Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
The standard words are words that follow the recognized language rules in Indonesian. Spelling, conventional grammar, and common dictionary words are just some of the linguistic norms that can be found in standard words. The purpose of this research is to ensure how students use common and uncommon words. This research is qualitative and descriptive. Students majoring in Indonesian Language Education at the State Islamic University of North Sumatra participated in the research. Based on the research findings, most students majoring in Indonesian Language Education at the State Islamic University of North Sumatra are able to understand standard and non-standard words, while very few cannot.
The article presents lexical and morphological structure of compatibility in the pe-ripheral component of environment feature of linguistic and cultural concept Russian in Russian youth linguoculture. It considers methodological possibilities and examples of the use of the research material on the concept to form communicative competence of modern university students (knowledge of the norms of modern Russian language, logic laws, stylis-tics and elocution) in the framework of studying the discipline Russian language and related disciplines.
The paper presents the results of the development of a corpus for Russian with the syntactic markup. Having discussed the main advantages of the constituent grammar approach to the syntax, we present examples of resources, that are currently available on the internet, and highlight basic expectations for a constituency treebank. Then the paper describes the process of developing the treebank, which includes working out the design of data representation, creation of an ensemble of morphosyntactic markup tools, filtering erroneous parses and matching examples, etc. The paper finishes outlining the basic principles of search in the treebank, describing its main characteristics and giving some examples of use.
International audience
Amplia-se a análise de dependência do português brasileiro (pt-br) para lidar com “conteúdo-gerado por usuários” ao desenvolver e anotar o primeiro treebank de tweets (atuais posts do X) em pt-br segundo o modelo Universal Dependencies. O DANTEStocks possui 4,048 tweets do mercado financeiro e anotação-UD de tags PoS e traços morfológicos. Neste artigo, descreve-se a estratégia de anotação sintática adotada para lidar com as idiossincrasias do Twitter e do domínio desse corpus. A versão do DANTEStocks enriquecida com as relações de dependência-UD e as diretrizes de anotação já estão publicamente disponíveis.
Footwear and its various models are primarily the subject of study in merchandising; however, for linguistics, it is an equally interesting object of research in synchronous and diachronic aspects. In particular, the grammatical characteristics of footwear nouns have not yet been the subject of separate research. The plural form of the noun ʻfootwearʼ is more commonly used in modern linguistic practice, determined by the significance, for human existence, of the semantics of a com- plete pair of footwear. The singular form of the noun name ʻfootwearʼ is less common, as it disrupts the integrity of the concept of a ʻfootwear pairʼ with the semantics of an ʻindi vi- dualizedʼ object. The choice of the number form of footwear nouns as a register is deter- mined by different principles of compiling lexicographical publications and their distinct purposes: explanatory dictionaries prioritize the meaning of an unanalyzed plural, while re- gis ters prioritize the plural form of the noun expressing the semantics of a type of footwear. In orthographic dictionaries, the indication of another numerical form represents the inflec- tional component of the number category of fixed nouns in this semantic group. The grammatical significance of the number in the core of footwear names consists of nouns with a numeral pair, where the codification of the singular form is conditioned by the proportional origin of lexemes and the completion of the grammatical assimilation of foreigh lexemes. Lexicographical sources inconsistently record the singular form of footwear nouns from the core sphere. The change in the grammatical qualification of some footwear names from ʻpluralia tantumʼ to ʻgrammatical significance of singular and pluralʼ attests to the dynamics of morphological norms in contemporary Ukrainian language in general and the process of grammatical adaptation of predominantly foreigh lexemes in particular. However, more often, discrepancies in the printed and ele ctronic dictionaries regarding the grammatical number of nouns from the core sphere of footwear (either plural nouns or nouns with a numeral pair) are caused by subjective factors. The periphery consists of ʻpluralia tantumʼ nouns, most of which are of foreign origin and only make up a part of the lexical composition of the Ukrainian language. The infre- quent functioning of singular forms of nouns from the peripheral sphere in modern speech indicates the incompleteness of their grammatical adaptation. Predominantly foreigh foot- wear names that are not represented in any of the analyzed dictionaries reside outside the delineated spheres, and their use in the plural form in the texts of the 16th version of the Ukrainian National Corpus (HRAK) and in advertising posts on the social network ʻInstagramʼ illustrate the beginning of grammatical adaptation to the morphological norms of the modern Ukrainian language. We see the perspective of research in studying the dynamics of grammatical assimila- tion primarily of those footwear names that are only included in the lexical system of the Ukrainian language and have the grammatical status of ʻpluralia tantumʼ nouns, predomi- nantly used in modern speech either exclusively or mostly in the plural form, with the sin- gular form of these nouns not recorded in any lexicographical publication. The observa- tion of changes in the grammatical number of those footwear names whose singular form is not codified, as it is inconsistently represented in dictionaries, also remains relevant. Keywords: number category, noun, footwear name, pluralia tantum, nu me ral pair, parsed plu- ral, unparsed plural, dynamics, dictionary.
Previous research has established that determining lexical sophistication (i.e., the percentage of sophisticated words in a text) through the judgment of teachers on a corpus of words is a more accurate method than relying on word frequency-based lists. However, this approach can be time-consuming. To overcome this drawback, a new method is proposed in this study, which involves rating specific words out of context. A list of 68 words that appeared in approved high-school textbooks of teaching Hebrew to Arabic speakers was given to six experienced Hebrew teachers, who then categorized the words into four levels of lexical sophistication: (1) very basic words to (4) very advanced words. From this, a list of 28 words was created, with seven words from each level, and the lexical sophistication level was agreed upon by two-thirds of the teachers. Nineteen Arabic-speaking learners of Hebrew were asked to define the chosen words (passive vocabulary) and compose a sentence including each (controlled-active vocabulary) in a test-retest study at two time-points: the 11th and 12th grade. The results indicated that although there was no significant increase in lexical sophistication over time, significant differences emerged between the four levels of lexical sophistication, with students’ accuracy decreasing as the level of lexical sophistication increased. Additionally, only in the 11th grade was passive vocabulary found to be significantly larger than controlledactive vocabulary. However, as acquisition time increased, the gap between these two vocabulary types narrowed, due to improved performance in the controlled-active task. Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between passive and controlled-active vocabulary, which became stronger with more acquisition time.
