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16504 papers
Background: The extent of ischemic injury in acute stroke is assessed in clinical practice using the Acute Stroke Prognosis Early CT Score (ASPECTS) rating system. However, current ASPECTS semi-quantitative topographic scales assess only the middle cerebral artery (MCA) (original ASPECTS) and posterior cerebral (PC-ASPECTS) territories. For treatment decision-making in patients with anterior cerebral artery (ACA) occlusions and internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusions with large ischemic cores, measures of all hemispheric regions are desirable. Methods: In this cohort study, anatomic rating systems were developed for the anterior cerebral (AC-ASPECTS, 3 points) and anterior choroidal artery (ACh-ASPECTS, 1 point) territories. In addition, a total supratentorial hemisphere (H-ASPECTS, 16 points) score was calculated as the sum of the MCA ASPECTS (10 regions), supratentorial PC-ASPECTS (2 regions), AC-ASPECTS (3 regions), and ACh-ASPECTS (1 region). Three raters applied these scales to initial and 24 h CT and MR images in consecutive patients with ischemic stroke (IS) due to ICA, M1-MCA, and ACA occlusions. Results: Imaging ratings were obtained for 96 scans in 50 consecutive patients with age 74.8 (±14.0), 60% female, NIHSS 15.5 (9.25-20), and occlusion locations ICA 34%; M1-MCA 58%; and ACA 8%. Treatments included endovascular thrombectomy +/- thrombolysis in 72%, thrombolysis alone in 8%, and hemicraniectomy in 4%. Among experienced clinicians, inter-rater reliability for AC-, ACh-, and H-ASPECTS scores was substantial (kappa values 0.61-0.80). AC-ASPECTS abnormality was present in 14% of patients, and ACh-ASPECTS abnormality in 2%. Among patients with ACA and ICA occlusions, H-ASPECTS scores compared with original ASPECTS scores were more strongly associated with disability level at discharge, ambulatory status at discharge, discharge destination, and combined inpatient mortality and hospice discharge. Conclusion: AC-ASPECTS, ACh-ASPECTS, and H-ASPECTS expand the scope of acute IS imaging scores and increase correlation with functional outcomes. This additional information may enhance prognostication and decision-making, including endovascular thrombectomy and hemicraniectomy.
The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of eight digital radiography systems and to optimise the dose-image quality relationship for digital pelvis radiography. The study involved eight digital radiography systems used for general examinations at Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos. An anthropomorphic pelvic phantom (CIRS, US) was used to simulate a patient undergoing clinical pelvis radiography. Dose quantities entrance surface dose, dose area product (DAP) and exposure parameters (kVp, mA, mAs) were measured and the effects on the images were evaluated, considering physical contrast to noise ratio (CNR) and observer-based evaluations as image quality metrics. Increasing the tube voltage by 5 kVp from standard protocol led to a reduction in radiation dose (DAP) by 12%-20% with a slight impact on image quality (CNR decreases by 2%-10%). There was an inter-observer variability in image rating across different equipment (kappa value between 0 and 0.3); however, both observers agreed that increasing kVp up to 85-90 kV had no effect on perceived image quality. The results indicate that optimisation strategies should be tailored specifically for each x-ray system since significant performance differences and wide variations in radiation dose exist across various digital radiography systems used in clinical settings. The use of high kVp can be used for dose optimisation in digital pelvis radiography without compromising image diagnostic accuracy.
The article focuses on orographic appellatives and oronyms derived from anatomical terms in the Yakut language through metaphorization. Given that the Yakut oronymy is endangered due to several sociolinguistic and socio-economic reasons, collecting, systematizing, studying, and preserving this specific layer of the Yakut toponymic lexicon in linguistic databases is relevant. We have identified more than 80 anatomical terms that contributed to the Yakut oronymy development. We divided the Yakut anatomical vocabulary used as orographic appellatives into two groups: 1) lexemes denoting the external parts of human and animal bodies and 2) lexemes denoting the internal organs of humans and animals. The comparative analysis covered the following anatomical terms: atax ‘leg’, bas ‘head’, sürex ‘heart’, tumus ‘nose; beak’, kulgaax ‘ear’, töbö ‘head’, meyii ‘brain’, emiy ‘udder’. The comparison has demonstrated a substantial similarity in the anatomical vocabulary used as orographic appellatives in the Turkic languages. However, some Turkic languages feature divergence in terms of content, possibly resulting from the influence of contact languages (related and unrelated). The abundance and variety of metaphorical anatomical terms in different Turkic languages may also be due to the physical and geographical features of the terrain on which they function. Given the above, the anatomical vocabulary can be considered an additional source for understanding the formation patterns and features of the Turkic-Mongolian geographical vocabulary of Siberia.
Introduction: Gestalt perception refers to the cognitive ability to perceive various elements as a unified whole. In our study, we delve deeper into the phenomenon of Gestalt recognition in visual cubist art, a transformative process culminating in what is often described as an Aha moment. This Aha moment signifies a sudden understanding of what is seen, merging seemingly disparate elements into a coherent meaningful picture. The onset of this Aha moment can vary, either appearing almost instantaneously, which is in line with theories of hedonic fluency, or manifesting after a period of time, supporting the concept of delayed but more in-depth meaningful insight. Methods: We employed pupillometry to measure cognitive and affective shifts during art interaction, analyzing both maximum pupil dilation and average dilation across the trial. The study consisted of two parts: in the first, 84 participants identified faces in cubist paintings under various conditions, with Aha moments and pupil dilation measured. In part 2, the same 84 participants assessed the artworks through ratings in a no-task free-viewing condition. Results: Results of part 1 indicate a distinctive pattern of pupil dilation, with maximum dilation occurring at both trial onset and end. Longer response times were observed for high-fluent, face-present stimuli, aligning with a delayed but accurate Aha-moment through recognition. Additionally, the time of maximum pupil dilation, rather than average dilation, exhibited significant associations, being later for high-fluent, face-present stimuli and correct detections. In part 2, average, not the time of maximum pupil dilation emerged as the significant factor. Face-stimuli and highly accessible art evoked stronger dilations, also reflecting high clearness and negative valence ratings. Discussion: The study underscores a complex relationship between the timing of recognition and the Aha moment, suggesting nuanced differences in emotional and cognitive responses during art viewing. Pupil dilation measures offer insight into these processes especially for moments of recognition, though their application in evaluating emotional responses through artwork ratings warrants further exploration.
