Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
Objectives: Individuals with hearing loss complain of perceiving the emotions conveyed in music. While many studies have examined this issue, the cortical mechanisms involved remain unclear. This study aims to investigate how audibility affects cortical activity during the emotional perception of music. Methods: Musical stimuli expressing happiness, sadness, and neutrality were filtered at 1kHz to simulate low-frequency (LFsim) or high-frequency (HFsim) hearing loss. Forty-eight healthy participants were randomly assigned to three groups: HFsim group, LFsim group, and normal hearing (NH) group. During 64-channel EEG recording, participants listened to these stimuli, followed by rating arousal and valence (dimensional model) and selecting emotions (discrete model). Each of the 15 stimuli was presented 20 times, resulting in a total of 300 trials. Results: The HFsim group exhibited significantly increased alpha power during the perception of all three emotions, particularly in the sad condition. Trials were selected based on normalized ratings of arousal and valence (high or positive >= 0.3, low or negative < -0.3, middle -0.3<= and < 0.3). In the sad condition, alpha power showed prolonged periods of significant differences among groups, especially in arousal while valence ratings displayed minimal variability. Alpha changes were more pronounced in the sad condition and more evident in arousal than in valence. Conclusions: These results suggest that the lack of high-frequency auditory information might require increased cognitive load during emotional perception. Additionally, audible spectral information, especially high-frequency audibility, significantly affects alpha activity during the perception of musical emotions.
Time of day can alter memory performance in general. Its influence on memory recognition performance for faces, which is important for daily encounters with new persons or testimonies, has not been investigated yet. Importantly, high levels of the stress hormone cortisol impair memory recognition, in particular for emotional material. However, some studies also reported high cortisol levels to enhance memory recognition. Since cortisol levels in the morning are usually higher than in the evening, time of day might also influence recognition performance. In this pre-registered study with a two-day design, 51 healthy men encoded pictures of male and female faces with distinct emotional expressions on day one around noon. Memory for the faces was retrieved two days later at two consecutive testing times either in the morning (high and moderately increased endogenous cortisol levels) or in the evening (low endogenous cortisol levels). Additionally, alertness as well as salivary cortisol levels at the different timepoints was assessed. Cortisol levels were significantly higher in the morning compared to the evening group as expected, while both groups did not differ in alertness. Familiarity ratings for female stimuli were significantly better when participants were tested during moderately increased endogenous cortisol levels in the morning than during low endogenous cortisol levels in the evening, a pattern which was previously also observed for stressed versus non-stressed participants. In addition, cortisol levels during that time in the morning were positively correlated with the recollection of face stimuli in general. Thus, recognition memory performance may depend on the time of day and as well as on stimulus type, such as the difference of male and female faces. Most importantly, the results suggest that cortisol may be meaningful and worth investigating when studying the effects of time of day on memory performance. This research offers both, insights into daily encounters as well as legally relevant domains as for instance testimonies.
Previous models for learning the semantic vectors of items and their groups, such as words, sentences, nodes, and graphs, using distributed representation have been based on the assumption that the basic sense of an item corresponds to one vector composed of dimensions corresponding to hidden contexts in the target real world, from which multiple senses of the item are obtained by conforming to lexical databases or adapting to the context. However, there may be multiple senses of an item, which are hardly assimilated and change or evolve dynamically following the contextual shift even within a document or a restricted period. This is a process similar to the evolution or adaptation of a living entity with/to environmental shifts. Setting the scope of disambiguation of items for sensemaking, the author presents a method in which a word or item in the data embraces multiple semantic vectors that evolve via interaction with others, similar to a cell embracing chromosomes crossing over with each other. We obtained two preliminary results: (1) the role of a word that evolves to acquire the largest or lower-middle variance of semantic vectors tends to be explainable by the author of the text; (2) the epicenters of earthquakes that acquire larger variance via crossover, corresponding to the interaction with diverse areas of land crust, are likely to correspond to the epicenters of forthcoming large earthquakes.
When stimuli are retained in visual working memory (VWM), external stimuli which overlap this representation capture attention when performing a visual task. It has not been determined whether this mechanism can partly account for attentional capture by categories of real-world affective stimuli. Across five dual-task visual search and VWM change detection experiments (4/5 pre-registered; total N = 119) participants had to detect the change in either positive (kitten) or threat-related (spider) animal exemplars, whilst performing an intervening visual search task with peripheral distractors from these affective categories. Affective stimulus associations were confirmed by self-reported arousal and valence ratings in all samples, and confirmed in an independent sample (n = 82). It was hypothesised that threat-related and positive distractors would capture attention more, versus a neutral (bird or no distractor) baseline, when matching the contents of VWM. Experiments 1 - 3, however, found no evidence of increased capture by VWM-matching affective stimuli, though there was cumulative evidence of goal-independent capture by threat-related distractors. When, however, the trial structure became unpredictable, requiring constant preparation for the VWM task response (Experiment 4), or advanced action preparation to the VWM task was enabled (Experiment 5), then VWM-matching threat-related distractors caused greater attentional capture. This VWM-driven capture, however, was not found for positive distractors in any experiments. The results probe the boundary conditions when VWM contents drive attentional capture by entirely task-irrelevant affective categories, and suggests that background memory representations may not influence attention unconditionally, and instead may depend partly on their current prioritisation.
Recent advancements in Natural Language Processing (NLP) have ushered in a new era of textual style transfer (TST), a domain aimed at altering textual attributes such as tone and sentiment while preserving the content's essence. This study introduces a creative framework that employs a dual-component architecture consisting of a classifier and a generator to achieve text de-stylization, particularly sentiment neutralization. The classifier, built upon the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model, serves as a dynamic loss function guiding the generator, constructed on a Transformer-based encoder-decoder framework, to produce sentiment-neutral text. Our method leverages a self-supervised mechanism, enabling the generation of target text without reliance on parallel corpora, thereby addressing the limitations of existing TST methodologies. We preprocessed datasets from Stanford Sentiment Treebank-5 (SST-5) and Internet Movie Database (IMDb) movie reviews and employed them for training the classifier and generator, respectively. Preliminary results demonstrate the model's proficiency in preserving semantic integrity while effectively neutralizing sentiment. Future work envisions expanding this framework to enable text stylization across a spectrum of discursive contexts, enhanced by deep learning architectures and an iterative feedback mechanism for user-driven refinement.
Non-normativity, understood as departures from linguistic norms and standards, has been notably articulated in modern linguistics and, in a serious scholarly manner, by formalists. The Qur’an, as the preeminent symbol of manifestations of beauty, perfection, and coherence of the Arabic language, transcends the framework of norms and standards, thereby placing itself at the apex of eloquence and rhetoric. This sacred text, aimed at institutionalizing monotheistic rationality, eradicating manifestations of polytheism, and instilling thoughts contrary to pre-Islamic (al-jāhilī) norms, has crossed the boundaries of pre-Islamic tradition with a distinctive literary language, generating a revolution in Arabic language. The present study, adopting an analytical-descriptive approach, examines non-normativity in Surah al-Kahf at three levels: phonological, syntactic, and semantic. The findings indicate that at the phonological level, devices such as al-ikhfāʼ (concealment), al-idghām (assimilation), and al-madd (prolongation) serve to harmonize sound and musicality with meaning and the situational context of the surah. It is as if the scenes and events are unfolding and the audience perceives them with the faculty of hearing. At the syntactic level, phenomena such as al-ḥadhf (ellipsis), al-taqdīm (preposing), al-taʾkhīr (postponing), al-taḍmīn (conflation), and al-iltifāt (shifts in person) enable the reader to apprehend God’s focal points with the most complete concepts expressed in the briefest phrases. At the semantic level, non-normativity manifested through metaphors and figurative language fosters vivid imagery of various situations and dynamic reader cognition; so much so that the reader appears to observe all these elements and finds themselves in the scene of events. Consequently, with these aesthetics, the sacred text of the Qur’an is better understood, and its sweetness is savored.
