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Summary. Introduction. The formation of Ukraine as an independent state is associated with the sea and the maritime industry, and therefore the study of the maritime terminology system, its compliance with international terminological norms, acquires state significance. In this regard, the problem of a deep and comprehensive study of the term system of the maritime industry is not only an urgent and demanded scientific direction, but also a necessary condition for its development. Purpose. Substantiate certain processes of terminology of verbal and non-verbal parameters in Ukrainian maritime terminology. Methods. In order to comprehensively study the Ukrainian maritime terminology used: 1) the method of continuous sampling; 2) the method of component analysis, which is aimed at improving and refining vocabulary definitions of marine terms; 3) structural method, in combination with distributive analysis (used to define and describe the semantic structure of marine terms); 4) the method of word-formation analysis (used to establish the mechanism of word formation and its place in the vocabulary of the language); 5) structural-morphological approach (used to clarify the structure of derivative terms and to determine the basic models of term formation); 6) modeling method (used to determine the term formation of various structural models); 7) comparative method, which is based on the identification of common and distinctive features of verbal and nonverbal dimensions in the term formation of Ukrainian maritime terminology; 8) comparative-historical method, which is based on the history of the Ukrainian language and the development and formation of Ukrainian maritime terminology, determines the linguistic and cultural specifics of its formation; 9) general scientific methods are also used: observation, generalization, classification. Results. The study analyzes the functioning of the Ukrainian maritime terminology in terms of origin and use; the semantic meaning of the terms is highlighted; the semantic method of terminology is considered, in particular, the semantic transformations of metaphor and metonymy, as well as the processes of terminology, reterminology and determinology; the importance of the morphemic way of forming the term is noted; highlighted the structural features of the formation of one-component and multicomponent terms; substantiates the meaning of abbreviated processes in the functioning of terms; the terminological components of verbal and non-verbal components in the Ukrainian maritime terminology are considered. Originality. The novelty of the study is that for the first time the processes of creation of Ukrainian maritime terms are characterized at the structural and functional level; their verbal and nonverbal dimensions are thoroughly considered. Conclusion. Ukrainian maritime terminology is an integral part of the Ukrainian lexical system, and it is characterized by the same processes that occur in the literary language: some terms go out of use, new ones appear, some are radically changed, rethought. The maritime industry in Ukraine is constantly and dynamically developing, a large number of new maritime terms appear. Understanding the processes of formation of terms in Ukrainian maritime terminology is an indicator of the socio-economic, cultural and scientific development of society and indicates a high level of its development, its mobility and consistency.
The cultural heritage (CH) domain possesses large volumes, necessitating users to provide more precise details regarding their requirements. Nonetheless, several formidable challenges are observed by the CH information retrieval researchers, including vocabulary issues and access points. Hence, an increasing demand for models capable of addressing these issues and professional search systems are required. These models enable users to search efficiently inside the CH domain. Many non-experts among its users are also typically attracted by CH content, necessitating improved access models to these rich contents. Therefore, this study investigated a terminologies synonym expansion (TSE) model for CH content. The proposed model combined three elements in the framework: TextRank algorithm capacity for terminology identification, comprehensive WordNet lexical database for synonym expansion, and synonym linking to their respective terminologies. Consequently, two CH collections (CHiC2013 and CHiC2013_EDE) demonstrated a noteworthy enhancement compared to the traditional information retrieval methods. This model could bridge the vocabulary disparity between non-expert users and the specialised terminology employed in the CH domain.
This article focuses on the field of Internet linguistics, addressing the challenges posed by the rapid increase in informational content across all spheres of life transitioning online.The dynamic nature of new technologies further complicates the study of electronic discourse, creating a landscape that is both broad and elusive.This article examines the difficulties associated with generalizing linguistic styles in elusive communication forms like emails, private chats, forums, webinars and text messages, which have predominantly been studied theoretically.Key factors such as age, gender, sociocultural level, and ethnicity play a crucial role in understanding linguistic patterns, yet the concealment of user identity poses a significant challenge.The work also examines the role of context in shaping the interpretation of online discourse, considering factors such as audience, medium, and purpose.The article aims to explore the intricacies of speech and writing in computer-mediated communication.The study highlights the dynamic nature of linguistic norms in online environments, as linguistic innovations rapidly propagate and evolve within digital communities.Despite the diversity of linguistic practices observed across different online platforms, the analysis identifies certain overarching trends, such as the compression of language and the proliferation of informal registers.This work contributes to our understanding of Internet linguistics by providing valuable insights into the complex interplay between language, technology, and culture in the digital age.By elucidating the distinctive features and patterns of electronic discourse, this study offers a foundation for future research in the field of online communication and linguistic analysis.
This study explores the phonological transformations that occur when foreign words, particularly English, are adopted into Indonesian. Employing a descriptive method, the research systematically examines how these words undergo changes and how their phonemes are altered during the adoption process. Using a linguistic approach combined with simple descriptive analysis, the study successfully analyzed a variety of borrowed words to uncover patterns in their phonological adaptation. The findings reveal that the adoption process often involves phonological addition, deletion, or retention of specific phonemes. Some phonemes remain constant, preserving their original sound, while others are either added or omitted to align with Indonesian phonological rules and linguistic norms. Notably, the study identifies and formulates about sixteen distinct patterns of phonological addition and deletion that regularly occur during this process. These patterns highlight the systematic nature of language adaptation, demonstrating how linguistic structures accommodate borrowed words to fit the phonological and phonetic framework of the target language. This research contributes valuable insights into the dynamic interaction between languages, particularly the way phonological structures are modified to ensure compatibility and ease of use in a new linguistic environment. These findings provide a foundational understanding of word adoption mechanics, enriching linguistic studies on loanwords and their impact on language evolution, particularly in Indonesian. The established formulas offer a structured perspective for further research in phonological adaptation and cross-linguistic influence.
This paper aims to denaturalize the norm that Japanese first-person pronouns are gendered by analyzing why and how this norm was constructed from a historical discourse perspective. Focusing on two time periods, the early modernization era of the late nineteenth century and the wartime era of the first half of the twentieth century, the paper analyzes metapragmatic discourses found in the writings of linguists and intellectuals and in grammar books and school readers. Four main findings emerge, all of them related to the sexist nationalist ideologies that defined both periods. First, in the modernization era, nationalist ideologies promoted the construction of a national language, of which males were assumed to be the primary speakers. Second, this assumption legitimated linguists' practices of including masculinized pronouns and excluding feminized pronouns from the national language, such that gender-neutral watakushi and watashi and masculinized boku became the standard first-person pronouns, while no feminized pronoun was considered a standard form. Third, in Japan's linguistic colonization of East Asia during the wartime era, linguistic gender differences were highlighted as evidence of the superiority of the Japanese language. Fourth, to emphasize such linguistic gender differences, females' use of the masculinized pronoun boku was proscribed, while the norm of distinct gendered pronouns—especially watashi for females and boku for males—was gradually confirmed. These findings illustrate the importance of examining metapragmatic discourses from the diachronic perspective to deconstruct naturalized linguistic norms.