Objective This study aimed to assess the impact of the different concentrations of iodine contrast agents used on the quality of computed tomography (CT) images obtained intraindividually in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Methods In this retrospective study, data from a cohort of 29 patients diagnosed with primary hepatocellular carcinoma who had undergone two preoperative CT-enhanced examinations within a 3-month timeframe were analyzed. Each patient was randomly assigned to receive either a low-concentration contrast agent (300 mg I/mL iohexol) or a high-concentration contrast agent (350 mg I/mL iohexol) for the first scan and the alternative contrast agent for the second scan. CT images of different liver regions of each patient were compared between low-and high-concentration scans using their before-and-after control design. Subjective image quality scores for portal vein images were also assessed. Results The findings of this study indicate that patients in the high-concentration group presented significantly elevated CT values across various anatomical regions, including the liver parenchyma, abdominal aorta, and hepatic portal vein, compared to those in the low-concentration group ( p < 0.05). Moreover, the high-concentration group demonstrated superior subjective image ratings ( p < 0.05). Nevertheless, there was no statistically significant difference in the CT values observed in liver cancer parenchyma scans at different phases between the two groups ( p > 0.05). Conclusion In summary, using a high-concentration iodine contrast agent is efficient in enhancing the visual clarity of the liver parenchyma, the aorta, and the portal vein in individuals diagnosed with primary hepatocellular carcinoma.
Introduction Sleep loss is common during the perinatal period; however, few studies have assessed potential consequences of insufficient sleep for postnatal emotional responding, a key contributor to parenting behaviors with implications for parent-infant bonding and mental health. To generate hypotheses for future work assessing perinatal sleep and emotion-related outcomes, this pilot study explored whether prenatal sleep duration predicted postnatal emotional responding in a sample at risk for postpartum depression. Methods Participants were 9 birthing parents with a prior mood disorder who were not in a current episode at enrollment. We estimated sleep with actigraphy collected for one week at 33 weeks’ gestation and at 2 and 6 weeks postpartum. Following each week, participants completed an emotional evaluation task, rating the valence and arousal of standardized images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). We tested whether average prenatal (33 weeks) nighttime sleep duration predicted concurrent and future responsiveness to emotional images, quantified by participants’ reaction times and arousal/valence ratings. Results Shorter prenatal sleep duration predicted faster reaction times, both concurrently and at 2 weeks postpartum (ps≤.05), as well as lower arousal ratings for negative images at 2 and 6 weeks postpartum (ps≤.043). Conclusions In this small sample of birthing parents at risk for postpartum depression, shorter prenatal sleep duration predicted faster reactions to emotional stimuli and blunted arousal responses to negative images. Although preliminary, these findings justify further study of the role of prenatal sleep in postpartum emotional responses and how these factors may impact parent-infant outcomes.
Abstract Purpose Previous discussions have characterized hookup culture as ambiguous by nature, but social psychological theory tells us people dislike ambiguity in practice. Meanwhile, a myriad of undefined relationship terms (e.g., talking to, hanging out, having a thing) arose and have remained in use. I examine (1) whether these different “situationship” labels have distinct affective meaning and (2) what that suggests for those occupying the concomitant identities (i.e., assess the behavioral and emotional consequences of being “someone in a _____ relationship”). Approach Using affect control theory and a sample of young adults in defined (N = 50) and undefined (N = 43) relationship types, I test if affective ratings of various relationship label identities are statistically distinct. I then computationally model social events with each relationship label as actor (X identity performs [behavior]), compare their differing levels of social discomfort, and empirically predict the emotions each identity would feel. Findings Undefined relationship labels are not synonymous. Correspondingly, the nature, emotions, and expected behaviors of the individuals with those labels' related relational identities are not equivalent. In cultural evaluation, all undefined relationship labels are lower than all defined relationship labels. In event simulations, predicted deflection levels and actor consequent emotions (how normative is it and how jarring does it feel) were patterned by the labels' cultural evaluation ratings, these correlate with relationship commitment level. Implications By interpersonal necessity, individuals make fine distinctions in shared meanings within a cultural context of constant redefinition. Physically and emotionally negative behaviors are culturally more expected and accepted in undefined contexts by the culturally-understood nature of – and shared perspectives of participants concerning – those relationships’ parameters.
Relevance of research. In today’s world, where information spreads at an incredible speed, the role of opinion leaders, people who have a significant influence on the audience and can shape their thoughts and behavior, becomes especially important. Despite the increase in Ukrainian-language content in the Internet space after the start of a full-scale invasion, the problem of the spread of language errors and non-compliance with language norms in the Ukrainian language, in particular, in the blogosphere and social networks, is gaining relevance. Young people are particularly susceptible to the influence of opinion leaders. Violation of language norms by these people can lead to the fact that young people will consider these mistakes as the norm, which determines the relevance of our research. This article is aimed at solving the problem and provides practical recommendations for both opinion leaders and every Ukrainian to prevent violations of language norms in the media space. The purpose. Conducting an analysis of violations of language norms that occur in the Ukrainian-language media space under the influence of opinion leaders, in particular TikTok and YouTube bloggers. Research methodology. A number of scientific approaches and methods were used in the research process: content analysis – to study the influence of opinion leaders in the media space on the language culture of Ukrainian society through social media classification method – for systematization of identified violations of language norms, which helped to understand the main problems of language culture and identify the main directions for further analysis and development of recommendations; methods of comparative and logical analysis – to identify cause-and-effect relationships between language disorders and their impact on the speech environment. The scientific novelty. A study of the influence of opinion leaders in the modern media space. The article reveals both the side effects of such influence and emphasizes the possible lowering of the status of the language and the degradation of linguistic culture due to the spread of linguistic errors and non-compliance with linguistic norms. The article contains specific practical recommendations for opinion leaders and the general public to prevent violations of language norms in the media space, which can contribute to raising the level of speech culture and preserving the linguistic identity of Ukrainian society. The conclusions. Violation of the language norms of the Ukrainian language by opinion leaders in the media space, among bloggers on the TikTok and YouTube platforms, is a rather serious problem that has many negative consequences: it can lead to distortion of content, incorrect perception of information by the audience and a decrease in the general level of linguistic culture among users, especially among young people. The recommendations provided in the article are aimed at improving the quality of bloggers’ speech and increasing the level of language literacy in the media space. All these factors highlight the importance of drawing attention to the issue of language literacy and adherence to language norms among opinion leaders in the media space, which may become a relevant topic for further research. The obtained conclusions should become the basis for the development of specific recommendations aimed at increasing the level of language culture in the media space and avoiding the negative impact of social media on Ukrainian society.
