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16504 papers
The article examines the functioning of phraseological units within legal discourse. It is emphasized that legal phraseology accumulates social experience that reflects national and cultural specificity, is a verbal expression of thoughts, emotional assessments and is able to carry multifaceted pragmatic information related to communication. Characteristic features of phraseological units are determined: unity of content and form, reproducibility, stable lexical composition, grammatical constancy, invariance of the order of constituent elements, prevalence among speakers. The genetic classification of legal phraseological units is analyzed. It was established that the professional activity of a lawyer involves the use of phraseological units of various types, which is due to the oral and written spheres of communication. Within the framework of legal discourse, the professional communication of a lawyer identifies the main phraseological units that have communicative and pragmatic potential: language stamps, legal aphorisms, phraseology from Greek and Roman mythology, and colloquial everyday phraseology. It is noted that language stamps prevail in the written speech of a lawyer and ensure the normativeness and uniformity of legal texts. Legal aphorisms and phraseology from Greek and Roman mythology occupy a significant and special place in oral legal communication, which help to solve basic moral problems, to find justifications for actions and motives. It is emphasized that the use of phraseological units in court proceedings helps to strengthen the positions of the parties to the court process, interest and convince of the correctness of judgments, because legal phraseology accumulates the legal experience and moral wisdom of many generations of different peoples. It was concluded that legal phraseology in jurisprudence performs the function of interpreting legal norms, has communicative and pragmatic potential, is inseparable from morality and contributes to the disclosure of the principles of legality, humanism and legal freedoms.
Introducion. The report analyzes the use of communication technologies for the integrated teaching of Georgian language and literature in the teaching process, which are mainly aimed at the search for active methods and organizational forms and are actively used for better conducting the lesson, for cooperative learning, in pairs and groups. It is the main part of the research educational tasks which must be solved at the lessons to achieve the set goal consist of the following: formation of students' knowledge and skills, so that they will be able to freely express their own opinions and discern other people's ones, both orally and in writing; enrichment of vocabulary; development of skills and their use in teaching grammatical construction in speech; making students' aware of the norms of the Georgian literary language (orthographic, lexical, grammatical); developing skills to be able to construct and evaluate one's own opinion. Activities in which communication technology is implemented can be educational, labor or play. The most important organizational unit in the teaching process is the communicative situation. With the help of its creation, the motivation of the relationship increases; presentation of speech material is possible; speech habits are acquired; students' activity and independence developed; communication skills of students are enhanced. Conclusion. The use of communication technologies in the integrated lessons of Georgian language and literature in elementary grades provides an opportunity to teach the student language and literature as a means of communication, getting to know the world and oneself in it; to develop active, creative and critical thinking to master all kinds of speaking activities at the literacy level.
Assuming that translations can be considered as manifesting a foreignised variety of any given language, ‘translatorese’ (or synonyms such as ‘translationese’) refers to the distinctive lexical, grammatical, and stylistic features that are common to translation products. It is a term often used now in discussions of the qualities of translated language. Translation universal (TU) hypotheses suggest that when we compare source and target texts there should be evident differences in the frequencies of lexical items, syntactic patterns, semantic collocations, and so on. It has become one of the challenges of translation studies to find out, through empirical research, if translations are indeed systematically different from originally produced texts. The distinctive features of translatorese occur as a by-product of translation, irrespective of source or target language, and their norms tend to deviate from those found in originally produced texts. The features of translatorese can be recognised by a native or highly proficient speaker's instinctive awareness; however, they have always remained difficult to pin down. This chapter reviews corpus approaches to investigating translatorese features in translated languages. It also introduces a corpus analytical framework to capture quantitatively those features of translatorese that qualitatively a reader might recognise as distinguishing a translated text from a non-translated text. It offers a case analysis of aspect markers in translated Chinese texts. The chapter aims to suggest new ways of exploring the topic of translatorese in the future.
Robert Pugh, Francis Tyers. Proceedings of the 2024 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 1: Long Papers). 2024.
Following recent research on the conceptualisation and expression of amazement and on cognitive models for wonder and awe, this paper examines these two emotional responses in the Old English Martyrology (OEM). Using different Old English lexical resources, and a bilingual edition of the OEM this paper analyses these two aesthetic emotions with the aim of determining what role they played in the emotional community where this text was composed. Additional aims include establishing whether there is a secular dimension to these emotions and whether it is censored in this text. This research argues that, while the author of the OEM does employ the terms in these two lexical domains in instances of emotional education, the text also contains examples where these emotional experiences are more consistent with how they are described in contemporary aesthetic emotion models, unlike other Old English hagiographical writings, where these emotions are fundamentally religious and spiritual responses.