The issues of speech etiquette and specific speech expressions frequently become the focus of linguists’ attention, as speech etiquette is an integral part of communicative culture. Studying this phenomenon aids in revealing the communication features characterizing representatives of different nationalities and enables us to understand their mindsets. Furthermore, speech etiquette should be addressed when discussing matters related to the establishment and adherence to linguistic norms. This research focuses on the closely related Turkic languages ~ Tatar and Uzbek. Despite considerable similarities in vocabulary and grammar between these languages, differences exist in the usage of greeting expressions. Linguistic research emphasizes the sociolinguistic and methodological approach to evaluating speech etiquette: it identifies key speech expressions, associated with typical communication situations, and reveals their equivalents in other languages. In both Tatar and Uzbek cultures, the fundamental rules of greeting are largely similar. In this case, interrogative phrases are actively employed.Upon meeting, individuals frequently inquire about each other’s health and daily life, using the phrases “Hcanex, cayavixuei?” (“How is your health?”), “Hcau-cay eoma itopucezme?” (“Are you alive and well?") and the like. People greet one another in various forms and manners, wishing each other good morning, good day, suecess in work, health and well-being. Notably, in Tatar and Uzbek linguocultures, it is customary to inquire not only about the addressee’s health but also about the health and well-being of their relatives and close ones, along with invitations to come and see them
ввиду высокой пластичности языковой нормы вопрос о способах перевода фразеологических, стилистически окрашенных и лексически сниженных речевых выражений всегда остаётся актуальным. Истоки таких средств языка находятся в области гносеологии, когда говорящему не только необходимо найти наименование вещи, но и выразить своё эмоционально-оценочное суждение. В процессе этого акта происходит образное переосмысление, т.е. отход от буквального значения в ходе семантического сдвига. Просторечные глагольные фразеологические единицы, образованные от нейтральных лексем литературного стандарта, обычно принадлежат к просторечной лексике. Зачастую имея аналог в литературном стандарте, они характеризуются стилистической сниженностью. Определение стилистической сниженности может быть осуществлено посредством комплексного метода стилистической идентификации. Также просторечные глагольные фразеологизмы могут обозначать процессы и действия, которые не имеют обозначения в литературном стандарте. Их можно квалифицировать как окказиональные, так как они не зафиксированы лексикографически и являются индивидуальными речевыми комплексами, образованными по тем же лексико-семантическим моделям, что и фразеологизмы, зафиксированные в словаре. Фразеологизмы субстандартного слоя лексики в качестве основной имеют экспрессивную функцию, а номинативная функция вторична. Окказиональные просторечные глагольные фразеологические единицы являются экспрессивным средством и отличаются более высокой степенью экспрессивности, чем узуальные. due to the high plasticity of the linguistic norm, the question of how to translate phraseological, stylistically colored and lexically reduced speech expressions always remains relevant. The origins of such means of language are in the field of epistemology, when the speaker not only needs to find the name of a thing, but also express his emotional and evaluative judgment. In the process of this act, there is a figurative reinterpretation, i.e. a departure from the literal meaning in the course of a semantic shift. Colloquial verbal phraseological units formed from neutral lexemes of the literary standard usually belong to the colloquial vocabulary. Often having an analogue in the literary standard, they are characterized by stylistic leniency. The definition of stylistic reduction can be carried out through a comprehensive method of stylistic identification. Also, colloquial verbal phraseological units can denote processes and actions that do not have a designation in the literary standard. They can be qualified as occasional, since they are not fixed lexicographically and are individual speech complexes formed according to the same lexico-semantic models as the phraseological units recorded in the dictionary. Phraseological units of the substandard vocabulary layer have an expressive function as the main one, and the nominative function is secondary. Occasional colloquial verbal phraseological units are an expressive means and have a higher degree of expressiveness than conventional ones.
Within the brain, complex neurocircuitry integrates an array of signals to regulate postganglionic sympathetic neural discharge patterns. Recently, there has been increased interest in understanding the complexities of the central neural determinants of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in humans (Macefield & Henderson, 2019). Through the new technique of MSNA-coupled functional magnetic resonance imaging, activity within several cortical and subcortical structures, many of which are sites of central adrenergic innervation, have been shown to correspond to MSNA bursts (Macefield & Henderson, 2019). These findings are particularly relevant to clinical populations in whom central adrenergic and peripheral sympathetic dysregulation are concurrent, such as in individuals with chronic anxiety-related disorders (Bigalke & Carter, 2021). Moreover, previous studies have not investigated the influence of cortical structures on underlying postganglionic recruitment patterns, which might be a more sensitive measure of sympathetic dysregulation in comparison to traditional integrated MSNA assessment in these clinical populations (Bigalke & Carter, 2021). Disentangling the central regions involved in peripheral sympathetic postganglionic governance is a necessary step to provide mechanistic insight into therapeutic targets for populations with central and peripheral sympathetic dysregulation. In a recent study published in The Journal of Physiology, Klassen et al. (2024) investigated the impact of central adrenergic activity on peripheral sympathetic outflow in humans using two new approaches: (i) pharmacological activation of central α2-adrenergic receptors; and (ii) quantification of sympathetic neuronal subpopulation recruitment patterns using advanced action potential (AP) clustering analysis (Klassen et al., 2024; Yoo et al., 2020). Central α2-adrenergic receptors are primarily inhibitory, thus evoking a sympatholytic effect within the brain. The authors sought to examine the effects of central α2-adrenergic agonism on microneurographic recordings of MSNA and hypothesized that infusion of dexmedetomidine, an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist, would: (i) attenuate sympathetic AP discharge and recruitment; and (ii) reduce AP latency through inhibition of slower-conducting adrenergic neurons. To test their hypotheses, continuous blood pressure, heart rate and MSNA recordings were obtained in eight healthy individuals (three males and five females) throughout a baseline period and subsequent intravenous dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (i.e. α2-adrenergic agonist) infusion. Uniform reductions in blood pressure and integrated MSNA were observed following dexmedetomidine infusion, and these reductions were primarily attributable to ordered de-recruitment of large APs (which generally exhibit a low probability of firing), followed by highly active, medium-sized APs. It might be expected that de-recruitment of large APs would result in prolonged AP latency, but the opposite was observed (i.e. reduced time delay). As alluded to by Klassen et al. (2024), this might represent a direct impact of central α2-adrenergic activity on the temporal coding of sympathetic fibres. The authors observed a downward shift in the inverse relationship between AP cluster size and latency during dexmedetomidine infusion, supporting their interpretation of a direct impact of α2-agonism on central processing latencies or synaptic delays. However, the data also indicated that AP incidence was reduced primarily in the normalized AP clusters 1−3, while it remained unchanged in clusters 4 and 5 (fig. 5 of Klassen et al. 2024). This ordered de-recruitment might inadvertently have led to a more proportionate contribution of each AP cluster (including larger AP clusters) to the overall number of APs, whereas, in the absence of α2-adrenergic agonism, most APs are medium in size, with longer latencies. This equal contribution of AP clusters following α2-agonism to the calculated latency might also explain, in part, the reduction in AP latency. Participants also performed a Valsalva manoeuvre (VM), which provides a dynamic assessment of baroreflex regulation of peripheral sympathetic outflow. The reduction observed in postganglionic sympathetic discharge at rest was also evident during the VM. Furthermore, the discharge probability of medium-sized APs and the recruitment of larger APs was decreased during the VM despite significant blood pressure reductions. However, the