Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
UD labels that are used by generated dependency treebank.
Mastery of legal language is essential for aspiring legal professionals, and this process of linguistic socialization begins in law school. While much research has focused on lectures and doctrinal content, less attention has been paid to how law students acquire legal language norms through interactive settings. This study examines how academic tutors at a Dutch law school contribute to students’ language socialization during small-group tutorial sessions. Drawing on participant observations and semi-structured interviews, the analysis reveals how tutors correct or reinforce students’ language use, and how these correction practices reflect differing language ideologies – ranging from the valorization of traditional legal terminology to the acceptance of more accessible alternatives. These practices shape not only students’ understanding of legal concepts but also their acquisition of linguistic capital and sense of professional identity. The study highlights how language norms are reproduced or challenged in early legal education and considers the implications of this for inclusion and access within the legal profession. The study contributes to broader discussions about legal language ideology, including the accessibility concerns raised by the plain language movement.
The article focuses on revealing the linguistic and creative identity of the author’s “self” in newspaper discourse. The research addresses one of the central issues in modern media linguistics: the manifestation of the author’s individuality in journalistic texts, where personal expression interacts with institutional and social norms of communication. The relevance of this study lies in the growing significance of the author’s position in shaping public opinion, constructing ideological meanings, and influencing readers through subtle linguistic and stylistic mechanisms. The purpose of the article is to analyze how the author’s “self” manifests in lexical, grammatical, and discursive structures, and to identify the creative strategies that form the linguistic image of the journalist in newspaper discourse. The novelty of the research lies in its complex approach that combines linguistic, stylistic, cognitive, and pragmatic analysis of media texts. This approach allows for a more profound understanding of how the author’s “self” functions as both a linguistic construct and a creative phenomenon within mass communication. The study reveals that the author’s individuality is encoded through metaphorical expressions, evaluative vocabulary, syntactic variation, and narrative perspective. As a result, the author’s “self” is shown to function as an important semiotic and communicative category, linking personal creativity with social discourse. The findings expand the theoretical foundations of media linguistics, discourse analysis, and stylistics, offering new perspectives for understanding the linguistic mechanisms of authorial identity in contemporary journalism.
Stella Markantonatou, Vivian Stamou, Stavros Bompolas, Katerina Anastasopoulou, Irianna Linardaki Vasileiadi, Konstantinos Diamantopoulos, Yannis Kazos, Antonios Anastasopoulos. Proceedings of the 21st Workshop on Multiword Expressions (MWE 2025). 2025.
This article focuses on the study of the linguistic and stylistic features of social media communication in Kazakhstan. The research examines the functional styles used in social networks and their influence on the development of the Kazakh language. The rapid expansion of social media has significantly impacted information and cultural processes in society, leading to the emergence of new linguistic and stylistic forms and tools. Social networks provide new opportunities for both verbal and non-verbal communication. Moreover, the article analyzes the functional styles used in social networks, as well as linguistic features such as slang, abbreviations, emojis, stickers, and other linguistic tools. Social media has become an important platform for developing the use of the Kazakh language. This research helps identify the direction of the Kazakh language’s development in new communication environments by describing the linguistic characteristics of social networks. The study also explores the role of social media communication in modern society, its impact on spoken culture, and the formation of social values. The main objective of the research is to identify the stylistic, lexical, and grammatical features of Kazakh-language social media discourse and analyze their influence on the communication process. Furthermore, the article discusses the unique communicative culture and characteristics of Kazakh-language social networks, as well as how linguistic abbreviations and transformations affect general language usage in society. Social networks are shaping new linguistic and stylistic structures that influence changes in language norms. The frequency of using new linguistic tools among young people and their cultural impact are particularly significant areas of study. This research aims to demonstrate the dynamics of language and style used in social media while analyzing their influence on the development of the Kazakh language. The findings of this study allow researchers to determine how contemporary linguistic changes and new lexical tools affect the linguistic community in Kazakhstan and their contribution to the development of social and cultural norms.
This study examines the role of social media platforms, such as Instagram and WhatsApp, in shaping English language use among English Language Learners (ELLs) in Kuwait. Ninety-two undergraduate students from the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training participated, providing survey data on social media usage patterns and real language samples, analysed through descriptive statistics and thematic methods. Semi-structured interviews with educators and students offered deeper insights into the perceived impact of these platforms on language development. Findings reveal frequent use of new vocabulary, abbreviations, and emojis, reflecting social media’s direct influence on informal communication styles and lexical innovation. The study highlights the multifaceted dimensions of this impact from linguistic and social perspectives, portraying social media as a dynamic platform for linguistic socialisation in line with theories that view language as an adaptive system responding to societal changes. However, despite the noticeable benefits of social media in fostering regular English practice, the widespread prevalence of informal linguistic patterns raises significant concerns regarding its potential impact on formal language skills and grammatical accuracy. In light of these findings, the study highlights the gap between informal and academic communication standards, emphasising the importance of integrating social media into directed educational contexts. Such integration aims to achieve an effective balance between informal linguistic innovations and observing formal language norms. Additionally, the study recommends adopting a more conscious pedagogical approach to enable students to maximize the benefits of social media while safeguarding the quality of their academic performance.
Correction: Task-based explanation for genre effects: Evidence from a dependency treebank
Kyrgyz, a Turkic language with over 4.4 million speakers concentrated primarily in Kyrgyzstan and adjacent regions of Central Asia, faces a significant disparity in computational linguistic resources compared to languages with similar or even smaller speaker populations. Despite its status as a government language and cultural cornerstone, Kyrgyz remains underrepresented in the digital linguistic landscape. This investigation examines the application of the Universal Dependencies (UD) framework – an annotation system engineered to facilitate cross-linguistic syntactic comparability – to the structural complexities of Kyrgyz. We endeavor to identify optimal annotation strategies that faithfully represent Kyrgyz-specific syntactic phenomena while adhering to the principled constraints of the UD paradigm. The establishment of standardized syntactic resources for Kyrgyz carries dual significance: it advances linguistic typology by incorporating data from an underrepresented language family, while simultaneously laying groundwork for practical natural language processing applications crucial for Kyrgyz speakers’ participation in the digital sphere. Our methodological approach encompasses rigorous analysis of nascent Kyrgyz treebanks, comparative evaluation of annotation strategies employed for genetically related Turkic languages, and systematic examination of four fundamental annotation challenges: the representation of Kyrgyz’s defective copula system, the classification of multifunctional grammatical particles, the annotation of constructions with implicit heads, and the demarcation between inflectional and derivational morphology in this highly agglutinative language. Our analysis reveals that achieving the dual objectives of linguistic fidelity and cross-linguistic consistency necessitates judicious adaptation of UD guidelines to accommodate Kyrgyz-specific structures. We advance unified annotation solutions that preserve the integrity of Kyrgyz linguistic patterns while facilitating meaningful cross-linguistic comparison. This research not only contributes substantively to computational resources for Kyrgyz but also establishes annotation principles with broader applicability to typologically similar agglutinative languages. The practical implications extend to enhanced guidelines for Kyrgyz treebank development, which will consequently improve parser accuracy and catalyze the development of essential language technology tools for Kyrgyz speakers.