not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Emotional experiences involve dynamic multi-sensory perception, yet most EEG research uses unimodal stimuli such as photographs. However, a recent study found that realistic emotional videos reliably reduce the amplitude of a steady state visual evoked potential (ssVEP) elicited by a flickering border. It is unknown how the video-ssVEP measure compares to the well-established Late Positive Potential (LPP) that is reliably larger for emotional scenes. To address this question, 45 participants viewed 90 matched pairs of realistic videos and scenes. Replicating the previous study, emotional videos reduced ssVEP amplitude more than neutral videos. At the group level, the video-ssVEP and scene-LPP measures produced similarly large differences per category (pleasant, neutral, unpleasant), and both measures strongly correlated with arousal ratings. However, trial-based Bayesian multilevel models suggest that the group-level results mask important differences. Consistent with previous research, the scene-LPP was sensitive to specific emotional contents (erotica and gore) more than would be predicted by arousal ratings. In contrast, the video-ssVEP did not show this specific sensitivity, and was better explained by individual arousal ratings collected for each stimulus trial. These results suggest that the 2 measures index partially distinct aspects of emotional perception, with the LPP reflecting the discrimination of emotional features, while the ssVEP indexes emotional engagement. Taken together, the results suggest that a video-ssVEP paradigm has comparable single-trial reliability and may better reflect a more diverse range of experienced emotional states relative to scene-LPP paradigms.
Homophony (i.e, multiple meanings expressed by the same form) is ubiquitous across the world’s languages. Despite its pervasiveness, not all instances of homophony are equally likely, which suggests that homophony is unlikely to be accidental. There is a growing body of literature which aims to thoroughly examine cross-linguistic regularities in patterns of homophony and explain these from constraints in language learning and use, both at the lexical and morphosyntactic levels. Here, we examine a specific case of homophony in pronominal paradigms, that is, the lack of a number distinction (singular vs plural) for a given person value (first, second and third), a phenomenon coined as horizontal homophony. Cysouw (2003) suggested that a lack of number distinction is more likely to be found in third person (i.e., 3SG=3PL) than in second (i.e., 2SG=2PL), and it is least frequently found in first person (i.e., 1SG=1PL). We refer to this generalisation as the Horizontal Homophony Hierarchy: 3 > 2 > 1 (where > represents frequency inequality). This generalisation was nevertheless only made via qualitative description and by raw counts, and merely described without motivated explanation. In this study we take a step back and present additional evidence sup- porting the Horizontal Homophony Hierarchy. First, we as- certain the robustness of this typological tendency through a statistical analysis using the largest cross-linguistic database of pronominal paradigms to date (926 languages from 229 different families). Next, we explore whether the Horizontal Homophony Hierarchy has a corresponding learning cor- relate, which would indicate that this asymmetry is at least partly rooted in a cognitive bias. Specifically, we examine asymmetries in how easily adult humans learn different types of horizontal homophony in an artificial language learning experiment. The results from our typological analysis corroborate a hierarchy of horizontal homophony 3 > 2 > 1 in the world’s languages. However, our experimental results provide evidence against a learning bias underlying the hierarchy, thus suggesting that motivated explanations of the typology (if any) are more likely to be found in alternative pressures such as communicative need and efficiency.
To investigate the benefits of utilising an AI system to enhance the efficiency of obstetric scan training. A randomised controlled study was conducted at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. Residents were recruited and randomly assigned to either a AI-assisted training group or a conventional training group from September 2022 to April 2023. Each participant underwent a four-cycle practice scan training program, performing scans on 20 pregnant volunteers at gestational weeks 18-32 in each cycle, focusing on acquiring and interpreting specific standard views. At the end of each cycle, a test evaluated trainees' ability to obtain standard views without AI assistance, and image quality was rated by both trainees themselves and an expert (in a blind manner) based on local expert consensus. The primary outcome measured the number of cycles required for each trainee to meet standards (expert ratings of image quality ≥80%). Secondary outcomes included expert rating of image quality, disparity between trainees and expert ratings. A total of 32 residents with no prior obstetric ultrasound experience and 2720 pregnant volunteers were recruited. The AI-assisted group required significantly fewer training cycles than the non-AI-assisted group to meet quality requirements (p = 0.037). When comparing mean score differences, the AI-assisted training group exhibited superior ability in acquiring standard views compared to the conventional training group in the third (p = 0.012) and fourth (p < 0.001) stages. The disparity between trainees' self-acquired image ratings and expert ratings decreased with increasing training time. There was a significant difference in total rating disparity between trainees and expert between the two groups from the first to the fourth stage (p < 0.05). The utilisation of an AI-assisted system has the potential to improve training effectiveness, particularly for trainees without prior experience in acquiring and interpreting standard views during obstetric scans.