VM-evoked reduction in AP latency was not altered by dexmedetomidine, although dynamic sympathetic AP baroreflex gain for medium-sized APs was attenuated. Thus, the authors reasonably speculate that mechanisms involving cortical command contribute to reductions in AP latency during the VM and function independently from baroreflex and α2-adrenergic mechanisms. Collectively, these findings suggest a complex relationship between higher cortical command, α2-adrenergic influences and baroreflex-mediated mechanisms that control postganglionic sympathetic discharge during physiological stress in humans. Dexmedetomidine can cause sedation, resulting in significant effects on consciousness. Levels of consciousness exert a profound impact on cardiovascular measures and sympathetic outflow (Somers et al., 1993). In the study by Klassen et al. (2024), sedation was monitored using the Ramsey scale and a visual analog scale ranging from 0 (very alert) to 100 (very sedated). At the end of the dexmedetomidine infusion, the participants were scored 3 (i.e. asleep, with brisk response to a loud voice) on the Ramsey scale and provided a visual analog scale arousal rating of 78 units, indicating apparent sedation. In prior studies in which microneurography was performed during sleep, a significant reduction in both blood pressure and MSNA was observed through progressively deeper stages of non-rapid eye movement (Somers et al., 1993). A Ramsey scale rating of 3 can be compared most aptly to early stages (i.e. stage I and II) of non-rapid eye movement sleep, in which participants generally exhibit abrupt awakening and responsiveness to loud perturbation and during which small reductions in blood pressure and integrated MSNA are observed (Somers et al., 1993). It is possible that a portion of the present alterations in AP cluster recruitment patterns is attributable to reduced levels of consciousness. However, evidence of an independent effect of α2-agonism on AP discharge and recruitment is bolstered by the fact that participants were fully conscious and able to maintain the necessary expiratory pressure to complete the 20 s VM, during which significant reductions in AP discharge remained apparent relative to baseline (Klassen et al., 2024). Given that AP discharge patterns during sleep in humans have not yet been assessed, it is difficult to state with certainty what proportion of the observed sympathoinhibition might be attributed to sedation levels, although the careful experimental design used by the research team strengthens a key role for α2-adrenergic activity on the observed sympathoinhibition independent of sedation levels. The findings of Klassen & colleagues (2024) might be extrapolated to inform sympathetic regulatory patterns in other clinical populations. In addition to their presence within the brainstem, α2-adrenergic receptors are expressed in numerous higher cortical areas (i.e. insular, cingulate and prefrontal cortices). Prior studies have suggested an association between activity within areas including the prefrontal, insular and anterior cingulate cortices and peripheral sympathetic outflow (Macefield & Henderson, 2019). Dysregulation within many of these brain regions has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of anxiety and stress-related disorders, populations in whom cardiovascular risk is elevated, probably owing to sympathetic dysregulation (Bigalke & Carter, 2021). Notably, although resting integrated MSNA appears largely unchanged across anxiety-related disorders in comparison to healthy control subjects, alterations in MSNA burst strength, single-unit activity and AP recruitment strategies have been reported in populations with generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Bigalke & Carter, 2021). Yoo et al. (2020) were the first to investigate sympathetic AP recruitment patterns in a population of women with PTSD using similar analyses to that in the study by Klassen et al. (2024). The authors observed a significant elevation in AP discharge at rest, in addition to an augmented firing rate and exaggerated AP recruitment in response to cold pressor stress in women with PTSD in comparison to women without PTSD. This elevated sympathetic recruitment in response to stress was attributed to an increase in the firing frequency of low-threshold axons and the increased recruitment of dormant, larger-diameter axons within the sympathetic nervous system. The pathological sympathetic postganglionic discharge patterns in adults with PTSD (i.e. increased AP firing frequency and exaggerated recruitment of larger axons) (Yoo et al., 2020) appears to mirror inversely the discharge patterns following α2-agonism via dexmedetomidine infusion (i.e. reduced AP firing frequency and de-recruitment of large axons) (Klassen et al., 2024), suggesting a potential role for central α2-adrenergic dysfunction underlying sympathetic dysregulation present in anxiety/stress-related disorders (Bigalke & Carter, 2021) (Fig. 1). Notably, a core diagnostic feature of PTSD among other anxiety-related disorders is hyperarousal, which is characterized by symptoms such as irritability, sleep disturbances and agitation. Increased central adrenergic activity within the aforementioned brain regions has been implicated in the pathophysiology of hyperarousal and has been suggested to underlie the symptomology associated with these disorders. This notion is supported by the use of α2-adrenergic receptor agonists, such as clonidine, to reduce central adrenergic activity and alleviate symptoms such as nightmares within individuals with PTSD. Extrapolation of the findings of Klassen et al. (2024) might suggest that the beneficial effects of α2-agonists on the symptomology of chronic anxiety/stress related disorders is attributable, in part, to reduced sympathetic hyperarousal, and also that α2-agonism might provide the dual benefit of reducing sympathetic hyperactivity and cardiovascular risk in these populations (Fig. 1; Yoo et al., 2020; Bigalke & Carter, 2021). In summary, Klassen & colleagues (2024) are the first to provide an elegant characterization of the influence of central α2-adrenergic mechanisms on sympathetic postganglionic discharge patterns and governance. These findings support a clear sympatho-inhibitory role of central α2-adrenergic activity mediated through ordered de-recruitment of peripheral sympathetic neurons. This study improves our knowledge surrounding the neural correlates of peripheral sympathetic outflow in humans and provides the basis for future investigation into the role that α2-adrenergic receptors might have in the observed peripheral sympathetic dysregulation in populations with central adrenergic dysregulation. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript. All authors agree to accountability for the present work. All authors contributed significantly to the present work. None. We thank Drs Manda Keller-Ross, Ida Fonkoue and Jason Carter for their helpful feedback and assistance in manuscript preparation.
BACKGROUND: Naming test are a very common tool in neuropsychological batteries. Some years ago, the Argentinean Psycholinguistic Naming test was developed, first with black and white drawings (Manoiloff et al., 2018) and then in colors (PAPDIC) (Vivas et al., 2020). Items were selected and organized on the basis of Argentinean psycholinguistic norms. At that time evidence of validity was reported (concurrent validity and contrasted groups analyses). Here we present new psychometric analysis and normative data for the Argentine population. METHOD: The sample comprised 292 participants: 195 healthy, 70 MCI, 14 stroke patients without aphasia and 13 stroke patients with aphasia. They went through a complete neuropsychological battery to ensure that no other cognitive function alteration (apart from language) could interfere with the task. Items were rated as dichotomous responses, and the final score only included those correct responses given before the phonological cue. RESULT: o assess the test's internal consistency a KR20 analysis was performed (as items were dichotomous) which showed a value of.879. Besides, a one factor ANOVA was performed to compare the full test score between groups and significant differences were observed (F(3,288) = 51.867; p <.001). Particularly, healthy participants differentiate from the MCI (p <.001) and stroke with aphasia (p <.001) groups, but no with stroke patients without aphasia (p =.133). Another comparison was performed between this version of the test and a previous black and white version by a chi-squared analysis with each item, and it showed a similar performance for 24 items, a better performance in the color version for 5 items and a worse performance in one item. Additionally, a regression analysis was performed in order to obtain normative data for the Argentine population. As age was the only demographic variable that showed significant effect on the test score (R2 adjusted =.140; F(1,192) = 32.545; p <.001), it was considered for this calculus. CONCLUSION: These results show that the PAPDIC is a reliable naming test for the Argentine population that can be used both for patients with neurodegenerative diseases and post stroke aphasia.