Bringing informal standardization to the forefrontThe term 'standardization' typically refers to the endeavor of codifying linguistic norms and establishing a prescriptive set of rules, usually encompassing a dictionary, grammar and orthography that define what is considered the 'best language' (in the Anglo-Saxon tradition) or le bon usage (in the Romance tradition).As a result, a standard language can be perceived as something quite tangible, often manifesting in the form of multi-volume dictionaries, orthography treatises, and grammar books.However, this perspective on standardization focuses only on the (presumed) endpoint of a much broader narrative-a story that often begins much earlier and may not conclude with codification (no 'happy ending', one might say).Whereas codified standard languages, defined by prescriptive norms, are frequently regarded as artificial, they are typically not created ex nihilo.Instead, they are the outcome of choices reflecting the linguistic preferences of a particular social elite.In this sense, formal standardization nearly always follows the emergence of usage norms, accompanied by an increasingly conscious understanding of which variants belong to, or should be excluded from, the community's concept of the 'best language'.As indicated in the title of this thematic focus, "Informal standardization and the regionalization of language norms", the articles compiled here, along with this introduction, aim to highlight a recent trend in linguistic standardology: the study of informal standardization processes, or, in other words, the emergence of usage norms.While informal standardization processes can be examined in historical contexts-illuminating the variant selection that preceded the codification of today's languages-this issue specifically focuses on the informal standardization processes by which new standard languages (or 'neo-standard languages') emerge alongside already codified standard languages in contemporary language cultures.The studies presented in this issue cover developments in French, Portuguese and Spanish as well as German, examining the diverse linguistic practices that contribute to the emergence of oral standard languages.They also explore the coexistence and frequent competition between these oral standard languages and codified written standard languages, along with the representations, attitudes, and linguistic insecurities that arise among speakers as a result.Furthermore, the articles study the fact that, in many-if not most-cases, informal standardization involves both a vernacularization and a regionalization of linguistic standards.This process leads to the reevaluation of diaphasically or diatopically marked variants-that is, endogenous variants in pluricentric scenarios-previously considered (or even stigmatized) as sub-standard, now being recognized as standard forms.In the following, we will first outline the specific vocabulary, both old and new, used to describe the increasingly complex reality of formal and especially informal standardization (section 2).We will then contextualize these processes in historical terms (section 3).Finally, section 4 will provide an overview of the contributions to this thematic focus. How to describe an ever more complex reality of linguistic standardnessThe most important distinction to be made in the field of standardization contrasts informal standardization with formal standardization, as first delineated by Stewart (1968Stewart ( [1962]]: 534).Whereas informal standardization refers to the 'natural' evolution of linguistic standards, i.e. to the observable regularizations within language usage that lead to the emergence of variants considered exemplary by speakers, the explicit setting of standards that may follow it is known as formal standardization or codification, as it is more commonly referred to (cf.Lebsanft /
The article provides information about the norms of the Azerbaijani literary language, analyzes phonetic, lexical, grammatical and stylistic norms.It has been brought to attention that the literary language of Azerbaijan has a stable system of norms.National leader Heydar Aliyev said about the Azerbaijani language: "One of the main elements that determine the uniqueness of each nation is its language.The achievements of our nation in this field in the 20th century are highly commendable.We are proud that the Azerbaijani language, which is the state language of the independent Republic of Azerbaijan, has undergone great development over the past century, enriching its vocabulary, polishing its grammatical structure, and taking its rightful place among the languages of the world.Undoubtedly, as the culture of Azerbaijan develops, as the state of Azerbaijan improves and strengthens, the Azerbaijani language will become richer, become the language of more modern, more global, and more analytical thinking".
The aim of the study is to identify the potential phonetic changes of Russianisms included in the substandard of the Tajik language. The article examines phonetic changes (replacements and transitions of vowels and consonants, permutations, insertions of missing sounds, prosthetic and epenthetic phenomena, etc.) of Russian words included in the substandard of the Tajik language at different stages of its development, and determines phonetic transformations of Russianisms characteristic of certain historical periods. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time a comparative study of Russian borrowings in diachronic aspect was conducted, i.e., phonetic and graphic adaptation of Russianisms in different periods of their entry into the Tajik language was considered. Periodization of the process of lexical borrowing gives an opportunity to consider the nature of sound changes in the phonetic system of the Tajik language in different historical periods. The comparative analysis of Russian borrowings in diachrony covers three historical periods: 1) the late 19th and early 20th cc. – the pre-revolutionary period; 2) 1920s-1990s – the Soviet period; 3) 1990s and up to the present time – the post-Soviet period. As a result of the study, it was found that over a short period of time, Russian lexical borrowings have undergone qualitative and quantitative changes in the phonetic form in Tajik, which is a characteristic feature of such phenomena in the host language. Comparative analysis has shown that Russianisms on the territory of Tajikistan have undergone various adaptations depending on the region, since a single phonetic norm of the Tajik language has not been formed.
This article is devoted to the problem of enantiosemy - one of the most special phenomena in the lexical-semantic aspect of the Russian language. This sphere attracts the interest of many researchers but not yet sufficiently studied and determined by nonsystematic approach of the described object. Research of an enantiosemy as multi-sided and difficult linguistic unit demands studying of a wide range of the questions explaining its contradictory nature. So, the author suggests to approach not only from classic term, so-called enantiosemy (ENS), which means “intra-word antonymy” but also consider the terms of antagonym or contronym, reflecting their asymmetric feature of semantic polarity. The article analyses the category of ENS and the mechanisms of their formation and classifies 3 main types of ENS. Firstly, ENS with superficial negation, secondly, ENS with inversion of diathesis (agent - patient), thirdly, interlingual ENS with panchronic adoption. ENS may be the result of a semantic reconsideration of the word and a revision of connotation in individual word usage such as metonymy and metaphor (one of the typical mechanisms of ENS). Also, linguistic and extralinguistic factors function as mechanism of ENS and reflect the points of view of the participants (agens-patiens) of the communicative situation. ENS is, first of all, multi-temporal in nature, and their opposite meanings, associated with the same root (Proto-Slavic). This semantic syncretism can be traced at different diachronical and synchronical stages of Slavic language development. That’s why ENS is widely represented in colloquial speech, dialects, jargon and conspicuous for two opposite meaning in many Slavic languages. The author comes to a conclusion that the essence of ENS with its semantic ambiguity lies not in the occasional deviation from the norm, but in a realization of effective communicative strategy.