Introduction: In recent works, a new psycholinguistic concept has been introduced and studied that is socialness of a word. A socialness rating reflects word social significance and dictionaries with socialness ratings have been compiled using either a survey or machine method. Unfortunately, the size of the dictionaries with word socialness ratings created by a survey method is relatively small. Purpose: The study objective is to compile a large dictionary with English word socialness ratings by using machine extrapolation, transfer the rating estimations to other languages as well as to obtain diachronic models of socialness ratings. Method: The socialness ratings of words are estimated using multilayer direct propagation neural networks. To obtain synchronic estimates, pre-trained fasttext vectors were fed to the input. To obtain diachronic estimates, word co-occurrence statistics in a large diachronic corpus was used. Results: The obtained Spearman`s correlation coefficient between human socialness ratings and machine ones is 0.869. The trained models allowed obtaining socialness ratings for 2 million English words, as well as a wide range of words in 43 other languages. An unexpected result is that the linear model provides highly accurate estimate of the socialness ratings, which can be hardly further improved. Apparently, this is due to the fact that in the space of vectors representing words there is a selected direction responsible for meanings associated with socialness driven by of social factors influencing word representation and use. The article also presents a diachronic neural network predictor of concreteness ratings using word co- occurrence vectors as input data. It is shown that using a one-year data from a large diachronic corpus Google Books Ngram one can obtain accuracy comparable to the accuracy of synchronic estimates. Conclusion: The created large machine dictionary of socialness ratings can be used in psycholinguistic and cultural studies. Changes in socialness ratings can serve as a marker of word meaning change and be used in lexical semantic change detection
<p>We describe our implementation of two neural networks: a static feedforward network, and an Elman network, for predicting mean valence/arousal ratings of participants for musical excerpts based on audio features. Thirteen audio features were extracted from 12 classical music excerpts (3 from each emotion quadrant). Valence/arousal ratings were collected from 45 participants for the static network, and 9 participants for the Elman network. For the Elman network, each excerpt was temporally segmented into four, sequential chunks of equal duration. Networks were trained on eight of the 12 excerpts and tested on the remaining four. The static network predicted values that closely matched mean participant ratings of valence and arousal. The Elman network did a good job of predicting the arousal trend but not the valence trend. Our study indicates that neural networks can be trained to identify statistical consistencies across audio features to predict valence/arousal values.</p>
An important parameter in the studies of associative fields is the characterization of words by concreteness and Abstractness. In a recently published article we analyzed associations to 100 Abstract and concrete stimuli. The associations were selected from the Russian associative dictionary of Yu.N. Karaulov (hereinafter referred to as RAS), which was created during the period from 1988 to 1990. It should be noted that, at the moment, Yu.N. Karaulov’s dictionary is the only nonregional associative thesaurus of the Russian language with a voluminous vocabulary of stimuli. There is a question: has the nature and structure of associative fields changed over more than 30 years? This article compares associations from the Russian Associative Dictionary with associations that were obtained in the new experiment. The list of stimuli included the same 100 Abstract and concrete words on the basis of which association analysis was performed in the work. The experiment described in this work makes it possible determine whether there are any systemic changes in associations, and, since the stimuli are Abstract and concrete substantives, to analyze possible changes in the perception features of nouns which refer to two lexico-grammatical groups.The paper analyzes quantitative indicators of associations on the basis of statistical methods and considers the peculiarities of associations in terms of their semantic content and the type of connection with the word stimulus. For a detailed analysis all associations are classified into groups, the comparison of the data obtained in the experiment with the data of Yu.N. Karaulov’s dictionary is carried out on the basis of the created classification. The analysis reveals a number of important changes in the structure of associative series, which indicate not only the development of new linguistic world image, but also some transformations in the system of mental lexicon of native speakers. The article also proves the tendency to preservation of the difference between associations to Abstract and concrete nouns, which confirms the theory of context accessibility in dynamics.
Tolosa Treebank for Occitan Tolosa Treebank is the first dependency treebank for Occitan, developed as part of the EFA 227/16 LINGUATEC Project, financed by the POCTEFA Interreg European funds. The current version of the treebank contains 25K tokens annotated for PoS tags, lemmas and syntactic dependencies. Linguistic annotation follows Universal Dependencies guidelines (https://universaldependencies.org/#language-u). The corpus files are stored in the ConLL-U format. Each sentence is preceded by a sentence ID and the original, non-tokenized text of the sentence. The annotation is provided in a column-based format defined as follows: 1. ID: Word index, integer starting at 1 for each new sentence; may be a range for multiword tokens.2. FORM: Word form or punctuation symbol.3. LEMMA: Lemma or stem of word form.4. UPOS: Universal part-of-speech tag.5. XPOS: Language-specific part-of-speech tag; underscore if not available.6. FEATS: List of morphological features from the universal feature inventory or from a defined language-specific extension; underscore if not available.7. HEAD: Head of the current word, which is either a value of ID or zero (0).8. DEPREL: Universal dependency relation to the HEAD9. DEPS: Enhanced dependency graph in the form of a list of head-deprel pairs.10. MISC: Any other annotation. The corpus is built out of data from four major Occitan dialects: Gascon, Lengadocian, Lemosin and Provençau. The corpus content is stratified by dialect. File naming conventions are indicated in the readme file. AUTHORS: Aleksandra Miletic, Myriam Bras, Marianne Vergez Couret, Jean Sibille, Louise Esher, Clamença Poujade LICENSE: The corpus is distributed under the Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en).REFERENCING: If you use this corpus in your work, please cite the following paper:Aleksandra Miletic, Myriam Bras, Marianne Vergez-Couret, Louise Esher, Clamença Poujade, and Jean Sibille. 2020. A Four-Dialect Treebank for Occitan: Building Process and Parsing Experiments. In Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, pages 140–149, Barcelona, Spain (Online). International Committee on Computational Linguistics (ICCL).