Adequacy of Translation of English Phraseologisms Summary All languages of the world are rich in phraseological combinations, having a special vocabulary composition and constructive structure. Phraseological phrases as one of the unified linguistic universals remain an actual object of study in various fields of science – lexicology, grammar, stylistics, phonetics, language history, philosophy, logic, country studies and, of course, translation studies. The analysis of the problems of translating phraseological units from a theoretical point of view comes to the conclusion that the semantics of stable combinations reflects a number of spectral-logical meanings and connotative components. In the process of translation, the national-ethnic component of phraseological units, their imagery, which represent an information and expressive complex, create the integrity of the content, emotional, expressive, national-cultural associations, is taken as a basis. Adequate translation of phraseological expressions becomes possible when a pragmatically chosen expression, without violating linguistic norms, reflects the mentality and national-cultural values of native speakers. In the process of translation it is necessary to take into account the semantic meaning of phraseological expressions, their in-depth analysis, interlingual equivalence. Adequacy is the way to an optimal translation, the way of finding an optimal translation solution and, therefore, it is a translation process that can result in an equivalent translation. Thus, in order to create an equivalent translation, the translator selects an adequate translation method. Key words: Phraseological meaning, phraseological equivalence, semantic structure, adequate translation
This article analyzes the development of English in the epoch of globalization, the evolutionary changes causing the appearance of new variants of English, and the functions of English in social life. Moreover, it deals with the rapid spread of English, which is believed to be one of the main tendencies of globalization This study offers an insight into the problem of English language variation. We also discuss the criteria to define both local variants and Global English and perspectives of their development. Globalization has led to the widespread use of English as the language of international communication (Lingua Franca), which facilitates communication between people from different cultures and countries. The dominance of English is due to the influence of English-speaking economies, technologies, and its role in education and science, where English has become the primary language for academic publications and research. This promotes cultural exchange, but also raises concerns about the possible displacement of local languages and cultures. Some researchers, in particular R. Phillipson, emphasize the risk of linguistic imperialism, when English reinforces the dominance of Western ideas and values. However, the spread of English as a Lingua Franca leads to its localization, producing different variants that reflect local cultures and needs. This adaptability allows English to integrate into different linguistic environments, although it creates new linguistic norms that differ from those of native speakers.
The contemporary western school, being one of the most important axes of social cohesion, plays a central role in the socialization between sexes, since it proposes tools for communication, as well as promoting interactions that involve language in its symbolic character. By gaining communicative competence, subjects acquire the capital to occupy a position in the field; however, it should be noted that not all species of capital are accepted. Some are legitimized by the type of individual who disputes them, others are simply rejected. Thus, learning language at school means learning the rules of official discourse and adapting to it; although it takes time, such learning is the possibility of gaining adhesion to a social group or obtaining upward social mobility; "adapting" to the linguistic norm has an implicit meaning, and that is to instrumentalize oneself discursively to achieve communicative ends. Language ceases to be a mother tongue, that is, the language of affections, to become a standard language, an instrument language. This chapter reflects on the phenomenon of school education, where non-sexist language and its associated behaviors are not yet seen as a prestigious capital that can be included in the curriculum, and it is thanks to the initiative of teachers, who are trained in the gender perspective, that these issues are addressed by incorporating more inclusive pedagogical communication strategies, where awareness in the use of language is one of the most relevant aspects in the process of building knowledge in the classroom.
This paper explores null elements in English, Chinese, and Korean Penn treebanks. Null elements contain important syntactic and semantic information, yet they have typically been treated as entities to be removed during language processing tasks, particularly in constituency parsing. Thus, we work towards the removal and, in particular, the restoration of null elements in parse trees. We focus on expanding a rule-based approach utilizing linguistic context information to Chinese, as rule based approaches have historically only been applied to English. We also worked to conduct neural experiments with a language agnostic sequence-to-sequence model to recover null elements for English (PTB), Chinese (CTB) and Korean (KTB). To the best of the authors' knowledge, null elements in three different languages have been explored and compared for the first time. In expanding a rule based approach to Chinese, we achieved an overall F1 score of 80.00, which is comparable to past results in the CTB. In our neural experiments we achieved F1 scores up to 90.94, 85.38 and 88.79 for English, Chinese, and Korean respectively with functional labels.
Though the translation of film titles has not been firmly established within translation studies, the existing studies mainly focus on the translation strategies and process analysis from classic theories including Skopos theory and semantic equivalence. Meanwhile, there has been limited research to examine the translation of animation titles. This paper delves into the intricate world of animation titles and their translation dynamics across languages, especially focusing on English, Japanese, and Chinese, employing a methodology that combines data from IMDb.com and chineseanime.org with Weiciyun and Python analysis. The study investigates titles' characteristics and features in each source language and the translation strategies used among them. The findings highlight that English, Japanese, and Chinese animation titles possess distinct structural and semantic attributes. These traits reflect the inherent linguistic norms and cultural preferences of each language. Furthermore, the study uncovers multifaceted translation strategies used to bridge the linguistic gaps among languages, including transliteration, literal translation, and adaptation. As for creative adaptation which has a large percentage of every translation process, it is conspicuous that the characteristics of those translated titles largely remain consistent with the features of the source texts. Also, this study exposes discernible patterns of cultural power dynamics influencing translation strategies, particularly evident in the prevalence of English loanwords and transliterations.
Abstract: The article starts with a characterization of Israeli Hebrew, and its development from a conglomeration of written sources going back to classical Hebrew, including ones from about 17 centuries when it was not spoken. As a result, what became accepted as Israeli Hebrew is a merged grammatical (and lexical) system, built upon written sources regarded as the normative standard that should dictate speech norms as well, and that any deviation from it would be detrimental. Some Hebraists question whether a language that was not spoken for so long can still be regarded as "Hebrew," or even as a Semitic language. The average Israeli fails to recognize the inevitability of change in language development through history, and the existence of multiple levels of language uses (registers) side-by-side, each of which is just as legitimate as the other. We follow with illustrations of the expansion of new word formation from existing bases through linear derivation by means of suffixes, a most transparent process, alongside discontinuous (root+pattern) derivation. We will also explore the changing treatment of possessive and existential sentences, the neutralization of numeral gender, the maintenance of fixed stress in certain classes of words, and a certain tendency towards rhythmic alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables. Some of these have precedents in earlier stages of Hebrew, and demonstrate that change is a natural result of Israeli Hebrew's being a living language, and should not be regarded as evidence of its deterioration, becoming non-Semitic, an artificial hybrid language, or creole.
This research reveals that the use of Indonesian in Shopee advertising is a relevant strategy and has a positive impact. The accuracy of linguistic context is the main focus, reflecting wise policies in capturing linguistic diversity in Indonesia. Understanding dialects, phrases and linguistic norms in each region is the main key in creating appropriate and relevant messages. Shopee succeeded in tailoring messages well, in depth, and connecting with consumers from various walks of life, creating significant personal closeness. Language diversity in Indonesia is recognized as the key to success, ensuring that Shopee advertising is not only a marketing effort, but also an authentic communication that is close to consumers' daily lives. Linguistic creativity is an important factor in attracting consumer attention. Puns, local humor and creative expressions create marketing messages that are interesting, entertaining and different from competitors. This creativity is not only a sweetening element, but also an effective strategy in building a positive, attractive and educational brand image. Shopee has successfully utilized Indonesian creatively, not only as a shopping platform, but also as a provider of entertaining and attention-grabbing content. This relevance is not just a communication tool, but also the foundation for building deep and meaningful relationships with consumers in diverse markets. This research highlights that Indonesian is not just words, but a force that can shape feelings, win the hearts of consumers, and create a positive impact in the world of e-commerce.
The perceptual representation of speaker gender in monolingual English listeners has been found to be gradient and 2-dimensional. However, both gender expression and listener attribution of a speaker’s gender are known to vary by cultural and linguistic norms. Thus, listeners’ attribution of a speaker’s gender is expected to vary based on the cultural and linguistic practices of their community. This study examined the perceptual representation of speaker gender in Spanish-English bilingual listeners at the U.S./Mexico border of El Paso, TX. Twenty-four Spanish-English bilingual speakers of diverse gender identities (e.g., cisgender men, cisgender women, and transgender women) were audio recorded reading sentences from the English and Spanish versions of the Hearing in Noise Test. Nineteen cisgender Spanish-English bilingual listeners completed an auditory free classification paradigm, in which they classified speakers by perceived general similarity and gender identity in both Spanish and English conditions. Multidimensional scaling of listeners’ classifications in each language revealed that listeners organized speakers in a more expansive perceptual space in English (3 dimensions) as compared to Spanish (2 dimensions). Dimension weightings indicated that, in Spanish, listeners placed more emphasis on Dimension 1 as compared to Dimension 2 when classifying speakers, while, in English, listeners equally weighted the 3 dimensions.