Computational linguists have long recognized the value of version control systems such as Git (and related platforms, e.g., GitHub) when it comes to managing and distributing computer code.However, the benefits of version control remain under-explored for a central activity within computational linguistics: the development of annotated natural language resources.We argue that researchers can employ version control practices to make development workflows more transparent, efficient, consistent, and participatory.We report a proof-of-concept, GitHub-based solution which facilitated the creation of a legal English treebank.
Within the framework of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF), lexical competence is considered more crucial thannative-like grammatical accuracy. ELF learners require a flexible, expandable, and function-oriented lexicon that ensuresintelligibility, communicative efficiency, and effective intercultural interaction. However, traditional vocabulary teachingmodels, predominantly grounded in native-speaker norms, fail to capture the dynamic and adaptive nature of ELF communication.This study proposes a Lexicon Expansion Model (LEM) specifically designed for ELF learners, integratingprinciples of cognitive linguistics, usage-based theory, and pedagogical scaffolding. The model conceptualizes lexicaldevelopment as a multidimensional process involving semantic networking, pragmatic adaptability, frequency-basedexposure, and learner agency. Employing a mixed-methods research design, the study investigates the effectiveness ofthe proposed model through experimental implementation with university-level ELF learners. Quantitative data obtainedfrom pre-test and post-test results, together with qualitative evidence from learner reflections and discourse samples,demonstrate significant improvements in lexical diversity, contextual appropriateness, and communicative confidence.The findings indicate that the Lexicon Expansion Model represents a viable alternative to traditional vocabulary instructionby aligning lexical development with real-world ELF communicative demands. The study contributes both theoretically toELF pedagogy and practically to curriculum design, teacher education, and sustainable language learning
Pragmatic competence involves understanding and applying sociocultural norms in communication, which is essential for effective language use. Despite grammatical and lexical proficiency, Libyan EFL learners often face challenges in real-life communication due to limited exposure to pragmatic language use, as English functions as a foreign language in Libya. Textbooks serve as key sources of pragmatic input, yet prior research has largely focused on secondary-level materials, overlooking preparatory textbooks. This study investigates the representation of speech acts and language functions in Libyan public preparatory English textbooks for Grades 7, 8, and 9, comprising three coursebooks and three workbooks. All dialogues from these textbooks were transcribed and compiled to reflect a range of communicative contexts and linguistic structures. Drawing on Searle’s (1976) speech act theory and Halliday’s (1978) language function theory, a mixed-methods approach was used. Quantitative data were obtained through systematic content analysis and analysed using SPSS, followed by qualitative interpretation. Findings showed a disproportionate emphasis on representative and directive speech acts, with minimal use of expressive and commissive acts and a complete absence of declarative acts. Similarly, language functions were largely limited to representational and personal uses, while instrumental, imaginative, and regulatory functions were scarcely represented. These imbalances may hinder the development of learners’ pragmatic competence. The study highlights the need for curricular reform and professional development to support the integration of a broader range of pragmatic elements. It emphasizes aligning textbook content with real-world communicative demands to better equip Libyan students for effective language use.
Abstract Automatic dependency parsing of Thai sentences has been underexplored, as evidenced by the lack of large Thai dependency treebanks with complete dependency structures and the lack of a published evaluation of state-of-the-art models, especially transformer-based parsers. In this work, we addressed these gaps by introducing the Thai Universal Dependency Treebank (TUD), a new Thai treebank consisting of 3,627 trees annotated according to the Universal Dependencies (UD) framework. We then benchmarked 92 dependency parsing models that incorporate pretrained transformers on Thai-PUD and our TUD, achieving state-of-the-art results and shedding light on the optimal model components for Thai dependency parsing. Our error analysis of the models also reveals that polyfunctional words, serial verb construction, and lack of rich morphosyntactic features present main challenges for Thai dependency parsing.
This study explores how Donald Trump’s political language operated as a tool of power in shaping international relations and diplomatic discourse during his presidency. Against the backdrop of a global rise in populist discourse, Trump’s rhetoric marked by an emphasis on national sovereignty, binary oppositions, and emotionally charged slogans offers a compelling case for linguistic and ideological scrutiny. Adopting a qualitative research design, the study employs Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to conduct a nuanced examination of selected texts: key political speeches and strategic public communications (including those delivered at the United Nations General Assembly, NATO Summits, the Presidential Inaugural Address, State of the Union addresses, press conferences, and relevant tweets). These data were chosen for their explicit focus on foreign policy, diplomatic themes, and the construction of American identity in global contexts. The analysis is grounded in Fairclough’s Three-Dimensional Model, which addresses the interaction between language (textual features), discursive practices (production and reception), and social practices (ideological and institutional context). To deepen the investigative lens, the study also integrates van Dijk’s socio-cognitive framework, which illuminates underlying mental models and group cognition, particularly in relation to populist “us vs. them” narratives. Findings reveal that Trump’s rhetoric consistently employs strong evaluative adjectives (“great”, “tremendous”, “strong”), modal markers of certainty (“we will”, “we must”), and binary pronoun constructions (“we” vs. “they”) to reinforce American exceptionalism and delineate adversarial identities. His speeches frequently adopted repetitive, conversational structures and intertextual references to past rhetorical frames, aligning with his “America First” agenda. These linguistic strategies disrupted conventional diplomatic norms replacing ambiguity with assertiveness and cooperation with confrontation resulting in strained alliances, heightened global polarization, and altered perceptions of U.S. leadership on the international stage. The significance of this research lies in its interdisciplinary contribution to English linguistics, political communication, and international relations. It demonstrates how linguistic analysis can reveal the ways discourse not only reflects but actively shapes foreign policy narratives. For researchers, the study offers a methodological blueprint for integrating CDA with socio-cognitive analysis in examining political rhetoric. For teachers and students of English linguistics, it presents a robust case study in applying discourse theory to real-world political texts, highlighting the tangible impact of lexical and structural choices on global diplomacy.