PURPOSE: Typically developing children assigned male at birth (AMAB) and children assigned female at birth (AFAB) produce the fricative /s/ differently: AFAB children produce /s/ with a higher spectral peak frequency. This study examined whether implicit knowledge of these differences affects speech-language pathologists'/speech and language therapists' (SLPs'/SLTs') ratings of /s/ accuracy, by comparing ratings made in conditions where SLPs/SLTs were blind to children's sex assigned at birth (SAB) to conditions in which they were told this information. METHODS: SLPs (n = 95) varying in clinical experience rated the accuracy of word-initial /s/ productions (n = 87) of eight children with speech sound disorder in one of four conditions: one in which no information about the children was revealed, one in which children's SAB was revealed, one in which children's age was revealed, and one in which both were revealed. RESULTS: Despite there being no statistically significant differences between AFAB and AMAB children's /s/ production in researcher-determined accuracy or in one acoustic characteristic, spectral centroid, SLPs in all four conditions judged the /s/ productions of AFAB children as more accurate than AMAB children. Listeners were significantly less likely to judge the productions of AMAB children to be inaccurate in the conditions in which age or age and SAB were revealed. These effects were consistent across SLPs with greatly varying levels of clinical experience. CONCLUSION: Knowing or imputing children's age and SAB can affect ratings of /s/ accuracy. Clinicians should be mindful of these potential effects. Future research should understand how expectations about sociolinguistic variation in speech affect appraisals of their speech and language. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject Adult men and women produce /s/ differently. A consensus is that these differences reflect sociolinguistic gender marking, rather than being the passive consequence of vocal-tract differences. Recent studies have shown that children assigned female at birth (AFAB) and those assigned male at birth (AMAB) produce /s/ differently in ways that mirror the differences between adult men and women, and which presumably reflect gender marking. What this paper adds to existing knowledge We asked whether US-based speech-language pathologists' (SLPs) ratings of the accuracy of /s/ differ depending on whether they are rating an AFAB or an AMAB child, and whether these differences are greater in conditions in which people are told the sex assigned at birth of the child being rated. We found that SLPs were more likely to judge AFAB children's /s/ productions to be more accurate than AMAB children's, even though the productions from the AMAB and AFAB children that were used as stimuli were matched for accuracy as determined by trained researchers. What are the clinical implications of this work? SLPs/speech-language therapists should be sensitive to the influence of social variables when assessing /s/. SLPs/speech-language therapists might rate children's productions differently depending on whether they believe they are rating an AFAB or an AMAB child.
Background Many anti-obesity health promotion campaigns focus on physical activity as a means to lose weight. Organizations have created positive images of people living with obesity being physically active with the intention of normalizing people in larger bodies being active. However, it is not clear if using the images when taking a weight-neutral (compared to a weight-centric) approach will be more positively received, and thus more effective, in promoting physical activity to people living in larger bodies.Aims The primary purpose of the present research was to examine whether people in larger bodies preferred messages that featured images of people in larger bodies being active with weight-neutral (i.e., no mention of weight loss) compared to weight-centric (i.e., weight loss-focused) physical activity messages. Secondary purposes were to examine between condition differences on internalized weight bias and whether message ratings or internalized weight bias mediated effects of message type on objectively measured physical activity.Methods Adults of any self-identified gender who also self-identified as living in larger bodies were recruited through a variety of Obesity Canada channels including their newsletter and social media. The data from 54 adults (Mage = 49.9 years; 90.7% women) were analyzed. Participants completed pre-test measures (demographics and internalized weight bias), wore an accelerometer for one week then viewed eight images with condition-specific messages. This was followed with post-test measures (image ratings, thought listing, internalized weight bias) and one more week of accelerometer wear.Results The weight-neutral messages were rated more positively than the weight-centric messages but there were no between group differences in internalized weight bias nor in sedentary behavior, light physical activity, or moderate to vigorous physical activity.Discussion It is possible that participants were already interested in the topic of weight bias and possibly aware of the images used in this study, limiting the generalizability of the study. However, the results of this research, considered with the findings of other researchers who report health messages to be more motivating, indicate that focusing on weight is not recommended when promoting physical activity to people in larger bodies. Rather other benefits of being active should be highlighted.
Implementation intentions are if-then plans that create a mental link between a situational cue and a goal-directed response that people can form to help them achieve emotion regulation goals more effectively. The main goal of this study was to determine if forming the goal intention to not get disgusted together with a perspective taking implementation intention is more effective than forming the goal intention to not get disgusted that spells out the same perspective taking strategy but without linking it to the cue. Eighty-six female participants viewed disgusting, neutral, and pleasant pictures under four instructions: no emotion regulation instructions (CG), the goal intention to not get disgusted (GI), this goal intention furnished with the perspective taking regulation strategy (GI-PT), and this goal intention in tandem with the perspective taking implementation intention (PT-II). Compared with CG, GI, and GI-PT participants, PT-II participants showed a significantly larger decrease in disgust when seeing the disgusting pictures. This effect remained constant across repeated exposure to the critical contents and was larger among individuals who did not consciously try to reappraise the disgusting pictures than among individuals who consciously tried to reappraise them. Valence rating, arousal rating, and sympathetic activity did not significantly differ between conditions. We conclude that it is the if(situational cue)-then(goal-directed response) link created by forming the perspective taking implementation intention that accounts for the positive effect on disgust and not simply the information about the perspective taking behavior to adopt.
Am 5. und 6. Dezember fand der "22. International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories" statt, auf welchem auch das SUB-Kooperationsprojekt "Edition des Ugaritischen Poetischen Textkorpus" (EUPT) vorgestellt wurde. Doch was sind "Treebanks" (z. Dt. "Baumbanken") überhaupt und welchen Nutzen haben sie für die Forschung und Entwicklung?
In many fields, such as language acquisition, neuropsychology of language, the study of aging, and historical linguistics, corpora are used for estimating the diversity of grammatical structures that are produced during a period by an individual, community, or type of speakers. In these cases, treebanks are taken as representative samples of the syntactic structures that might be encountered. Generalizing the potential syntactic diversity from the structures documented in a small corpus requires careful extrapolation whose accuracy is constrained by the limited size of representative sub-corpora. In this article, I demonstrate -- theoretically, and empirically -- that a grammar's derivational entropy and the mean length of the utterances (MLU) it generates are fundamentally linked, giving rise to a new measure, the derivational entropy rate. The mean length of utterances becomes the most practical index of syntactic complexity; I demonstrate that MLU is not a mere proxy, but a fundamental measure of syntactic diversity. In combination with the new derivational entropy rate measure, it provides a theory-free assessment of grammatical complexity. The derivational entropy rate indexes the rate at which different grammatical annotation frameworks determine the grammatical complexity of treebanks. I introduce the Smoothed Induced Treebank Entropy (SITE) as a tool for estimating these measures accurately, even from very small treebanks. I conclude by discussing important implications of these results for both NLP and human language processing.
This study introduces a pretrained large language model-based annotation methodology for the first dependency treebank in Ottoman Turkish.Our experimental results show that, iteratively, i) pseudo-annotating data using a multilingual BERT-based parsing model, ii) manually correcting the pseudo-annotations, and iii) fine-tuning the parsing model with the corrected annotations, we speed up and simplify the challenging dependency annotation process.The resulting treebank, that will be a part of the Universal Dependencies (UD) project, will facilitate automated analysis of Ottoman Turkish documents, unlocking the linguistic richness embedded in this historical heritage.
