increasing the precision and granularity of word sensedisambiguation we proposed multilevel clustering method that goes deeper in the nested levels as locate groups of linked context words and categorize themaccording to their word meanings. With this method, we can more effectively manage polysemy and homonymy as well as detect minute differences in meaning. An actual investigation of the SemCor corpus demonstrates the performance score of multilevel clustering in WSD. This proposed method successfullyseparated clusters and groups context terms according to how semantically related they are, producing improved disambiguation outcomes. A more detailedknowledge of word senses and their relationships may be obtained thanks to the clustering process, which makes it possible to identify smaller clusters inside larger clusters. The outcomes demonstrate how multilevel clustering may enhance the granularity and accuracy of WSD. Our solution overcomes the drawbacks of conventional approaches and provides a more fine-grained representation of word senses by combining clustering algorithms.
Background/objective: The Multidimensional Model of the Subjective Orgasm Experience (MMSOE) has been validated in the context of heterosexual relationships, with no evidence in the context of same-sex relationships. This study aims to examine the association of its dimensions (Affective, Intimacy, Sensory, and Rewards) with the propensity for sexual excitation, rating of sexual arousal, rating of genital sensations, and genital response. Method: Sixty-eight young adults (34 males and 34 females) who were sexually active with people of the same sex participated in a laboratory task in which they viewed content-neutral and sexually explicit gay films. Regression models were conducted to explain the dimensions of MMSOE from measures of sexual arousal. Results: In males, the rating of sexual arousal explained the Sensory dimension, while the genital response explained the Affective dimension, with sexual arousal as a state gaining more prominence. In females, however, the propensity for sexual excitation explained the Sensory dimension, with more salience of sexual arousal as a trait. Conclusions: The MMSOE is shown to be a valid theoretical framework for the study of orgasmic experience in the context of same-sex relationships, with clear implications for clinical practice.
This paper describes the effects of hyponymy and emotion on the comprehension and production of compound words. The research subjects are over 2000 concatenated compounds of English taken from the LADEC database (Gagné et al. 2019). The study builds on the research carried out in Charitonidis (2022), according to which context concreteness for the second constituent was a significant positive predictor of lexical decision and naming times from the English Lexicon Project (ELP) and the British Lexicon Project (BLP). In the present paper, the hyponymy norms from Gagné et al. (2020) were added in the analysis. The results show that both hyponymy and context concreteness for the second constituent are relevant. In addition, all models including both variables have a better fit than nested models omitting one of these variables. There is thus strong evidence that both hyponymy and context concreteness for the second constituent are obligatory parameters in compound word processing.
The article focuses on the morphological specifics of the verbal system in the liturgical interpretation in MSS RGADA 88 and BOGISHICH 52. The linguistic analysis aims at obtaining linguistic data about the era when the works originated and about the literary school to which their author belonged. The observations have revealed that the verbal system of the language contemporary to the author of the manuscripts does not show significant changes compared to that of Old Bulgarian. The paradigm of Old Bulgarian conjugations is intact. The use of the infinitive is regular. The innovations established are of a limited number. In terms of its morphological and syntactic characteristics (sporadic dropping of adverbial -т from the present ending for the 3rd person singular; usage of the future simple tense; registration of an archaic form for the first sigmatic aorist of the verb рещи; predominance of contracted forms of the imperfect tense; preference for passive voice forms with the the particle се; transformation of personal into impersonal forms and vice versa), the translation bears the characteristic features of South Slavic literary language dating from the 14th – 15th centuries. It corresponds to the linguistic norms established probably already in the scriptoria of the monasteries on Mount Athos in the early 14th century. These norms were also adopted by the writers of the Tarnovo Literary School, and later laid down in the foundations of the Resava Literary School in Serbia. The scribe who compiled the Slavic epitome of the liturgical interpretation demonstrated considerable freedom of choice in his translation. This distinguished him from the characteristic manners of the translators belonging to the schools of Tarnovo and to the Mount Athos monasteries, who were striving to find a formal similarity to the Greek text. The specificity of the verbal system in the text discussed can be explained by the fact that it is a summary translation, as well as by the unofficial nature of the document.
