Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
Connectionism is a method of modeling cognition as the interaction of neuron-like units. Connectionism has received a gread deal of interest and may represent a paradigm shift for psychology. The nature of a paradigm shift (Kuhn, 1970) is reviewed with respect to connectionism. The reader is provided an overview on connectionism including: an introduction to connectionist modeling, new issues it emphasizes, a brief history, its developing sociopolitical impact, theoretical impact, and empirical impact. Cautions, concerns, and enthusiasm for connectionism are expressed.
A set of procedures implemented in Microsoft BASIC is described that creates fragmented versions of pictures scanned into the Apple Macintosh, stores them as resource files, and presents them in a computerized perceptual memory test. A total of 150 pictures were selected from the Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) set for fragmentation. The perceptual memory test provides for five forms of 30 pictures each, divided into two sets of 15 that serve alternately as the training or old set and the new set. A training set of 15 pictures is presented for identification during the first (training) phase of the test. The second (test) phase presents the training pictures again, randomly mixed with 15 new pictures for identification. The performance of 100 subjects on the memory test is presented, along with results for each form. Overall, subjects showed improvement on the task with practice (skill learning), indexed by a decrease in thresholds from the training set to the new set. Subjects also showed large savings for the repeated pictures (perceptual learning), indexed by a decrease in thresholds from the new to the old set.
Many fields of language and speech research need a tool to get full information about phenomena that occur at the lexical level of language. To this end, a countrywide accessible database is being built with lexical information of the Dutch and English languages. CELEX is the co-operative effort of the University of Nijmegen, the Max-Planck-Institute for Psycholinguistics, the Institute for Dutch Lexicology, the Institute for Perception Research, and the Dr. Neher Laboratories of the Dutch Telecommunication Company. The design of a coherent lexical database with generally usable information about, amongst other things, morphology and syntax, leads to a challenging conflict. On the one hand, the objective of CELEX demands that the representation of all occurring phenomena should be independent - as far as possible -of specific language theories. On the other hand, the value of a lexical database is to a great extent dependent on the relational structure, which is based precisely on linguistic theories. In other words, a lexical database, which makes it possible to test theories, is itself a necessary tool for the construction of a lexical database. The pragmatic approach of the CELEX-project means that countless applications will be possible, but choices will have to be made. One application will be to research the optimal structure of theoretically-founded lexica and lexical databases.
The use of principal components analysis (PCA) for the study of evoked-response data may be complicated by variations from one trial to another in the latency of underlying brain events. Such variation can come from either random intra-and intersubject variability or from the effects of independent variables that are manipulated between conditions. The effect of such variability is investigated by simulation of these latency-varying events and by analysis of evoked responses in a behavioral task, the Sternberg memory search task, which is well known to generate variation in the latency of brain events. The results of PCA of within-subjects differences in these two situations are plausibly related to underlying stages of information processing, and the technique may augment reaction time data by providing information on the time of occurrence as well as the duration of stages of information processing.
Different types of pain patients used visual analogue scales (VAS) to rate their level of pain sensation intensity (VAS sensory) and degree of unpleasantness (VAS affective) associated with pain experienced at its maximum, usual, and minimum intensity. Women used the same VAS to rate their labor pain during early, active, and transition phases of stage I and in pushing (stage II). Consistent with the hypothesis that the affective dimension of clinical pain can be selectively augmented by perceived degree of threat to health or life, cancer pain patients and chronic pain patients gave higher VAS affective ratings as compared to VAS sensory ratings of their clinical pain, whereas labor patients and patients exposed to experimental pain gave lower VAS affective ratings compared to their VAS sensory ratings of pain. Affective VAS but not sensory VAS ratings of pain were considerably reduced when women in labor focused on the birth of the child as compared to when they focused on their pain. The results underscore the importance of utilizing separate measures of the sensory intensity versus the affective dimension of clinical pain and provide evidence that the affective dimension of different types of clinical pain is powerfully and differentially influenced by psychological contextual factors.