This study investigated whether mentalistic text-vignettes of a robot enhances participants’ tendency to adopt the intentional stance. We also investigated whether the valence of a robot's action consequence influences judgements of intentionality and moral responsibility. We presented participants with scenarios from the InStance Test before and after they read the mentalistic text-vignettes. We found that InStance scores were significantly higher after they read the text-vignettes, implying an increased likelihood of adopting the intentional stance. This effect may have arisen from the mentalistic description of the robot, which could have primed participants to mentally simulate its experiences. Additionally, we found that the valence of a robot's action consequence did not significantly affect ratings of intentionality, which replicates previous results. However, unlike previous studies the valence of the action consequence did not affect moral responsibility ratings. Future studies could investigate (1) how the appearance of a robot influences moral responsibility judgements and (2) if text-vignettes using mechanistic descriptions modulate the tendency to adopt the intentional stance.
This article explores denominal nominalization, also known as verbification, based on modern English-language journalistic discourse material. Denominal nominalization appears to be a type of conversion that presupposes the usage of affixless means of word formation, which results in the formation of a new part of speech – verb based on the same root of the source word-noun. Traditionally, it is deverbal substantiation, which is considered the most widespread type of conversion in English, though recently, the processes of the reverse character show their activity and are supposed to attract attention from the side of linguists. The study demonstrates the processes of transforming nouns into verbs and analyzes the general linguistic consequences of such transformations: linguistic economy and contextual efficiency. The role of digital communication and the latest technological advances for creating and applying verbified linguistic units is particularly emphasized. (e.g., to Google, to Zoom, to DM, to email). Examples from modern journalistic discourse illustrate how verbification enhances dynamism and expressiveness in media language. It seems that denominational nominalization is closely related to the British-American communicative values of clarity, directness, and logical communication, as well as to Anglo-American values such as action–work orientation. Through the prism of verbification as a grammatical phenomenon, Grice’s cooperative principle and relevance theory are manifested since verbification increases the efficiency of the meaning transmission. In addition, denominalization can contribute to the development of social identity and professional group linguistic norms, especially in the field of business and digital communication. The article emphasizes the role of verbification in adapting English to modern needs, marking cultural identity, and facilitating linguistic innovation. Future research directions include cross-linguistic and cross-cultural comparisons of this grammatical phenomenon, particularly between English and Ukrainian as focal languages, to study both changes in syntactic functions and sentence structures, as well as the pragmatic and cultural consequences of the spread of this phenomenon.
The visual representation of the image tries to draw emphasis to the Lungs Image’s deficient feature vector is based on the interest aroused by the display of a flaw in the words and images. To build a successful Google Images Search Engine, thorough model co-training for illness diagnosis of text and image on spatial features is necessary. In the paper, customized image rating using machine learning improves user experiences. The study makes the argument that optimizing picture ranking for individual users can improve user experiences while also requiring specific model co-training for text and image data in a robust machine like Google Images Search Engine. Artificial neural networks (ANN) enable experts in computer science to complete challenging tasks including pre-processing, Feature Prediction, and Pattern Recognition. The experimental result is on Lung Cancer Detection from feature vector in the different types of X-Ray, PET scan, WSI, Images and other types etc, with the help of distance method.
Linguistic studies of mass media discourse prove that it presents a complex blend of verbal and visual characteristics. To this end, the methodological procedures should also imbibe structural methods combined with cognitive modelling. These forms of text and its analysis tend to be unjustly given less attention in educational process although teaching media literacy has already become a popular trend. The present paper is aimed at investigating the level of students’ awareness as far as certain semantic and semiotic elements are concerned, and to show the methodological steps, students can further rely on. As one of the sources, frequent in modern British mass media discourse, we have chosen criminal conceptual metaphor applied to Jeremy Corbyn. Thus, we show both the linguistic analysis procedure and the results of the pedagogical experiment. In our linguistic investigation we applied a combination of cognitive and structural linguistic methods. For teaching purposes, an experimental linguistic database of verbal and polycode texts was formed. The procedure described herein can be applied in various pedagogical cases: for teaching students of linguistics, journalism and mass media communication studies, pedagogics, politics, cross-cultural and linguocultural studies. The results of the analysis contribute to the investigations of political metaphors and broaden our understanding of polycode mass media texts.
This study is a survey of the English-language words that are used when speaking about meaning with specific focus on the categories of function, ritual and myth. Such words can be used in interviews, questionnaires, measurement metrics and other forms of ethnography and testing. Understanding why consumers perceive designed artefacts to be personally relevant is a commercial imperative. Previous research has suggested that three categories of meaning are commonly encountered, i.e. function, ritual and myth. They cover a spectrum from the purely instrumental to the purely symbolic. However, despite the logical and philosophical groundwork, there has been little analysis of the actual words and phrases that are in everyday use by people when describing the meanings of designed artefacts. The objectives of the study described here were (1) to identify the words and phrases that are most frequently encountered in everyday language when discussing meaning, (2) to determine for each word or phrase its degree of belonging to the formal categories of function, ritual and myth and (3) to thematically group the words and phrases into macro-components of meaning. Three different analysis were performed. The first was based on the contents of major online dictionaries and thesauri, the second was based on the results from queries of the online lexical database WordNet and the third was based on a corpus analysis approach involving neural network word embedding algorithms. Thematic grouping of the database of extracted words and phrases suggested that in all three cases the macro-components of the concept of ‘function’, ‘ritual’ and ‘myth’ cover a spectrum that can be considered to be from an essential property (‘intention’, ‘ceremonial’ and ‘belief’) to an emergent property (‘action’, ‘spiritual’ and ‘symbolism’). The list of words, phrases and macro-components provides a first empirically established vocabulary of meaning for use in design activity.
Abstract The stimulant ± 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been shown to enhance the perceived pleasantness of touch. However, the underlying neural processes contributing to touch-related effects of MDMA are not well understood. Using a double-blind, randomized, within-subject design, this study used fMRI to examine hemodynamic changes following MDMA (1.5 mg/kg) vs. lactose placebo administration during gentle touch stimulation in a healthy sample (N = 18). Participants were stroked on the forearm at a slower, more pleasant (3 cm/s), and a faster (30 cm/s), less pleasant speed. For the MDMA session, participants’ affective ratings of touch stimulation were higher than their placebo ratings. Increase in plasma oxytocin (OT) levels was also greater during the MDMA session. On the neural level, primary sensorimotor areas showed greater hemodynamic changes during the MDMA than during the placebo session for both touch speeds, indicating a relatively early influence within somatosensory pathways. Changes in OT levels showed an interaction with drug in an occipitotemporal region, area MT+, associated with motion perception. However, posterior insula did not show preferential activation for the slower stroking speed. These initial findings provide a basis for extending our knowledge of the neural processes underlying the effect of MDMA on affective touch.
The article deals with color-term lexemes in the modern Russian and Chinese languages. The focus is on a comparative study of the semantics and functioning of the lexemes ‘zelenyi’ (green), ‘绿’ (green, lü), and ‘青’ (a polysemous color name with the meaning of ‘green’, qing) in the Russian and Chinese mass media; their language connotations are investigated. The study employed the descriptive and comparative methods and the method of contextual analysis. The article analyzes the main and implied meanings of green-color terms through the examples of expressions and phrases with a green lexeme found in Russian and Chinese linguistic databases such as the Standardized terminology base for foreign translation of Chinese characteristic discourse, Russian National Corpus, General Internet Corpus of Russian, etc. The author seeks to investigate the multiple meanings of green-color lexemes in the Russian and Chinese languages, notes the expansion of their meaning, especially in the Russian and Chinese mass media. The conducted research shows that the emergence of the new meaning of the green-color lexeme is closely connected with the cultural and social changes in Russia and China. The importance of using linguocultural color lexemes in the language of modern media is emphasized by the fact that the lexeme ‘green’ as a bright language feature performs the function of expressive informing, conveys the national value. The initial analysis of the polysemy and metaphoricity of the Chinese lexeme ‘青’(qing) carried out in the article fills a gap in the study of the use of the polysemous color name ‘青’ (qing) in translation of texts written by the Russian classics into Chinese and contributes to further in-depth lexicosemantic, lexicographical, and translation studies on the translation of this lexeme.