INTRODUCTION: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic condition associated with global intellectual impairment. While research has evidenced speech problems, little is known about reading, which is a critical language ability involved in communication. The aim of the present study was to investigate vocabulary and reading skills in adults with PWS. METHOD: A total of 56 individuals (35 females, mean age = 33.64 years, range = 19-57 years) with PWS participated. Standardized paper and pencil tests were used to examine the level of vocabulary (LexTale-FR test) and reading performance (Alouette-R test). Two computerized tasks were also administered to assess the efficiency of lexical and phonological processes in reading (lexical and phonological decision tasks, taken from the ECCLA software). Performance was analyzed and compared with available norms on neurotypical adults and/or children. RESULTS: The results showed that adults with PWS had a low level of vocabulary (i.e., three to five standard deviations difference compared to neurotypical adults), poor reading skills (i.e., equivalent to the level of nine-year-olds), and less efficient lexical and non-lexical phonological processes. CONCLUSION: The present data suggest a global impairment in vocabulary and reading skills in adults with PWS. These findings might help clinicians to better understand the language abilities of these patients.
We focus on lexical ambiguity to convene two frameworks – embodied cognition and models of representation of ambiguous words. In the first of the two studies, we collected sensorimotor ratings for separate meanings/senses of ambiguous words and compared homonyms (words with multiple unrelated meanings; e.g. bank) and polysemes (words with multiple related senses; e.g. paper) for the similarity of the obtained profiles on the 12 scales to demonstrate that the linguistic categorization was mirrored in the sensorimotor experience with the referents. We then collected subjective ratings of semantic similarities between pairs of meanings/senses within a word and investigated their relation with the similarity of the sensorimotor profiles to corroborate that the sensorimotor-based similarity was semantic in nature. Our results speak in favour of sensorimotor information as a component of representations of polysemous senses / homonymous meanings, and advise future norming studies to take into account lexical ambiguity.
This article provides a comprehensive examination of the ethnolinguistic nature of dishware terminology, which constitutes an integral part of the material and domestic culture of the Kazakh people. The main objective of the research is to uncover not only the utilitarian functions of dishware in traditional Kazakh society but also its cultural-symbolic, social, and ritual significance. A set of descriptive, comparative, and analytical methods was employed in the study. Drawing on historical-cultural sources, folklore texts, and linguistic approaches, the author analyzed the formation patterns, semantic layers, and areas of use of dishware terms. The results demonstrate that traditional Kazakh dishware is not merely a tool for food consumption but a meaningful cultural element reflecting social hierarchy, norms of hospitality, and the woman's status in household life. The materials, forms, and usage of dishware vividly illustrate the peculiarities of the nomadic lifestyle and worldview. The study also confirms the close relationship between dishware names and sacred concepts, folk beliefs, and traditional rituals. The research findings may be applied in the fields of ethnolinguistics, cultural studies, historical linguistics, folklore studies, and language teaching methodologies. Moreover, the article explores the cultural content of phraseological units and fixed expressions related to dishware terminology. By analyzing lexical units deeply rooted in folk consciousness, the author reveals their cognitive and symbolic functions within the language. The collected data can serve as a foundation for enriching the national lexicon and developing teaching guidelines based on traditional cultural values.
This study analyzes the current state of the Nigerian variety of English within the English-language media landscape of Nigeria. The primary objective of the article is to assess the degree of creolization of the English language at the phonetic, morphological, lexical, and syntactic levels in the Nigerian online newspaper “Punch.” Unique characteristics of English-language Nigerian media discourse are identified, including a limited range of topics and publication volume, a predominance of analytical and informational article genres, and the creolization of English. It is demonstrated that phonetic creolization is associated with highly productive transformational processes such as assimilation and epenthesis. Morphological creolization is observed through deviations from standard norms in the formation of tense aspects of verbs, the conversion of direct speech into indirect speech, and the omission of prepositions. The article reports that lexical creolization in English-language Nigerian media discourse is linked to frequent borrowings from both European and local languages, as well as the adaptation of idiomatic expressions to local linguistic and cultural contexts. It is asserted that syntactic creolization manifests as inverted word order in sentences.
The article “Gendered Language in Uzbek and English Media Discourse” explores the linguistic and socioculturalfeatures of gender representation in mass media through a comparative analysis of the Uzbek and Englishlanguages. In recent decades, the issue of gender in language has gained significant attention worldwide, as mediaplatforms play a central role in shaping public perception, constructing social identities, and reinforcing or challengingtraditional gender norms. This study investigates how gendered language functions as both a mirror and a mechanismof cultural ideology, reflecting societal attitudes toward men and women in two distinct linguistic and cultural contexts.The research focuses on various types of media texts – including news reports, advertisements, online publications, andtelevision programs – to identify how lexical, grammatical, and stylistic elements contribute to gender representation. Particularemphasis is placed on the choice of words, forms of address, metaphors, and discourse strategies that implicitlyor explicitly convey gender bias or stereotypes. The comparative aspect of the study reveals that while English mediadiscourse increasingly embraces gender-neutral language in line with Western feminist movements, Uzbek media stilllargely preserves traditional gender roles, often emphasizing male authority and female domesticity. However, recentsocial and cultural changes in Uzbekistan – such as the growing visibility of women in professional and political life – havebegun to influence media narratives, leading to gradual shifts in gender representation. The article also examines therole of translation and cultural adaptation in the transmission of gendered meanings across languages. It highlights howlinguistic structures – such as the absence or presence of grammatical gender – shape the expression of gender identityin discourse.Furthermore, the paper draws upon theories from sociolinguistics, feminist linguistics, and discourse analysis to explainhow language not only describes social reality but also constructs it. By analyzing authentic examples from both Uzbekand English media, the study provides insight into how gender ideologies are linguistically encoded, perpetuated, andcontested in public communication. The findings demonstrate that language remains a powerful tool of social influence,capable of reinforcing or transforming gender hierarchies. The study concludes that promoting gender-sensitive mediadiscourse is crucial for achieving equality and inclusivity in society. It suggests that adopting international best practicesin gender-neutral and inclusive language use could help reduce linguistic discrimination and foster a more balancedportrayal of men and women in Uzbek media. The results of this research may serve as a valuable resource for linguists,journalists, educators, and policymakers working toward gender equality and responsible media communication in thecontext of globalization.