A detailed investigation of the Rote-Meto subgroup attests to the complex spread of Austronesian languages in Wallacea, in which contact with pre-Austronesian substrates and other Austronesian languages have played a role. The segmental inventory of Proto-Rote-Meto has been transformed according to regional norms. This has come about through acquisition of new vocabulary, as well as large-scale unconditioned splits with multiple interacting causes. The “non-Austronesian” nature of the segmental inventory contrasts with the relatively “Austronesian” character of the lexicon. No single explanation accounts for the Rote-Meto data. This highlights the need for multiple lines of investigation across multiple domains in order to understand language history in this region
Any reflection on a notional taxonomy, previously used throughArab phonetic studies, is immediately challenged by the diversity ofinfinite uses of divergent concepts that overlap and interfering,tending, in short, to confine themselves by the semantic charge theyconvey in gnoseological fields other than those in which theyoriginated, and by the ambiguity which restricts the functional andusable dimension of other concepts, especially those which theprecursors have failed to establish as levers of the construction of thelinguistic norm with all the necessary rigor allowing them to codifylanguage levels, starting with the phonetic and lexical system, toreach the semantic level, and this, like the Légèreté et lourise, Pointof articulation, Phoneme and Grapheme, Principal and accessory,Rhythm and cadence. As a result, the need has arisen to lay theground work for a new conception supported by an operative devicecapable of decapitating the signs of these conceptual variations and ofelucidating its effects manifest through the historicity of the Arabic
The article discusses the relationship between the concepts of synonymy and paronymy, as well as the functioning in the language of prefixal verbal paronyms. The definition of paronyms as common-rooted words with different affixes, which are regularly misused in speech as synonyms, is clarified. Some verbs on the synchronic level may be considered as synonyms or as paronyms, depending on the focus of the speaker’s or listener’s attention. As for the diachronic aspect of language study, there are processes of synonymization of common-root prefixal verbs, associated mainly with hypo-hyperonymic relations between lexical units. The possibility of synonymous use of common-root words is determined by the proximity of prefixes’ meanings, neutralization of the context and the norm’s inattention to changes in usage. The norm can either leave unnoticed the appearance of a new way of expressing linguistic meaning, or mark the changes in dictionaries, fixing the word as a synonym. Sometimes it can also insist on the preservation of paronymic distinctions even when there are already no such distinctions in usage. Thus, the paronyms remain the common-rooted words, which, mixing in speech usage, draw the norm’s attention to themselves.
Radio broadcasters, both government radio broadcasters, in this case Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) broadcasters and private radio broadcasters have an important role in delivering news or conversations to their listeners. For this reason, broadcasters should be able to apply the use of the Indonesian language properly and correctly both in the context of official and unofficial broadcasts. The purpose of this research is 1) to show language interference on private radio broadcasters in DKI Jakarta, and 2) to describe language interference on private radio broadcasters in DKI Jakarta. This research used descriptive qualitative method that describing the grammatical and lexical interference of private radio broadcasters in DKI Jakarta. This research applied Weinreich's theory (1970), which stated that interference is the use of two languages by someone which can sometimes lead to deviations from the norms of each language. The results show that in broadcasting there are 1) nonIndonesian grammatical interference into Indonesian, 2) non-Indonesian lexical interference into Indonesian.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the structure of threeword Lexical Bundles in the International Journal of English Studies articles Vol.22, especially on the conclusion.The data were collected by using the documentation method, then analyzed by using classification as conducted by Hajar.The result of the research is 27 lexical bundles were only structurally grouped into eight structure forms.They are Noun phrases with of-phrase fragments (the limit of, the curtailment of, the scope of, the embodiment of, the best of, the significance of, the pain of, the story of, the study of, as harbingers of, the norm of, the reaffirmation of, the argument of, the depiction of, the time of, the use of), Noun phrases with other post-modifier fragments (The relationship between, Such as the), another prepositional phrase (fragment) (In order to, In a contemporary), Anticipatory it + verb phrase/adjective phrase (that has been), Passive verb + prepositional phrase fragment (have been already), Copula be + noun phrase/adjective phrase (due on the, it that of), to-clause fragment (To stop the, To support the), and Other expressions (as well as).Based on the data, the researcher conclude that structured Noun phrases with of-phrase fragments, which included sixteen bundles, were the most structural form of lexical bundles employed in those articles.They are "the limit of, the curtailment of, the scope of, the embodiment of, the best of, the significance of, the pain of, the story of, the study of, as harbingers of, the norm of, the reaffirmation of, the argument of, the depiction of, the time of, the use of".The bundle has been used frequently in almost all articles in the international journals of English Studies conclusion.The outcome of this article is anticipated to include references to analyze the lexical bundle's structure.