The discipline of natural language processing is now placing the highest level of research focus on sentiment analysis. Nevertheless, despite its significant capabilities, the use of this technology remains limited in the agricultural industry. The objective of this research is to analyse the online review characteristics, review length, and review sentiment score across different food products. Furthermore, the analysis examines the differences in customer sentiment ratings based on the length of the reviews. This study proposes an enhanced preprocess method, which can adjust the selection and weighting of features or attributes of the parsed tree structures dynamically, based on the specific context or target sentiment being analyzed. This technique aims to improve the accuracy and relevance of sentiment analysis by tailoring the feature selection process to better capture the sentiment expression in different contexts. Furthermore, it uses the Valence Aware Dictionary and Sentiment Reasoner (VADER) lexicon-based categorisation approach to assess consumer sentiment across many domains. The approach entails creating a specialised vocabulary for the agricultural domain using the VADER lexicon. The reviews are then classified using this dictionary. The variations in sentiment ratings across the different farm evaluations provide a thorough feedback to the companies. Additionally, it conveys a brand’s assessment by customers and provides performance feedback for expanding into other areas. By evaluating various reviews, the VADER Lexicon classifier with Treebank dynamic filtering (VADER_TDF) method achieves $\mathbf{9 8 \%}$ of accuracy, $\mathbf{9 3 \%}$ of precision, 91% of recall and 90% of F1-score.
This study investigated the linguistic features of abstracts across five scientific and technical disciplines: biochemistry, civil engineering, computer and information sciences, electronics engineering, and mechanical engineering. Abstracts play a crucial role in academic papers by summarizing key findings, methodologies, and implications. Through the lens of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) and genre analysis, this study aimed to determine whether linguistic features vary across disciplines and classify these disciplines based on the similarity of their linguistic features. The corpus consisted of 5,000 abstracts, with 1,000 from each discipline, sourced from the open-access journal PLOS ONE. Using Biber's [1] multidimensional analysis framework, this study examined 63 of 67 linguistic features, including passive voice, conjunctions, amplifiers, and discourse markers. Statistical analysis, including correlation and cluster analyses, revealed that the disciplines can be broadly divided into two groups: biochemistry and computer & information sciences, and a second group including mechanical engineering, civil engineering, and electronics engineering. These findings suggest that while some linguistic features are shared across disciplines, others vary substantially. For example, biochemistry has a higher frequency of passive constructions and large noun phrases, whereas computer and information sciences frequently use first-person pronouns and amplifiers. These insights are valuable for ESP instruction as they highlight the need for discipline-specific writing guidance in higher education. Educators can use this information to develop effective writing instruction tailored to the linguistic norms of each field. Future research could expand on these findings by exploring additional rhetorical elements and examining the impact of linguistic features on reader comprehension.
Recent advancements in Natural Language Processing (NLP) have ushered in a new era of textual style transfer (TST), a domain aimed at altering textual attributes such as tone and sentiment while preserving the content's essence. This study introduces a creative framework that employs a dual-component architecture consisting of a classifier and a generator to achieve text de-stylization, particularly sentiment neutralization. The classifier, built upon the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model, serves as a dynamic loss function guiding the generator, constructed on a Transformer-based encoder-decoder framework, to produce sentiment-neutral text. Our method leverages a self-supervised mechanism, enabling the generation of target text without reliance on parallel corpora, thereby addressing the limitations of existing TST methodologies. We preprocessed datasets from Stanford Sentiment Treebank-5 (SST-5) and Internet Movie Database (IMDb) movie reviews and employed them for training the classifier and generator, respectively. Preliminary results demonstrate the model's proficiency in preserving semantic integrity while effectively neutralizing sentiment. Future work envisions expanding this framework to enable text stylization across a spectrum of discursive contexts, enhanced by deep learning architectures and an iterative feedback mechanism for user-driven refinement.