this paper, as well as utilizing such new and promising resources as on-line dictionaries. Recent work on machine-readable dictionaries offers new and interesting possibilities both for the computerassisted lexicology (see Walker 1984) and for construct- ing lexical databases derived from the definitions in machine-readable dictionaries and utilized in NLP along with other fields (see Amsler 1982, 1984a; Walker, Amsler 1986, Calzolari 1984a,b). The premises and goals of these efforts are fully compatible with our belief, first, that no AI system is ready to make the kind of decisions that lexicon building requires and, second, that 'simply having an online version of an encyclopedia [or a dictionary] would be of little use, as there is practically nothing that current AI could draw from the raw text. Rather, we must carefully re-represent the encyclopedia's knowledge -- by hand -- into some more structured form' (Lenat et al. 1986:75). Such re-representation would be necessary for Amsler's (1984a:458) 'lexical knowledge base [which] is a repos- itory of computational information about concepts' and which contains information derived from machine-read- able dictionaries, the full text of reference books, the results of statistical analysis of text usages, and data manually obtained from human world knowledge.' This paper deals primarily with the last item on Amsler's agenda. It is based on the following approach to the problem of lexicon building. The work is done by humans assisted by an interactive aid which enhances productivity and ensures uniformity. It is important to recognize that lexicon building in NLP involves the acquisition of not one entity but rather of three interre- lated but distinct lexicons, namely a) the world concept lexicon which structures our kno...
In order to investigate the structure, longitudinal course, and significance of affect impairments in young acute schizophrenics, we prospectively studied a group of 37 consecutively admitted acute inpatients at baseline and 26 months later (n = 19). They were evaluated at both points on a multidimensional affect rating scale, psychopathology rating scales, and tests of attention and motorium. Additionally, they were assessed on historical and subdiagnostic variables at baseline and on level of functioning at follow-up. Factor analysis revealed three reliably measured affect components: emotional unrelatedness, expressive immobility, and inappropriateness of affect. The first two factors were strongly interrelated and associated also with the BPRS depression factor at baseline. All four affective dimensions proved unstable over the course of 2 years and produced different sets of correlates at the two points of time. In the acute phase, only the depression factor carried favorable prognostic import (r = 0.52, P less than 0.05). Emotional unrelatedness and expressive immobility were of unfavorable consequence only when observed in the follow-up stage. Thus, the affect profile seemed to be an evolving rather than a static phenomenon, precluding generalizations across the early course of schizophrenia. Possible interpretations of the baseline overlap between affect deficits and depression were discussed as well as their different prognostic implications.
Several theories predict that supervisors' expectations about subordinates' performance may bias their subsequent evaluations of those subordinates. Data from 49 supervisor-subordinate dyads were collected within a longitudinal design. Results suggest that prior expectations interact with actual performance to affect ratings, implying that supervisors respond negatively to disconfirmation of expectations. No support for the notion that an attributional mechanism can explain this reaction to disconfirmation emerged. These findings suggest that certain affective components of appraisal may be important for understanding bias.
To explore imagery and emotional involvement in reading, a study examined readers' imagery and emotional responses through the use of ratings for each paragraph in a story. Subjects, 40 undergraduate volunteers recruited from education classes, read a 2100-word excerpt from the novel Buffalo Chief by Jean and Paul Annixter. Students read a brief practice story to become familiar with the computer's presentation of the text, followed by the experimental passage. For both passages, the text was presented so that although an entire page of text was present on the screen (so that the reader could get information regerding word and paragraph lengths), only one line was readable at a time. The reader controlled 'rich line of text was legible. After reading the experimental passage, subjects reported any images or emotional reactions they experienced while reading the story. Finally, students rated their imagery and emotional responses. For the rating task, the story was again presented on the computer, one paragraph at a time. Beneath each paragraph, rating scales appeared on which readers rated their imagery and emotional responses to the paragraph on five-point Likert-type scales of imagery and affect. Findings, directly compared to those of previous research investigating imagery and emotional response, suggested that imagery and affect ratings are more reliable and replicable than some reading researchers have suspected. Findings demonstrated readers experience both imagery and emotional reactions that are interrelated and can be reliably studied. One figure is included. (MM) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *******x************t****************************************ft********* PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY Ac 4,-a TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC). U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION ()thee of Educaoonat Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES L;FORMATION CENTER IER/C/ 0 Tom dOeument has been /ep/odueed as recent from the person or o/genqa bon oncpeabog4 V Me)°, moo.nave,ewoduct,on Quality mace to,mp/ove ), Pomts of v,ew 0/ meet do not necessamy /eo/eseet omehai OERI oosbon o/ poacy Imagery and Emotional Response in Reading Ernest T. Goetz Mark Sadoski Michael L. Stowe Thomas G. Fetsco Susan G. Kemp Texas A&M University Contact: Ernest T. Goetz Department of Educational Psychology Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843 (409) 845-1874 Running Head: Imagery and Emotional Response Note: A version of this paper was presented at the meeting of the National Reading Conference, December, 1987.