In a globalized world where English has emerged as the dominant language of international communication, there is a growing recognition of the need to incorporate local cultural values and linguistic norms into English language teaching. This research paper explores the pedagogical potential of integrating ecoconscious materials and local translations for teaching English vocabulary and values. Focusing on the Tamil context, the study examines how locally translated poems, such as “Barren Dam”, can introduce students to English vocabulary related to local flora, fauna, and landscapes (e.g., “koels”, “coucals”, “neem”, “millets”) while simultaneously fostering an understanding of traditional ecological knowledge and cultural values associated with different landscapes ( kurinji, mullai, marutam, neytal, palai). By grounding language learning in tangible, local ecological issues, this approach aims to cultivate ecoliteracy and environmental stewardship among students. The paper argues that connecting English language acquisition to local ecological knowledge creates a more engaging and culturally relevant learning experience, ultimately empowering students to become responsible members of their communities and the global environment. The study also touches upon the broader implications of integrating local cultural elements and linguistic resources into English language education, emphasizing the potential for fostering a sense of community, promoting critical thinking, and acquiring English vocabulary.
Philosophy traditionally deals with such lexicalized concepts as WISDOM, VIRTUE, REASON, WORLD VIEW, INFINITE UNIVERSE, and PHILOSOPHY. They trigger interest in philosophy particularly because they are hard to understand and explain. It is all the more surprising that many contemporary philosophers focus on such concepts as DOG, CHAIR, and FLIGHT to build their theories and provide examples. The article argues that to preserve topical equilibrium and avoid methodological problems, both classes of concepts should be involved in philosophical theorization and exemplification. The first part critically discusses attempts at identifying these classes as ordinary vs. big (Gauker), empirical vs. pure (Kant), and concrete vs. abstract (contemporary psycholinguistics). It introduces the opposite pair simple empirical vs. complex demanding concepts as an alternative heuristic tool to evaluate concepts. The second part elaborates on the concept of concept and structural similarities between the two classes of concepts in semantic and 'onomantic' perspectives. The third part shows that despite structural similarities, such factors as the availability of empirical data, identification of the referent, historical and theoretical loadedness, complexity, and demandingness indicate that simple empirical and complex demanding concepts should be addressed in different ways. The final part elaborates on the notion of topical equilibrium as a philosophical method and norm and discusses two further examples (COW and ARTHRITIS) from contemporary debates in conceptual engineering.
Paradigms assessing conditioning and extinction of appetitive behaviours can uncover factors contributing to maladaptive appetitive conditioning, a key process underpinning eating-related, substance use, and gambling disorders. Pupillometry remains underexplored as an implicit measure of appetitive conditioning, with notable gaps in examining extinction learning. This study aimed to a) develop a task to measure conditioning and extinction of appetitive cues, and b) employ pupillometry as a psychophysiological measure. A delay-conditioning reward-learning paradigm was developed, where participants learned to associate fractal images with a pleasant or neutral liquid. Outcome measures included pupillary response, explicit contingency learning, valence ratings, and self-reported tiredness, hunger, and thirst. Three iterations of pilot testing were completed involving a convenience sample of healthy adults (n = 17; Age: 20 – 29 yrs; 70.59% female). Results showed no clear pupillary discrimination between fractal images associated with each liquid, although explicit awareness of contingencies was consistently demonstrated. The current study contributes to literature suggesting the assessment of appetitive conditioning is complex. Future research should investigate a) additional implicit measures of conditioning, b) the role of inherently rewarding stimuli, and c) managing satiation. Developing sensitive psychophysiological measures of appetitive conditioning will provide important insights into mechanisms underlying maladaptive appetitive learning.
ملخص البحث: يحاول البحث معرفة مدى التزام المتنبي بمسألة العرف اللغوي في جموع التكسير؛ حين تتعدد صيغة الجمع للمفرد الواحد، ويصرف العرف اللغوي أحد الجمعين لدلالة معينة، ويصرف الجمع الآخر لدلالة أخرى، وإلى أي مدى التزم المتنبي بهذا العرف في شعره، كما يبحث أيضا في مدى التزام المتنبي بتقسيم النحاة جموع التكسير إلى جموع قلة وجموع كثرة، وذلك بربط هذه الجموع بسياقاتها ودلالاتها المختلفة باختلاف سياقاتها. Abstract: This research paper endeavors to determine the extent to which Al-Mutanabbi adhered to the established linguistic conventions regarding internal broken plurals in cases when a singular noun has multiple plural forms which the linguistic conventions assign one of them to a specific semantic meaning and another to a different semantic meaning. It further examines the extent of Al-Mutanabbi's commitment to this linguistic norm in his poetry. It also investigates the degree to which Al-Mutanabbi conforms to the grammarians' classification of broken plurals into plurals of paucity and plurals of multitude. This analysis will be conducted through examining the usage of these plurals within their various respective contexts and according to their context-based semantic meanings.
This paper aims to reflect the difficulties students have in spelling the vowels of the Albanian language. The unified spelling of a language, in our case the Albanian language, is an expression of the crystallization of the national literary norm in all the main links of the phonetic, grammatical, word-forming and lexical structure. It reflects the current state and general trends of the development of our literary language. Given that the basic principle of Albanian spelling is the phonetic principle and seeing the constant spelling errors of Albanian speakers in the use of vowels, we conducted research with primary school students in rural areas, to see the most common errors frequency in vowel spelling. Our goal was to see the differences between students whose parents have primary education and those with higher education. Through this research we have also seen the reasons that lead to the impossibility of writing correctly and how the vowels should be written in different words. Our hypothesis is that children of parents with primary education make more mistakes in vowel spelling than children of parents with high education. We have conducted the research through the theoretical, comparative method, distribution of questionnaires and data analysis. The results have shown that parents' education does not affect children's knowledge of spelling. Received: 27 August 2024 / Accepted: 28 October 2024 / Published: 05 November 2024
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Abstract Recall is an act of elicitation of emotions similar to those emotions previously experienced. Unlike the past experiences where external sensory stimuli triggered emotions, recall does not require external sensory stimuli. This difference is pertinent to the key debate in affective representation, addressing whether the representation of valence is consistent across modalities (modality-general) or dependent on modalities (modality-specific). This study aimed to verify neural representations of valence irrespective of the presence of external sensory stimuli. Using neuroimaging data from video watching and recall (Chen et al., 2017) and behavioral data for valence ratings (Kim et al., 2020), a searchlight analysis was conducted with cross-participant regression-based decoding across the presence and absence of external stimuli. Multidimensional scaling was employed as a validation analysis of the results. The searchlight analysis revealed the right middle temporal and inferior temporal gyrus as well as the left fusiform gyrus. The validation analysis further exhibited significant consistent neural representations of valence in the inferior temporal gyrus and the left fusiform gyrus. This study identified the brain regions where valence is consistently represented, regardless of the presence of external sensory stimuli. These findings contribute to debate in affective representations, by comparing conditions utilized little in prior, suggesting the inferior temporal gyrus is related to representations of valence irrespective of the presence and absence of external visual stimuli.