The article presents a psycholinguistic database (DB) RuTurkPsychLing - a dictionary of a special type, which differs both in the type of information provided about lexemes and in the nature of collecting and organizing the information. The dictionary includes information about lexical units obtained using psycholinguistic methods and intended for use primarily in cognitive and psycholinguistic research. Dictionary data are organized using database technology to improve the efficiency of extracting and analyzing the dictionary data. The purpose of RuTurkPsychLing is to present normative data on the evaluation of words of the Russian language and two Turkic languages - Tatar and Khakass - according to the following parameters: “familiarity”, “temperature”, “location in space”, “size”, “emotionality” and “manipulability”. The DB correlates with the theoretical basis and methods of collecting material with local DBs created in the Tomsk State University Linguistic Anthropology Lab -RuWordPerception and TurkWordPerception. Combining the evaluations of Russian words given by Russian L1 speakers and Turkic-Russian bilinguals allows obtaining evidence of the influence of the bilingual mental lexicon on the perception of words; evaluation of equal concepts in native languages by three groups of participants will provide an empirical basis for the theoretical provisions of the hypothesis of linguistic relativity. The article describes the questionnaire procedure, methods and overall analysis of the collected data. The RuTurkPsychLing DB includes 364,155 ratings given by 100 native Russian speakers; 74,320 evaluations of Russian and Tatar words given by 16 Tatar-Russian bilinguals; 371,200 evaluations of Russian and Khakass words, given by 34 Khakass-Russian bilinguals. Participants rate the contribution of the parameters to the semantics as low, except for the relationship with emotionality (the mean score is from 3.78 to 4.06 out of 7). According to the data collected in the project, the contribution of perceptual components to the semantics of randomly sampled words is extremely small. Perceptual components of size, position in space, temperature, emotionality and manipulability do not appear in the entire lexicon, but in specific semantic scopes. Comparison of ratings given by bilinguals in Russian and in their native language shows the common ratio. However, the native speakers of Tatar significantly differed in their evaluations of the Russian words in terms of the warm/cold parameter, the difference retained while evaluating the Tatar words, but manifested itself to a lesser extent. The materials of the psycholinguistic DB can be used to test existing hypotheses, to generate new hypotheses, to establish new patterns in the field of cognitive processing of units of the native and acquired languages, and to cross-validate the results of other studies, both psycholinguistic and proper linguistic. The authors declare no conflicts of interests
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The article deals with the functional-semantic parameters and pragmatic-expressive specificity of the formation and functioning of military jargonisms - lexical-phraseological symbolic forms of objectification of the MILITARY concept. Expressive-evaluative and figurative motivation of connotative meanings on the basis of variation with various phonosemantic associations, humorous-ironic reinterpretation of the meanings of military abbreviations, formal-content compression of components, as well as various formal-structural euphemistic substitutions ensures the formation and use along with expressive-neutral terms stylistically marked signs, which diversify the specific picture of world perception in a functionally branched collective of military personnel. Any professional language subsystem, in particular, a military one, is a rather specific form of language reproduction, which has a military orientation, and therefore is used mainly in the field of communication of military personnel. Its least standardized component is the lexical subsystem, which has a field character, which means that its structure is organized by analogy with the field, in which there is a center (the core - a system of terms and symbols) and a periphery (here we can include all other lexemes and substandard vocabulary ). Military vocabulary is an accumulation of language units that are united by a common meaning and reflect the substantive, conceptual and functional similarity of the nomen that they mean or denote. The unified nature of language norms postulates the situational use of nomination signs, the consistency of the rules of their discursive implementation. The spontaneity and logical surprise of the operative speech reaction that arises in the process of developing social interaction gives rise to rethinking, reinterpretation and formal restructuring of generally accepted, conventional linguistic units.
Through an online debate on Twitter (now X), the study critically explores ideological stances on honorifics in a workplace context, the underlying goals projected by online stance-takers, and the discursive strategies employed to express these ideological positions/goals. Data was gathered from comments randomly sampled from Twitter (now x) threads created by three Nigerian online actors: Dr. Dipo Awojide, Naija, and #ourfavonlineDoc based on a tweet by @iam_temmy. The data was examined within the purview of Du Bois’s (2007) stance triangle and the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) by van Dijk (2004). The study’s findings reveal that stance-taking processes engaged by online actors are characterized by ideological moves such as negative actor description, norm expression, irony/sarcasm, lexicalization, and authority, among others. While some online actors support the author of the stance object on the sociocultural significance of honorifics in conversations between low-power and high-power actors, other online actors disagree with supporters of the author of the stance object. The study concludes that Nigerians leverage social media platforms to potentially reinforce linguistically conveyed sociocultural values on one hand and on the other hand, challenge the long-existing sociocultural norms that uphold power relations in the broader Nigerian sociolinguistic horizons. This adds to previous findings on the ideological voices expressed on social media platforms.
The aim of the study is an analytical review of deviations from the language norm in German-language Internet communication based on the texts of the Twitter microblog. The rapid exchange of information with the simultaneous minimization of speech efforts, as well as the self-expression of communicants through the author’s word creation often entail deviations from the language norm. In the course of the study, the author identifies the main types of deviations at various language levels: phonographic, morphophonemic, orthographic, grammatical-syntactic and lexical. The article analyses the causes of deviant phenomena, as well as the features of their functioning. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time it uses a linguo-ecological approach to the study of language deviations in Internet communication, which allows us to assess the nature and extent of their impact on language development. The obtained results showed that the German microblog is dominated by a tendency to simplify the language, save speech efforts, intentional and unintentional violation of the language norm, which indicates the analytical vector of the German language development at the present stage.
Pakistani English (PakE) is an emerging variety of English that is in the process of developing its own norms and standards. Besides, distinguishing lexical and syntactic structures, it also has unique phonological features (Baumgardner, 1993; Hassan, 2004; Rahman 1991). Many Pakistani linguists have discussed unique consonantal and vocalic features of Pakistani English (PakE). However, there has not been any significant research conducted on the pronunciation of English velar nasal or angma /ŋ/ by Pakistani English speakers. This study analyses the pronunciation of English velar nasal by Pakistani English speakers. The sample was selected from 20 undergraduate students of the Department of English studying in the first semester of a large-scale public sector university located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. A number of 20 English lexical items were selected and were divided into three categories according to the distribution of angma in the English language. The items were presented to the participants in diagnostic sentences. PRAAT, the speech and phonetics analysis software, was used to analyse the data. The findings revealed that Pakistani English speakers pronounce angma inaccurately in the medial position and insert velar plosive /ɡ/ in the poly-morphemic words. However, in the final position, angma is pronounced correctly by most Pakistani English speakers. The findings highlight that Pakistani English speakers are not concerned about the morpheme boundary and pronounce angma without /ŋɡ/ coalescence. Thus, it is found that Pakistani English speakers have distinguished pronunciation. The study recommends more research on Pakistani English pronunciation as well.