The article raises an actual problem that affects the peculiarities of studying the Ukrainian language with a practicum in primary school and involves the formation of normative speech in students of education. First of all, this is the deepening of knowledge of lexical, phraseological, orthographic, orthographic, word-forming, morphological, syntactic, punctuation, stylistic norms. The article thoroughly analyses the peculiarities of the established norms, shows their role and importance in the development of higher education students; speech skills; the causes of errors and the ways of their prevention. The role and importance of mastering the basic rules of euphony of the Ukrainian language are shown. The stylistic norms, especially the artistic style, are analyzed in detail, since it is dominant in the study of the Ukrainian language in primary school. The article identifies the conditions that, with an optimal combination of lectures and practical classes, will help students to develop knowledge of Ukrainian spelling based on scientific and linguistic principles; help them to master oral and written norms; develop the ability to combine theoretical knowledge with practical needs. Special attention is paid to the material studied in elementary school, which will contribute to the formation of basic spelling competence through deepening knowledge of sections of the Ukrainian language school course. For effective assimilation, the use of tables is suggested, which help to focus attention on the most essential, facilitate the assimilation of orthographic and orthographic material. It is also suggested to use tables where there is a comparison and comparison of material, which facilitates the use of analysis and synthesis when studying certain linguistic phenomena.
Dictionaries play a crucial role within society, cherished as cultural treasures and repositories of knowledge. Yet, there exists a prevalent misconception that dictionaries are infallible authorities, often overlooking their inherent ideological underpinnings. It is imperative to acknowledge that every dictionary carries its own ideology, discernible through its overarching structure, the selection of entries, methods of definition, and the illustrative examples of use. Within the realm of translation pedagogy, proficiency in dictionary utilization is paramount for students learning translation. Invariably, students find it challenging to abstain entirely from dictionary references, thus embracing dictionaries as indispensable tools for enhancing their linguistic competence. Consequently, it becomes crucial for translators to be astute in recognizing the ideological nuances embedded within dictionary entries. These sources, presumed to be neutral, can inadvertently perpetuate idealized societal values and linguistic norms, reflecting the conscious or unconscious ideological choices made by lexicographers. In this chapter, we illustrate this phenomenon by analyzing dictionary discourse on gender, sex, and sexuality.
The article analyzes lexical-semantic processes in modern scientific texts. In the aspect of the literary norm, the activation of rarely used, reactivation of outdated, determinologizing, expansion of the meaning of special, functioning of foreign vocabulary was observed. The word-forming tendencies of the scientific style are highlighted, taking into account the internal laws and potential possibilities of the Ukrainian language. Scientific style, under the influence of the trends of language democratization, expands its own possibilities in the choice of linguistic means, activates the passive fund of the literary dictionary, creates new contextual opportunities for the development of semantic connotations. The main challenges of this sphere of linguistic life are the spread of general negative tendencies of the lexical norm (restriction of word-formation potential, excessive variability, tracing of determinologized nominations and terms) and, as a result, the threat of losing the basic definition of style as a standard of literary language. In the aspect of stylistic norms, excessive expression of texts due to the use of means not typical for scientific language was recorded: colloquialisms, neologisms, ideologues, slangisms, etc. Such processes cause the phenomenon of stylistic polymorphism with the possibility of destroying the established functional capabilities of the language. Keywords: scientific style, scientific text, literary norm, stylistic norm, lexical-semantic processesces, linguistic expression.
Abstract The epilogue rearranges the verse covered in the book as a whole back into a chronological narrative, from 1150 to 1500, to balance the non-chronological treatment of the topic necessary in the book as a whole. The time around 1400 is picked out as perhaps the hinge or pivot of the whole history of English poetry, the moment of the greatest potential and variety. The chapter reviews and emphasizes the uncentredness and possibility of early poetry: in its distribution, whether in writing or performance; in its lack of strong linguistic norms; and in the absence of a dominant prestige form. The task of reading early poetry is passed on to the book’s readers.
Chinese paratactic sentences refl ect the main features of the Chinese language, fully demonstrating the spatial peculiarities of the following syntactic constructions: discreteness, chunkiness, and reversibility. Th e article discusses the translation of Chinese paratactic sentences into Russian, considering the structural diff erences between the two languages. Th e aim of this paper is to explore strategies and methods for translating Chinese paratactic sentences into Russian. Th e scientifi c novelty of this work lies in presenting fi ve specifi c lexico-grammatical methods for transferring semantic complexes in translation. It is essential to establish the structural hierarchy of the sentence in the target language, break a long paratactic sentence into several parts based on the semantic level, mark the time and type of predicative verbs following Russian syntax norms, and use various lexical means to avoid monotonous repetition. Th e research objectives include studying the grammatical and semantic features of Chinese paratactic sentences, identifying structural diff erences between Chinese paratactic sentences and Russian sentences from a structuralist perspective, describing translation transformations, and analyzing the underlying reasons infl uencing translation. In conclusion, translating Chinese paratactic sentences into Russian is a complex process that requires consideration of structural, semantic, and cognitive factors.
OBJECTIVE: This study extended a classic self-referential learning paradigm by investigating the effects of intranasally-administered oxytocin in high and low socially anxious participants during social learning, as a function of social anxiety levels and sex. METHODS: In a randomized double-blinded design, 160 participants were either given intranasal oxytocin (24 I.U.) or placebo. Subsequently, while lying in an MR scanner, participants were shown neutral faces that were paired with positively, neutrally, or negatively valenced self-referential sentences, during which we measured self-reported arousal and sympathy of the facial stimuli, pupil dilation, and changes in the brain-oxygen-level dependent signal. Four-factor mixed analyses of variance with the between-subjects factors group (high socially anxious vs. low socially anxious), substance (oxytocin vs. placebo), and sex (male vs. female) and the within-subjects factor sentence valence (positive vs. neutral vs. negative) were conducted for each measure, respectively. RESULTS: Administration of intranasal oxytocin yielded an increase in sympathy ratings in high socially anxious compared to low socially anxious individuals and decreased arousal ratings for positively-conditioned faces in low socially anxious participants. As an objective physiological measure of arousal, pupil dilation mirrored the behavioral results. Oxytocin effects on neural activation in the insula interacted with anxiety levels and sex: low socially anxious individuals yielded lower activation under oxytocin than placebo; the converse was observed in high socially anxious individuals. This interaction also differed between sexes, as men yielded higher activation levels than women. These findings were more prominent for positively- and negatively-conditioned faces. Within the amygdala, high socially anxious men yielded higher activation than high socially anxious women in the left hemisphere, and low socially anxious men yielded higher activation than low socially anxious women from positively- and negatively-conditioned faces, though no influence of oxytocin was detected. CONCLUSION: These results suggest oxytocin-induced behavioral, physiological, and neural changes as a function of social learning in socially low and high anxious individuals. These findings challenge the amygdalocentric view of the role of emotions in social learning, instead contributing to the growing body of findings implicating the insula therein, revealing an interaction between oxytocin, sex, and emotional valence. Such discoveries raise an interesting set of questions regarding the computational goals of regions such as the insula in emotional learning and how neural activity can play a diagnostic or prognostic role in social anxiety, potentially leading to new treatment opportunities that may combine oxytocin and neurofeedback differentially for men and women.