Phonological Variation and Change presents an investigation of a number of areas of current interest in the study of language change, dealing in particular with questions of how patterns of pronunciation vary across both time and space. Most of the illustrative material is drawn from nonstandard dialects of English, especially the varieties spoken in Ireland (Hiberno-English). The theoretical issues discussed include the following: What role do articulatory and linguistic constraints play in determining the direction of sound change? What effect, if any, do standard linguistic norms have on the evolution of nonstandard dialects? How do social and political pressures influence the resolution of competition between conflicting local nonstandard linguistic norms? Besides addressing these general issues, the book also offers new insights into several specific areas in the history of English, both in its standard and vernacular forms.
This paper investigates associations among physicians' task-oriented and socioemotional behaviors during the medical encounter. The study is an analogue, using as source data the audiotapes and transcripts of two standardized patient cases presented by trained patient simulators to 43 primary care practitioners. Transcripts were scored for physician proficiency and were content-analyzed to assess the process of communication and information content. Physicians' speech errors were counted, and vocal affect ratings were made of filtered audiotape excerpts. Physician communications reflected by these measures were classified as task-oriented or socioemotional. Findings indicated: 1) Most aspects of physician style were reliable across visits. 2) Physicians adopted either a patient-oriented or a physician-oriented approach to task performance, as characterized by giving information and counseling versus giving directions and asking questions, respectively. 3) Verbal and nonverbal socioemotional measures were not related. 4) Physicians tended to adopt either a style characterized by information-giving and proficiency or a social orientation with patients. 5) Physicians who were more medically informative had more interested and anxious voices compared with the less informative physicians. Thus, although the more medically informative physicians spent less time making socioemotional utterances, they had a voice quality that may compensate for that neglect.
conditions of tha Velten Rood induction were usad to altar tha Rood of 68 undergraduates* 21 Rales and 47 feRales.Tha affects of this Rood aanipulation on creativity was assessed using the Reacts Associates Test (RAT).Subjects also coRPleted savaral affect# creativity# and intelligence questionaires.Affect intensity was measured with the Affect Intensity Measure (AIM) and daily affect ratings.Frequency of affect was Reasured with daily affect ratings# and the Fordyce happiness scales.The creativity sub-scale of the Adult Personality Inventory (API) and the Otis I.Q.test ware used to assess creativity and intelligance respectively.Subjects in a positive Rood scored higher on the RAT than those in a nautral Rood.This result confiras that previously reported by Isen at al. (1985).However# subjects high in affect Intensity had less creative associations than those low in affect intensity.It appears that the tendency to experience high intensity affect interferes with the ability to perforR reasoning tests (such as the RAT).Indeed# scores on the RAT were significantly correlated with those on ths Otis 1.0.tost, suggesting that tha RAT provides a measure of some kind of cognitive ability.Tha trait aaasura of eraativity (provided by tha 2 API) was not significantly corralatsd with ths RAT* suggesting that these two tests relate to different aspects of creativity.Furthermore* while RAT scores did not correlate significantly with any measures of affect frequency* these measures were related to score on the API.This latter reletionship supports the idea of the "tortured artist."In addition* the reted creativity of the subjects' academic majors was significantly correlated with RAT performance.Taken together* these data support the idea that affect and creativity are related.However* the relationship is not obvious.Thera appears to be different kinds of creativity (as revealed by the RAT and API scores respectively)* and these are differentially related to affect measures and mood induction procedures.Sam ple: W h i c h o n e of the five things below is soft? 1 glass 2 SIMM 3 cotton 4 iron ft ice T h e right answer, of course, is cotton; so the word cotton is underlined.A n d the w o r d cotton is No. 3; so a heavy cross has been put in the 3d circle.This is the w a y y o u are to answer the questions.Try* this sample question yourself.D o not write the answer; just d r a w a line under it and then cut a heavy* cross in the right circle.Sam ple: A robin is a kind of -1 plant 2 bird 3 w o r m 4 fish 5 flower......... 66666 T h e answer is b ird; so you should have d r a w n a line under the weed bird and put a heavy cross in the 2d circle.T r y this o n e: Sam ple: W h i c h one oi the five numbers below is larger than 55? 1 5 8 2 4 8 3 2 9 4 57 5 16.............. 66666 T h e answer, of course, is 57, so you should have d r a w n a line under 57 and put a heavy cross in the 4th circle.T h e test contains 8 0 questions.V c u are not expected to be able to answer all of them, but d o the best y o u can.Y o u will be allowed half an hour after the examiner tells y o u to begin.Tty* to get as m a n y right as possible.B e careful not to go so fast that y o u m a k e mistakes.H o not spend too m u c h time on a n y one question.N o questions about the test will be answered b y the examiner after the teat begins.Lay your pencil down.