The Ukrainian language, as the language of the people enslaved for several centuries, has always been subject to negative colonial influence. The policies of the Russian imperial and later Soviet reigns were particularly detrimental to it. One of the consequences of such actions is the mixed Ukrainian-Russian speech created on the territory of Ukraine, which is also called “surzhyk”. Negative changes have even affected the sphere of transitional units of the language system, among which there are also actively formed in dynamics adverbial equivalents of the word – differently formed combinations that approach the adverbial lexical-grammatical class of words in the Ukrainian language system. These findings, based on the material of Sashko Stolovyiʼs “Orynyn. Roman pro stelepnoho cholovika” (2024), raise intriguing questions regarding the nature and extent of the gradual, targeted destruction of the Ukrainian language system by the Russian colonial regime, which led, in particular, to a distorted perception of their language by Ukrainians. Despite his obvious mastery of the norms of the Ukrainian literary language, the author of the analysed novel actively uses mixed Ukrainian-Russian speech forms, mistakenly considering them elements of the local dialect. In one text, only within the adverbial equivalents of the word, dialectal or uncodified and literary Ukrainian speech units interact with mixed Ukrainian-Russian speech forms with varying degrees of activity. On the one hand, there are significantly more literary Ukrainian units than mixed Ukrainian-Russian forms (28 vs. 16). However, on the other hand, there are considerably more mixed Ukrainian-Russian forms than distinctly dialectal (16 vs. 3) and uncodified Ukrainian forms (16 vs. 2). In mixed Ukrainian-Russian forms, phonetic, lexical, lexical-phonetic, lexical-morphological, and lexical-phonetic-morphological interference is observed.
The evolution of natural language processing (NLP) has significantly transformed the way this study analyzes and understand language. This study presents a novel approach to generating lexical databases for English language sources using AI-powered methods, specifically leveraging BERT and reinforcement learning. Traditional methods for lexical database creation often rely on manual compilation or semi-automated techniques, which can be time-consuming and may lack comprehensive coverage of linguistic nuances. These existing approaches struggle with scalability and adaptability, particularly when addressing evolving language use and the inclusion of rare or domain-specific terms. The Open English WordNet dataset serves as a foundational resource, providing rich lexical relationships and contextual information necessary for effective database generation. Our proposed method integrates BERT for context-aware embedding generation and reinforcement learning for continuous optimization of lexical extraction and enrichment processes. This innovative combination not only enhances the accuracy of detecting synonyms, antonyms, hypernyms, and partof-speech tags but also ensures that the system learns from user feedback, leading to ongoing refinement. The advantages of this method include improved precision and recall, rapid processing times, and the ability to adapt to new linguistic data dynamically. Ultimately, this study demonstrates that AI-driven approaches can significantly enhance the quality and usability of lexical databases, paving the way for more sophisticated applications in natural language processing and linguistics.
Affective inertia – the extent to which changes in one’s affective state persist over time – isan important feature of affect dynamics. It is often examined using experience sampling studies thatcapture momentary affect multiple times per day for multiple consecutive days. Intensity profiledrawings were recently introduced as a continuous measure of affect in everyday life. While addingcontinuous intensity profile drawings to discrete, momentary affect ratings offers detailed insightsinto temporal affect trajectories in between beeps, it is not clear how a meaningful and informativemeasure of affect dynamics like inertia can be derived from it. In a secondary analysis, we comparedseveral operationalisations of affective inertia on two criteria: (1) how stable these estimates areover time, and (2) how effectively they capture individual differences that relate to depressionbeyond what can be explained by momentary affect ratings. Drawing-based estimates weregenerally more stable than those based on beeps but still failed to reach acceptable split-halfcorrelations. Moreover, they did not robustly explain additional variance in depressive symptomsbeyond beep-based metrics. Together, our results do not support the incremental validity ofintensity profile drawings compared to momentary assessments of affect in capturing affectiveinertia and its relationship with depression.
This research proposes a system to support Japanese vocabulary learning for L2 learners of Japanese by integrating object recognition technology and a thesaurus database. Vocabulary learning is the foundation of L2 learning, but traditional translation-based learning is still the mainstream. The proposed method is based on the hypothesis of the effectiveness of associating visuals and synonyms in vocabulary learning. The system combines YOLOv7 and WordNet Japanese, called PICSU (PICture-based Synonyms Understanding), to provide a unique and context-rich vocabulary learning experience. Preliminary experiment results from international graduate students as participants implied improved retention and engagement compared to traditional flashcard-based learning. This article outlines the proposed approach and highlights the potential for integrating intelligent information processing technology with vocabulary learning practice.
Mqald Azrbaycan dilinin sz bazasnn hazrlanmas il bal hyata keiriln nzri v praktiki mrhllr sistemli kild thlil edilmi, dil resurslarnn formaladrlmas n zruri olan texnoloji v linqvistik yanamalar sasnda sz bazasnn qurulmas prinsiplri rsy gtirilmidir.Sz bazas: a) Azrbaycan dilinin milli korpusunun sas struktur komponentlrindn biri kimi nzrdn keirilmidir; b) leksik vahidlrin mnb sasnda avtomatik v yaravtomatik
The present study employs critical discourse analysis (CDA) to explore an opinion article written by FOX NEWS political anchor Bret Baier about his interview with the Saudi Crown Prince in 2023. This study is based on the assumption that the norms and values underlying any text are frequently implicit, not explicitly expressed. Through Fairclough’s approach to critical discourse analysis, a complex pattern emerged of linguistic mechanisms such as framing, lexical choice, mixing of genres and lack of hedging, together with selectivity and sourcing of content. These in turn could be interpreted and explained as expressing not only journalistic opinion but attention-seeking, self-promotion, audience design, and indeed journalistic reporting of events with the author as protagonist. The opinion part of the article itself, focused on the relative merits of US democracy and Saudi monarchy, was found to be problematic with respect to its claimed source (the previous interview) and to serve as much as a vehicle to signal the power of the author and the media as that of democracy versus monarchy. Suggestions are made for further research.