The subject matter of this article concerns the imperative verb forms appearing in promotional descriptions of action and strategy games from e-commerce websites. The aim of the research was (1) to determine the semantic categories of imperatives present in such texts (treated as a paratext fulfilling a persuasive function) and (2) to establish if those categories appear in the descriptions of games of different genres in similar or differing proportions. The author created two corpora consisting of a total of 200 texts (100 descriptions of action games and 100 descriptions of strategy games), using the Korpusomat software and extracted lexical data automatically. The forms were assigned to particular meanings based on definitions available at the lexical database Słowosieć (plWordNet), then the lexical units were attributed to semantic domains (such as combat and conflict), and proportions were calculated on the basis of these findings with regards to the represented categories of meanings. The comparative analysis of the said outcomes brought about the conclusion that the imperative verb forms present in the descriptions of action and strategy games belong to almost all domains (excluding the category of atmospheric phenomena), and their quantity is of similar proportions. Based on the quantitative indicators, only one significant difference can be noticed – in the descriptions of action games there was a clearly higher percentage of verbs from the movement domain, while the strategy game corpus indicated higher appearances of verbs from the creation domain.
When stimuli are retained in visual working memory (VWM), external stimuli which overlap this representation capture attention when performing a visual task. It has not been determined whether this mechanism can partly account for attentional capture by categories of real-world affective stimuli. Across five dual-task visual search and VWM change detection experiments (4/5 pre-registered; total N = 119) participants had to detect the change in either positive (kitten) or threat-related (spider) animal exemplars, whilst performing an intervening visual search task with peripheral distractors from these affective categories. Affective stimulus associations were confirmed by self-reported arousal and valence ratings in all samples, and confirmed in an independent sample (n = 82). It was hypothesised that threat-related and positive distractors would capture attention more, versus a neutral (bird or no distractor) baseline, when matching the contents of VWM. Experiments 1 - 3, however, found no evidence of increased capture by VWM-matching affective stimuli, though there was cumulative evidence of goal-independent capture by threat-related distractors. When, however, the trial structure became unpredictable, requiring constant preparation for the VWM task response (Experiment 4), or advanced action preparation to the VWM task was enabled (Experiment 5), then VWM-matching threat-related distractors caused greater attentional capture. This VWM-driven capture, however, was not found for positive distractors in any experiments. The results probe the boundary conditions when VWM contents drive attentional capture by entirely task-irrelevant affective categories, and suggests that background memory representations may not influence attention unconditionally, and instead may depend partly on their current prioritisation.
An essential component of finance and investing is stock price prediction, which attempts to project a stock’s future price. The objective is to use a variety of techniques and data sources to predict the direction and size of price changes. Sentiment analysis of financial news data offers insightful information about the state of the market and possible changes in stock prices. Stock price projections become more accurate and dependable when sentiment research is combined with additional machine learning and deep learning models. This research develops a multicollinearity Least Square Recursive Optimised Deep Belief Network Classification (MLSRODBN) method for sentiment analysis-based stock price prediction that promises better accuracy and shorter processing times. The MLSRODBN Method comprises multiple layers for efficient stock price prediction, including preprocessing, feature selection, and classification processes. In hidden layer, Treebank Word Tokenization is performed to partition the sentences into tokens or words. Finally, Partial Least Square Regression Analysis is carried out to perform efficient sentiment classification (i.e., positive, negative, or neutral) based on the extracted keywords from the financial news. The analysis’s conclusions show that the MLSRODBN strategy fared better at predicting stock prices than other deep learning methods that were currently in use.
Graphic health warnings (GHWs) are regarded a highly cost-effective public policy to communicate the health risks involved in smoking, mainly when they trigger negative emotional reactions. GHWs promote intentions to quit among smokers and prevent smoking initiation among non-smokers. In three experiments, we study how smokers and nonsmokers differ in implicit and explicit measures of emotional reactions towards GHWs. Experiment 1 used the Self-Assessment Manikin to measure explicit emotional (arousal and valence) ratings for six warnings published in tobacco products. Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment 1 but smokers and nonsmokers rated a new set of 36 GHWs not yet published. Experiment 3 used an implicit task, the Affect Misattribution Procedure, to evaluate and compare the affective responses to GHWs provided by smokers and non-smokers. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that smokers explicitly reported weaker negative emotional reactions to both familiar and unfamiliar GHWs compared to nonsmokers. Experiment 3 showed similar levels of negative implicit emotional responses among smokers and nonsmokers. Our data suggest that the decreased affective response involves high-order cognitive elaboration and evaluations of the messages conveyed by GHW, while early negative emotions triggered by the graphic component of the warnings similarly affect smokers and non-smokers. We propose that implicit measures may serve as additional and inexpensive tools for dissociating explicit biased affective responses of smokers towards GHWs from automatic emotional responses. In particular, the affect misattribution procedure may help to design warnings that communicate the risks of smoking but prevent adverse outcomes such as cognitive dissonance.