The academic identity is in the focus of the paper. The study is relevant as Academic Identity represented in English determines a young scolar`s entering the global academic community, acknowledgement by the dicourse community and science ambition realisation. The paper is aimed at analising lingvo-didactic ponential of revising academic text in English as an efficient methodological technique in enhancing English proficiency of research students; the way revising facilitates Academic Identity construction. The aim involves the following objectives: (1) considering various viewponts of both foreign and Russian scientists on the notion and major components of Academic Identity, our fomulating the definition of Academic Identity; (2) revealing the lingvotextual peculiarities of a scientific paper which influence Academic Identity construction, analising their potential of representing author and his/her academic status; (3) discussing methodological relevance of using English academic text revising as an efficient methodological technique in enhancing English proficiency of research students and developing Academic Identity; (4) hypothesis testing on the co-working academic case-studies of university teachers and research students at BMSTU; (5) interpreting the obtained results in terms of their verification and relevance in reaching the goal. The authors employ empirical techniques of pedagogical observation, quantitative and qualitative (discourse-interpretation) analyses. The novelty and theoretical value of the study are determined by the fact that it has proved the possibility of constructing Academic Identity at the International level as a holistic structural dynamic process of developing identity by mastering academic communication language characterised by its discourse functional peculiarities. It has been established that Academic Identity of research students may be nurtured during writing academic texts by applying structural-linguistic norms of academic writing, author's self-identification by means of linguistic and text markers, revising texts and manipulating reasonable language resources to vary the degree the author and his vewpoint are visible in a scientific paper. The practical value lies in its relevance for successful Academic Identity constructing of young scholars by English resourse, for research students' awareness at technical higher education institutions how revising academic texts influences Academic Identity degree. Therefore, the co-working of university teachers and research students on revising their scientific papers facilitates mastering academic discourse knowledge while enhancing Academic English proficiency, self-confidence and self-consistency, i.e. constructing Academic Identity.
In this chapter, our main objective is to provide a succinct description of four leading models of discourse: Rhetorical Structure Theory, Segmented Discourse Representation Theory, the Penn Discourse Treebank project, and the Cognitive approach to Coherence Relations. We present the main goals of each model, and discuss their advantages and limitations. We also list their specificities compared to other models, and analyze the main differences between them. We focus more specifically on the aspects of these models that have to do with the description of discourse relations. For each model, we present the type of research to which it has been applied, and the data that have been produced in the form of annotated corpora. As we will see, all these models have been used to annotate large corpora with discourse relations. An important issue is therefore to establish mappings between the relations annotated in each of them, in order to compare data from one corpus to the others. At the end the chapter, we discuss various options for comparing annotations across models.
Depression, a pervasive mental health issue, highlights the critical need for early detection and effective intervention. A database (InStant-EMDB) is developed to analyze variations in the spoken responses of individuals with depression compared to healthy counterparts. Spoken responses are ob-tained from English and Malayalam bilingual speakers who respond spontaneously to a set of 15 emotionally evocative words. These words are sourced from the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW) dataset, which includes valence and arousal ratings for each word. The speech in both English and Malayalam is manually transcribed to accurately reflect the spoken content. The dataset also contains self-reported af-fective ratings and data from a mental health survey (PHQ-9) collected from the participants to determine their mental state, which we considered the self-reported depression labels. A preliminary analysis is conducted on the collected speech using current state-of-the-art deep learning models such as Con-volutional Neural Networks (CNN), Long Short-Term Mem-ory networks (LSTM) and Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory networks (Bi-LSTM). Although distinct linguistic patterns exhibited by individuals struggling with depression are successfully identified by all three models in both Malay-alam and English spoken responses, the highest accuracy is achieved by the LSTM models. Our findings and dataset em-phasize the potential of linguistic patterns as valuable cues for the early identification and intervention of depression and could contribute to enhancing accessibility for diverse populations.
The influence of prescriptivism on nineteenth-century English has been a moot point since the last century, where two extreme positions are noted.Traditional history of the English language handbooks, on the one hand, often consider prescriptivism as a pervasive phenomenon in the late eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries, because of a belief that the English language was for some time reluctant to variation and change (Finegan 1998: 545; Anderwald 2014: 13-14).Modern approaches, on the other hand, contend that prescriptivism did not have actual effects on the language of the period, with the assumption that language change was effective as a result of continuous developments from below (Tieken-Boon van Ostade 2009: 79).The issue, however, is now taken to be far from this polarization as there is evidence that prescriptivism certainly helped shape nineteenth-century English (and present-day English), even though the influence 'may have been only partially successful, i.e. on only certain text-types, only on written language but not spoken, or only for a certain period, not for others' (Anderwald 2019: 88-89).The nineteenth century was actually the century of prescriptivism as a result of the common awareness of the need for correctness to have access to a higher social scale.This explains the proliferation of grammar books and usage guides throughout the century which, using a normative approach, 'taught readers that social advancement through language was in principle within reach of everyone and could be obtained with the help of proper guidance' (Tieken-Boon van Ostade 2009: 3).The number of such publications increased notably from the beginning of the century, reaching its peak towards the second half of the century (Tieken-Boon van Ostade 2008: 4).Importantly enough, this intense rate of publication derived from the creation of a discourse community of grammarians who contributed to the development of homogeneous norms eventually accepted on the grounds of the continuous copying and re-writing of previous sources (Anderwald 2012: 29; also Watts 1999;2008).The effects of prescriptivism on language have been hitherto overestimated in some publications.Therefore it is necessary to investigate the development of individual features to evaluate, if any, the likely relationship between linguistic norms and the rise or decline of a particular form in Late Modern English.The present issue thus stems from Anderwald's proposal now two decades ago to combine historical grammaticographythe study of historical grammar books of English -with historical corpus linguistics as the only means to confirm 'with some confidence which features of language were subject to prescriptive influence, and where prescriptivists' attempt at changing (or preserving) the language had little or no effect' (2014: 1).Anderwald's desideratum implies that a detailed
Abstract The management of severe hoarding is often highly challenging due to lack of collaboration and the need to coordinate a large team of professionals. Although numerous strategies have been developed to manage severe hoarding, the most effective approach has not been established. To evaluate and compare three different approaches to the management of severe hoarding in non-voluntary clients. Naturalistic study of clients treated involuntarily by a Crisis Resolution Home Treatment (CRHT) team for severe hoarding. Three management strategies were compared: (1) case management approach with full and part-time staff (HLH), (2) case management approach based on interprofessional networking collaboration (ICN), and (3) routine social service care with non-specific hoarding management led by a social worker (RSW). The Clutter Image Rating scale (CIR) was used to assess hoarding severity at baseline and at 6-, 12-, and 24-months. The main outcome measure was “case resolution” (CIR score < 4). Of the 271 cases referred to the CRHT, 214 completed all follow-up measures. Resolution was achieved in 84.5%, 36.6%, and 36.4% of cases managed by the HLH, RSW, and ICN strategies, respectively ( p < 0.001). The HLH strategy resulted in the greatest improvement in hoarding behaviour. In this study, the most effective strategy to resolve severe hoarding in non-voluntary clients was the case management approach with a full-time team. These findings suggest that centralizing case management in a team of specialized, highly autonomous professionals using a collaborative approach involving motivational interviewing could be the best strategy to resolve severe hoarding.