The article presents the study of the influence of the Bible translations onto the development of the West-Germanic national languages considering the historical, sociocultural and linguistic aspects of this process.Translation has always been an important means of intercultural communication but its role in the development of national languages is especially significant.Translation involves not only changes in the vocabulary, grammar or stylistics of the language it also has a significant impact on the linguistic identity and cultural self-consciousness of people.A significant stage in the development of national languages was the translation of religious texts, namely the Bible, which became important tools for many peoples of the formation of writing, standardization of the language and the creation of literary traditions.The role of translations in the formation of national literatures and dissemination of educational standards should be noted separately.In many countries translations, in particular of classical and religious works, became important for the formation of national canons and literary standards.This allowed to consolidate the language norm and forms of literary tradition that influenced the aesthetic and social ideas about the language.The study draws attention to the role of translations in language democratization.They provided the population with access to important knowledge, facilitating the perception of new ideas and concepts that contributes to the development of thinking and language style.Translations also helped to create new terms and expressions for national languages which enriched their lexical stock.One more important aspect is that translation contributes to intercultural dialogue because it not only conveys the context of texts but also adapts them to the cultural context while maintaining authenticity and meaning.Translation
The article emphasizes the importance of future teachers having both professional and communicative competencies. In view of this, the importance of the courses “Ukrainian Language (for Professional Purposes)”, “Culture of Scientific Ukrainian Language”, “Modern Ukrainian Language with Practicum” is emphasized, within which different aspects of oral and written communication are studied in higher education, attention is paid to the culture of personal speech, communicative qualities of speech, and compliance with the norms of the modern Ukrainian literary language. In the article, lexical errors are interpreted as violations of the vocabulary rules, first of all, the use of a word in an unusual meaning. Different types of lexical errors are considered: violation of lexical compatibility of words, use of synonyms without taking into account their semantic shades and stylistic coloring; erroneous use of one word instead of another, distortion of words of the literary language, as a result of which the meaning of the statement changes, non-compliance with the rules of using borrowed vocabulary; unjustified use of calques from the Russian language; tautology, pleonasm. The article summarizes the experience of studying the modern Ukrainian literary language lexical norms by students of non-philological specialties - future teachers. The author describes the experience of working on lexical norms, emphasizes the importance of familiarizing higher education students with the classification of lexical errors, in particular, the wrong choice of a word among similar ones, speech redundancy, ambiguity, and violation of lexical compatibility. The article provides examples of specially modeled lexical exercises and tasks for them, during which students not only have to find lexical errors and edit the text, but also indicate the nature of the errors, justify their choice of language means in a connected text, form in future specialists the text editing skills, and contribute to the formation of their lexical competence. Thus, in the process of studying the educational components “Ukrainian Language (for Professional Purposes)”, “Modern Ukrainian Language”, “Culture of Scientific Ukrainian Language”, future specialists, provided that they have a responsible attitude to the study of the normative aspect of speech culture, develop the necessary skills of normative professional language communication, the ability to edit connected texts, which ensures a conscious understanding of language as a system of signs that is a means of communication, thinking, expression and cognition.
The article considers how ontology is structured and used as a linguistic database. Linguistic ontology allows for a structural description of language units, lexical-semantic relationships, and terminological systems. The database is used as an interactive resource in scientific research, terminological development, and language teaching. At the same time, the integration of ontology with electronic corpora and the possibilities of data retrieval, analysis, and visualization are discussed. This approach ensures the systematic and effective use of terminology in linguistic research.
status: Published
The article is devoted to the study of the adoption and adaptation processes of anglicisms in modern Italian language.Trends and mechanisms of borrowed English lexical units have been analyzed; linguistic implications have been noted.The ways of adaptation of anglicisms have been described, the peculiarities of adopting modifications while transferring lexemes from English to Italian have been substantiated.The impact of globalization processes has been demonstrated in the active adoption of borrowed English words, and the influence of social media and, more generally, the Internet, music and technological innovations has been presented in the results of digitalization, which in its turn has caused the rapid change of the vocabulary of modern communication.The phonetic, morphological, and semantic transformations of anglicisms have been analyzed.Furthermore, the article studies the role of anglicisms in shaping contemporary Italian identity and language norms, as well as their influence on cultural and social interactions.It also explores the challenges of linguistic purism in the context of an increasingly globalized and interconnected world, where the boundaries between languages are becoming more fluid, and the impact of English on other languages is vividly seen.The research highlights the dynamic nature of the Italian language in adapting to external influences in terms of contemporary digital changes and globalization, while retaining its core linguistic features, as well as illustrates how the digital age, with its global connectivity and cultural exchange, continues to shape the evolution of language, adding new words that reflect both current trends and broader cultural influences.The study explains how linguistic flexibility emphasizes the way languages adapt to technological and cultural shifts, integrating foreign terms without necessarily losing their own linguistic identity.The conclusions about the rapid update of modern Italian vocabulary and the reasons for such a linguistic phenomenon are drawn.
This research examines the ideological dimensions present in the Arabic translation of Hillary Clinton's memoir Hard Choices. The study explores how translation strategies—particularly literal translation, modulation, adaptation, and omission—are employed not only to convey linguistic meaning but also to shape and mediate critical ideological themes. Among these are the promotion of democracy, constructions of national identity, gender roles, and diplomatic rhetoric. The analysis demonstrates that translation is far from a neutral or mechanical transfer of information. Rather, it is a complex, multilayered process in which political, cultural, and ideological values are reframed to suit the expectations and sensitivities of the target audience. The findings suggest that the translator plays an active and engaged role in ideological negotiation, either by preserving the ideological stance of the source text or by modifying it to align with the cultural and political norms of the target language context. Through detailed examination of selected examples, the research reveals how certain ideological messages are reinforced, diluted, or subtly transformed through specific lexical and syntactic choices. These choices reflect broader considerations, such as audience alignment, political sensitivity, and cultural acceptance. Thus, translation emerges not only as an act of cross-linguistic communication but also as a site of ideological struggle and intervention. Overall, the study highlights the significant role of the translator as a mediator of meaning and ideology, showing that translated political texts can influence the reception and interpretation of global political narratives across different linguistic and cultural spheres.