Through an historical overview beginning in the nineteenth century and running through the Cold War until the present, the chapter considers whether the Nordic Council of Ministers’ recent push to (re)package Nordic peace as a brand constitutes nothing more than terminological updating in line with contemporary lexical norms or whether it instead suggests potentially significant constitutive changes, in particular with respect to the role ideas of Nordic peace play in conceptions of Nordic self-identity. The chapter charts the emergence of Nordic self-understandings of the developing community as a ‘region of peace’ throughout the nineteenth century, to more projective ideas of Norden as a ‘region for peace’ during the Cold War and during which a discernible Nordic peace ‘brand’ emerged, through to the current period, increasingly characterised as it is by the overt, self-conscious and active ‘branding’ of Nordic peace. The chapter highlights that while Nordic peace has always had instrumentalist and geopolitical aspects to it, from the beginning, it has also had an emotional and affective component. It therefore explores the relationship between these elements and how the affective and emotional component has changed over time. At stake is not only whether ideas of Nordic peace are central to conceptions of Nordic self-identity but also how this relationship has evolved and may be in the process of transforming today.
In syntactic dependency trees, when arcs are drawn from syntactic heads to dependents, they rarely cross. Constraints on these crossing dependencies are critical for determining the syntactic properties of human language, because they define the position of natural language in formal language hierarchies. We study whether the apparent constraints on crossing syntactic dependencies in natural language might be explained by constraints on dependency lengths (the linear distance between heads and dependents). We compare real dependency trees from treebanks of 52 languages against baselines of random trees which are matched with the real trees in terms of their dependency lengths. We find that these baseline trees have many more crossing dependencies than real trees, indicating that a constraint on dependency lengths alone cannot explain the empirical rarity of crossing dependencies. However, we find evidence that a combined constraint on dependency length and the rate of crossing dependencies might be able to explain two of the most-studied formal restrictions on dependency trees: gap degree and well-nestedness.
Linguistic studies of mass media discourse prove that it presents a complex blend of verbal and visual characteristics. To this end, the methodological procedures should also imbibe structural methods combined with cognitive modelling. These forms of text and its analysis tend to be unjustly given less attention in educational process although teaching media literacy has already become a popular trend. The present paper is aimed at investigating the level of students’ awareness as far as certain semantic and semiotic elements are concerned, and to show the methodological steps, students can further rely on. As one of the sources, frequent in modern British mass media discourse, we have chosen criminal conceptual metaphor applied to Jeremy Corbyn. Thus, we show both the linguistic analysis procedure and the results of the pedagogical experiment. In our linguistic investigation we applied a combination of cognitive and structural linguistic methods. For teaching purposes, an experimental linguistic database of verbal and polycode texts was formed. The procedure described herein can be applied in various pedagogical cases: for teaching students of linguistics, journalism and mass media communication studies, pedagogics, politics, cross-cultural and linguocultural studies. The results of the analysis contribute to the investigations of political metaphors and broaden our understanding of polycode mass media texts.
The article reveals linguocognitive mechanisms as well as social reasons for active functioning of new borrowings in the modern public discourse and in commercial enterprises naming. The material for the analysis is a sample of the most frequent lexis in the micro synchrony that are not yet part of the host language lexicon, and comprises over one hundred and fifty lexical units, selected from the national corpus of the Russian language, public internet discourse, the author's collection of brand names (and names of businesses), radio and television programs. As a result of a comprehensive analysis, two main isomorphic types of borrowing functioning are identified. They are supposed to be motivated by multi-level linguistic, social, and pragmatic factors. Hence, the evidence of linguomental transformations of meaning is linked to the condition of linguistic frustration. This justifies considering it as a state of linguistic personality (at both the first and second levels, according to Yu.N. Karaulov), wherein the constraints of linguistic norms are lifted, and foreign-language word usage is motivated in specific speech act. A tendency of duplicate (native and foreign) naming in explicitly nominative and implicitly subjective-pragmatic functions has been established. It is suggested that the synergy of these functions conveys the speaker's subjective intentions and can be regarded as a marketing strategy of self-positioning in the act of foreign-language use in the nomination process, or as a commercial move, emphasizing the value of the product / service (i.e., commercialization of the nominative unit). Thus, the discourse becomes either status-oriented or conative. The linguistic phenomena under consideration introduce changes into the national concept sphere, as they contain features of a different language world view.
Elitzur (2018a) examines the occurrence of abstract nouns ending in -ūt in the Masoretic tradition of the Hebrew Bible, noting a distinct pattern that distinguishes the Pentateuch from other biblical texts. His analysis highlights that these nouns are relatively rare in the Pentateuch and often written defectively, while they are more frequent and usually spelled plene (with waw) in the Prophets and Writings. Elitzur investigates specific examples such as גַּבְלֻת ‘twistedness’ and עֵדֻת ‘testimony’ to support this observation. He raises the question of whether the defective spelling in the Pentateuch signifies a historical mismatch between written and spoken forms or if many words with defective -ūt originally ended with a different suffix, later adapted under changing linguistic norms. Building on and extending Elitzur’s study, the discussion reveals the complexities of diachrony in Hebrew, particularly regarding the -ūt endings, which are often deemed characteristic of later forms of the language. Cohen (2012) has challenged this characterisation, arguing that their distribution is comparable within both the Torah and later texts. The chapter problematises this viewpoint, suggesting that the focus should be on the frequency of tokens rather than on mere number of lexemes. Among other things, it is pointed out that the orthographic discrepancies in the usage of -ūt in the Torah could reflect underlying morphological differences, i.e., that they might represent a later reinterpretation of forms that originally had different suffixes. Ultimately, the evidence suggests a complex interplay between orthography and morphology, underscoring the challenges in tracing the historical development of these noun forms in biblical Hebrew.
Graphic health warnings (GHWs) are regarded a highly cost-effective public policy to communicate the health risks involved in smoking, mainly when they trigger negative emotional reactions. GHWs promote intentions to quit among smokers and prevent smoking initiation among non-smokers. In three experiments, we study how smokers and nonsmokers differ in implicit and explicit measures of emotional reactions towards GHWs. Experiment 1 used the Self-Assessment Manikin to measure explicit emotional (arousal and valence) ratings for six warnings published in tobacco products. Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment 1 but smokers and nonsmokers rated a new set of 36 GHWs not yet published. Experiment 3 used an implicit task, the Affect Misattribution Procedure, to evaluate and compare the affective responses to GHWs provided by smokers and non-smokers. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that smokers explicitly reported weaker negative emotional reactions to both familiar and unfamiliar GHWs compared to nonsmokers. Experiment 3 showed similar levels of negative implicit emotional responses among smokers and nonsmokers. Our data suggest that the decreased affective response involves high-order cognitive elaboration and evaluations of the messages conveyed by GHW, while early negative emotions triggered by the graphic component of the warnings similarly affect smokers and non-smokers. We propose that implicit measures may serve as additional and inexpensive tools for dissociating explicit biased affective responses of smokers towards GHWs from automatic emotional responses. In particular, the affect misattribution procedure may help to design warnings that communicate the risks of smoking but prevent adverse outcomes such as cognitive dissonance.
Effective communication through the medium of indigenous languages serves as an invaluable instrument that facilitates every language’s right to information during pandemics. Different online media outlets used Nigerian languages to disseminate information that could enhance the success of public health measures targeted at mitigating the impact of COVID-19. However, not all of the audience absorbed the messages positively. This study attempts to analyze the use of hate speech in the comments of readers of Hausa online news items on Legit Hausa and BBC Hausa that responded to news items on COVID-19. To achieve this, the readers' comments were purposively sampled and analyzed based on the pragmatic principles of politeness and peaceful communication. In addition, systemic functional grammar was used to explicate the grammatical features of the analyzed linguistic elements of the comments written in Hausa. It was found that the comments were not only replete with inflammatory language – stripping the users of the status of communicative humanizer – inimical to preventive measures against COVID-19 but also capable of widening the opinion divide. Furthermore, most comments analyzed flout the principles of Hausa spelling and sentence construction. The study thus recommends that linguistic activists should consistently advocate for the use of Nigerian languages that conform to linguistic norms and the principles of peaceful communication that would curtail misinformation and division in the course of pandemic control.