Muitas das línguas indígenas brasileiras estão ameaçadas de extinção, seja pelo número reduzido de falantes ou por não mais transmitirem o conhecimento linguístico-cultural para as novas gerações. Na maioria desses casos, estratégias de revitalização e de conservação dessas línguas são imprescindíveis nas comunidades, as quais necessitam de processos contínuos de promoção de políticas de línguas e de ações voltadas à educação escolar indígena. Considerando a descrição e a documentação linguística como um método de preservação cultural de um povo, objetivamos, neste artigo, apresentar o uso de ferramentas linguísticas em associação ao processo de documentação e de descrição de línguas minoritárias, em especial, de duas línguas do tronco linguístico Tupí faladas no sudoeste Amazônico, Brasil. Neste sentido, procuramos relatar ações vinculadas à linguagem CoNLL-U na construção de Treebanks — corpus de textos com anotações sintáticas e morfológicas — da Universal Dependencies (MARNEFFE et al., 2021) para línguas indígenas brasileiras, partindo de experiências desenvolvidas no Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação Científica da Universidade X intitulado “X”. Discutiremos o uso de algumas ferramentas de descrição linguística articuladas à documentação, à descrição, à produção de materiais didáticos e suas relações com o processo de revitalização e fortalecimento de línguas minoritárias. Para isso, estabelecemos relações entre a linguística computacional, em conjunto com a linguística descritiva, como um meio de fortalecer não apenas a documentação de línguas ameaçadas de extinção, como de promover conhecimentos sobre suas comunidades e suas histórias. Também buscamos discutir a relação da linguística na compreensão de processos culturais, pois quando se trata de línguas indígenas, olhar para elas é restaurar parte de histórias silenciadas, além de nos despertar para o fortalecimento das políticas de línguas dos povos originários, como também das políticas públicas de proteção desses povos.
Abstract: This chapter explores the cutting-edge advancements in computational language technology, delving into the transformative impact of recent innovations in the field. It covers the evolution from traditional rule-based and statistical methods to advanced neural network architectures, such as Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), and Transformers. The chapter highlights key applications in natural language processing (NLP), including speech recognition, machine translation, and sentiment analysis, while addressing the ethical and societal implications of these technologies. Emphasis is placed on emerging research areas, such as multilingual NLP, low-resource language processing, and conversational AI. The chapter concludes by discussing future trends and challenges, including scalability, interpretability, and fairness in NLP systems, providing a comprehensive overview of the current state and future directions of computational linguistics. Keywords: Computational Linguistics,Natural Language Processing (NLP),Neural Networks,Deep Learning,Speech Recognition,Machine Translation,Sentiment Analysis,Multilingual NLP,Low-Resource Languages,Conversational AI,Ethical AI,Data Privacy,Algorithmic Bias and Future Trends in NLP. References: Bei, S. (2024). Integrative Analysis of Socio-linguistic Principles in Applied Language Teaching. Frontiers in Education Technology, 7(1), p58. https://doi.org/10.22158/fet.v7n1p58 Bender, E. M., & Langendoen, D. T. (2010). Computational Linguistics in Support of Linguistic Theory. Linguistic Issues in Language Technology, 3. https://doi.org/10.33011/lilt.v3i.1213 Chandlee, J., & Jardine, A. (2021). Computational universals in linguistic theory: Using recursive programs for phonological analysis. Language, 97(3), 485–519. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2021.0045 Frank, A., Zaenen, A., & Hinrichs, E. (2012). Treebanks: Linking Linguistic Theory to Computational Linguistics. Linguistic Issues in Language Technology, 7. https://doi.org/10.33011/lilt.v7i.1259 Oseki, Y. (2023). Chapter 15 Human language processing in comparative computational psycholinguistics. Cross-Linguistic Studies, 269–288. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110778946-015 R’boul, H. (2024). English as a subtle technology of distraction in postcolonial contexts: undoing linguistic colonialism by linguistic coloniality. Current Issues in Language Planning, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2024.2355392 Steffensen, S. V., Fowler, C., & Trousdale, G. (2017). Language sciences: Half a century on the linguistic frontiers. Language Sciences, 59, A1–A4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2016.11.003
Introduction. On February 24, 2022, the Russian Federation, in violation of international law, launched a full-scale war against Ukraine. As a result of the war, millions of Ukrainian citizens were forced to flee abroad. In the early days of the conflict, several thousand members of the Hungarian national minority living in the Transcarpathia region of Ukraine also fled abroad, primarily to Hungary. These Ukrainian citizens are ethnically Hungarian and consider Hungarian their native language. However, upon arriving in Hungary, they suddenly found themselves in a monolingual environment, whereas at home, they were accustomed to a multilingual setting. In their daily lives, it was common for them to handle official matters in the state language (Ukrainian), receive utility bills in Ukrainian, and live bilingually – using both Hungarian and Ukrainian. After arriving in Hungary, the change in the linguistic environment further complicated their integration.The purpose. The purpose of the article is to show, on the basis of research data, how Transcarpathian Hungarians who arrived in Hungary after the invasion of Ukraine perceive the linguistic environment of the host country, what differences and similarities they perceive between their language variants and the Hungarian linguistic environment, and how this is reflected in the linguistic behaviour of the war refugees.Results. In the spring of 2022, 120 Hungarians from Transcarpathia who arrived in Hungary after the start of the full-scale invasion completed an online survey. This survey examined the linguistic challenges faced by Hungarians who relocated from Ukraine to Hungary. The survey was supplemented by interviews: in the summer of 2022, 18 interviews were conducted, focusing on the language adaptation of Transcarpathian Hungarians in Hungary. The research revealed that Transcarpathian Hungarians who settled in new dialectal environments similar to their native ones encountered significantly fewer linguistic challenges than those who settled in more distant regions of Hungary. Hungarians who arrived in Hungary strive to adapt their language practices to the linguistic norms of their new surroundings. At the same time, the linguistic characteristics they brought from home connect them to their homeland and form part of their regional identity. Thus, the Hungarian language, on the one hand, unites Hungarians living in any part of the world, while on the other hand, its diversity allows for the expression of unique identity.Originality. For the first time, an empirical study was conducted to find out how Transcarpathian Hungarians who arrived in Hungary after 24 February 2022 perceive the linguistic practice of the Hungarian environment in which they have found themselves, what differences and similarities they perceive between their own language variants and language use in Hungary, and what reflections this provokes among war refugees.Conclusions. The results of the online survey and interviews are summarised according to the following criteria: attitudes towards the Hungarian dialects of Transcarpathia; differences between Hungarian in Hungary and Hungarian in Transcarpathia; communication failures and stigmatisation; problems with the use of official vocabulary; use of Slavic loanwords; language and identity; and the role of dialectal background. In the long term, we hope to investigate how Hungarians in Hungary perceive Transcarpathian Hungarians and the linguistic variants they use.
Summary Super-resolution microscopy overcomes the diffraction limit of light to achieve higher spatial resolutions than are typically available when using light microscopy techniques. However, these methods are usually restricted to imaging a very small field of view (FOV). Here, we have applied one of these super-resolution techniques, Super-Resolution Radial Fluctuations (SRRF) in conjunction with the Mesolens, which has the unusual combination of a low-magnification and high numerical aperture, to obtain super-resolved images over a FOV of 4.4 mm x 3.0 mm. We assessed the accuracy of these SRRF images through error maps calculated using a secondary analysis method, Super-resolution Quantitative Image Rating and Reporting of Error Locations (SQUIRREL). We demonstrate it is possible to achieve images with a resolution of 446.3 ± 10.9 nm, providing a ∼1.6-fold improvement in spatial resolution over a uniquely large field, with consistent structural agreement between raw data and SRRF processed images. Motivation Current super-resolution imaging techniques allow for a greater understanding of cellular structures however they are often complex or only have the ability to image a few cells at once. This small field of view may not represent the behaviour across the entire sample and the manual selection of which restricted ROI to use may introduce bias. Currently, this is often circumvented by stitching and tiling methods which stitch many small ROI together, however this can result in artefacts across an image which poses an issue when analysing data. To combat this, we have used the Mesolens alongside Super-Resolution Radial Fluctuations analysis, to obtain super-resolved images over a field of view of 4.4 mm x 3.0 mm with minimal error.