ABSTRACT In an attempt to detail cognitive processes during anxiety and sexual arousal, 16 heterosexual males were presented with brief erotic audiotapes simultaneous with four levels of shock threat (no shock, half tolerance, tolerance, and twice tolerance threat). Subjects were instructed to pay close attention to the audiotapes, following which a sentence recognition task was administered to assess stimulus‐focused attention. Additionally at these times, they were given a thought‐listing task and completed a series of affect ratings. Tumescence and subjective arousal were monitored continuously during the erotic stimuli. Results revealed that tolerance shock threat decreased tumescence (p<.05). In contrast, recognition memory was greatest during tolerance shock threat and diminished during twice tolerance shock threat, which also produced increased reports of emotional stales. Issues regarding the relation between cognition and sexual arousal are discussed, including implications for understanding sexual dysfunction.
728 LANGUAGE, VOLUME 62, NUMBER 3 (1986) tonacan, and Gulf Coast/Tabascan influence in the Mayan Late Classic is discussed. Besides the standard index, which is very complete (over six pages long), there are indices of hieroglyphic texts, hieroglyphic signs and compounds, and linguistic forms cited in the paper. My only criticism is that more illustrated examples should accompany the discussions of hieroglyphs, to help the reader follow the arguments. Otherwise, the monograph is very successful. A carefully constructed methodology has resulted in a real contribution to understanding both the cultural and the linguistic history of Eastern Meso-America. [Bruce Love, UCLA.] Designing a computerized lexicon for linguistic purposes. By Erik Akkerman, Pieter Masereeuw, and Willem Meus. (ASCOT report no. 1; Costerus, n.s., 51.) Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1985. Pp. 80. /25.00 [Distrib. in the US by Humanities Press; $15.00.] The first stage of development of a 'lexical database and analysing system' called Automatic] S[canning system for] Cforpus-] 0[riented] Tfasks], under development at the University of Amsterdam is reported here. ASCOT's purpose is to look up words from an English text in a lexicon, and attach category labels to them. Text which has been analyzed by this method can then serve as input to further syntactic analysis programs. Rather than develop their own special-purpose lexicon and syntactic feature system, the authors have chosen to adapt a commercially available dictionary. The second (and major) section of this report compares the virtues and flaws, from a computational point of view, of two dictionaries: the Longman dictionary of contemporary English and the Oxfordadvanced learner's dictionary. These two were chosen by virtue of being available on computer tape, while providing relatively complete categorial and sub-categorial information about lexical entries. After detailed comparison, it was found that the Longman dictionary is more computationally tractable: its syntactic coding is less erratic, the categories distinguished are more useful, and the structure of the lexical entries is simpler. Further sections of the report discuss problems encountered in the analysis of the Longman tape, the coding system adopted as the output ofthe analyser, and (briefly) the handling of morphology. Appendices contain examples of the Longman and Oxford coding systems. This work should be of interest not only to scholars concerned with adapting commercially available dictionaries for computational purposes —a group which is growing rapidly, because ofthe expense ofconstructing a large special -purpose lexicon from scratch—but also to general lexicographers, whether or not they are ultimately interested in machine applications. This is because the attempt to extract information from a lexicon by computer provides the best possible test of the degree of consistency and rigor with which principles of lexical entry structure and content have been applied. [Susanna Cumming, UCLA.] Psycholinguistics: The experimental study of language. By Gary D. Prideaux. New York: Guilford Press, 1985. Pp. viii, 312. Cloth $35.00, paper $15.95. As the title shows, P's handbook is not just an ordinary introduction to psycholinguistics: the viewpoint is that ofan experimental linguist. Exercises at the end of each chapter, as well as a set often laboratory exercises (211-76) listed after the conclusions, make the book particularly useful for the undergraduate student. An introductory chapter (1-37) quite naturally defines linguistics as an empirical science. However, this may be only part of the truth for readers who, unlike P, accept the existence of both autonomous and causal linguistics. Thus Esa Itkonen has argued (Causality in linguistic theory, 1983; see my review in Studies in language 10:1, 1986) that autonomous linguistics exists, and that it is non-empirical. However, P's intention was to write a book without too many polemics. The introduction is followed by a short exploration (39-69) of the concepts of comprehension, production, and acquisition of language. The bulk of the book is devoted to an outline of recent developments and current issues in the rapidly evolving domains of linguistics and psycholinguistics. Three chapters here deal respectively with morphology, syntax, and semantics. About thirty pages (71-97) consider 'experi-...