Abstract Introduction Insomnia is commonly linked with mood and anxiety-related disorders characterized by disrupted emotional memory processing. However, much remains unknown about the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying emotional memory processing among patients with insomnia. The current study seeks to examine the temporal dynamics of emotional memory processing among both patients with insomnia and healthy sleepers. Methods Thirty-four patients with DSM-5 insomnia disorder (23 females; Mage = 24.94) and 35 healthy sleepers (23 females; Mage = 23.91) encoded 48 pairs of pseudo-words and negative/neutral scene pictures in the evening, followed by overnight EEG-recorded sleep. All participants completed cued-recall memory tasks and affective ratings at pre-sleep, post-sleep, and 7-day delayed sessions. Results From the post-sleep to 7-day delayed sessions, patients with insomnia showed greater preservation of pictorial memory (ps &lt; 0.001) and less dissipation of affective tone compared to the healthy sleepers (ps &lt; 0.016). Moreover, among healthy sleepers, the product of post-encoding slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep duration predicted greater over-time negative memory decay (b = -0.001, p = 0.035), whereas REM duration predicted the dissipation of negative arousal ratings over time (b = -0.03, p = 0.041). Notably, these associations were not observed in the insomnia group. Conclusion These findings provide insight into the fundamental irregularities in emotional memory processing among patients with insomnia. For healthy sleepers, the results suggest a joint engagement of SWS and REM in promoting negative memory decay, and an adaptive role of REM sleep in facilitating the attenuation of affective arousal over time. Support (if any)
This is a morpho-sociolinguistic article that adopts a qualitative approach to investigate the attachment of the morpheme /-ng∼-eng/ to Sesotho parts of speech and to determine the validity of the justifications provided for this type of suffixation. The study employs the integrated frameworks of item-and-process and variationist sociolinguistics. It is a known fact that human language is inherently a culturally evolving system. That is, it is not monolithic, but instead, is dynamic or variable. Among the social dynamics stimulating language variability is age. In our everyday experience, we witness a generational gap between youngsters and adults in terms of communication. Adults tend to be conservative, while the youth are innovative in their language use. Through their peer groups, the youth are able to establish new linguistic norms which may diffuse into the wider community. In Sesotho, one such linguistic norm is the current suffixation of /-ng∼-eng/ to some parts of speech to which traditionally it was not suffixed. The article further discusses the semantic implications of the attachment of this suffix and the reaction of the elderly towards it.
This study introduces a pretrained large language model-based annotation methodology for the first de dency treebank in Ottoman Turkish. Our experimental results show that, iteratively, i) pseudo-annotating data using a multilingual BERT-based parsing model, ii) manually correcting the pseudo-annotations, and iii) fine-tuning the parsing model with the corrected annotations, we speed up and simplify the challenging dependency annotation process. The resulting treebank, that will be a part of the Universal Dependencies (UD) project, will facilitate automated analysis of Ottoman Turkish documents, unlocking the linguistic richness embedded in this historical heritage.
This paper investigates how linguistic norms are negotiated in German-speaking localities in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The aim of the article is to find out whether linguistic norms still play a role in a heterogeneous multilingual context in which German ceased to be used as a written language while still being transferred to children in spoken varieties. The data is based on 58 semi-structured interviews from ten locations. The analyses take their starting point in language labels, providing key words for identifying and contrasting varieties. The results show that different varieties of German are still clearly perceived and labeled, and that they are evaluated according to the vertical dimension. Norms are negotiated displaying an ideology of linguistic homogeneity and relating to speaker age, the value of written language, and norm instances like schools. Comparing the older and the younger generations, a tendency of norm varieties being less associated with written language and more and more based on surrounding spoken German varieties is perceived, with West Central German (Hunsrückisch) showing some dominance.
The paper presents and comments on different opinions and views on the activity of cultivating the Hungarian standard language, also with regard to the relationship between linguistics and speech culture in the Hungarian linguistic and educational tradition. Disagreements over the place of language culture in linguistic research, the role of linguists in language cultivation, the cult of the exemplary standard language, the evaluаtion of linguistic innovations, the unity of the literary-linguistic norm across the entire Hungarian linguistic territory, etc. reveal the complexity and intricacy of the issues related to language culture activity and codification practice, as well as the influence of political, ideological and cultural-historical factors. These discussion questions shed light on current problems concerning changes in the speech practice of the contemporary Hungarian language community, the state of the Hungarian national language and literary-linguistic norms, the need to introduce new methods and techniques into the education system, etc. in order to conduct an adequate and effective language policy. The success of the country’s overall language strategy depends on the correct formulation and solution of the outlined problems
The comparability of morphological and syntactic annotations of multilingual corpora is a crucial aspect of Natural Language Processing (NLP). The Universal Dependencies (UD) platform, which aims to identify the universal features of languages by identifying dependencies, serves this purpose and has become one of the largest and continuously growing collections of such corpora, especially in the last decade. The UD framework has become a platform for building the UD_Armenian-ArmTDP and UD_Armenian-BSUT treebanks for modern Eastern Armenian. This article presents the types of syntactic relations selected for parsing verb complements in these treebanks from the cross-linguistically applicable set of relations in UD, together with their equivalents in Armenian grammar. Furthermore, we present some challenges associated with parsing Armenian verb complements and possible solutions within the UD taxonomy.
This article explores the concept of immaginaire linguistique (IL), introduced in the 1970s by Anne-Marie Houdebine, to examine the acceptability judgments of counterfactual conditionals in Italian. Although largely overlooked in Italian sociolinguistics, this concept reflects the social perception of a language within a community and its impact on linguistic norms. The study combines the IL model with previous research on conditionals and the issue of standardization and normativity in historical Italian. Data were collected through an online questionnaire targeting native speakers and Italian teachers. The results reveal significant variability in the acceptance of hypothetical periods as standard, despite their historical attestation in Italian. Analyzed forms include the double imperfect indicative and combinations with the imperfect and pluperfect in the apodosis or protasis. The primary aim is to highlight how codified grammatical models fail to provide precise references for contemporary Italian speakers. The findings suggest that despite a tendency toward linguistic purism, there is a growing openness to grammatical variations. This study emphasizes the need for further research to understand how and why some linguistic norms are not integrated into the IL, demonstrating the persistence of a dichotomous right-wrong view among educators. This conservative approach contributes to the preservation of traditional norms and resistance to non-standard variants.