Obsolescent languages exhibit large amounts of linguistic variation. Yet, given the demographic conditions often in place, attributing meaning to this variation via the application of established models of analysis, such as Labovian sociolinguistics, is not always straightforward. Indeed, the question often becomes not how language varies according to age or social stratification but, rather, whether (and how) language varies for two speakers sharing a similar sociolinguistic profile. Using original data from Jèrriais (the Norman language spoken in Jersey, Channel Islands), this study considers whether Personal-Pattern Variation, a particular type of variation developed in the context of Gaelic and found in communities where there is a lack of accessible prestige linguistic norms, can cast light on the study of unconditioned variation in obsolescent languages more generally. It will then seek to extend the application of this model by exploring whether it can also contribute to our understanding of conditioned variation. The study concludes by highlighting hitherto unconsidered common ground between Personal-Pattern Variation and Houdebine’s Imaginaire Linguistique framework of sociolinguistic analysis, which has gained currency over Labovian variation-ist analysis among French linguists but which remains little known outside the Hexagon. Résumé: Les langues obsolescentes présentent un niveau de variation linguistique élevé. Pourtant, étant donné les conditions démographiques souvent en place, il n’est pas toujours facile de rendre compte de cette variation grâce aux modèles d’analyse établis, tels que la sociolinguistique labovienne. En effet, la question n’est souvent pas de savoir si la langue varie en fonction de l’âge ou de la stratification sociale, mais plutôt de savoir si (et comment) la langue varie pour deux locuteurs partageant un profil sociolinguistique similaire. En utilisant des données originales du jersiais, cette étude examine si la Personal-Pattern Variation, une approche permettant de rendre compte d’un type particulier de variation développé dans le contexte du gaélique et que l’on retrouve dans les communautés où il y a un manque de normes linguistiques de prestige accessibles, peut éclairer l’étude de la variation dite non-conditionnée dans les langues obsolescentes de manière plus générale. L’étude cherchera ensuite à étendre l’application de ce modèle en examinant s’il peut également contribuer à notre compréhension de la variation dite conditionnée. L’étude se termine par la mise en évidence d’un terrain d’entente inédit entre la Personal-Pattern Variation et le cadre d’analyse sociolinguistique de l’Imaginaire linguistique, qui s’est imposé face à l’analyse variationniste labovienne chez les linguistes français mais qui reste peu connu en dehors de l’Hexagone.
As the world grapples with unprecedented complexity, organizations search for fresh perspectives and unconventional talent pools to navigate disruptive forces and forge innovative solutions. Enter neurodiversity: a vibrant tapestry of unique cognitive styles associated with autism, ADHD, dyslexia, and other neurodevelopmental differences. These emerging communities and rising generations hold immense potential to enrich organizations with novel ideas and unconventional approaches. Yet, despite a blossoming public awareness, many neurodivergent individuals remain locked out of meaningful employment, their unique talents remaining untapped until the workplace becomes more neuro-inclusive. This symposium tackles this critical gap, presenting empirical research on innovating in the workplace to support the neurodiverse workforce of the future. We delve into the crucial aspects of selection, retention, and performance, engaging with diverse stakeholders – neurodivergent individuals, hiring managers, and HR professionals – to gain multi- level insights. When Does Disclosure of Autism Help? Exploring Factors that Could Affect Ratings of Job Candidates Author: Debra R. Comer; Hofstra U. Author: Janet A. Lenaghan; Hofstra U. Author: Andrea Pittarello; Stony Brook U.-State U. of New York Author: Daphna Motro; Hofstra U. A Strengths-Based Perspective of the Work Experiences of Autistic Professionals Author: Michelle Checketts; U. of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Safe Spaces For Neurodivergent Employees In Ableist Workplaces: A Longitudinal Study Author: Frederike Scholz; Hogeschool Utrecht Author: Luca Smeets; Fontys U. of Applied Sciences Author: Amber Kersten; Tilburg U. Author: Marianne Van Woerkom; Tilburg U. Author: Manon Krabbenborg; Fontys U. of Applied Sciences Author: Joanna Szulc; Gdansk U. of Technology Job Crafting Among Autistic Workers Author: Jennifer R. Spoor; La Trobe U. Author: Simon Bury; Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, La Trobe U. Author: Susan Hayward; latrobe U. Author: Darren Hedley; La Trobe U. Author: Claire Brown; La Trobe U. Author: Cheryl Dissanayake; La Trobe U. Neurodiversity Organizational Maturity Model: Components, Determinants and Assessment Author: Michal T. Tomczak; Gdansk U. of Technology, Faculty of Management and Economics Author: Lukasz Sienkiewicz; Gdansk U. of Technology, Faculty of Management and Economics Author: Katarzyna Stankiewicz; Gdansk U. of Technology, Faculty of Management and Economics
Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia E-mail: sazin11@mail.ru Abstract. The article analyzes the development of applied linguistics within the framework of Bashkir linguistics, as well as the formation of this field. Most researchers working in the field of applied linguistics consider it to be a multidisciplinary field that encompasses all existing research. However, there is still no clear definition of what constitutes this term. In the article, applied linguistics is defined as referring to areas that involve the use of mathematical methods, computer-aided text processing, and the creation and analysis of linguistic databases. These areas have been active fields of research at the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences for over 30 years. The first steps towards this goal in the Bashkir linguistics were taken by the group “Automation of Lexicography”, which was founded in 1991. During its 11-year existence, the team developed frequency dictionaries for the language in the works of classical Bashkir literature by D. Yulty, as well as frequency dictionaries on different styles of Bashkir, primary school textbooks, and other materials. Due to the widespread adoption of computer technologies, which required the creation of standards for software, localization, support for operating systems, and promotion of the Bashkir language online, a laboratory for linguistics and information technology has been established on the basis of this group. The laboratory successfully completed these tasks: they presented standards for keyboard layouts and code tables; they participated in the localization of Lexicon, FineReader, Mozilla, Disco Commander and Chameleon programs; and they created national fonts and implemented language support for Windows and Linux operating systems. These works were the foundation for the full functionality of the language in the digital world. On their basis, the laboratory developed a terminological database operating on the internet, an information system for the Machine Fund of the Bashkir language, and corpus projects on prose, journalist and folklore texts in the Bashkir language. Based on these latter projects, certain issues regarding the syntactic structures of proverbs and sayings in the national language have been investigated. In order to continue dialectological research and to create a database of dialects of the national language, the laboratory was transformed into the Department of Applied Linguistics and Dialectology in 2022. Today, the department continues to work on corpus projects of the Bashkir language and collects expedition materials for a geographic information database on regional dialects. Based on these materials, a great deal of scientific work is carried out to clarify problems of the function of oral Bashkir speech within the media, as well as to determine phonetic and lexico-grammatical characteristics of the Northwest dialect.