The article analyzed translations of the public signs installed on the territory of China and are aimed at native speakers of the Russian language. It is important to note that when translating from Chinese into Russian, while taking into consideration to the differences in the system of languages, the norms of the contemporary Russian literary language, including syntactic norms, are violated. In this paper, the authors propose a classification of the types of violations of the linguistic norms of the present-day Russian literary language based on the texts of public signs in Russian. The reasons for the occurrence of these violations are presented and a recommended translation option is proposed. Errors in the translation of public signs are described from the point of view of syntactic structures, e. g. various types of phrases and sentences. At the same time, along with the violation of syntactic norms in the translation of public signs into Russian, violations of lexical norms are considered. More precise equivalents for both languages are proposed, taking into account cross-cultural communication aspects. The set public signs translated into Russian can serve as a starting point for further research into graphic, spelling, lexical, grammatical and even pragmatic errors.
The global dominance of English has transformed it into a dynamic, hybrid language enriched by contributions from non-native speakers. This paper investigates the integration of loanwords, grammatical structures, and narrative techniques from languages such as Spanish, French, Arabic, and Kurdish into English, emphasizing the role of non-native authors in reshaping its lexicon and syntax. Through a mixed-methods approach—combining corpus analysis, lexical examination, and discourse studies—the study reveals how linguistic borrowing reflects sociocultural exchanges and challenges traditional norms of "standard" English. Case studies of authors like Khaled Hosseini and Sheni A. Othman illustrate how multilingual narratives preserve cultural identity while innovating English literary expression. Findings indicate that loanwords often retain phonological and semantic traits of their source languages, with social media accelerating their adoption. Grammatical adaptations, such as syntactic calques and code-switching, further demonstrate the fluidity of English in multicultural contexts. The paper argues that non-native contributions foster linguistic diversity, though tensions persist between global intelligibility and local authenticity. By examining these phenomena, the study advocates for inclusive language policies that recognize non-native varieties as legitimate forms of English. Ultimately, this research underscores the transformative power of linguistic hybridity, positioning English as a living, evolving entity shaped by its global users rather than a static, monolithic system.
Standard words are words that follow linguistic rules recognized in Indonesian. Spelling, conventional grammar, and common dictionary words are just some of the linguistic norms that can be found in standard words. This research aims to describe the level of students' ability to differentiate standard vocabulary from non-standard vocabulary in Indonesian. The population in this study were students in semester 1 (one) class F of the Veterinary Medicine Education Study Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mandalika Education University totaling 39 people. Data collection was carried out using test techniques, while data analysis was carried out using percentage techniques. Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, it is known that the level of student ability is adequate. This can be seen from the results of data analysis which shows that 74.36%Sample students who got a score of 6.5 and above, while students who got a score below 6.5 were 25.64%%.On this basis, it is hoped that in the learning process in class, lecturers who teach Indonesian language courses will intensively provide assignments or training to students, especially in terms of the differences between standard and non-standard vocabulary. So that in the end students are able to determine the differences between the two
This study explores the impact of social media on language development, focusing on the emergence of online slang. With the rapid expansion of social media platforms, the language used online has evolved significantly, giving rise to new linguistic patterns, abbreviations, and expressions. This research employs a qualitative approach through an extensive literature review to investigate how social media influences language acquisition, communication styles, and the creation of digital lexicons. By analyzing a range of scholarly articles, studies, and online discourse, the study examines how social media facilitates the evolution of informal language, particularly through the creation and adoption of slang. The research further explores the socio-cultural implications of online slang, discussing its role in shaping youth identity, group dynamics, and communication within digital communities. This paper also reflects on the implications of this language shift for formal language use, education, and communication in both digital and traditional contexts. The findings suggest that while online slang promotes creativity and inclusivity, it also poses challenges in maintaining linguistic norms and understanding across generations. The study contributes to the growing field of linguistic research by highlighting the dual nature of social media’s impact on language—both as a tool for innovation and as a source of linguistic fragmentation.
Jargon and slang are increasingly permeating the speech of modern students. This phenomenon is attributed not only to generational shifts but also to the changes occurring in society, the advancement of technology, and the proliferation of the Internet. Work on language norms is crucial in the education of secondary school students. Teaching the norms of literary language, or the linguistic norms of the Russian language, represents a complex process that engages various tools. Russian language textbooks and educational materials are essential components and tools through which knowledge about language norms is conveyed, as well as gaps in knowledge are addressed, and challenges faced by students are overcome. The task of educational institutions is to form students' solid knowledge of language norms and skills for their correct application. This necessitates a reassessment of approaches to the creation of textbooks and educational materials to ensure their relevance and effectiveness in the context of the modern information society. Training should not only incorporate traditional methods but also take into account the peculiarities of Internet communication in order to successfully overcome emerging language barriers. Thus, the article aims to address a pressing issue: increasing the level of comprehension of language norms among students through the revision of textbooks and educational materials, which is a significant step towards the preservation and development of the Russian language in the face of modern challenges.
Online apparel retail imagery is a prominent threat to women’s body image, particularly segments such as activewear which emphasize the value of women’s bodies. In a within-subjects experiment, we exposed women (N = 128) to imagery randomly selected from activewear, casualwear and homewares websites and measured their gaze behavior, physiological arousal, as well as subjective mood and body image ratings. Exposure to activewear retail imagery elicited significantly lower body image ratings, higher negative mood, and lower positive mood compared to the other website imagery conditions. Physiological arousal was significantly higher for both apparel imagery conditions compared to the homewares imagery condition. Body biased gaze behavior was significantly higher for the activewear imagery condition compared to the casualwear imagery condition. Notably, trait body shame moderated the self-reported but not the physiological experimental effects, such that women with higher trait body shame experienced stronger adverse changes in their body image and mood ratings following activewear exposure. Correlational results revealed that self-reported experimental responses to the activewear imagery were strongly associated with self-objectification, appearance comparison, disordered eating and body image coping attitudes. As such, exposure to popular apparel imagery may play a role in maintaining maladaptive body image attitudes and behaviors in women.
The paper discusses stereotypic formulas, which represent a commentary on someone else’s use of language. The mentioned formulas are constructed according to the model that places a quote from someone else’s speech in a context that seems to be more suitable for it and, thus, signaling the irrelevance of the words chosen by an interlocutor. Usually these contexts are profane, and sometimes imply the use of obscene vocabulary. Such formulas are reproduced as a reaction to violation, firstly, of general speech norms, as a speaker understands them, and secondly, of group (professional) speech conventions. They are used particularly in such hierarchical communities, as family, school and other educational institutions, army and professional groups. The author suggests a classification of the ways of constructing these metalinguistic formulas, which are often based on wordplay with ambiguity (homonymy, polysemy, homography, synonymy and homoformy are involved) and classifies types of lexical units which are reflected (action designation, object designation, group designation and stereotype formulas). In particular, such functions of the considered formulas as the building of hierarchical relations between the speaker and the interlocutor, socializing, “dueling” and mnemonic are highlighted. The paper also demonstrates influence on the mentioned speech practice of the culture of speech, as well as certain mechanisms of naive metalinguistic consciousness.