. The article considers the problems of studying errors, connected with the use of degree adverbs in Russian speech of foreign students: the causes of this group of errors are defined, the mechanisms of influence of students’ native language on norms of word usage in Russian are revealed, the significance of systematic work to introduce adverbs in the speech practice is stipulated. The authors justify the importance of changing the general approach to the study of adverbs in the Russian as a second language practice. The authors believe that adverbs should be seen not only as the simplest structural elements of a Russian sentence (which is the case today), but also as a meaningfully and expressively rich layer of Russian vocabulary, a necessary tool for solving many communicative problems. This becomes possible only in the case of restructuring the entire system of lexical work, the implementation in pedagogical practice of the latest methods of teaching foreign languages. Extremely relevant, according to the authors, is the teacher’s activity to prevent erroneous use of adverbs of measure and degree in speech, which involves ensuring greater involvement of students in the process of working on errors, the formation of students’ understanding of the peculiarities of ethnic errors. Based on the analysis of the negative linguistic material the article makes a conclusion that the prevention of mistakes, connected with the use of adverbs of measure and degree in the Russian speech of foreigners, will be more effective, if, firstly, the links between the character of the mistake and peculiarities (lexical, structural) of the native language of the student are found and taken into account, and secondly, the mechanism of stage-by-stage introduction of the newest methods of the language material presentation to the educational practice is realized.
В статье рассматривается специфика и особенности выполнения самостоятельной работы студентами-медиками, изучающими РКИ в медицинском вузе, в условиях работы по ФГОС нового поколения. Предлагаются методические приемы работы над лексическим, грамматическим и синтаксическим материалом. В статье представлена система упражнений по ознакомлению с рассказом А.П. Чехова «Хирургия», приводятся примеры заданий на закрепление лексических, грамматических и синтаксических норм литературного языка. The article is about the specifics and features of performing independent work by medical students studying RFL at a medical university in the conditions of work under the new generation of the Federal State Educational Standard. Methodical methods of working on lexical, grammatical and syntactic material are offered. The article presents a system of exercises for familiarization with the story of A.P. Chekhov "Surgery", provides examples of tasks for fixing lexical, grammatical and syntactic norms of the literary language.
The rapid development of information and communication technologies and the widespread digitization in all aspects of our lives motivate us to conduct a study among certain groups of students regarding the spelling of certain complex words – part of computer terminology. The groups of students we are targeting are those currently studying the Bulgarian language and others for whom such a discipline is absent from the curriculum in their respective higher education institutions. Our goal is to investigate whether students spell these words correctly (primarily derived from the English language), i.e., whether they are familiar with the literary norm concerning this spelling issue, or if they are influenced by the way these words are spelled in the language from which they are borrowed, or if they have another motivation.
The article focuses on the features of the formation of the lexis of positive moral-ethical evaluation in the Spanish language of the 13–15th centuries. The research is based on the material of the Mediaeval Spanish adjective virtuoso (virtuous), which in the studied period belonged to the core lexis of positive moral-ethical evaluation. This is explained by the role the Church played in the life of the mediaeval society, in the formation of ethical norms and a particular system of values. This is confirmed by the fact that the subject of sin and virtue occupied a significant place in the analysed texts. Mediaeval Spanish written monuments of the 13–15th centuries both religious and secular in nature serve as the source of the research material. The written monuments are contained in the Corpus del español electronic corpus. The use of corpus data made it possible to study those lexico-semantic and thematic relations that were inherent in the lexeme virtuoso in the period in question. A significant part of the analysed contexts, the main purpose of which was to name and characterize Christian virtues, along with the virtuoso lexeme, contains chains of lexemes of positive moral-ethical evaluation, which were the names of certain virtues: santo, poderoso, vergonzoso, honesto, etc. Positive moral-ethical evaluation was especially clearly manifested when the lexeme entered into antonymic relations with adjectives denoting various sins and vices: malo, vicioso, malicioso, bravo, etc. Subsequently, the lexical meaning of the adjective virtuoso, characteristic of the above-mentioned contexts, becomes widespread outside the religious sphere, and over time it becomes the main meaning at the systemic level.
From the point of view of studying the centuries-old history of the Turkish language, these<br> language monuments created by Turkish poets and writers in the Middle Ages are important sources. The study<br> of these monumentswritten in Turkish language, the study of their phonetic, lexical and grammatical features<br> also creates conditions for determining the literary norms of the Turkic languages. From this point of view, the<br> analysis of the vocabulary of “Jamshid and Khurshid”, a Turkish language written monument of the 14th-15th<br> centuries, is both important and interesting from the point of view of studying the existence of Turkic words.<br> In this article, the lexicon of Turkic origin has been studied in the language of Ahmadi’s masnavi “Jamshid<br> and Khurshid”, the words of Turkic origin involved in the research have been compared with their usage forms in<br> modern Turkic languages. As a result of the research, it has been found out that there are enough words of Turkic<br> origin among the nouns, verbs and numeral words used in the language of the monument. However, in the lexicon<br> of “Jamshid and Khurshid” verbs occupy a greater place among the words of Turkic origin. In the lexicon of the<br> 14th-15th century’swritten monument “Jamshid and Khurshid”, carrying the linguistic features of Anatolian<br> Oghuz Turkic, some of the words of Turkic origin have been preserved with minor phonetic changes, and some<br> have been preserved their functionalityas they are in modern Turkic languages.