Background: Color plays a pivotal role in visual perception, shaping emotions, attention, and cognition, particularly in art-related contexts. However, the influence of artistic training on color perception and neural processing remains poorly understood.Methods: This study examined differences in color perception between art and non-art groups using behavioral ratings and EEG data. Forty-four participants (22 art majors: 21.82 ±1.56 years old; 22 non-art majors: 20.73 ± 1.67 years old) with an equal gender ratio were recruited. Participants completed color perception tasks involving cool, warm, and neutral hues while EEG data were recorded with a 65-electrode system. Behavioral ratings and ERP components (P2 and P3) were analyzed, supplemented by decoding analysis to uncover neural processing patterns.Results: Behavioral data indicated that warm hues elicited higher emotional valence ratings than cool and neutral hues for both groups. EEG analysis revealed that warm and cool hues evoked larger P3 amplitudes compared to neutral hues. A group-hue interaction was observed in the P2 component, with the non-art group showing greater variability in P2 amplitudes across hues. Decoding analysis provided further evidence of distinct neural processing differences between the two groups.Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that color perception differs between art and non-art groups, particularly in the neural processing of the P2 component. Warm and cool hues elicit stronger emotional and attentional responses, highlighting distinct cognitive mechanisms influenced by artistic expertise.Keywords: ERP; color perception; P2; P3; artistic training
Graphic health warnings (GHWs) are regarded a highly cost-effective public policy to communicate the health risks involved in smoking, mainly when they trigger negative emotional reactions. GHWs promote intentions to quit among smokers and prevent smoking initiation among non-smokers. In three experiments, we study how smokers and nonsmokers differ in implicit and explicit measures of emotional reactions towards GHWs.nbsp; Experiment 1 used the Self-Assessment Manikin to measure explicit emotional (arousal and valence) ratings for six warnings published in tobacco products. Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment 1 but smokers and nonsmokers rated a new set of 36 GHWs not yet published.nbsp; Experiment 3 used an implicit task, the Affect Misattribution Procedure, to evaluate and compare the affective responses to GHWs provided by smokers and non-smokers.nbsp; Experiments 1 and 2 showed that smokers explicitly reported weaker negative emotional reactions to both familiar and unfamiliar GHWs compared to nonsmokers.nbsp; Experiment 3 showed similar levels of negative implicit emotional responses among smokers and nonsmokers.nbsp; Our data suggest that the decreased affective response involves high-order cognitive elaboration and evaluations of the messages conveyed by GHW, while early negative emotions triggered by the graphic component of the warnings similarly affect smokers and non-smokers.nbsp; We propose that implicit measures may serve as additional and inexpensive tools for dissociating explicit biased affective responses of smokers towards GHWs from automatic emotional responses. In particular, the affect misattribution procedure may help to design warnings that communicate the risks of smoking but prevent adverse outcomes such as cognitive dissonance.
Objectives The purpose of the paper was to analyze two speech acts (compliment and compliment response) in high school English textbooks and to find whether they were presented authentically and accurately according to L2 pragmatic norms. Methods Compliments in 8 differing textbooks were analyzed in terms of three aspects of compliment (syntactic structures, lexicals and topics), and compliment responses in textbooks were categorized according to four types of response (acceptance, amendment, rejection and non-acknowledgement). Then the analyzed compliments and compliment responses were compared with those acts made by English native speakers. Results Compliments in textbooks heavily relied on specific syntactic structures, used a variety of adjectives rather than a limited set of adjectives, and focused more on personality than physical appearance as compliment topics, which showed clear differences from what English native speakers do in their performance of compliments. Also unlike native speakers who prefer acceptance by responding positively to compliments, compliment responses in textbooks over-used non-acceptance strategies through refusal or non-acknowledgement. Conclusions Given these results, English textbooks should be developed based only on pragmatic norms of target language speakers, not intuitions or L1 knowledge of textbook developers.