In the digital era, machine translation tools like Google Translate and ChatGPT have become essential for cross-linguistic communication, particularly in translating formal texts such as news articles. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of these tools in translating English news articles from Borneo Bulletin into Standard Malay, focusing on lexical accuracy, syntactic structure, and contextual appropriateness. A qualitative comparative analysis was conducted by translating selected articles using both Google Translate and ChatGPT-4. The outputs were manually analyzed using a qualitative rubric guided by meaning-based translation theory, focusing on word choice, sentence structure, the original tone, and cultural nuances. The results indicate that ChatGPT-4 outperforms Google Translate in maintaining lexical precision, grammatical coherence, and contextual relevance. ChatGPT-4 demonstrated superior handling of idiomatic expressions and complex sentence constructions, producing translations that adhered closely to journalistic norms in Standard Malay. However, both tools exhibited limitations in accurately translating culturally specific references and specialized terminology. Google Translate, despite improvements through neural machine translation, tended to produce overly literal translations, leading to a loss of tone and clarity in formal contexts. These findings highlight the potential and limitations of machine translation in journalism, where accuracy and tone are crucial for public trust and information dissemination. The study emphasizes the necessity for enhanced machine translation algorithms and the integration of human feedback to elevate translation quality in low-resource languages such as Malay.
This thesis investigates the semantic and pragmatic features of emotional attitude expressions in English and Uzbek languages. Emotional expressions serve as a crucial component of human communication, reflecting attitudes, feelings, and social intentions. The study focuses on linguistic mechanisms, including lexical, syntactic, and paralinguistic means used to convey emotional attitudes in both languages. It also explores cross-cultural differences, emphasizing how socio-cultural norms influence emotional expression. The analysis is based on a comparative approach using authentic texts, dialogues, and literature samples. The results provide insights into the role of language in shaping emotional communication and highlight significant similarities and differences between English and Uzbek.
The present work is concerned with assessing the quality of the English language in official reports published by the Italian Higher Health Institute and released through its website during the COVID-19 pandemic. The reports are the result of a translation from Italian into English, on which a quantitative analysis was carried out to assess the total number of errors, as well as their accuracy, adequacy, and readability. A qualitative evaluation was also undertaken focusing on the cohesive, lexical, and syntactic features of the reports, thus highlighting mistranslations. The quantitative analysis, carried out using the TAUS DQF system, evidenced a mean accuracy of 3 and a mean adequacy of 2. The Grammarly software counted a mean number of 109 errors. The Flesch-Kincaid readability tests, calculated using the Content Analysis SEO Tool, yielded a mean reading ease of 38 and a mean school grade of 8. The publication of official health reports addressed to the general public should be committed to improving lives and increasing the social impact of science. On the other hand, official health reports that are aimed at a specialized medical audience should respond to all the rules and norms of that specific language community. In both cases, the reports assessed in the present investigation seem to fail in their communicative function due to their linguistic ineffectiveness.
The article is devoted to the problem of compliance with lexical-semantic (lexical) norms of the modern Ukrainian literary language in the speech of higher education students as an important component of their professional competence and speech culture.The purpose of the work is to identify, describe and systematize lexical and semantic norms, to clarify their causes in the aspect of the problem of speech culture in order to organize effective work on their elimination.The article uses a descriptive method, methods of functional-semantic and contextual analysis.The work defines the concepts of “language culture” and “speech culture”, emphasizes the differences in their definitions, identifies the communicative features of speech culture, and reveals the meaning of the terms “language norm”, “literary language norm”, and “lexico-semantic norm”. It has been found that such communicative features of speech culture as accuracy, correctness, richness of speech, purity, appropriateness, etc. are directly related to perfect mastery of the vocabulary of the language, adherence to the lexical and semantic norms of the literary language.Based on observation of students’ oral and written speech, the most common lexical errors were identified: using of mixed language (surzhyk) elements, Russianisms, copied constructions, indistinguishability and confusion of the meanings of paronymous words and the meanings of interlingual homonyms, stylistically unjustified using of pleonasm and tautology, excessive using of foreign words, in particular Anglicisms, using of dialectisms, parasitic words, invective vocabulary, etc.Objective and subjective reasons that cause lexical and semantic errors are formulated: convergence, interference of languages; significant influence of the sociocultural and dialectal environment of speakers on their level of speech culture; a significant array of vocabulary, which is difficult to master at the proper level; the impossibility of reducing lexical norms to a limited number of clearly formulated rules; mobility, dynamism of the lexical composition; insufficient awareness of students with the lexical norms of the modern Ukrainian literary language, the lexical richness of the language, limited vocabulary, and a general low or insufficient level of speech culture.
General Background: Politeness plays a crucial role in communication, shaped by interpersonal, social, and cultural factors. Specific Background: Linguistic markers serve as key tools for expressing politeness across languages. Knowledge Gap: Despite extensive research on politeness strategies, there is limited comparative work on systematically classifying politeness markers across multiple languages. Aims: This paper proposes a tripartite classification of politeness markers—lexical, grammatical, and rhetorical—and examines their applicability in English, Arabic, and Kurdish. Results: The classification was successfully applied to the three languages, revealing a high degree of similarity in rhetorical markers, moderate similarity in lexical markers, and the least similarity in grammatical markers. Arabic and Kurdish demonstrated closer alignment, likely due to cultural and social proximity. Novelty: The study introduces a comprehensive, cross-linguistic classification framework for politeness markers, which may be generalizable to other languages pending further research. Implications: These findings highlight the need for deeper inquiry into the interplay of politeness with cultural norms, gender, age, and formality, thereby offering a foundation for future linguistic, sociolinguistic, and intercultural communication studies. Highlights: Politeness varies across languages through lexical, grammatical, and rhetorical forms. Proposes three-way classification; applied to English, Arabic, Kurdish. Highlights cultural impact, suggests broader cross-linguistic applicability. Keyword: Politeness, Linguistic Markers, Cross-linguistic, Rhetorical Strategies, Language Comparison
The relevance of a scientific article determines the importance of the normative use of scientific language for the successful presentation of the results of scientific research activities of higher education students. The purpose of scientific research is to identify and analyze various types of linguistic anormativism recorded in students’ oral and written texts in the process of scientific communication, an important component of their professional competence. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the detailed description of typical multi‑ level anormatatives that occur in students’ scientific texts as a result of violating the established norms of the Ukrainian literary language – lexical, morphological, syntactic. When analyzing theoretical and illustrative material, we apply general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, as well as the descriptive method with techniques for classifying and generalizing linguistic facts. Conclusions. The formation of students’ scientific speech culture is one of the pressing issues in language education today. An indicator of a student’s scientific speech culture is strict adherence to the requirements for oral and written speech in the field of his scientific activity related to the production of scientific texts. The linguistic design of a scientific text is one of the important factors in the effective representation of the results of scientific research. Competent linguistic and stylistic design of a scientific work testifies not only to the high level of linguistic culture of its author, but also to the level of his linguistic consciousness and intellectual development in general. Developing the skills of competent scientific writing involves mastering modern norms of Ukrainian scientific language, which deepens the linguistic and communicative competence of higher education students