In Ukrainian studies, not enough attention is paid to the problems of translating Polish predicates into Ukrainian, although both theory and practice of translation need addressing the mentioned problems. The article deals with the types of compound nouns and compound verb predicates, extracted by cross-selection from the test of the novel "Pharaoh" by Boleslav Prus and from the text of the Ukrainian translation of this novel, which belongs to Maria Prygar. In the course of the study, the comparison method was used to compare predicates in the Polish language and their translations in the Ukrainian language, and the descriptive method was used to describe the obtained research results. It has been found that the constructions of compound predicates with linking verbs być, chciec, musieć, móc, poła, niepodobna, trzeba, warto, pałyda, wypada, wyłać, pałyda, etc., are typical for the Polish text. With linking verbs, infinitives appear or usually nouns, adjectives, participles in the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate. Methods of translating compound noun and compound verb predicates into Ukrainian have been identified and described in detail. The peculiarities of the translation of verb connections and nominal parts of compound predicates are characterized. It was found that the translation of predicates can be direct and can be performed using translation transformations. Such transformations as part-language replacement, replacement of the predicate form, replacement of control forms, replacement of the sentence structure, replacement with a contextual lexical counterpart are actively used in translation. It was found that the transformations presented in the text of the Ukrainian translation meet the modern requirements for translation, the main of which is compliance with the norms of the language of translation. The obtained research results will be useful for translators from the Polish language, for the formation of a coherent theory of translation from closely related languages.
Advertisements play an important role in the tourism industry and are a crucial part of tourism discourse. The tourism text is not merely discourse to be transcoded, but it is embedded within a sociocultural background. The aim of this study is to expose how the 'nature' theme is used differently to promote tourism in different cultures. This paper examines and explores the discourse employed by English and Arabic tourist advertisements promoting Malaysia as a tourist destination. Based on domain or ideological categories, these advertisements try to convince potential customers to become travelers by meeting their cultural needs and motivations. Under the shadow of the comparative literature, the paper makes a comparison between the English and the Arabic advertisements focusing on convergences and divergences of cultural issues and motivations. Vocatively, the English and the Arabic tourist texts promoting Malaysia have been analyzed lexically, thematically, and the most important, culturally. Finally, tourist attractions are extremely ingrained in the norms and culture of a country.
Given a real-valued weighted function $f$ on a finite dag, the $L_p$ isotonic regression of $f$, $p \in [0,\infty]$, is unique except when $p \in [0,1] \cup \{\infty\}$. We are interested in determining a ``best'' isotonic regression for $p \in \{0, 1, \infty\}$, where by best we mean a regression satisfying stronger properties than merely having minimal norm. One approach is to use strict $L_p$ regression, which is the limit of the best $L_q$ approximation as $q$ approaches $p$, and another is lex regression, which is based on lexical ordering of regression errors. For $L_\infty$ the strict and lex regressions are unique and the same. For $L_1$, strict $q \scriptstyle\searrow 1$ is unique, but we show that $q \scriptstyle\nearrow 1$ may not be, and even when it is unique the two limits may not be the same. For $L_0$, in general neither of the strict and lex regressions are unique, nor do they always have the same set of optimal regressions, but by expanding the objectives of $L_p$ optimization to $p < 0$ we show $p{ \scriptstyle \nearrow} 0$ is the same as lex regression. We also give algorithms for computing the best $L_p$ isotonic regression in certain situations.
Violent Verses. Transformations of Horror Fiction and Translational Strategies of Polish Popularizers of Gothic Poetry – the Case Study of Anthologies by Robert Stiller and Leszek Lachowiecki The article discusses strategies used in translation of horror poetry in Polish anthologies of this genre in late 1980s and early 1990s when, thanks to political and social transformation, Western popculture with some of its characteristic features became available and popular in Poland. Comparative analysis of the selected translations collected in the volume Danse macabre (1993) by Leszek Lachowiecki, compared to their English, French or German originals (by Howard Phillips Lovecraft, Robert Frost, Richard Wilbur, Vachel Lindsay, Charles Baudelaire and Georg Heym) and earlier Polish versions by Robert Stiller (published in 1986), proves that the later variants amplify and/or introduce numerous lexical items denoting or connotating violence, fear and disgust. Thus, the techniques used by Lachowiecki – aimed at a brutalization of language and emphasising the themes of cruelty, terror and dread – can be perceived as an application of old-fashion style and means (typical for modernist or “Young Poland” literature) in order to adjust aesthetic standards used in poetry to broader cultural trends dominating in contemporary horror fiction.
The article analyzes speech characteristics of the characters of the film “Class” depicting French immigrants’ children. The teenagers study at one of the suburb Paris colleges. They communicate with each other and teachers in the form of a dialogue. The adolescents intentionally tend to ignore the rules of behavior established by the educational institution and neglect the norms of the codified French language. Using artistic images, the film reproduces one of the most topical social problems in modern France — that of immigrants’ resistance to accepting French cultural values, customs, codes, language, and speech culture. The characters’ speech determines their nationality, social status, personal values, and emotional state. Sampling, the linguistic and stylistic types of analysis were employed as research methods. The teenagers use verlanized and obscene lexical units, words from the young immigrant argot developed by borrowing, neologizing, and rethinking outdated French words. The verlan and special colloquial lexical units that characters use contain negative emotional and evaluative connotations. The insults, rudeness, name-calling, familiarity between immigrant children are ritual, intra-group, sociocultural, harmless, directed against the culture, language, economic dominance of the French-speaking ethnos in the society. The adolescent verbal behavior expresses a pejorative assessment of the French culture, language and people. The children ignore school rules and neglect standard French. Verlanisms, youth slang/argot, aggression are considered as the reaction of young immigrants to the requirement to learn standard French and behavioral rules of the French society, rejection by the ethnic French, lack of opportunities to rise in life, a sign of psychological trauma, as well as hardships.
The appearance of cyberneologisms in the language is a natural reaction to the emergence of new concepts and definitions that reflect the constantly changing reality, requiring the introduction of definitions and definitions, without which modern business discourse is not possible. The urgency of the problem is related to the need to replenish the language new lexical units and designations, differentiation of emerging processes, definitions, development of a practical and theoretical base, introducing innovations into international practice, cooperation, as well as with the rules and norms of communication. The purpose of this article is to consider trends in word formation, the practical use of new lexical units, the reflection of these changes in modern business discourse, and also to assess the need for these terms in modern international cooperation. The object of analysis in this scientific work was English cyberneologisms from the “Business” section, which are widely used in articles of leading English-language media, such as “Financial Times”, “The Economist”, “The Washington Post”, legal documents and agreements, as well as the Internet-materials.