The article focuses on the morphological specifics of the verbal system in the liturgical interpretation in MSS RGADA 88 and BOGISHICH 52. The linguistic analysis aims at obtaining linguistic data about the era when the works originated and about the literary school to which their author belonged. The observations have revealed that the verbal system of the language contemporary to the author of the manuscripts does not show significant changes compared to that of Old Bulgarian. The paradigm of Old Bulgarian conjugations is intact. The use of the infinitive is regular. The innovations established are of a limited number. In terms of its morphological and syntactic characteristics (sporadic dropping of adverbial -т from the present ending for the 3rd person singular; usage of the future simple tense; registration of an archaic form for the first sigmatic aorist of the verb рещи; predominance of contracted forms of the imperfect tense; preference for passive voice forms with the the particle се; transformation of personal into impersonal forms and vice versa), the translation bears the characteristic features of South Slavic literary language dating from the 14th – 15th centuries. It corresponds to the linguistic norms established probably already in the scriptoria of the monasteries on Mount Athos in the early 14th century. These norms were also adopted by the writers of the Tarnovo Literary School, and later laid down in the foundations of the Resava Literary School in Serbia. The scribe who compiled the Slavic epitome of the liturgical interpretation demonstrated considerable freedom of choice in his translation. This distinguished him from the characteristic manners of the translators belonging to the schools of Tarnovo and to the Mount Athos monasteries, who were striving to find a formal similarity to the Greek text. The specificity of the verbal system in the text discussed can be explained by the fact that it is a summary translation, as well as by the unofficial nature of the document.
Background. The article presents an analysis of immunological markers — the level of natural antibodies to regulators of the main biochemical systems, including the inhibitory and excitation systems, opiate and anti-opiate, biogenic amines, renin-angiotensin, anti-bodies to hemostasis proteins in the blood plasma of people with phantom limb pain that developed after limb amputation, due to combat surgical trauma. It has been established that immunological indicators characterizing the main systems of regulation of human homeostasis in these patients significantly exceed the normal level. The correlation of the antibody level did not depend on the self-assessment of the phantom pain severity degree according to the chi-word rating scale. Purpose. To study the level of immunological markers — the level of natural antibodies to regulators of the main biochemical systems, including inhibition and excitation, opiate and anti-opiate, biogenic amines, renin-angiotensin, homeostasis proteins in the blood serum of individuals suffering from phantom pain syndrome in order to objectify the pain status. Materials and methods. Clinical studies were conducted on the basis of the Branch No. 2 of the National Medical Research Center for Military Medical Technology named after A. A. Vishnevsky of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. Results. Monitoring the individual profile of natural antibody level to endogenous regulators optimizes the personalization of the patient's treatment and rehabilitation program, as it provides the possibility of biochemically assess of the inhibition and excitation system indicators, the level of tolerance of pain thresholds, and the state of psycho-emotional status. Conclusion. The immunological indicators obtained as a result of the research, characterizing important biochemical human regulatory systems, exceeded the normal level, which indicates a tense, activated functional state of the body.
Language technology has the potential to facilitate intercultural communication through meaningful translations. However, the current state of language technology is deeply entangled with colonial knowledge due to path dependencies and neo-colonial tendencies in the global governance of artificial intelligence (AI). Language technology is a complex and emerging field that presents challenges for co-design interventions due to enfolding in assemblages of global scale and diverse sites and its knowledge intensity. This paper uses LiveLanguage, a lexical database, a set of services with particular emphasis on modelling language diversity and integrating small and minority languages, as an example to discuss and close the gap from pluriversal design theory to practice. By diversifying the concept of emerging technology, we can better approach language technology in global contexts. The paper presents a model comprising of five layers of technological activity. Each layer consists of specific practices and stakeholders, thus provides distinctive spaces for co-design interventions as mode of inquiry for de-linking, re-thinking and re-building language technology towards pluriversality. In that way, the paper contributes to reflecting the position of co-design in decolonising emergent technologies, and to integrating complex theoretical knowledge towards decoloniality into language technology design.
In recent years, emerging and improved Natural Language Processing (NLP) models, such as Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), have gained significant attention due to their performance on several natural language tasks. However, inappropriate focus is usually given to the critical problems of security and data privacy, since these models require access to plain data. To address these issues, we suggest a solution based on Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE), which allows for computations to be performed on encrypted data. In particular, we propose a FHE-based circuit that, by implementing the smallest existent BERT model, namely BERT-tiny, enables the extraction of encrypted sentences representations and encrypted text classifications. Considering the nature and the depth of this circuit, we used the Cheon-Kim-Kim-Song (CKKS) scheme, along with the bootstrapping operation. We also propose to use precomputations for the Layer Normalization, in order to lighten computations. The experiments, which can be replicated using our open-source code, are conducted on the Stanford Sentiment Treebank (SST-2) dataset. They show that errors introduced by precomputed Layer Normalizaion, approximate FHE operations and polynomial approximations do not produce a significant performance loss.