Am 5. und 6. Dezember fand der "22. International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories" statt, auf welchem auch das SUB-Kooperationsprojekt "Edition des Ugaritischen Poetischen Textkorpus" (EUPT) vorgestellt wurde. Doch was sind "Treebanks" (z. Dt. "Baumbanken") überhaupt und welchen Nutzen haben sie für die Forschung und Entwicklung?
Abstract The Holistic Hypothesis asserts that formulaic expressions (FEs) are processed more rapidly than non-formulaic expressions (non-FE items) by both native speakers (NSs) and L2 learners of English. This study utilized an acceptability judgment task and a self-paced reading task to investigate the online processing of FEs and non-FE items among bilingual speakers (L1 English, L2 Chinese) in both contextual and non-contextual conditions. Meanwhile, a familiarity rating task was employed to measure whether there is a familiarity effect in item processing. The results consistently provided support for the Holistic Hypothesis, indicating that learners of Chinese at each level exhibited faster processing of FEs compared to non-FE items, regardless of the presence or absence of context. However, the influence of item familiarity, rather than the proficiency effect, contributed to the improvement of L2 learners’ eventual processing abilities. Distinct patterns also emerged when comparing data from NSs and L2 learners of Chinese, highlighting L2 learners’ more pronounced processing advantage, characterized by faster response times (RTs) to FEs compared to non-FE items. Through an analysis of Chinese L2 data, this study sheds light on the interplay between the usage based approach and chunking within the cognitive approach to L2 learning.
This paper explores a novel methodological approach to the study of prescriptive language norm dissemination. It reports the result of a study which uses Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies (cads) inductively, to identify lexis and discursive patterns indicative of normativity and prescriptivism, in a corpus of literary reviews from Late Modern English. Previous attempts to identify prescriptivism using corpus-based approaches have tended to proceed deductively, using pre-defined indicators of prescriptivism. However, this study uses a speculative research model which proceeds inductively, allowing the datatset to direct the analysis. Thus, whereas research using pre-defined ‘indicators of prescriptivism’ risks overlooking significant patterns of usage, this approach facilitates a synergy of quantitative and qualitative corpus methods which both yields a broad overview of usage patterns and enables in-depth analysis of relevant discourses. Keywords are used to engage quantitatively with a purpose-built corpus, before collocation and concordancing are used iteratively, allowing immersion of the researcher in the dataset. This methodology yields a set of lexical items which identify moments of prescriptivism and/or normativity in the purpose-built corpus. The findings reported demonstrate the promise of using discourse analytic procedures to examine the performance and dissemination of normativity, in a way that could ultimately be replicated in different contexts.
Deaf people rely heavily on sign language as their primary means of communication since it is a sort of symbolic representation that they use. In contrast to sound patterns that are transferred by acoustic methods, sign language involves the employment of body posture and physical communication in order to assist the efficient presentation of a person's own phrases. When talking with those who have trouble speaking vocally, as well as with others who do not have hearing impairments, it is possible to use this method. Using developing technologies such as internet applications, machine learning, and natural language processing, the purpose of this initiative is to close the gap that exists between those who are deaf or hard of hearing or who have hearing impairments and the general community. This will be accomplished by bridging the gap between the two groups. To provide aid to those who are deaf or hard of hearing, the major aim of this project is to design a software or interface that transforms audio and speech into the proper sign language. This will be accomplished in order to provide support to such individuals. Hand forms, posture, and body actions are all in sync with one another whenever they occur at the same time. The method is made up of two distinct components: first, it converts speech into text by utilizing the voice-to-text application programming interface (API); second, it represents the text by utilizing Parse Trees and employs Natural Language Processing semantics (NLTK in particular) for the purpose of lexical analysis of Sign Language Grammar. Both of these components are a part of the method. In this work, the regulations of Indian Sign Language (ISL) are adhered to, and the work develops upon those norms while also adhering to the grammatical requirements of ISL.
The language of the law encompasses lexical, syntactic, and stylistic elements that shape the text of a law or other normative legal act. Requirements for the language of the law are considered during the drafting of a bill. However, in the process of legislative work, complete elimination of linguistic errors from the text is not always achievable. Such errors often include lexical and stylistic inaccuracies. The subject of the article is certain legal texts analyzed from a linguistic standpoint as part of fundamental and applied research on the topic "Monitoring Compliance with Content and Style Requirements in the Laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan." The relevance of the article lies in identifying and rectifying errors in the text of current legislation, determining gaps that lead to a distortion of the meaning of the main legal norms, and exploring ways to prevent such distortions. The author presents specific examples of typical linguistic errors of lexical, grammatical, and stylistic nature, as well as others found in the texts of current legislation. An analysis is conducted of regulatory proposals and legal norms to assess their conformity with the norms and rules of modern Kazakh literary language. While examining the texts of current laws, the author believes it is necessary to conduct comprehensive monitoring of current legislation to ensure high-quality content of legal acts; to develop a compendium of rules for the use of legal terminology to standardize terms; to create conditions for the development of research on legal technology across various legal domains; and to introduce into the educational process of universities the study of relevant legal and linguistic disciplines such as "Language and Law" and "Legislative Technique" in the form of courses or specialized courses.