The article discusses the features of the formation of the lexical-semantic group "Fortitude (Courage) " in the English and Spanish languages of the XIII-XV centuries, an important role in the formation of which was played by extralinguistic, in particular, religious factors. The source of the research material in English is presented by manuscripts of the XIII-XV centuries contained in the Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse. The source of the research material in Spanish is presented by manuscripts of the XIII-XV centuries contained in the electronic corpus of the Corpus del español. The lexemes of this group in the languages under study belonged to the core of the lexis of positive moral and ethical evaluation in the period under review. This is explained by the significant role of the Church in the formation of ethical norms in mediaeval society. Mediaeval authors singled out seven virtues, three of which were considered theological (Faith, Hope, Love), and the remaining four were called cardinal: Prudence, Justice, Purity, and Fortitude (Courage). The names of virtues became semantic centers around which lexis of positive moral and ethical evaluation was formed in the English and Spanish languages of the XIII-XV centuries.
The present article focuses on the text created by Belarusian–Polish–Lithuanian Tatars that admires the birth of the Prophet Muhammad with the ap- propriate title “Mawlid” (Birth). The time of text creation is unknown. Although, the last rewriting of the manuscript is most likely to have taken place no earlier than the second half of the 18th century, that is, according to some researchers, when the Polish language prevailed in texts written by the Tatars who lived on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The language of the text under consideration can be described as hybrid. Hybrid texts were based on a native speaker’s linguistic capabilities with an orientation to some book that served an example. On the one hand, the linguistic structure of such a text reflected the idiolect of its creator, and, on the other hand, it included the elements of the book example the creator was guided by. The objective of the article is to study the lexi- cal structure of the text in question which is a mixture of lexemes belonging to different languages. There are a number of Arabic and Turkish words in the text. Regarding Slavonic words, it is difficult to determine their origin accurately due to genetic links of the languages. Definitely, there have been attested lexemes be- longing to Common Slavic, along with Church Slavonic and East Slavonic words of Polish origin. In conclusion, it is assumed that norms pertaining to the Polish language became weaker gradually. This statement can be supported by the fact that “Mawlid” (Birth) was created no earlier than the 18th century, when the ter- ritories bordering the Russian Empire alongside the territories which had entered the Russian Empire after partitioning the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were greatly influenced by the East Slavonic dialects as well as standards in writing. The fact that there is a mixture of not only phonetic and morphological but also lexical elements in the text does not seem to suggest that such a process took place only as a result of repeated text rewriting. There also may be a case typical of undifferentiated multilingualism when a speaker does not separate the system of languages and uses the first option that comes to mind without thinking about its linguistic affiliation.
Abstract Automatic short answer grading (ASAG), a hot field of natural language understanding, is a research area within learning analytics. ASAG solutions are conceived to offload teachers and instructors, especially those in higher education, where classes with hundreds of students are the norm and the task of grading (short)answers to open-ended questionnaires becomes tougher. Their outcomes are precious both for the very grading and for providing students with “ ad hoc ” feedback. ASAG proposals have also enabled different intelligent tutoring systems. Over the years, a variety of ASAG solutions have been proposed, still there are a series of gaps in the literature that we fill in this paper. The present work proposes GradeAid, a framework for ASAG. It is based on the joint analysis of lexical and semantic features of the students’ answers through state-of-the-art regressors; differently from any other previous work, (i) it copes with non-English datasets, (ii) it has undergone a robust validation and benchmarking phase, and (iii) it has been tested on every dataset publicly available and on a new dataset (now available for researchers). GradeAid obtains performance comparable to the systems presented in the literature (root-mean-squared errors down to 0.25 based on the specific tuple $$\langle $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mo>⟨</mml:mo> </mml:math> dataset-question $$\rangle $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mo>⟩</mml:mo> </mml:math> ). We argue it represents a strong baseline for further developments in the field.
<strong>Abstract</strong> The article deals with the problem of forming the language competence of future students of elementary school at the lexical level within the higher educational institution. The requirements, which put society in front of modern teacher of elementary school, are studied. The types of lexical mistakes that are reflected in the speech of modern students are highlighted. The reasons of violations of lexical norms at the level of oral and written speech of future specialists are found out. <strong>Анотація</strong> У статті досліджено проблему формування мовної компетентності майбутніх учителів початкової школи на лексичному рівні в межах вищого навчального закладу. Вивчено вимоги, які ставить суспільство перед сучасним учителем початкової школи. Висвітлено типи лексичних помилок, які відбито в мовленні сучасних студентів. З’ясовано причини порушення лексичних норм на рівні усного та писемного мовлення майбутніх фахівців.r
Chapter 5 Discourse reflexivity in dialogic writing I think that conferences have become a rather sterile ground lately: people are afraid to speak up, lively discussions never arise because the agendas are too tight, and moderators cut out anything that seems controversial.Fortunately, there is the web:)This quote from a science blog comment thread reflects some of the tensions that perhaps inevitably whirl around established high-stakes genres: some people feel standard formats are holding things back, and that there is a real need for new forms and new arenas for research to flourish freely.Hopes have also been pinned on the potential of digital science communication to democratize science.As digital media affords a whole new universe of discourses with a potentially global reach and an interactive disposition, it has also added a terra incognita to the quest for uses of discourse reflexivity: the usual gatekeeping practices of academia break down in this huge public arena where anyone can participate in discussions around scientific matters.How do these web-based communities work, where do they adopt linguistic norms and practices from, what practices do they develop independentlyand for the present study specificallyhow do they use discourse