During the analysis of economic resilience of enterprises and industries within existing scientific approaches based on fuzzy sets and soft computing methodology, a number of problems have arisen that require solutions, namely: a) making adjustments to existing linguistic norms of resilience factors; b) incorporating mechanisms of intelligent filtering when forming industry indices; c) improving the accuracy of decision models embedded in the corresponding strategic map. This article describes a series of problematic cases that can be improved within the proposed approaches, including by: a) transitioning from interval membership functions in the classifier to trapezoidal ones; b) excluding noise-contaminated context from the sample that has been rejected based on formal criteria; c) phasifying decision parameters on the strategic map as part of a 4х6 matrix. In the latter case, the technology of pairwise comparison of fuzzy numbers is applied to assess the risk of inefficiency in the decision-making process. It can be formulated that in solving problems related to fuzzy descriptions, we have proposed a series of solutions using the same fuzzy descriptions, but in a more advanced version. In fact, we suggest upgrading a number of previously proven approaches for analyzing economic resilience within the fuzzy scientific paradigm.
Dependency distance (DD) is a syntactic complexity measure proposed by Hudson (). With the development of annotated corpora, researchers have become able to examine the relation between DD and processing difficulty using large-scale data. Based on treebanks of twenty languages, Liu () identified the universal later called “dependency distance minimization”. While the mean DD of languages tends to be minimized as constrained by working memory, there also seem to be considerable differences among languages, particularly between Chinese and English (Hudson, ). To investigate whether this variation is induced by corpus-based factors (such as sentence length, genre and annotation scheme) or by deeper motivations (such as syntactic differences of languages), a series of studies were conducted. Their results indicate that while shorter sentences, informative and spoken texts, as well as annotations based on syntactic functions may contribute to shorter DDs, the DD variation between Chinese and English is more likely the result of different syntactic structures and processing mechanisms (such as the use of words rather than affixes to express tense in Chinese).
The multilingual turn in second language acquisition (SLA) has propelled a critical stance on monoglossic language ideologies, advocating for a heteroglossic approach that values the dynamic language practices of multilingual learners (MLs) (May, 2013; Flores & Schissel, 2014). This article shifts the focus from a general exploration of language ideologies to a detailed examination of the nuanced interplay between monoglossic language ideologies, prioritizing an idealized linguistic norm, and heteroglossic language ideologies, validating linguistic diversity. By analyzing the enactment of a heteroglossic approach in an online practical English class, the study explores the complexities where monoglossic and heteroglossic language ideologies are not opposed but rather coexist in complex and potentially deceptive ways. Through semi-structured interviews that probe MLs’ beliefs about race and language, complemented by critical discourse analysis (Fairclough, 2013), this research investigates how MLs and their teacher articulate and navigate their language ideologies, revealing how monoglossic language ideologies, often aligned with ‘white’ norms, shape instructional choices and classroom dynamics. The findings reveal the nuanced interrelations between monoglossic and heteroglossic language ideologies, advocating for educational frameworks that proactively engage with and critically transform the hegemonic language ideologies for more equitable language education.
Some research indicates that sexuality and disability are two taboo concepts that are rarely combined. Individuals with disabilities are often portrayed as asexual or hypersexual. The film Why Do You Love Me (2023) attempts to break these stereotypes and depicts sexuality as a symbol of empowerment through the story of three friends with disabilities embarking on a journey to lose their virginity. This study aims to analyze how the film portrays sexuality and virginity of individuals with disabilities. Using a qualitative approach, the research uses critical disability theory and multimodal discourse analysis with critical standpoint to identify dialogues and scenes in the film related to dominant ideologies and accuracy in disability representation. Despite raising a unique theme and diversifying the representation of individuals with disabilities in mainstream media, the results reveal that the practice of “cripping up” perpetuates dominant perspectives and diction in the film’s lexical and visual elements. It uses sexuality and virginity as selling points to determine the social status of men with disabilities amidst societal norms of masculinity. Humor and cinematographic techniques still employ ableist discourses, suggesting the need of men with disabilities for accommodation from the dominant group. Insights for altering cinematic representations of disabilities are explored.
Mastery of basic concepts of the Indonesian language plays a crucial role in supporting the academic and professional success of education students, particularly in the digital era characterized by the rapid development of information and communication technology. The digital era has brought significant changes to students’ language practices, which are indicated by the increasing use of informal language and the neglect of linguistic norms in academic contexts. This study aims to examine the urgency of mastering basic concepts of the Indonesian language for education students in the digital era and its implications for strengthening academic literacy and the professional readiness of prospective teachers. This research employs a qualitative approach using a library research method through the analysis of reference books, scholarly journal articles, and relevant educational policy documents. The findings indicate that mastery of basic Indonesian language concepts serves as a foundation for academic literacy that influences critical thinking skills, argumentative ability, and linguistic accuracy among education students. Furthermore, digital literacy that is not supported by strong conceptual language understanding has the potential to reduce the quality of academic language. Therefore, strengthening the mastery of basic Indonesian language concepts in higher education is a strategic necessity to prepare education students who are adaptive, critical, and professionally competent in the digital era.
While structure learning achieves remarkable performance in high-resource languages, the situation differs for under-represented languages due to the scarcity of annotated data. This study focuses on assessing the efficacy of transfer learning in enhancing dependency parsing for Javanese, a language spoken by 80 million individuals but characterized by limited representation in natural language processing. We utilized the Universal Dependencies dataset consisting of dependency treebanks from more than 100 languages, including Javanese. We propose two learning strategies to train the model: transfer learning (TL) and hierarchical transfer learning (HTL). While TL only uses a source language to pre-train the model, the HTL method uses a source language and an intermediate language in the learning process. The results show that our best model uses the HTL method, which improves performance with an increase of 10% for both UAS and LAS evaluations compared to the baseline model.
Gender-inclusive language remains a topic of ongoing public debate involving institutions, the general public, and professionals – among whom translators play a key role as social actors who must navigate conflicting expectations and make complex decisions. This is especially evident for translators working with languages such as Spanish, where grammatical gender, along with number, is one of the two core inflectional categories that systematically affect nouns, determiners, and adjectives. This paper analyzes the perceptions regarding the use of gender-inclusive language on the part of professional translators in Spain, through a qualitative study of the views of a sample (n = 154) of professionals across various specialities. While most participants express support for gender-inclusive language, there are also negative opinions and neutral stances. The study highlights the complexities of navigating between personal convictions, professional constraints, and client expectations. It reveals the coexistence of competing ideologies – one informed by gender awareness and the other by prescriptive linguistic norms – and how these tensions shape translators’ decision-making. Additionally, the findings underline the influence of factors such as the source text, client preferences, and the perceived role of translation as a professional service. This research aims to shed light on the evolving role of gender-inclusive language in translation.
Although previous work has contributed to our knowledge of bilingual compound verbs (BCVs) in different code-switching varieties, there is scant research on the semantic nature of these innovative constructions. To fill this gap, the present study examines semantic aspects of BCVs in Northern Belize and the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, two sociohistorically connected communities where Spanish hacer ‘do’ BCVs have been attested. Drawing on two datasets, we analyzed the semantic domains that are most open to other-language lexical verbs as well as the potential use of these structures as identity markers. The analysis of 1,140 BCVs (903 in Northern Belize and 237 in Yucatan) revealed that whereas ‘education’ particularly favored English lexical verbs in Northern Belize, ‘nourishment’ was the semantic sub-category most open to Yucatec Maya lexical verbs in the Yucatan Peninsula. Notably, only hacer BCVs from Yucatan evince the incorporation of cultural elements and linguistic practices such as albur ‘word play’ to index a Yucatec Maya ethnolinguistic identity. Our findings highlight the importance that the nature of bilingualism and community linguistic norms have on the semantic use of BCVs.