This study investigated gender representation in English textbooks from Classes 6 to 10 in Bangladesh, using corpus analysis. AntConc, a textual analysis tool, was used to quantify the occurrence of gender-related lexical items in resources. The corpus comprises approximately 147,698 tokens distributed across the four textbooks. The results revealed significant disparities in the distribution of male- and female-associated lexical items. Here, male-related words occurred 1,958 times (1.33 %), whereas female-related words occurred 1,165 times (0.79 %). The highest imbalance ratio (0.94 %) was found in textbooks of class 6 having male represented words (1.95%) and female represented words (1.01%). This male-dominated gender disproportion appeared in the other three textbooks at different ratios, which may reflect Bangladesh’s cultural and societal norms. These distinctive and male-centred gender-biased textbooks may have an impact on students’ perceptions of gender roles and societal expectations. The findings of this corpus analysis predict how much textbook content may affect female students’ sense of inclusion and their collective consciousness of gender rights. Finally, it recommends ensuring gender equality and inclusion in the textbooks.
The aim of the study is to determine the characteristics of the phenomenon of feminization in the Moldavian variant of the Romanian language, manifested in the use of feminine forms for job titles and positions traditionally used in the masculine gender. The scientific novelty of the study lies in comparing the Moldavian and Romanian language variants in the context of feminization, demonstrating the different development of the same language depending on geopolitical and sociocultural conditions. In the modern Moldavian variant of the Romanian language, there is a trend towards an increased use of gender-specific job titles, indicating social, political, and economic changes in the region and a striving to adhere to European standards regarding gender balance. A key outcome of the study is identifying the trend of feminization in the Moldavian language, signaling a change in language standards. An analysis of lexical differences between the Moldavian and Romanian language variants has revealed significant semantic and morphological distinctions in the naming of professions, highlighting the influence of language standards and sociocultural aspects on professional terminology and gender norms.
The topicality of undertaken research is determined by the constantly changing social norms in modern society, which are reflected in the cinematographic world. Cinematography provides a golden opportunity to consider and analyze a range of unique linguistic phenomena. The major purpose of the present paper is to study the phenomenon of dysphemisation in the English-speaking film space based on the set of the following films in English: Green Book by the American film director, Peter J. Farrelly, the screen adaptation of the autobiography 12 Years a Slave by Terrence S. McQueen, the well-known film The Help by Tate Taylor and the biographical drama Hidden Figures by Theodore Melfi. In the films the main storyline is generally based on the aspect of discrimination against persons of certain racial backgrounds and women, based on the policy of the United States of America during the infamous period of slavery (XVII–XIX centuries) and the historical era of segregation (XIX–XX centuries). During the study theoretical methods (analysis and synthesis) and empirical methods (observation and description) were used. As a result of the conducted study, the classification of dysphemistic lexical units was determined in terms of author’s intentions (dysphemisms with an emphasis on a different skin color; dysphemisms-comparisons with animals, plants and inanimate objects; dysphemisms-designations of social status; dysphemisms expressing gender discrimination), as well as their role and reason for use in the selected set of films – demonstration of a biased, cruel attitude towards recipients and also a reflection of the socio-cultural environment that encompassed US society during the historical time period under study.
Emotional stimuli are usually remembered with high confidence. Yet, it remains unknown whether—in addition to memory for the emotional stimulus itself—memory for a neutral stimulus encountered just after an emotional one can be enhanced. Further, little is known about the interplay between emotion elicited by a stimulus and emotion relating to affective dispositions. To address these questions, we examined (1) how emotional valence and arousal of a context image preceding a neutral item image affect memory of the item, and (2) how such memory modulation is affected by two hallmark features of emotional disorders: trait negative affect and tendency to worry. In two experiments, participants encoded a series of trials in which an emotional (negative, neutral, or positive) context image was followed by a neutral item image. In experiment 1 ( n = 42), items presented seconds after negative context images were remembered better and with greater confidence compared to those presented after neutral and positive ones. Arousal ratings of negative context images were higher compared to neutral and positive ones and the likelihood of correctly recognizing an item image was related to higher arousal of the context image. In experiment 2 ( n = 59), better item memory was related to lower trait negative affect. Participants with lower trait negative affect or tendency to worry displayed higher confidence compared to those with high negative affect or tendency to worry. Our findings describe an emotional “carry-over” effect elicited by a context image that enhances subsequent item memory on a trial-by-trial basis, however, not in individuals with high trait negative affect who seem to have a general memory disadvantage.
This article is focused on the rules for stressing words in Ukrainian language. All stress tendencies of Ukrainian words are given by parts of speech. The article gathers the work of scientists who are mastering the Ukrainian accentual system. To demonstrate the rules of Ukrainian accent and the difficulty of determining the accent depending on the meaning of words for a foreign audience, we could take the story “Why” by Liudmyla Starytska-Cherniakhivska, whose work demonstrates a high level of culture of written speech and deserves consideration in the Ukrainian philology curriculum for foreigners, demonstrating the beauty and the power of the Ukrainian word, the philosophy of the heart and freedom of our people. The Ukrainian accentuation system is based on the Middle Transdnieper dialects in the South-East dialect, which have become accepted in Ukrainian literature. To study the Ukrainian accent effectively, it’s essential to outline the general regularities of the accent system for foreign speakers at the beginning stage. They need to explain that there is a literary standard to which we strive and whose rules we try to adhere to, and there are dialect features that sometimes differ from the literary norm and become identifiers of the speaker’s belonging to a certain social or dialect group. It is also important to teach the stress system of the Ukrainian language, analyzing as many texts as possible to distinguish between different lexical and grammatical forms, the forms of which are identified by stress. In addition, a foreigner should be aware that the normalization of the Ukrainian literary accent is ongoing, which is connected with the existence of parallel variants of the accentuation of words and the presence in everyday linguistic practice of developed and fixed national variants – doublets, which blur the accent system, because they do not show a tendency to distinguish meaning words, but only “encumber”.