reflexivity?Research into digital genres has begun to take metadiscourse on board only relatively recently (e.g.Smart 2016; Bondi 2018; Mauranen 2013a; Zou & Hyland 2020; Papers in D'Angelo, Mauranen & Maci 2021), but the interest is rapidly expanding.The digital age has meant a massive expansion in dialogic, multi-party writing, and digital communication in its various forms has attracted enormous research interest.Blog communication, for example, has been approached through its technical properties (e.g., Herring 2007), or investigated by content analysis (e.g., Gunawardena, Lowe & Anderson 1997; Ng, Cheung & Hew 2012), and a variety of other perspectives on specifically academic blogs have also been put forward, for example in Myers (2010), papers in Kuteeva & Mauranen (2018) and Luzón in several studies (e.g.Luzón 2011Luzón, 2012Luzón, 2013aLuzón,b, 2018)).This chapter continues to investigate dialogue in metadiscourse by changing the medium (speech to writing) but keeping the mode (dialogue) intact.It explores discourse reflexivity in dialogic writing in discussion threads on research blog sites.There is little previous research into discourse reflexivity in web-based written dialogue that I am aware of (but see Smart 2016; Biri 2021.Smart's (2016) study in online message board discourse was pioneering.His approach to discourse reflexivity is very similar to the current one, which makes his results sufficiently compatible with mine to warrant comparisons despite his somewhat
The article reveals the content of the concepts of "language culture" and "language norms" in the context of the problem of future specialists' formation. In particular, the issue of forming the language culture of students of specialty 013 Primary Education in the Ukrainian language classes for professional purposes is considered; the place of the training course in thesystem of bachelor's training is determined. Examples of practice-oriented tasks for the formation of skills and abilities of correct use of lexical, spelling, stylistic, grammatical norms of the modern Ukrainian literary language are given.
The present study explores linguistic aspects in English reading passages from mock College Scholastic Ability Tests (CSAT) to identify differences between the 2012-2017 norm-referenced assessment and the 2018-2023 criterion-referenced assessment and differences between the CSAT June and September mock tests. The corpus was compiled of 570 reading passages from 2012 to 2023 academic years. The 2014 academic year was excluded from the analysis because test-takers were allowed to choose between two types, according to their proficiency levels only in the 2014 academic year. Coh-Metrix was used to analyze lexical aspects based on two descriptive measures, one lexical-diversity index and five word-information indices; syntactic aspects based on two descriptive measures and two syntactic-complexity indices; and textual aspects based on two readability indices, four referential-cohesion indices and one semantic-coreferentiality index. The comparison between the two grading systems indicated that the criterion-referenced assessment was significantly more difficult in both of the June and September mock tests. Moreover, from the comparison between the June and September mock tests, both of the norm- and criterion-referenced assessment showed the consistency in lexical, syntactic and textual aspects except for one syntactic-complexity index.
This paper builds a small-scale corpus consisting of Zhu Ziqing's original work The View of My Father's Back and its English translations by Zhang Peiji, Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang. Through the corpus, the lexical and syntactic features of prose are studied to explore the translation norms of prose. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of Zhang's and Yangs' translations shows a tendency towards conventionalized expectations at the levels of words and sentences. This study hopes to provide translators with helpful insights on translating Chinese prose and promote overseas dissemination of Chinese prose works and cultural communication.
The article deals with the study of dialect and colloquial elements in English fiction. The main aim of the study is to identify, analyze and characterize the significance of dialect and colloquial elements in modern fiction. The author studies the following terms “dialect”, “dialect words”, “colloquial words”. In the article dialect-colloquial elements are defined as speech units that characterize a certain dialect and are accompanied by some colloquial elements. The examples of dialect-colloquial elements are taken from the following works: “The Secret Garden” by Frances Hodgson Burnett (1911), “When Marnie Was There” by Joan G. Robinson (1967), “Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban” by J. K. Rowling (1999). The analysis of the works demonstrates that the functioning of dialect-colloquial elements is observed at different language levels: phonetic, grammatical and lexical. Reduction of sounds, devoicing or voicing of sounds, incorrect reading of the ending ‘ing’ are used at the phonetic level. The lexical level is characterized by the usage of obsolete forms of parts of speech and colloquial words. On the grammatical level a violation of the traditional grammar norms (no ending in the plural, the use of double negation, etc.) is found. The research proves that dialect-colloquial elements help to depict the characters vividly, convey the individuality of their speech, and sometimes serve as a means of satire.
The article elucidates the conception of "Concise Ukrainian-Polish dictionary of set expressions: lexical equivalents, phraseologisms, proverbs and sayings" which implements an international Polish-Ukrainian project.The Council of Europe is known to devote much attention to the problems of the development of languages, their improvement and, correspondingly, to the development of linguistics, in particular, its applied branch, which includes lexicography.The dictionary under analysis represents: 1) the status of set expressions which, being widespread in the examined lingual cultures, reflect the mentality of the nation, its history, national specificity etc., 2) principles and procedures of semantic transformations of set stable lingual units by means of the cognate Slavonic language.The conception of the Ukrainian-Polish phraseological dictionary has been realized in the history of Ukrainian and Polish phraseography for the first time.The conception is based on 1) the detailed analysis of the theoretical and practical experience of compiling dictionary of this type; b) thorough outline of the system of headwords with the heterogeneous status of: 1) the representation of the mentality of the nation, its ethnographic features., norms of etiquette, ethics, psychology, theme (ideographic aspect) etc.; 2) structure, semantics and pragmatics; 3) specificity of functions and style.The conception of the dictionary is based on the methodological foundation of anthropocentrism and main phraseographic principles of bilingual dictionaries aiming at the most adequate representation of a corresponding lingual units by means of another language.The dictionary will contribute to the further research in the sphere of contrastive Ukrainian--Polish linguistics and phraseograpical theory.