Self-efficacy is a key construct in behavioral science affecting mental health and psychopathology. Here, we expand on previously demonstrated between-persons self-efficacy effects. We prompted 66 patients five times daily for 14 days before starting cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to provide avoidance, hope, and perceived psychophysiological-arousal ratings. Multilevel logistic regression analyses confirmed self-efficacy’s significant effects on avoidance in daily life (odds ratio [ OR] = 0.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.34, 0.84], p =.008) and interaction effects with anxiety in predicting perceived psychophysiological arousal ( OR = 0.79, 95% CI = [0.62, 1.00], p =.046) and hope ( OR = 1.21, 95% CI = [1.03, 1.42], p =.02). More self-efficacious patients also reported greater anxiety-symptom reduction early in treatment. Our findings assign a key role to self-efficacy for daily anxiety-symptom experiences and for early CBT success. Self-efficacy interventions delivered in patients’ daily lives could help improve treatment outcome.
Objectives: Individuals with hearing loss complain of perceiving the emotions conveyed in music. While many studies have examined this issue, the cortical mechanisms involved remain unclear. This study aims to investigate how audibility affects cortical activity during the emotional perception of music. Methods: Musical stimuli expressing happiness, sadness, and neutrality were filtered at 1kHz to simulate low-frequency (LFsim) or high-frequency (HFsim) hearing loss. Forty-eight healthy participants were randomly assigned to three groups: HFsim group, LFsim group, and normal hearing (NH) group. During 64-channel EEG recording, participants listened to these stimuli, followed by rating arousal and valence (dimensional model) and selecting emotions (discrete model). Each of the 15 stimuli was presented 20 times, resulting in a total of 300 trials. Results: The HFsim group exhibited significantly increased alpha power during the perception of all three emotions, particularly in the sad condition. Trials were selected based on normalized ratings of arousal and valence (high or positive >= 0.3, low or negative < -0.3, middle -0.3<= and < 0.3). In the sad condition, alpha power showed prolonged periods of significant differences among groups, especially in arousal while valence ratings displayed minimal variability. Alpha changes were more pronounced in the sad condition and more evident in arousal than in valence. Conclusions: These results suggest that the lack of high-frequency auditory information might require increased cognitive load during emotional perception. Additionally, audible spectral information, especially high-frequency audibility, significantly affects alpha activity during the perception of musical emotions.
The study comprehensively analyzes nominative units representing the semantic field "illness" in Russian old settler dialects of Yakutia.The research material consists of lexical units extracted from the Dictionary of Russian Old Settler Dialects in the Territory of Yakutia by continuous sampling.The study identifies and systematizes the features of euphemization in the nominations of diseases, showing correlations between linguistic phenomena and the cultural and social norms governing the perception of illnesses by patients and society.Special attention is paid to the comparative analysis of the linguistic material from the Russian old settler dialects and the Yakut language, which helps identify common and different features in the linguistic worldview of these ethnic groups.The analysis of disease nominations in the Yakut language and Russian old settler dialects of Yakutia identifies similarities in attitudes towards illness, especially severe illness.Both cultures avoid direct nominations of diseases and use euphemisms, reflecting a universal fear of the unknown and the serious consequences of illnesses.
This paper delves into the text processing aspects of Language Computing, which enables computers to understand, interpret, and generate human language. Focusing on tasks such as speech recognition, machine translation, sentiment analysis, text summarization, and language modelling, language computing integrates disciplines including linguistics, computer science, and cognitive psychology to create meaningful human-computer interactions. Recent advancements in deep learning have made computers more accessible and capable of independent learning and adaptation. In examining the landscape of language computing, the paper emphasises foundational work like encoding, where Tamil transitioned from ASCII to Unicode, enhancing digital communication. It discusses the development of computational resources, including raw data, dictionaries, glossaries, annotated data, and computational grammars, necessary for effective language processing. The challenges of linguistic annotation, the creation of treebanks, and the training of large language models are also covered, emphasising the need for high-quality, annotated data and advanced language models. The paper underscores the importance of building practical applications for languages like Tamil to address everyday communication needs, highlighting gaps in current technology. It calls for increased research collaboration, digitization of historical texts, and fostering digital usage to ensure the comprehensive development of Tamil language processing, ultimately enhancing global communication and access to digital services.