Background Accurate assessment of self-perceived stress is crucial because perceived stress has been linked to post-stroke depression in persons with aphasia and may be related to linguistic performance. Measuring self-reported perceived stress can be difficult in persons with aphasia (PWA) due to linguistic impairments; therefore, using proxy ratings could be an alternative. The accuracy of proxy ratings of perceived stress may be influenced by the proxy’s familiarity with the person with aphasia and/or the condition of aphasia. Additionally, accuracy may be affected by genuine or mistaken signs of perceived stress in PWA due to linguistic behavioural markers common in both stress and aphasia. An observation of stress in a PWA may also trigger a stress response in the proxy. This physiological stress response, known as stress contagion, may be mediated by trait empathy and impact proxy ratings of perceived stress in PWA.Aims The current study investigates the accuracy of proxy ratings of perceived stress made by proxy reporters unfamiliar with PWA and unfamiliar with aphasia by exploring the agreement between PWA self- and unfamiliar proxy-reported stress ratings, the effect of aphasia severity on proxy ratings, stress contagion, and the contribution of trait empathy to proxy ratings.Methods & Procedures Fifty-five proxy reporters unfamiliar with aphasia self-reported their trait empathy and perceived stress, then watched two video cases of unfamiliar PWA and rated the stress of the PWA and their own stress level.Outcomes & Results No correlation was found between self-report and unfamiliar proxy report of PWA perceived stress. Aphasia severity did not affect proxy ratings. The proxy reporter’s self-reported stress matched the PWA’s stress level. Trait empathy did not predict proxy ratings.Conclusions The lack of association between PWA self-report and the ratings of proxy reporters unfamiliar with PWA and aphasia indicates that unfamiliar proxy ratings are not ideal for representing objective measures of perceived stress. While aphasia severity does not affect ratings by proxy reporters unfamiliar with PWA and aphasia, unfamiliar proxy reporters may overestimate perceived stress levels in PWA. The correlation between proxy reporter self-report and PWA self-report suggests that some aspect of stress contagion is present.
International integration and globalization are among the decisive factors in increasing the demand for knowledge of foreign languages. International exams and tests provide the opportunity to confirm proficiency in foreign language communicative competencies. In particular, Russian as a foreign language can be difficult even for foreigners who speak it confidently. The object of scientific interest is lexical interference as a result of the imposition of the Russian and Spanish systems on each other due to the erroneous identification of units of the lexical fund by native speakers of Spanish, due to a lack of knowledge about accepted language norms and lexical compatibility, as well as due to insufficient methodological support for the maintenance and development of productive type of speech activity. Writing is one of the most difficult tasks when preparing for the TORFL, as it requires a large vocabulary and the ability to select and find words for a certain style and other speech conditions. Our study provides an analysis of written statements on various topics by foreign students, native Spanish speakers, of high levels in order to determine interference features at the lexical level. Based on the results obtained, primary methodological recommendations are provided for overcoming the issue under consideration and the development of lexical-semantic competencies of the target audience.
Abstract Naturalistic paradigms can assure ecological validity and yield novel insights in psychology and neuroscience. However, using behavioral experiments to obtain the human ratings necessary to analyze data collected with these paradigms is usually costly and time-consuming. Large language models like GPT have great potential for predicting human-like behavioral judgments. The current study evaluates the performance of GPT as a substitute for human judgments for affective dynamics in narratives. Our results revealed that GPT’s inference of hedonic valence dynamics is highly correlated with human affective perception. Moreover, the inferred neural activity based on GPT-derived valence ratings is similar to inferred neural activity based on human judgments, suggesting the potential of using GPT’s prediction as a reliable substitute for human judgments.
Purpose Music performance facilitates prosociality across many cultures and contexts. Interestingly, the relationship between prosociality and sensorimotor synchronization (SMS) has so far primarily been demonstrated in the context of in-phase synchrony with only a few mixed results for anti-phase coordination. In anti-phase coordination, participants move at the same rate, at opposite phases, which also requires high levels of coordination and attention. This case is particularly relevant for music and prosociality, as music regularly involves naturalistic anti-phase coordination. We thus tested whether anti-phase synchronization is as effective as in-phase synchronization at eliciting prosocial behavior. Methods Dyads ( N = 50 dyads) were randomly assigned to complete four trials of a drumming sensorimotor synchronization-continuation task (SCT) either alone, synchronously or in anti-phase. Before and after the drumming task, dyads completed a behavioral economics game involving trust. Additionally, a questionnaire about trust, cooperation, affect, and similarity was given after the drumming task. Results Cooperation rates in the stag-hunt game were near ceiling (~87%) across all conditions pre-SCT, with negligible change after the drumming task. Questionnaire items were analyzed using Bayesian probit mixed effects models to account for dyadic sampling and ordinal data, and to provide evidence in favor of the null hypothesis. Models provided moderate to extremely strong evidence that the anti-phase and in-phase coordination conditions rated their affect, trust, similarity, and cooperation more strongly than dyads in the alone condition (all BF 10 &gt; 3). When only comparing the anti-phase and in-phase conditions, moderate evidence in favor of the null (i.e., that phase does not affect ratings) was found for all questions (all BF 10 &lt; 0.3). Descriptions of the posterior, as well as leave-one-out cross validation (LOO) results, were in general accordance with the Bayes Factor results. Conclusion Evidence indicates anti-phase drumming coordination is as effective as in-phase in increasing perceived trust, cooperation, affect, and similarity. Future analyses will examine how other characteristics of the drumming coordination, such as the lag-1 autocorrelation and variability of the inter-tap interval time-series, relate to prosocial behavior and ratings of trust and cooperation.
The article discusses the problem of detecting and interpreting the value components of Russian words in the Internet media discourse, which do not have an explicit language expression. The method of cognitive-and-discursive analysis of corpus data is applied. It is based on the research technique of identifying semantic auras (semantic prosody) of the word studied in its immediate contextual environment in texts. The material under study is comprised of contexts extracted from the newspaper corpus as part of the Russian National Corpus. The relative adjective progressivnyj (progressive, advanced), which does not have any evaluativeness in the lexical-semantic system of the Russian language, in its discursive realization demonstrates an implicit positive or negative evaluation, induced in the context, regularly arises. The author came to the conclusion that positive evaluation associated with the semantic components “promoting progress, advanced” and “imbued with advanced ideas, sentiments” is most often realized. However, in a number of uses, the immediate or further contextual environment contributes to implication and negative evaluation, which is caused by ideas about “excessive” progressiveness, i.e. exceeding the norm, from the speaker’s point of view, and that progress also concerns the negative aspects of social or cultural life.