728 LANGUAGE, VOLUME 62, NUMBER 3 (1986) tonacan, and Gulf Coast/Tabascan influence in the Mayan Late Classic is discussed. Besides the standard index, which is very complete (over six pages long), there are indices of hieroglyphic texts, hieroglyphic signs and compounds, and linguistic forms cited in the paper. My only criticism is that more illustrated examples should accompany the discussions of hieroglyphs, to help the reader follow the arguments. Otherwise, the monograph is very successful. A carefully constructed methodology has resulted in a real contribution to understanding both the cultural and the linguistic history of Eastern Meso-America. [Bruce Love, UCLA.] Designing a computerized lexicon for linguistic purposes. By Erik Akkerman, Pieter Masereeuw, and Willem Meus. (ASCOT report no. 1; Costerus, n.s., 51.) Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1985. Pp. 80. /25.00 [Distrib. in the US by Humanities Press; $15.00.] The first stage of development of a 'lexical database and analysing system' called Automatic] S[canning system for] Cforpus-] 0[riented] Tfasks], under development at the University of Amsterdam is reported here. ASCOT's purpose is to look up words from an English text in a lexicon, and attach category labels to them. Text which has been analyzed by this method can then serve as input to further syntactic analysis programs. Rather than develop their own special-purpose lexicon and syntactic feature system, the authors have chosen to adapt a commercially available dictionary. The second (and major) section of this report compares the virtues and flaws, from a computational point of view, of two dictionaries: the Longman dictionary of contemporary English and the Oxfordadvanced learner's dictionary. These two were chosen by virtue of being available on computer tape, while providing relatively complete categorial and sub-categorial information about lexical entries. After detailed comparison, it was found that the Longman dictionary is more computationally tractable: its syntactic coding is less erratic, the categories distinguished are more useful, and the structure of the lexical entries is simpler. Further sections of the report discuss problems encountered in the analysis of the Longman tape, the coding system adopted as the output ofthe analyser, and (briefly) the handling of morphology. Appendices contain examples of the Longman and Oxford coding systems. This work should be of interest not only to scholars concerned with adapting commercially available dictionaries for computational purposes —a group which is growing rapidly, because ofthe expense ofconstructing a large special -purpose lexicon from scratch—but also to general lexicographers, whether or not they are ultimately interested in machine applications. This is because the attempt to extract information from a lexicon by computer provides the best possible test of the degree of consistency and rigor with which principles of lexical entry structure and content have been applied. [Susanna Cumming, UCLA.] Psycholinguistics: The experimental study of language. By Gary D. Prideaux. New York: Guilford Press, 1985. Pp. viii, 312. Cloth $35.00, paper $15.95. As the title shows, P's handbook is not just an ordinary introduction to psycholinguistics: the viewpoint is that ofan experimental linguist. Exercises at the end of each chapter, as well as a set often laboratory exercises (211-76) listed after the conclusions, make the book particularly useful for the undergraduate student. An introductory chapter (1-37) quite naturally defines linguistics as an empirical science. However, this may be only part of the truth for readers who, unlike P, accept the existence of both autonomous and causal linguistics. Thus Esa Itkonen has argued (Causality in linguistic theory, 1983; see my review in Studies in language 10:1, 1986) that autonomous linguistics exists, and that it is non-empirical. However, P's intention was to write a book without too many polemics. The introduction is followed by a short exploration (39-69) of the concepts of comprehension, production, and acquisition of language. The bulk of the book is devoted to an outline of recent developments and current issues in the rapidly evolving domains of linguistics and psycholinguistics. Three chapters here deal respectively with morphology, syntax, and semantics. About thirty pages (71-97) consider 'experi- BOOK NOTICES 729 mental morphology'. The discussion of the inflectional and derivational paradigms is very illuminating and includes a number of brilliant surveys. Unfortunately, however...