The Yam languages of the southern New Guinea region are one of the world’s primary lan- guage families, i.e. not related to any other family in the world (Evans et al., 2017). They are the fourth-largest family in New Guinea by number of languages, after the Trans-New Guinea, Torricelli, and Sepik-Ramu families, but due to recent and intense documentation efforts, are the second-most documented. On the back of this field-work effort, we propose a fine-grained quantitatively-grounded phylogeny of these languages representing a history of the family. The major examples of documentation come in the form of three descriptive grammars (Car- roll, 2016; Döhler, 2018; Siegel, 2023) as well as a sketch grammar and language documentation project on the previously little-known Yei branch (Carroll, in press), as well as PhDs describing as- pects of Yam languages such as the grammar of Ranmo (Lee, 2016) and another on variation in Nmbo (Kashima, 2020). This is in addition to numerous papers on languages of the family, too numerous to mention here. The extended and rigorous documentation effort has created the space for developing new knowledge on the history of the family, of which we currently know very little. Preliminary results on historical reconstructions were published by Evans, et al., (2017), with updated results currently in press (Evans et al., in press). This paper develops these works and previous conference presentations (Evans et al., 2017b) to produce a high-definition phylogeny of the language family. The phylogeny is built using lexical data drawn from an expanded version of the Yamfinder lexical database (Carroll et al., online; yamfinder.com). This includes a list of 388 core vocabulary items chosen for relevance in the region taken from 26 Yam languages we have data for. This list has then been annotated for lexical cognates based on what we know regarding the historical reconstructions (Evans et al., 2017, 2017b, in press). This cognate data then serves as evidence for shared historical relatedness. We have provided a preliminary phylogeny in Figure 1 using these cognates. In this tree, the cognates were used to calculate symmetric generalized Robinson-Foulds Distances between languages using LingPy (List & Forkel, 2021). The tree was generated from these distances using a basic UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean) clustering algorithm. We extend from the automated approach presented in Figure 1 by building a Bayesian phy- logeny from the cognate data and providing a high resolution branching-tree model of the language family history (Bouckaert et al. 2019). We then use this model to calculate concordance factors for each cognate set (Minh et al. 2020). Concordance factors measure the extent a particular cognate set agrees with the branching model, and identifies cognates that present alternative branching histories within this complex linguistic region. The results are a significant step forward in models of history in Papuan languages. This represents arguably the most detailed and accurate phylogeny of any Papuan family to date, with potential exception of Trans-New Guinea (Greenhill, in press). This phylogeny also represents the next step in the long-term goal of unlocking potential deeper time-depth relationships in the region beyond what is possible given current comparative methods.
Introduction: In the absence of Barrett’s esophagus (BE), the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ), or z-line, is defined as the transition between the squamous mucosa of the esophagus and columnar mucosa of the gastric cardia. The z-line is considered ‘irregular’ when the SCJ extends proximally above the gastroesophageal junction by less than 1 centimeter (cm). The classification of the z-line is primarily performed by visual inspection and rarely by direct measurement. Gastroenterology society guidelines recommend against obtaining routine biopsies of an irregular z-line, in part, due to subjectivity of interpretation. This study aims to determine the interobserver variability in the rating of the z-line as ‘regular’ vs ‘irregular.’ Methods: The endoscopy video library of the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at Mayo Clinic, Rochester was reviewed for patients 18 years or older who underwent routine clinical esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) over the past 6 months. Exclusion criteria included the presence of Los Angeles (LA) grade C-D erosive esophagitis, BE, distal esophageal ring, esophageal cancer, or surgically altered esophagogastric anatomy. Videos were clipped to contain frames that clearly visualized the z-line. In addition, a representative single frame image was selected that included the entire z-line with the endoscope located approximately 2-3 above the SCJ. Five clinical gastroenterologists from Mayo Clinic, Rochester who perform greater > 100 EGDs per year were invited to participate in the study. Participants reviewed each video and corresponding single frame image and were asked to rate each z-line as ‘regular’ vs ‘irregular’ based the standard aforementioned definition. The interobserver variability was calculated using Fleiss’ kappa statistics for multiple raters. Results: The rating dataset consisted of 58 video and image pairs. Moderate agreement was observed between the 5 endoscopists (kappa 0.41) when rating the z-line as ‘regular’ vs ‘irregular’ using this dataset. Conclusion: Classification of the z-line as regular vs irregular by experienced endoscopists reached moderate agreement in a randomly selected dataset of high-quality videos with corresponding single frame images. Rating of the z-line was performed by visual interpretation, not by direct measurement, which is consistent with routine clinical practice. As next steps, we aim to explore factors associated with the visual classification of the z-line (i.e. SCJ shape) and establish methodology for standardization.
How are concepts related to fundamental human experiences organized within the human mind? Our insights are drawn from a semantic network created using the Cross-Linguistic Database of Polysemous Basic Vocabulary, which focuses on a broad range of senses extracted from dictionary entries. The database covers 60 basic vocabularies in 61 languages, providing 11,841 senses from 3736 entries, revealing cross-linguistic semantic connections through automatically generated weighted semantic maps. The network comprises 2941 nodes connected by 3573 edges. The nodes representing body parts, motions, and features closely related to human experience occupy wide fields or serve as crucial bridges across semantic domains in the network. The polysemous network of basic vocabularies across languages represents a shared cognitive network of fundamental human experiences, as these semantic connections should be conceived as generally independent of any specific language and are driven by universal characteristics of the real world as perceived by the human mind. The database holds the potential to contribute to research aimed at unraveling the nature of cognitive proximity.
Emotion recognition from visual stimuli has emerged as a crucial area of research with wide applications in the field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and mental health monitoring. Understanding and predicting emotional responses to visual stimuli from images is a critical task in affective computing. Our study uses deep learning and classical machine learning techniques to classify emotions based on color images. The OASIS image dataset was used; it contains multiple themes of images, including objects, scenes, persons, and animals, with their respective arousal and valence ratings. We applied k-means clustering to identify the number of data points in the maximum cluster within those ratings. We used a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) regressor for feature extraction of images with their ratings and separately evaluated the error metrics of both the CNN and Random Forest regressor. The results imply that the CNN regression model performs better when predicting emotional dimensions than the Random Forest regression model. This model achieves lower MAE, MSE, and RMSE across the metrics. It shows a more precise and reliable performance in capturing the complexity of emotional dimensions.
Cite the source of the dataset as: Kolipakam, Vishnupriya, Michael Dunn, Fiona M. Jordan & Annemarie Verkerk. (2018). DravLex: A Dravidian lexical database. Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Abstract The development of a benchmark for part-of-speech (PoS) tagging of spoken dialectal European Spanish is presented, which will serve as the foundation for a future treebank. The benchmark is constructed using transcriptions of the Corpus Oral y Sonoro del Español Rural (COSER;“Audible corpus of spoken rural Spanish”) and follows the Universal Dependencies project guidelines. We describe the methodology used to create a gold standard, which serves to evaluate different state-of-the-art PoS taggers (spaCy, Stanza NLP, and UDPipe), originally trained on written data and to fine-tune and evaluate a model for spoken Spanish. It is shown that the accuracy of these taggers drops from 0.98 $$-$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> </mml:math> 0.99 to 0.94 $$-$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> </mml:math> 0.95 when tested on spoken data. Of these three taggers, the spaCy’s trf (transformers) and Stanza NLP models performed the best. Finally, the spaCy trf model is fine-tuned using our gold standard, which resulted in an accuracy of 0.98 for coarse-grained tags (UPOS) and 0.97 for fine-grained tags (FEATS). Our benchmark will enable the development of more accurate PoS taggers for spoken Spanish and facilitate the construction of a treebank for European Spanish varieties.