Currently, Sentiment Analysis (SA) has been gradually applied in a variety of fields and has become one of the most researched topics in adolescent education. However, since the interaction between cognition and emotion is involved in every learning process, it is possible to intervene with students based on the emotions they express in classroom or extracurricular environments, in order to assist teachers in assessing the overall state of students. This is conducive to improving teaching effectiveness, facilitating personalized learning, improving the emotional state and mental health of students, and promoting development and progress in the field of education. Emotion recognition is usually studied using electroencephalography (EEG), which is not practical for the adolescent population that spends most of their time at school almost every day. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an SA method based on a modified transformer network combined with convolutional neural network (CNN), aiming to utilize language for emotion recognition. The experiments were conducted using the Standford Sentinent Treebank (SST) dataset for training and validation of the model, which categorizes emotions into two categories based on positive and negative emotions, and ultimately obtains an overall accuracy of 95.00%. The experimental results demonstrate the recognition ability of our proposed model in sentiment analysis and show the potential for application in adolescent education.
Cultural beliefs and practices find expressions through rituals. Birth is a rite of passage and children are perceived as special gift from the Supreme Being. As such, pregnancy and childbirth are special events cherished and celebrated through varied rituals in different cultures worldwide. Thus, pregnancy and childbirth are not only biological events, but also socially and culturally constructed with associated symbols that represent the social identities and cultural values of the Bakossi people of the South West Region of Cameroon who speak Akoosè language and use it during such rituals. Ritual and language are greatly related. This paper aims to explore the embodied language of ritual after child birth in Akoosè and people’s possession of a sacred but rare ability to use language in a peculiar way to orthodox linguistic norms especially while looking at Birth Songs, burying of the placenta, incantations and the language during libation while welcoming the child home. The ritual language used is an essential aspect that reflects the values and customs of the people given the variations in the language used like the use of metaphors, proverbs and other literary devices, giving the ceremony a poetic and symbolic feel. Language which is one of the principal issues in this study is defined by Sone, (2016) as a systematic means which human beings use in the communication of thoughts, ideas, values, norms and feelings. Data realized is through Tape and video recordings and participant observation. It is assumed that the custodians of the spoken discourse, is far more than mere use of words, rather it is a linguistically significant variety when studied within the Akoosè /Akɔ́ɔ́sè/context.
Time of day can alter memory performance in general. Its influence on memory recognition performance for faces, which is important for daily encounters with new persons or testimonies, has not been investigated yet. Importantly, high levels of the stress hormone cortisol impair memory recognition, in particular for emotional material. However, some studies also reported high cortisol levels to enhance memory recognition. Since cortisol levels in the morning are usually higher than in the evening, time of day might also influence recognition performance. In this pre-registered study with a two-day design, 51 healthy men encoded pictures of male and female faces with distinct emotional expressions on day one around noon. Memory for the faces was retrieved two days later at two consecutive testing times either in the morning (high and moderately increased endogenous cortisol levels) or in the evening (low endogenous cortisol levels). Additionally, alertness as well as salivary cortisol levels at the different timepoints was assessed. Cortisol levels were significantly higher in the morning compared to the evening group as expected, while both groups did not differ in alertness. Familiarity ratings for female stimuli were significantly better when participants were tested during moderately increased endogenous cortisol levels in the morning than during low endogenous cortisol levels in the evening, a pattern which was previously also observed for stressed versus non-stressed participants. In addition, cortisol levels during that time in the morning were positively correlated with the recollection of face stimuli in general. Thus, recognition memory performance may depend on the time of day and as well as on stimulus type, such as the difference of male and female faces. Most importantly, the results suggest that cortisol may be meaningful and worth investigating when studying the effects of time of day on memory performance. This research offers both, insights into daily encounters as well as legally relevant domains as for instance testimonies.