The arti cle analyzes internet discourse as an innovative phenomenon of modern communication that significantly influences linguistic practices, cultural processes, and social dynamics.The study examines the key characteristics of internet discourse, such as multimodality, interactivity, hypertextuality, and anonymity, which fundamentally transform traditional forms of communication.Particular attention is paid to sociolinguistic aspects, specifically the impact of internet communication on the formation of new linguistic norms, sociocultural identities, and lexical innovations, which serve as important indicators of globalization.The research findings indicate that internet discourse facilitates the spread of global linguistic trends while simultaneously affecting local languages.The analysis shows that phenomena such as borrowings, neologisms, and abbreviations are not only means of communication but also markers of cultural transformations.The study highlights examples of the adaptation of the Ukrainian language to digital realities, particularly through the integration of terms such as dystantsiika ('remote learning'), zumytysia ('to join a Zoom meeting'), and others, which reflect current societal changes.These lexical units result from the influence of global processes and illustrate how local languages integrate into the global communicative space.It is specifically emphasized that internet discourse creates new opportunities for intercultural dialogue, where language interaction occurs through the flexibility and innovativeness of communication formats.In particular, multimodal forms of communication, including text, graphics, audio, and video, allow for maximum adaptation of communication to the needs of the audience.Moreover, the use of memes and emojis demonstrates how visual elements complement the textual component, ensuring broader reach and mutual understanding among speakers of different languages.The study also reveals that internet discourse is a means of transforming social norms, particularly through its influence on public opinion, community mobilization, and the formation of new rules of communicative behavior.Examples of active discussions on linguistic and social issues in social networks, forums, and blogs confirm that internet discourse is becoming an important space for reflection on cultural and linguistic processes.The research findings demonstrate that internet communication blurs the boundaries between oral and written forms, creating new hybrid interaction models that shape the foundation for further changes in linguistic and cultural practices.
In recent years, written language, particularly in science and education, has undergone remarkable shifts in word usage. These changes are widely attributed to the growing influence of Large Language Models (LLMs), which frequently rely on a distinct lexical style. Divergences between model output and target audience norms can be viewed as a form of misalignment. While these shifts are often linked to using Artificial Intelligence (AI) directly as a tool to generate text, it remains unclear whether the changes reflect broader changes in the human language system itself. To explore this question, we constructed a dataset of 22.1 million words from unscripted spoken language drawn from conversational science and technology podcasts. We analyzed lexical trends before and after ChatGPT's release in 2022, focusing on commonly LLM-associated words. Our results show a moderate yet significant increase in the usage of these words post-2022, suggesting a convergence between human word choices and LLM-associated patterns. In contrast, baseline synonym words exhibit no significant directional shift. Given the short time frame and the number of words affected, this may indicate the onset of a remarkable shift in language use. Whether this represents natural language change or a novel shift driven by AI exposure remains an open question. Similarly, although the shifts may stem from broader adoption patterns, it may also be that upstream training misalignments ultimately contribute to changes in human language use. These findings parallel ethical concerns that misaligned models may shape social and moral beliefs.
The article is devoted to the linguotextual study of the translated Life of Saint Athanasius the Athonite and the identification of the basic principles of lexical editing found in the copies of the δ text group of the First Edition of the source. The Greek original and 15 Slavic copies of the 14th-16th centuries of the First Edition of the Life helped to characterise the lexical substitutions attested in the copies of the δ text group. By using the material of the Second Edition of the Life in the “Sobornik” by Nilus of Sora, it is shown how significantly the editing principles differ in the texts of the δ group of the First Edition and in Nilus’ edition. Firstly, in the texts of the δ group, lexical substitutions are sporadic and are not conditioned by the belonging of words to the linguistic tradition of any book school, while Nilus gives preference to ancient Ohridisms and eliminates pre-Slavicisms. Secondly, the creator of the prototype of the δ text group, when correcting archaisms for frequently used lexemes, selects partial synonyms, unlike Nilus, who uses exact equivalents. A common feature of the lexical editing of the δ group texts of the First Edition and Nilus’ edition is the desire to adapt the original text for the perception of a scribe of the late 15th - early 16th centuries by reflecting the progressive changes in the lexical norm of the literary Slavonic language in the language of the Life.
Фонетический аспект обучения иностранному языку играет важную роль в постановке произношения, развитии лексических и речевых умений, формировании навыка восприятия живой речи, в том числе в профессиональном контексте. Актуальность статьи заключается в необходимости анализа фонетических ошибок и создания перечня слов для модернизации содержания профессионально-ориентированной иноязычной подготовки в медицинском вузе. Материалом исследования послужили 100 наиболее частотных слов, выявленных в процессе долгосрочного педагогического наблюдения. Были применены методы контрастивного анализа, интроспекции, анализа фонетических ошибок, методического и статистического анализа. В качестве модели выбрано нормативное британское произношение (RP), являющееся стандартом в учебных материалах. Выявлено, что наибольшие затруднения для студентов представляют различия в фонетическом строе английского и русского языков (в частности, гласные звуки, их долгота и краткость), фонетическая интерференция русского и латинского языков, произношение определенных суффиксов, непроизносимые буквы, словесное ударение. В результате проведенного анализа и классификации слова были представлены в таблицах, которые могут быть использованы как самостоятельный учебно-методический материал и как база для разработки системы фонетических упражнений для работы над произношением на основе актуальной лексики. The phonetic aspect of a foreign language training exerts a pivotal influence on the pronunciation mastery, vocabulary and speaking skills, speech perception and spoken word recognition. Specifically, it is important for attaining the communication goal in a professional context. The relevance of the study lies in analyzing phonetic errors and compiling a list of words aiming to update the content of professionally oriented foreign language training at a medical university. The research is based on 100 most frequent words identified and selected in the long-term pedagogical observation. Methods of contrastive analysis, introspection, phonetic error analysis and methodological analysis were applied. The standard British pronunciation (RP), which is the set norm in educational materials, was chosen as the model. It is revealed that the greatest difficulties for students are differences in the phonetic structure of English and Russian languages (in particular, vowel sounds, their length variation), phonetic interference of both Russian and Latin languages, pronunciation of certain suffixes and endings of the verbs, silent letters, and lexical stress. Following the word classification carried out, they were systematized into tables, which can be used as independent educational and methodological visual aids and as the source for developing a system of phonetic exercises for teaching and practicing pronunciation targeted at the specific vocabulary.