We introduce Alma ( ﺍ ﺍ ﻠ ى ), an open-source and state-of-the-art lemmatizer, POS tagger, and root tagger for Arabic, boasting both high speed and accuracy. Alma relies on a dictionary of morphological solutions ordered by the frequency of these solutions. This dictionary was developed based on the Qabas lexicographic database. Unlike many Arabic lemmatizers that return a lemma after stripping diacritics, shadda, and hamza (i.e., ambiguous lemma), Alma retrieves unambiguous lemmas (we called true lemmatization). Our POS tagger uses a rich tagset of 40 POS tags. Additionally, our root tagger is the first fully-featured tagger since it uses Qabas, the largest Arabic lexicographic database. We evaluated Alma on the LDC Arabic Treebank (ATB) that contains 339,710 tokens and achieved an 88% F1 score. We also evaluated Alma on the Salma corpus (34k tokens) and obtained a 90% F1 score. Compared to Farasa, MADAMIRA, and Camelira lemmatizers and POS taggers, Alma outperformed all of them in both tasks, excelling in both speed and accuracy. Alma demonstrated superior processing speed, handling 339k tokens in 10.00. Alma is open-source and publicly available at ( https://sina.birzeit.edu/alma ).
Phrygian-KUL is a treebank of the ancient Phrygian language for Universal Dependencies (UD). Having originally only annotated the New Phrygian subcorpus, this dataset is continuously being updated to include the entire epigraphic corpus. For more information, please visit the relevant page at the UD project site or the repository on Github.
While artificial Intelligence (AI) has made significant advancements, the seeming absence of its emotional ability has hindered effective communication with humans. This study explores how ChatGPT (ChatGPT-3.5 Mar 23, 2023 Version) represents affective responses to emotional narratives and compare these responses to human responses. Thirty-four participants read affect-eliciting short stories and rated their emotional responses and 10 recorded ChatGPT sessions generated responses to the stories. Classification analyses revealed the successful identification of affective categories of stories, valence, and arousal within and across sessions for ChatGPT. Classification analyses revealed the successful identification of affective categories of stories, valence, and arousal within and across sessions for ChatGPT. Classification accuracies predicting affective categories of stories, valence, and arousal of humans based on the affective ratings of ChatGPT and vice versa were not significant, indicating differences in the way the affective states were represented., indicating differences in the way the affective states were represented. These findings suggested that ChatGPT can distinguish emotional states and generate affective responses consistently, but there are differences in how the affective states are represented between ChatGPT and humans. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for improving emotional interactions with AI.
Emotional experiences deeply impact our bodily states, such as when we feel 'anger', our fists close and our face burns. Recent studies have shown that emotions can be mapped onto specific body areas, suggesting a possible role of the primary somatosensory system (S1) in emotion processing. To date, however, the causal role of S1 in emotion generation remains unclear. To address this question, we applied transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on the S1 at different frequencies (beta, theta, and sham) while participants saw emotional stimuli with different degrees of pleasantness and levels of arousal. Results showed that modulation of S1 influenced subjective emotional ratings as a function of the frequency applied. While theta and beta-tACS made participants rate the emotional images as more pleasant (higher valence), only theta-tACS lowered the subjective arousal ratings (more calming). Skin conductance responses recorded throughout the experiment confirmed a different arousal for pleasant versus unpleasant stimuli. Our study revealed that S1 has a causal role in the feeling of emotions, adding new insight into the embodied nature of emotions. Importantly, we provided causal evidence that beta and theta frequencies contribute differently to the modulation of two dimensions of emotions-arousal and valence-corroborating the view of a dissociation between these two dimensions of emotions.
Abstract Pictures with affective content have been extensively used in scientific studies of emotion and sexuality. However, only a few standardized picture sets have been developed that offer explicit images, with most lacking pornographic pictures depicting diverse sexual practices. This study aimed to fill this gap through developing a standardized affective set of diverse pornographic pictures (masturbation, oral sex, vaginal sex, anal sex, group sex, paraphilia) of same-sex and opposite-sex content, offering dimensional affective ratings of valence, arousal, and dominance, as well as co-elicited discrete emotions (disgust, moral and ethical acceptance). In total, 192 pornographic pictures acquired from online pornography platforms and 24 control IAPS images have been rated by 319 participants ( M age = 22.66, SD age = 4.66) with self-reported same- and opposite-sex sexual attraction. Stimuli were representative of the entire affective space, including positively and negatively perceived pictures. Participants showed differential affective perception of pornographic pictures according to gender and sexual attraction. Differences in affective ratings related to participants’ gender and sexual attraction, as well as stimuli content (depicted sexual practices and sexes). From the stimuli set, researchers can select explicit pornographic pictures based on the obtained affective ratings and technical parameters (i.e., pixel size, luminosity, color space, contrast, chromatic complexity, spatial frequency, entropy). The stimuli set may be considered a valid tool of diverse explicit pornographic pictures covering the affective space, in particular, for women and men with same- and opposite-sex sexual attraction. This new explicit pornographic picture set (EPPS) is available to the scientific community for non-commercial use.
To support language documentation, linguistic research, and acquisition of Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT), we are expanding the NGT dataset in the lexical database Global Signbank. Our most prioritized goal is to add ca. 11,000 glosses (entries). We further aim at adding ca. 3,000 example sentences and to provide linguistic information with as many glosses as possible. As for linguistic information, Signbank allows for extensive phonological descriptions of signs, and the addition of multiple senses per sign, which we would like to connect to synsets in the Multilingual Sign Language Wordnet. Additionally, we are recording extra video data: we make multiple videos of the same sign, taken from different angles, and videos with non-manual expressions. Furthermore, we are collecting motion capture data, for improved (automatic) sign language recognition and production in the future. In this paper, we describe how we proceed, the decisions that have been made so far, and future uses of the dataset.
несмотря на лингвистическое разнообразие, наблюдаемое в Тунисе, французский язык сохраняет значительную роль в жизни страны. В рамках данной статьи исследуются локальные преобразования французской лексики в тунисском варианте языка. Целью исследования является выявление и анализ этих преобразований, а также определение влияющих на них лингвистических, социальных и историко-культурных факторов. Исследование использует интегрированный подход, сочетающий лингвистический, социолингвистический и историко-культурный анализ. На основе корпуса текстов, написанных на тунисском варианте французского языка, были выделены два основных типа лексических преобразований. Результаты исследования показывают, что эти преобразования являются результатом взаимодействия французского языка с местной культурой, социальными нормами и историческими событиями. В частности, отмечено влияние местных языков. Исконно французские слова приобретают новые этнические коннотации и адаптируются к местным реалиям, отражая уникальный характер тунисского варианта французского языка. Данное исследование вносит вклад в понимание многоязычных ситуаций и территориальной вариативности языка. Оно демонстрирует важность местных социокультурных факторов в формировании уникальных вариантов языка, что имеет значение для межкультурной коммуникации и лингвистического образования. despite the linguistic diversity observed in Tunisia, French retains a prominent role in the nation's life. This article examines the local transformations of French vocabulary within Tunisian French. The study aims to identify and analyze these transformations, as well as to ascertain the linguistic, social, and historical-cultural factors that influence them. The study employs an integrated approach, combining linguistic, sociolinguistic, and historical-cultural analysis. Based on a corpus of texts written in Tunisian French, two main types of lexical transformations were identified. The results of the study show that these transformations are the result of the interaction between French and the local culture, social norms, and historical events. In particular, the influence of local languages is noted. Originally French words acquire new ethnic connotations and adapt to local realities, reflecting the unique character of Tunisian French. This research contributes to the understanding of multilingual situations and territorial variation of language. It demonstrates the importance of local sociocultural factors in the formation of unique language variants, which has implications for intercultural communication and language education.
Abstract The present study explores individual differences related to the perception of the media coverage of immigrants as biased. Building on previous research, relations with the extremity in preexisting attitudes toward immigrants and in affective ratings of non-immigrants versus immigrants are examined. Additionally, the present study extends previous work by investigating dogmatism and intellectual humility, including their potential moderating roles on the relations of extremity in attitudes and affective ratings with perceived media bias. A sample of N = 212 (59% men) individuals from the general German population completed self-reports on their preexisting attitudes and affective ratings, as well as dogmatism and intellectual humility online. Moreover, participants rated their perception of news media coverage of immigrants as biased against their views. Results indicate that particularly more extreme negative attitudes toward immigrants and affective ratings favoring non-immigrants relative to immigrants are positively associated with perceiving the media coverage of immigrants as biased. No robust relations of dogmatism, intellectual humility, or their interactions with the extremity scores with perceived media bias were found. These findings underline the importance of negative extremity in (out) group-related attitudes and affect in perceiving the media coverage as biased. New approaches investigating media perceptions from a group-related perspective are discussed.