The paper provides a semantic analysis of expressive vocabulary that reflects the ideas of the Russian-language speakers about drinking alcohol. The material of the study are colloquial words and idioms expressing emotional / psychological attitude of the speakers to different referents of the alcohol consumption situation (that is: the process of drinking, the drinker himself, the alcoholic beverage, the state of intoxication, etc.). The authors study expressive units used by representatives of different social strata, including such units found in fiction, colloquial language, slang, vulgar speech. The theoretical and methodological framework of the study is based on the works of N. A. Lukyanova, T. V. Matveyeva, V. N. Teliya and other Russian linguists, where expressiveness is defined as a lexical category associated with the emotional-evaluative attitude of the speaker to the phenomena of reality and manifested in the connotative part of the lexical meaning of the expressive word. This study is the first to provide an analysis of the two semantic components of the ‘alcohol consumption’ vocabulary – intensity and emotional evaluation. It has been established that the intensity of the expressive vocabulary in question correlates with the deviation from the socially approved norm of drinking and the subsequent state of intoxication; this vocabulary manifests both negative and positive evaluation of the referents. The authors underline the influence of context on the emotional connotation of an expressive word and the consequent difficulty of interpreting expressive words (positively or negatively), describe the contextual means that make it possible to identify the emotional connotation of the used expressive. The authors come to a conclusion that a large number of expressive lexical units in narrations about drinking alcohol indicate their relevance to the speech behavior of native speakers of the Russian language. This confirms the expediency of further study of collective and individual perceptions of alcohol consumption present in the Russian-language linguistic worldview.
Music surrounds us, and there is no denying that music in visual media can shape and evoke emotions. Yet, understanding how musical preference influences emotions through audio and visual stimuli remains an important task. To address this task, we investigated the role of musical preference effect on perceived emotions induced through music and visual stimuli (i.e., animation), using a 7-point scale for valence-arousal ratings and physiological responses in electroencephalogram (EEG) band power. The perceived emotions are categorized into four states: happiness, calmness, fear, and sadness. One emotional state contains 4 sessions: (1) Preferred Music, (2) Unfamiliar Music, (3) Preferred Music+Animation, and (4) Unfamiliar Music+ Animation. Behavior-wise, the rating results showed that the presence of preferred music resulted in higher perceived valence ratings, particularly in happiness. However, no stimulus had a significant effect on perceived arousal ratings and satisfaction ratings. Physiologically, the EEG indexes showed that the presence of preferred music appears to affect an increase in alpha power across various emotions except sadness, whereas unfamiliar music seems to affect beta power, particularly in happiness and calmness. Overall, these findings supported that musical preference is an affective factor reflecting the levels of valence and alpha power in EEG. Nevertheless, our findings did not confirm a significant difference between only preferred music and combining it with animation. Interestingly, we also found that participants were more likely to be attracted to and perceive positive (i.e., happiness and calmness) emotions easily through preferred music and/or visual stimuli than negative (i.e., fear) emotions.
While interest in intraindividual variation has grown in recent sociolinguistic research, relatively few studies tackle this type of variation from a historical perspective. This chapter expands on available approaches by focusing on a text type that is rarely studied in historical sociolinguistic research, namely, personal chronicles. Three linguistic variables (e-apocope in feminine nouns, e-apocope in plural nouns, and ge-aphaeresis in participles) in a handwritten, 19th-century chronicle by an Austrian winegrower are analysed with respect to sociolinguistic variationist patterns. These patterns of variation are contextualised with the wider norms of usage at the time as evidenced in printed texts, in which Upper German forms were typically avoided earlier. The results from the statistical analyses show that, apart from lexically conditioned variation, intraindividual differences in the chronicle are found primarily based on discourse mode, pointing to stylistic variation. Intralinguistic factors, by contrast, are relevant to a lesser extent.
Each language harbours historical, cultural, and social connotations, contributing to the layers of meaning within the narrative. Sociolinguistics studies how language and society interact, a topic covered in various literary works that examine dialects, the intricacies of communication, and the impact of language on individuals and groups. The study of language interacts with social factors, and sociolinguistics is the intersection of linguistics and sociology. Sociolinguistics, a multidisciplinary field, provides a rich framework for comprehending language dynamics in various social contexts. This study aims to investigate the representation of critical elements such as register, polyglossia, diglossia, code-switching, lexical borrowing, bilingualism, trilingualism, code-switching, and language planning in literary narratives. Through closely examining selected novels, this paper investigates how authors employ linguistic diversity as a narrative tool, mirroring societal norms, cultural identities, power dynamics, and intergroup communication. This research aims to contribute to a more in-depth understanding of language's role in shaping fictional worlds and reflecting real-world linguistic complexities by investigating the interplay between sociolinguistic concepts and literary expression.
Currently, the main task of academic lyceum students in teaching English is to acquire the skills of speaking or participating in speech communication in accordance with the phonetic, grammatical, and lexical norms of the language. Along with orthography, correct pronunciation is also important in mastering la
This study investigates the intricate relationship between language and gender norms, exploring how linguistic structures reflect and reinforce societal gender expectations. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the research combines quantitative analysis of linguistic corpora with qualitative insights from interviews and discourse analysis. Key findings reveal a growing acceptance of gender-neutral pronouns in English, particularly among younger generations, while entrenched gender biases persist in languages with grammatical gender systems, such as French and Spanish. The study also highlights how lexical choices often associate leadership and strength with male subjects, reinforcing traditional gender roles. Practical recommendations for promoting gender equality through language include advocating for gender-neutral language policies, increasing public awareness, and encouraging media to challenge gender stereotypes. The research concludes by suggesting further avenues for investigation, including cross-linguistic studies, historical analyses, and exploring the impact of language reforms on societal attitudes.
This study adopts a multimodal approach to critical discourse analysis to unpack the discourses embedded in the performance of hyper-feminine bimbo identities on TikTok. Guided by a social semiotic approach to language, this study analyses a corpus of 16 short-form videos published by self-proclaimed ‘bimbos’ on TikTok, focusing on the lexical and iconographical choices of these texts and how they function contextually to signal broader discourses. This analysis reveals that TikTok influencers frequently reinforce hegemonic norms of gender by incorporating bodily signifiers of patriarchal Eurocentric ideals of femininity and linking signifiers of overconsumption and hyper-femininity in their performance of a bimbo identity. Simultaneously, they contest these hegemonic norms by juxtaposing hyper-feminine images with critiques of patriarchal, Eurocentric, and capitalist structures of inequality. Ultimately, the subversive potential of these representations is ambivalent; there is a marked tension between their stated aims of inclusion and empowerment and the intersection of hyper-femininity with privilege.