During the initial speech contact the speaker has the opportunity to freely choose various language means described in the speech etiquette. But the deviation from the linguistic norm is observed quite often. In a relaxed dialogue interaction, the initiator of communication can use various thematic statements as phatic units that successfully carry out the act of establishing initial speech contact. In fiction, such statements are characterised by a rather wide semantic diversification.
The modern marketing communication space needs, firstly, a profound study of the established techniques and, secondly, an adjustment of these techniques in the context of linguoecological ideas based not only on the interests of consumers, but also on the civilizational values of society as a whole. The aim of the article is to analyze one of the types of marketing communication - a promotional text in book publishing. This material, in contrast to the commercial advertising and even social advertising, has been studied insufficiently. Meanwhile, it has its own specifics and differs in many ways from standard commercial advertising. In modern conditions of book publishing commercialization, paratext becomes an integral component of book production. Based on the material of the paratext in book publishing, the article shows both optimal ways to present commercial information fully meeting the ecological criteria of communication and destructive phenomena in this area contradicting ethical and linguistic norms. The main purpose of publishing discourse is to attract attention to the publication, which can be achieved in different ways and with the help of different genres. The problem is that publishing discourse commercialization does not conflict with the linguoecological parameters of communication. Cultivation of marketing discursive practices in which commercialization does not contradict ethical and linguistic norms is one of the most urgent tasks. The emphasis on these parameters of marketing discourse will contribute to increasing the general linguoecological awareness of all the participants in the communicative process. Paratext is axiologically deterministic, which means that in some sense it educates readers, fixes certain value attitudes. The integration of linguoecological and communicative approaches to the analysis of the specifics of the promoting text in a particular linguaculture or its possible transformation in another linguaculture seems to be promising. On the basis of the combination of inductive and hypothetical-deductive methods, the article analyzes different forms of paratext, that is, promoting text in the book publishing system. The sociolinguistic analysis based on the method of correlation of social and linguistic phenomena is used to characterize it. At the same time, a pragmalinguistic study of the material is carried out in the parameters of the linguoecological approach, which assumes, primarily, compliance with ethical and linguistic norms of communication. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.
We present new supertaggers trained on English grammar-based treebanks and test the effects of the best tagger on parsing speed and accuracy.The treebanks are produced automatically by large manually built grammars and feature high-quality annotation based on a well-developed linguistic theory (HPSG).The English Resource Grammar treebanks include diverse and challenging test datasets, beyond the usual WSJ section 23 and Wikipedia data.HPSG supertagging has previously relied on MaxEnt-based models.We use SVM and neural CRF-and BERT-based methods and show that both SVM and neural supertaggers achieve considerably higher accuracy compared to the baseline and lead to an increase not only in the parsing speed but also the parser accuracy with respect to gold dependency structures.Our fine-tuned BERT-based tagger achieves 97.26% accuracy on 950 sentences from WSJ23 and 93.88% on the out-of-domain technical essay The Cathedral and the Bazaar (cb)).We present experiments with integrating the best supertagger into an HPSG parser and observe a speedup of a factor of 3 with respect to the system which uses no tagging at all, as well as large recall gains and an overall precision gain.We also compare our system to an existing integrated tagger and show that although the well-integrated tagger remains the fastest, our experimental system can be more accurate.Finally, we hope that the diverse and difficult datasets we used for evaluation will gain more popularity in the field: we show that results can differ depending on the dataset, even if it is an in-domain one.We contribute the complete datasets reformatted for Huggingface token classification.
The study aims to investigate the slang usage habits of young people native in Hungarian in Transylvania. The research analyses to which extent high school and university students claim to use slang depending on the speech situation, as well as the primary motivations for slang usage. This question is examined by means of two research methods: analysis of questionnaire surveys and focus group interviews. The questionnaire data collection took place in five different linguistically diverse cities for high school students in Transylvania (Gheorgheni, Harghita country; Alba Iulia, Alba country; Cluj-Napoca, Cluj county; Târgu Mureș; Mureș county; Oradea, Bihor county) and three cities for university students (Cluj-Napoca, Cluj county; Târgu Mureș; Mureș country; Oradea, Bihor county), resulting in 384 completed questionnaires. The focus group interviews were conducted in groups of 3–5 participants, with 32 Hungarian-speaking young people studying in Cluj-Napoca participating in one of the eight groups.The questionnaire survey provided an opportunity to examine whether there are statistically significant correlations when comparing the results with the respondents’sociological variables, language proficiency, evaluation of languages, as well as their use of Hungarian and Romanian. The main benefit of the focus group interviews was gaining insight into the respondents’thought processes and underlying thoughts.Keywords:slang, language usage habits, linguistic norm, questionnaire, focus group interviews. Keywords: slang, language usage habits, linguistic norm, questionnaire, focus group interviews.
The article examines the linguistic aspects of a language culture. It describes the study of norms, standards and variations in speech communication. The relevance of this study originates from the fact that today, speech communication plays a significant role as intercultural communication intensifies. Hence, people living in the globalized world should be able to use their language to express themselves as a person. At the same time, learning norms and standards is a complex and continuous process. Moreover, the presence of variations in speech communication requires not only theoretical but also practical knowledge of the language culture. This study aims to determine some linguistic aspects of the language culture regarding learning norms, standards and variations in speech communication. The subject of the study is speech communication as an element of the language culture. The following research methods were used in this paper: description, analysis and synthesis, comparison, generalization, and linguistic analysis. The article is devoted to researching linguistic aspects of the language culture in terms of studying norms, standards and variations in speech communication. The authors defined the essence of the "language culture" concept and its main aspects. In particular, the basic linguistic norms of linguistic culture are described. These norms include the rules of quantity, quality, modality, precision, orientation, and word standardization. The article explored the peculiarities of applying linguistic norms. The specificity of using exoticisms, barbarisms, and borrowings in speech was also determined. The authors revealed linguistic standards of the language culture.