Accepting an inflectional subject or null pronoun in impersonal structures with conjugated verbs in Spanish raises several issues. These issues have their origin in a logical approach to grammar and are manifested in the analysis of various types of impersonal structures. To address these challenges, we present a proposal aiming to determine the causes for the obligatory absence of the subject. For that purpose, a distinction is made between a non-existent subject and a hidden or unknown subject. As will be explained, the impossibility of assuming the existence of a subject is due in some cases to lexical restrictions which are carried by certain verbs and verbal complements and are at work at the level of the norm. More specifically, such restrictions are found in constructions with both proper and improper unipersonal verbs and with existential haber. In other cases, the absence of the subject is motivated by the agentive value of specific verbs and the grammatical structure in third person plural structures with unspecified value. Finally, due to specific lexical and grammatical factors, the language system itself prevents the realisation of the constituent in reflexive impersonal structures and in structures employing the modal obligation periphrasis haber que + infinitive. Son varios los problemas que supone la aceptación de un sujeto flexivo o de un pronombre nulo con esa función en estructuras impersonales del español con verbos conjugados. Esos problemas —derivados de una concepción lógica de la oración gramatical y de la generalidad histórica de la gramática— se reflejan en el análisis de diversas estructuras impersonales. Para salvar esos obstáculos, presentamos una propuesta que pretende establecer las causas que provocan la ausencia obligada del sujeto y distinguimos, con este objetivo, un sujeto inexistente y un sujeto oculto o desconocido. Según se detallará, la imposibilidad de suponer la existencia de un sujeto responde a las restricciones léxicas de ciertos verbos y complementos verbales en algunos casos que se sitúan en el plano de la norma (concretamente, en las construcciones con verbos unipersonales propios e impropios y con el existencial haber). Otras veces, el valor agentivo de determinados verbos y la propia estructura gramatical en las construcciones formuladas en tercera persona del plural con valor inespecífico provocan la ausencia del sujeto en este mismo plano. Por último, el propio sistema impide la realización del constituyente en las impersonales reflejas y en las estructuras en las que se emplea la perífrasis modal de obligación haber que + infinitivo por unas razones léxicas y gramaticales concretas. Les problèmes liés à l'acceptation d'un sujet grammatical ou d'un pronom nul dans les structures impersonnelles de l'espagnol avec des verbes conjugués sont multiples. Ces problèmes, découlant de l'identification erronée de la phrase grammaticale avec la prédication logique, de l'indétermination du langage et de la généralité historique de la grammaire, se manifestent dans l'analyse de diverses structures impersonnelles remettant en question la classification de l'espagnol en tant que langue pro-drop prototypique et démontrant la nécessité de développer une hypothèse alternative. Dans cette optique, nous présentons une proposition visant à établir les causes de l'absence obligatoire du sujet et distinguons, à l'intérieur de celle-ci, un sujet inexistant et un sujet caché. Comme cela sera détaillé, cette absence du sujet répond à un critère normatif dans certains cas. Dans d'autres cas, c'est le système lui-même qui empêche la réalisation du constituant.
The article examines the cases of correlation between language standardization and ideology. The theoretical part of the study explores the history of the Ukranian spelling establishment. Then, the subcorpora of German, Soviet and underground periodicals have been created in General Regionally Annotated Corpus of the Ukrainian Language. In the practical part of the paper, an analysis of language norm variation in newspapers of different political orientation published during the Second World War in the General Regionally Annotated Corpus of the Ukrainian Language has been carried out, and the influence of ideology on the formation of language norms has been traced. The analysis concerns some phonetic and morphological peculiarities of the Ukrainian language. It was found that the German occupation newspapers and underground newspapers of OUN-UPA gravitate towards the Spelling of 1928, although some variability can be traced, and the Soviet ones gravitate towards the Spelling of 1933. It was established that the choice of a variant depended on the political orientation of the publication. At the lexical level, Soviet periodicals gravitate towards foreign words, while German and underground periodicals again show different tendencies.
Semantic change is a universal phenomenon in human language. This article analyzes the trends of semantic change and the possible reasons behind them from a lexical perspective. By illustrating the five different types of changes that happen on the lexicon, the study finds that factors like language contacts, cultural trends and social norms significantly impact semantic changes. Besides, people’s cognitive mode and their concept of collocations also contribute to the changes in the lexicon.
Several validated image sets, such as NAPS, IAPS, GAPED, and OASIS, have been developed to elicit affective states. However, these image sets were primarily validated on Western populations within European and American contexts, and none have been fully validated in a Southeast Asian sample, where emotional restraint may also be valued similarly to the East Asian contexts. This study aimed to validate and provide norms for the Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS; Marchewka et al., 2014) within a Malaysian sample. Subsets from the 1356 NAPS images consisting of five image categories (faces, people, objects, landscapes, animals) were presented sequentially to 409 Malaysian adults aged 18 and above, who rated images for valence, arousal and approach/avoidance on a 9-point Likert scale. Valence, arousal and approach/avoidance norms were compared against the original European sample. Malaysian men and women rated images with lower valence and motivation than Europeans, but Malaysian men showed higher arousal ratings compared to European men, while Malaysian women exhibited the opposite pattern, with lower arousal ratings than European women. A linear regression was found instead of a classic 'boomerang' shaped quadratic regression previously observed in Western samples, suggesting that emotional suppression may be at play, in line with social norms. The Malaysian normative ratings will be freely available to all researchers.
There is great potential for adapting Virtual Reality (VR) exergames based on a user's affective state. However, physical activity and VR interfere with physiological sensors, making affect recognition challenging. We conducted a study (n=72) in which users experienced four emotion inducing VR exergaming environments (happiness, sadness, stress and calmness) at three different levels of exertion (low, medium, high). We collected physiological measures through pupillometry, electrodermal activity, heart rate, and facial tracking, as well as subjective affect ratings. Our validated virtual environments, data, and analyses are openly available. We found that the level of exertion influences the way affect can be recognised, as well as affect itself. Furthermore, our results highlight the importance of data cleaning to account for environmental and interpersonal factors interfering with physiological measures. The results shed light on the relationships between physiological measures and affective states and inform design choices about sensors and data cleaning approaches for affective VR.
The notion of sound symbolism receives increasing interest in psycholinguistics. Recent research - including empirical effects of affective phonological iconicity on language processing (Adelman et al., 2018; Conrad et al., 2022) - suggested language codes affective meaning at a basic phonological level using specific phonemes as sublexical markers of emotion. Here, in a series of 8 rating-experiments, we investigate the sensitivity of language users to assumed affectively-iconic systematic distribution patterns of phonemes across the German vocabulary:After computing sublexical-affective-values (SAV) concerning valence and arousal for the entire German phoneme inventory according to occurrences of syllabic onsets, nuclei and codas in a large-scale affective normative lexical database, we constructed pseudoword material differing in SAV to test for subjective affective impressions.Results support affective iconicity as affective ratings mirrored sound-to-meaning correspondences in the lexical database. Varying SAV of otherwise semantically meaningless pseudowords altered affective impressions: Higher arousal was consistently assigned to pseudowords made of syllabic constituents more often used in high-arousal words - contrasted by less straightforward effects of valence SAV. Further disentangling specific differential effects of the two highly-related affective dimensions valence and arousal, our data clearly suggest arousal, rather than valence, as the relevant dimension driving affective iconicity effects.