This sociolinguistic study explored the significance of language preservation through the use of indigenous forms of address by the Vhavenḓa in South Africa. Indigenous forms of address are integral to the language and cultural identity of a society. Furthermore, they are indispensable in the preservation of the language and culture of any society. Ignoring the use of these forms of address can lead to language shift or even extinction. This study utilised face-to-face semi-structured interviews to gather and analyse data. The researchers sampled 22 Tshivenḓa L1 participants, 14 youths, and eight elders. The study used the ethnopragmatic theory as its framework. This theory helped the researchers to understand the use of forms of address within the Tshivenḓa cultural scripts, such as cultural norms and values. The findings revealed that using forms of address is pivotal in preserving the Tshivenḓa language. The language will be preserved if lexical items, such as aa, nndaa, and mboloma, are used for greeting. The Vhavenḓa speech community is found in the Limpopo Province in South Africa; the term “Vhavenḓa” refers to people who speak Tshivenḓa, while Tshivenḓa refers to the language and culture of these people. The study recommends that Indigenous Tshivenḓa forms of address should be included in school syllabuses and aired on television and radio programmes. In this way, the Tshivenḓa language can be prevented from shifting or dying, as its disappearance may have dire consequences for its development as a language.
This paper aims to demonstrate that, like the original author, a translator of children’s literature (hereafter CH. L.) possesses a distinct style or idiolect, shaped by both linguistic and extralinguistic expectations. The study focuses on the first three books of the Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling, translated into Albanian by Amik Kasoruho, who is renowned for his contributions to the translation of classic adult literature. Given the study’s scope, the analysis will concentrate exclusively on Kasoruho’s creative use of the lexicon in the Albanian translation. Both internal and external factors are considered to identify and analyze translator Kasoruho’s idiolect at the lexical level. Internally, sentences containing words and phrases with common patterns (e.g., archaic terms, dialectal expressions, phraseological units, substandard words) are selected from the target text. These are compared with their counterparts in the source text to determine whether such patterns reflect the author’s style or the translator’s linguistic preferences. Externally, these lexical clusters are assessed against the norms of children’s literature translation (Ch. L. T.) to ascertain whether the translator adhered to or deviated from these norms. The findings suggest that the translator’s linguistic idiosyncrasies significantly influence the translation process.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The conditioned-intrusion paradigm was designed to provide insight into the relationship between fear conditioning and intrusive memory formation, which is relevant to understanding posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and treatment. However, boundary conditions of this new paradigm have not been explored and it is currently not known whether findings from this work are valid in a clinical context. METHODS: In the current study, we explored the relationship between stress reactivity to trauma film clips, usual exposure to violent media, renewal of fear conditioning using skin conductance as well as subjective ratings, and the effect of shock versus film clip during conditioning on the frequency of intrusive memories. An adapted fear conditioning paradigm using trauma clips as unconditional stimuli was used, and participants subsequently reported intrusive memories of the trauma clips. RESULTS: Skin conductance responses to conditioned stimuli paired with shocks and film clips were significantly higher than conditioned stimuli paired with film clips alone. Subjective stress reactivity, previous exposure to violent media, and film valence rating were associated with the frequency of intrusive memories. No aspects of fear conditioning were associated with intrusive memories, and factor analysis suggested the fear conditioning and stress related to film clip viewing were mostly separate constructs. Similarly, content and triggers of intrusive memories were usually film-clip related rather than conditional stimulus related. LIMITATIONS: We did not observe strong conditioning effects of the unconditional stimuli to conditional stimuli, which were shapes rather than high frequency stimuli such as faces. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide potential boundary conditions for this paradigm and suggest multiple ways in which the validity of the paradigm can be tested in the future.
Meaning is a central concept in Translation Studies because translations are supposed to offer meaning. However, the notion of ‘meaning’ is not unambiguous. The reflection on how to deal with meaning in translation began during Roman times, when translation was used to enrich the Latin language on the level of words. Further on, the topics of precision in the rendering of meaning and the general bases of linguistics were discussed. Translation Studies as an academic discipline, with the development of a series of formalised translation theories, became established only after the Second World War, especially from the 1970s onwards. Looking at the development of translation theories, we can discern a movement of scholarly perspectives from observing language and linguistic units, over the pragmatic activity and social contexts of communication, towards the acting translators themselves. The analysis moved from the transfer of the language structure (lexical units, sentences, paragraphs), over form and style (genre, literal virtuosity, register) to pragmatics (rhetoric, text function, speech acts). Meaning in texts is determined by the content such as information, reference, technicality, and by the ideological setting, for example political positioning, discourses, values, cultural norms.
In accordance with Article 35 of the Law on Languages in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), signs with the names of state and municipal institutions must contain information in the state languages of the republic: Russian and Yakut. The analysis of bilingual signs and the development of norms and rules for translating the nominations of the linguistic landscape in the Yakut language are especially relevant for the correct design of the texts of the signs of official authorities. The purpose of this article is to conduct a linguistic analysis of the texts of signs of state institutions of the Central District of Yakutsk. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were completed: 1) collection and processing of the material; 2) linguistic analysis of the texts of signs in the Yakut language to identify grammatical errors; 3) classification of errors into groups: a) graphic and spelling errors; b) lexical errors; c) syntactic errors and b) stylistic errors; 4) development of recommendations for correcting the texts of signs in the Yakut language. Research methods: data processing and analysis, comparison and description. The study showed that in the linguistic landscape of the Central District of Yakutsk, the main requirements of Article 35 of the Law on Languages of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) regarding the signs of official institutions are observed. Thus, most municipal educational institutions, government institutions, cultural, sports institutions, etc. of this district of Yakutsk have bilingual signs. The main reason for the mistakes made in the translation of official signs into the Yakut language is that the compilers of the Yakut texts do not observe the literary and usal norms of the modern Yakut language. The use of several variants of the names of institutions when translating the official signs of the Central District of Yakutsk shows the lack of a unified terminology in the Yakut language, which today is a problem of Yakut linguistics. The proposed correct translation can be used in the design or correction of bilingual signs of other institutions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).