В эпоху стремительного научно-технического прогресса инструкции по эксплуатации, относящиеся к технической документации, играют важную роль. Точный перевод таких текстов помогает предотвратить ошибки в эксплуатации, которые могут привести к травмам и авариям. Необходимость в качественном и быстром переводе технических текстов определяет актуальность предпринятого исследования. Анализ качества машинного перевода помогает улучшать алгоритмы обработки информации, что ведет к повышению точности перевода. Цель исследования заключается в проведении сравнительного анализа машинного и профессионального перевода технических текстов с английского языка на русский язык на примере инструкций по эксплуатации. В ходе исследования решены такие основные задачи, как изучение классификаций систем машинного перевода, жанрово-стилистических и лексико-грамматических особенностей технических текстов, классификации ошибок машинного перевода; проведение сравнительного анализа машинного и профессионального переводов текстов инструкций по эксплуатации; выявление частотности возникновения и характер переводческих ошибок машинного перевода. Материалом исследования являются тексты инструкций по эксплуатации медицинского оборудования на английском и русском языках, а именно передвижных систем ультразвуковой диагностики ACUSON X600 и ACUSON X700, произведенных компанией Siemens. Машинный перевод отобранного материала осуществлялся с помощью сервисов онлайн-перевода «Яндекс Переводчик» и Google Translate. В работе применяются общенаучные методы: анализ и синтез, обобщение, классификация, количественный метод, а также лингвистические методы: описательный, сопоставительный, метод контекстуального анализа перевода. Наиболее часто встречающимися являются: нарушения, связанные с денотативным содержанием текста; ошибки, искажающие смысловое содержание текста оригинала; ошибки, снижающие точность передачи смыслового содержания текста оригинала; нарушения в передаче функционально-стилевых или жанровых особенностей текста оригинала; калькирование оригинала; нарушения, связанные с требованиями оформления, предъявляемыми к данному типу текстов, лексическими и грамматическими нормами переводящего языка, орфографией и пунктуацией, передачей специфических видов данных, имен собственных и транскрибируемых слов. Наименее многочисленная группа ошибок – нарушения передачи экспрессивного фона оригинала и авторской оценки. In an era of rapid scientific and technological progress, operating instructions, which are part of the technical documentation, play an important role. Accurate translation of such texts helps to prevent operational errors that can lead to injuries and accidents. The need for quality and fast translation of technical texts determine the relevance of the undertaken research. Analysing the quality of machine translation helps to improve information processing algorithms, which leads to higher translation accuracy. The aim of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of machine translation and professional translation of technical texts from English into Russian on the example of operating instructions. In the course of the research the following main tasks were solved: studying the classification of machine translation systems, genre-stylistic and lexico-grammatical features of technical texts, classification of machine translation errors; carrying out a comparative analysis of machine and professional translations of texts of operating instructions; revealing the frequency of occurrence and the nature of translation errors in machine translation. The material of the study is the texts of the operating instructions of medical equipment in English and Russian languages, namely mobile ultrasound diagnostic systems ACUSON X600 and ACUSON X700 produced by Siemens. Machine translation of the selected material was performed using the online translation services Yandex Translator and Google Translate. The work uses general scientific methods: analysis and synthesis, generalisation, classification, quantitative method, as well as linguistic methods: descriptive, comparative, method of contextual analysis of translation. The most common are: violations related to the denotative content of the text; errors that distort the semantic content of the original text; errors that reduce the accuracy of conveying the semantic content of the original text; violations in conveying the functional, stylistic or genre features of the original text; calquing the original; violations related to the design requirements for this type of texts, lexical and grammatical norms of the translating language, orthography and punctuation, conveyance of specific types of the given text. The least numerous group of errors are violations of conveying the expressive background of the original and the author’s evaluation.
BACKGROUND: Public health crises are governed not only through policies but also through talk. Government press conferences are ritualized arenas where authorities construct meaning, claim competence, and manage domestic and international legitimacy. China's abrupt transition from "zero‑COVID" to a strategy of coexistence provides a critical case for examining how transnational pressures-from the World Health Organization, diplomatic partners, markets, and global media-shape official communication over time. MAIN BODY: This study analyzes 154 central government press‑conference transcripts (February 2020-February 2023) using a mixed‑methods design that combines topic modeling with qualitative frame analysis and process tracing of international pressure events. We segment the period into four phases-International Scrutiny, Global Cooperation, International Isolation, and Global Alignment-and identify seven recurring frames spanning health‑system capacity, epidemiological standards, vaccine diplomacy, economic-health trade‑offs, supply‑chain interdependence, and policy adaptation. Event‑timing analysis shows a consistent lag of roughly 7-21 days between major international cues and subsequent adjustments in domestic frames, with the economic-health and policy‑adaptation frames most responsive. A micro‑level discourse analysis demonstrates "semantic governance": lexical substitutions ("optimization," "new phase") and contextual recoding that converted a substantive policy reversal into a narrative of adaptive improvement. We argue that authorities achieved discursive alignment with evolving global norms without immediate policy convergence, illustrating how sovereignty sensitivities are managed communicatively. The findings also reveal equity‑relevant mechanisms: semantic smoothing that stabilizes compliance can under‑specify risks for vulnerable groups during transition windows, and generic references to "key populations" can displace time‑bound commitments to protection and access. Building on these insights, we propose two practical tools for global health governance: (1) an equity checkpoint for each policy pivot (plain‑language risk summaries, service guarantees, and a short equity note), and (2) a discursive alignment dashboard that tracks lead-lag to international guidance, domain‑specific alignment, and semantic markers of convergence or divergence. CONCLUSIONS: Pandemic communication in China followed a cyclical frame‑reinforcement pattern rather than a linear arc, and relied on semantic governance to manage rapid policy change under transnational pressure. Recognizing and monitoring these communicative mechanisms can strengthen global health governance and reduce equity risks during future protracted emergencies.