The objective of this study was to create graph embedding vectors using Korean WordNet (KorLex) and apply them to neural network word-embedding models. Semantic knowledge, especially lexical semantic knowledge in a language, can be represented by word-embedding vectors or graph structures of lexical databases, such as WordNet. Both representations capture common semantics; however, some semantic knowledge is only captured in a specific way or not at all. In a previous study, Path2vec mapped WordNet graphs to graph-embedding vectors using similarity scores between two words. In this study, we propose two main approaches. First, we mapped the knowledge in the Korean lexical database KorLex onto graph-embedding vectors. We then applied these embedding vectors to deep neural network word embeddings to capture additional semantic knowledge in the Korean language. On a custom test set, the proposed approach improved performance by capturing additional semantic knowledge in similarity and analogy analyses. We plan to apply a variant of this to other deep neural embedding models.
Abnormal Collocations, a significant aspect of the network Micro-language, challenge the traditional linguistic norms while embodying the creativity and vitality of internet culture. Utilizing a robust semantic knowledge base, this study conducts a systematic analysis of abnormal Collocations in online micro-language, identifying their formation mechanisms and manifestations. Based on this analysis, this paper proposes a targeted approach for the identification and handling of abnormal collocations. The experiments have shown that the construction of relevant knowledge bases and the classification processing of abnormal collocations can significantly improve the accuracy of identifying abnormal collocations. The research offers novel perspectives and insights into the field of network linguistics.
The article is devoted to the analysis of simple sentences’ structure of Russian and Uzbek languages. We propose an algorithm that solves crucial problem for machine translation of these unrelated languages, and the linguistic database that gives the possibility to implement the process of machine translation.
This paper introduces and demonstrates MWE-Finder, an application to search for flexible multiword expressions (MWEs) in Dutch text corpora, starting from an example. If the example is in canonical form, the application automatically generates three queries to search for sentences that contain an occurrence of the MWE and thus enables efficient analysis of its properties. The application offers canonical forms for more than 11k MWEs. Searching is done in treebanks, so the grammatical structure of the sentences is taken into account.
This paper proposes incorporating linguistic semantic information into discourse relation recognition and constructing a Semantic Augmented Chinese Discourse Corpus (SACA) comprising 9546 adversative complex sentences. In adversative complex sentences, we suggest a quadruple (P, Q, R, Qβ) representing internal semantic elements, where the semantic opposition between Q and Qβ forms the basis of the adversative relationship. P denotes the premise, and R represents the adversative reason. The overall annotation approach of this corpus follows the Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB), except for the classification of senses. We combined insights from the Chinese Discourse Treebank (CDTB) and obtained eight sense categories for Chinese adversative complex sentences. Based on this corpus, we explore the relationship between sense classification and internal semantic elements within our newly proposed Chinese Adversative Discourse Relation Recognition (CADRR) task. Leveraging deep learning techniques, we constructed various classification models and the model that utilizes internal semantic element features, demonstrating their effectiveness and the applicability of our SACA corpus. Compared with pre-trained models, our model incorporates internal semantic element information to achieve state-of-the-art performance.
This chapter explores Coetzee’s representations of silence and muteness in <italic>Foe</italic>. Referring to J. Rancière’s concept of “mute speech,” the discussion begins with an examination of the divide between the conceptual pairings of speech-writing and silence-muteness. The analysis considers how writing intersects with muteness, investigating the complex ways of giving voice to those who either refuse or are unable to engage within accepted linguistic norms, or those who have been denied access to dominant language and forms of writing. The chapter argues that Coetzee’s interlinking of the metaphysics of writing and the materiality of the disabled body challenges allegorical depictions of disability typical of traditional literary representations.
Music is often regarded as the 'language of the emotions' (Cooke, 1995), and since the early 20th century, empirical research into musical emotions has been conducted to explore the mystery of how they are evoked by music. In this context, Frank et al. presented an experimental study that examined the scarcely researched field of historical listening. Their study aimed to investigate the question, "Do modern listeners hear the emotional content in Baroque music that the composer intended to portray?". The results indicated that modern listeners placed the three modern excerpts in the expected quadrants of the valence-arousal space. However, there were significantly different valence and arousal ratings among the Baroque examples and the modern excerpts, and significant differences between paired examples (where Baroque and modern examples were expected to fall into the same quadrants) occurred. This commentary summarizes Frank et al.'s experimental study, discusses methodological considerations, and suggests possible refinements for future (experimental) studies on historical listening.
Abstract This chapter offers a survey of some key moments when external factors such as language contact, civil wars, conquests, political changes, and large-scale colonization played a major role in the evolution of the French language. It focuses on pivotal moments such as the hypothetical birth of an oral koine in Paris during the twelfth century that may, for the first time, be deemed ‘French’, or the gradual increase in the number of French-speaking people in France during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries due to the effects of education and the mass media. The chapter also deals with the growing emergence of a linguistic norm during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which leads to the reallocation of a large set of variants which had been in widespread use until they became stigmatized at this point.
This paper discusses Alija Isakovic's commitment and contributions to the processes of reaffirmation Bosnian language within Serbo-Croatian linguistic unitarism in the second half of the 20th century. We have shown the historical context of the language policy and Isakovic's significant work for the selected theme. The focus of this paper is on the sociolinguistic text "Varijante na popravnom ispitu" and the lexicographic work Rječnik karakteristične leksike u bosanskome jeziku, which represents a kind of struggle for the specificity of the Bosnian variant and characteristic lexicon of Bosnian language in that linguistic norm. The results of Isakovic's work are noticeable in the Yugoslav period (partial change in the field of official language policy), but it's also noticeable in period of state independence when language policy was created based on Isaković's concepts.
Decision confidence is a prototypical metacognitive representation that is thought to approximate the probability that a decision is correct. The perception of being correct has also been associated with affective valence such that being correct feels more positive and being mistaken more negative. This suggests that, similarly to confidence, affective valence reflects the probability that a decision is correct. However, both fields of research have seen very little interaction. Here, we test this proposal in two perceptual decision-making experiments where we compare the relationships of theoretically relevant variables (e.g. evidence, accuracy, and expectancy) with both confidence and affect ratings. The findings indicate that confidence and affect ratings are similarly sensitive to changes in accuracy, evidence, and expectancy, indicating that both track the subjective probability that a decision is correct. We identify various mechanisms that can explain these results. We also envision future research for clarifying the role of cognitive and affective aspects of confidence relying on deeper integration of the respective research fields.
There is no doubt that internet communication is characterized by language democratization, which is particularly evident in the case of a genre such as internet memes. In the process of meme creation, the norms are quite often exceeded. Particularly noticeable are deviations from the orthographic, punctuation, grammatical, or stylistic norms (a large number of swear words). A significant part of these deviations is intentional, as they testify to the linguistic creativity of the meme authors who aim to achieve a humorous effect. The purpose of this article is to present how deviations from the norms are used in Russian internet memes. It is also pointed out that memes addressing the problem of linguistic correctness humorously can be found on the internet. The analysis showed that they could be a specific form of fighting against violations of the linguistic norms in online communication. By ridiculing typical mistakes in the contemporary Russian language, they popularize normative forms.
This study examines the linguistic and stylistic features of French advertising texts, highlighting their role in attracting attention, generating interest, and motivating action. Advertising frequently employs creative language and catchy expressions to engage audiences, reflecting a dynamic interplay between linguistic innovation and cultural context. Recent advancements in advertising technologies have raised concerns in France regarding morality, literacy, and the growing influence of foreign words on the French language. Despite these challenges, the French language continues to evolve according to its intrinsic rules. This research aims to analyze the linguistic strategies and stylistic patterns in French advertisements, addressing the impact of these trends on language use. The findings contribute to understanding how advertising shapes and is shaped by linguistic norms, with implications for preserving language integrity amidst globalization and technological progress.
This report provides an exploration of the farming culture of the Achang people in Yunnan Province, China, and its translation practice. Through the Translation Workshop course, students collaboratively translated texts regarding the traditional agricultural practices and cultural significance of the Achang people. Participants not only enhance their individual translation skills but also deepen their understanding of the art and science of translation. The study employs the Functional Equivalence theory as translation guidance to ensure that the translated texts are both faithful to the original and adaptive to the cultural and linguistic norms of the target language. The report analyzes challenges encountered during the translation process, including cultural specificity and accurate expression of terminology, and proposes corresponding strategies. Methods such as re-creation, omission, and transliteration are used to improve the readability and accuracy of the target language. Finally, the report summarizes the gains from the translation practice and offers suggestions for future research directions and improvements.
The concept of “World English” encompasses the diverse forms of English spoken and used globally, transcending ownership by any single group or nation. While the notion of “World English” has gained widespread acceptance, its broader implications are often overlooked. For language teachers, these implications could soon have significant effects on instructional practices and pedagogical priorities. As World English gains prominence, traditional native English varieties may gradually lose their centrality in English Language Teaching (ELT). This paper explores the potential shifts within ELT, including the redefinition of linguistic norms, the adaptation of teaching materials, and the reorientation of teacher training to reflect the evolving global landscape of English. Ultimately, the rise of World English challenges long-standing perceptions of language ownership and sets the stage for transformative changes in how English is taught and learned worldwide.
This study investigates the emotional characteristics of the erhu and violin, focusing on the differences in emotional intensity. The experiment involved 25 participants categorizing the emotions and providing valence-arousal ratings for 14 musical excerpts. The results showed significant agreement between the two models, with the categorical emotions used to determine the emotional labels. A subsequent 9-point Likert comparison with 20 participants revealed that the instrument factor influenced emotional intensity. Overall, the violin conveyed more happiness, agitation, and calmness than the erhu, particularly for the Chinese-style excerpts. However, the sad emotional intensity was similar between the two instruments, contrary to the expectation that the erhu would convey sadder emotions. The performance factor had minimal impact on emotional intensity within the same instrument group, suggesting the inherent qualities of the erhu and violin were the primary drivers of the differences. Listeners more familiar with the instruments were likely to rate the violin higher in valence and arousal than the erhu. These findings contribute to understanding the expressive capabilities of the two instruments and highlight the instrument-specific emotional characteristics that shape the perceived emotional characteristics of music.
Abstract The presence of francos settlers in Navarre and Aragon left abundant administrative and legislative documentation in the Occitan language. This presence of settlers of different origins, both lengua d’oc and lengua d’oïl, with also differentiated dialectal modalities, who carried out commercial activities, produced intense linguistic contact between the different dialectal modalities. The paper tries to determine the type of language reflected in the aforementioned administrative and legal documents, which use the graphic system of the scriptae of Navarre and Aragon, conveying the romance varieties. Although the term koine has been used to define this language, the concept of koineization more adequately defines the dynamic process of leveling and blending of dialects, whose formation of a stabilized koine may be one stage. Thus, within the scriptae of Navarre and Aragon in the Occitan language, different linguistic norms and stable as well as diffuse language varieties can be identified.
Touch-mediated affect has largely been studied using natural textures and brushing techniques, which present challenges in control and deployment across haptic applications. A common alternative is vibrotactile stimulation (VBT) since it is easily deployable and accessible across devices. However, sparse literature exists on the VBT-induced affect modulation and its cortical correlates. Addressing this gap, we developed a novel paradigm that examined the behavioral and electrophysiological correlates of affect induced by VBT. We used electroencephalography (EEG) to record the cortical responses to VBT across six different locations and measured the concurrent affect ratings. Mixed effects modelling, an unsupervised modelling technique, was used to decipher the relationships between stimulation conditions, affect ratings and cortical modulations. Our study revealed that altering the duration of the vibrotactile stimuli can elicit distinct affect. The location of the VBT stimuli did not play a part in the perceptual aspects of affect but was involved in the cortical encoding of affect. Furthermore, early cortical processing in the somatosensory cortex (SCx) primarily encoded Arousal and not Valence. Our study lays out phenomenological aspects of cortical VBT processing and lays the groundwork for future research.
This article presents a synchronic analysis of English loanwords in French marketing blogs from 2018 to 2023. The aim is to identify and analyse trends in the orthographic adaptation of these borrowings. The study examines the conformity of these loanwords to the standards set by dictionaries and the orthographic rules of the Conseil supérieur de la langue française (1990). The concepts of linguistic borrowing, marketing language, and blogs as a discursive genre are first defined. From a corpus of 2,943 blogposts, comprising a total of 2,071,568 words, 458 distinct borrowings were found. These borrowings were classified into three categories: full borrowings (90.83%), adapted borrowings (6.33%), and hybrid borrowings (2.84%). Each group of borrowings was checked in FranceTerm, Larousse, and Le Robert, and compared with the official spelling rules. The results show a predominance of integral borrowings, with a minority of adapted and hybrid borrowings, illustrating current trends and the variable compliance of these borrowings with French linguistic norms.