To examine the usefulness of applying experimental aesthetics techniques to popular music, two experiments studied interrelationships between pleasingness and familiarity ratings and recordings' past chart performance. There was a moderate positive linear correlation between pleasingness and familiarity. Records which had the greatest chart success were the most familiar but they were not necessarily the most pleasing. Comparison of different methods of obtaining pleasingness and familiarity ratings suggested that, for this kind of material, ratings made from memory, cued by artist and title, accord closely with ratings made immediately after hearing a recording.
The paper describes the design of a fair sized lexical database that is to be used with a natural language based expert system with German as the language of interaction. Sources for entries and tools for constructing and maintaining the database are discussed, as well as the information needed in the lexicon for the purposes of syntactic and semantic processing.
Two programs are presented for the scan-display of high-resolution images using the Apple II+ and Apple IIe. The first program permits the user to move a rectangular aperture about the video screen to reveal different portions of a stationary image. The second program scrolls an image vertically within a horizontal window, giving rise to the impression of an object moving behind a stationary slit. These programs should be useful in the study of anorthoscopic perception, motion perception, perceptual integration of successively displayed information and other topics in visual perception.
Two experiments analyzed the effectiveness of goal statements in aiding recall of self-generated as opposed to experimenter-imposed command names. Subjects were presented with a series of before-after pairs representing the computer states before and after a command was executed. In Experiment 1, during study, one group of subjects generated a command name in response to each pair; a second group generated a goal statement describing the goal to be accomplished in addition to generating a command name. During recall, half of each group was required to recall the name, whereas the other half was required to describe the goal before attempting to recall the name. In Experiment 2, during study, command names (and goals for those subjects in the goal condition) were imposed by the experimenter rather than generated by the subject. Subjects who generated goals and names recalled more command names than did those who generated only names or who received imposed goals and/or names. Generation of an appropriate goal at study improved encoding by helping subjects to select more appropriate command names; generation of an appropriate goal at test improved retrieval for appropriate names only, presumably by activating a relevant subset of names. Even in the relatively simple task of naming and remembering command names, having an appropriate model of the domain through the use of specific goal statements substantially improved performance.
The article introduces an experimental system which produces multilingual semantic translations from relatively short texts from a given context.
Women in different phases of the menstrual cycle were compared to each other and to men in their responses to a social interaction stimulus: a videotape depicting a female nurse interacting with a hospitalized patient. Sex differences and cycle-phase differences were found for both affective and cognitive dimensions. Premenstrual women reported feeling more dominant, energetic, indifferent, negative, and somewhat more tense than women menstruating or women in the intermenstrual cycle phase. However, they did not differ from men in their affective ratings. Premenstrual women evaluated the nurse as less attractive than did men and they attributed greater responsibility for the nurse's behavior to the patient than men and intermenstrual women. Women in all groups evaluated the nurse as nicer and more pleasant, interesting, concerned and self-assured than did men. All women also felt more friendly toward the nurse and reported that they would be more comfortable asking her questions than the men did. The implications of these findings are discussed.
The effects of praise and blame on evaluations of one's own performance and on affect were investigated in the present experiment. Of the four participants in each experimental session, two acted as teachers and two acted as students. The two teachers were actually experimental confederates. First, a test was administered to the students by the experimenter. After the test was completed, both teachers allegedly scored the tests in one condition (the test-scored condition) to induce the students to believe that the teachers knew their ability. In another condition (the test-not-scored condition), the teachers did not score the tests. In both conditions, the students then worked at two identical tasks and received success feedback at the first task and failure feedback at the second task. Subsequently, one of the two students was praised by the teachers for success and not blamed for failure, while the other received no praise for success but blame for failure. When the subjects could assume that the teachers knew their ability (test-scored condition), receiving no praise for success and blame for failure, led the subjects to a more positive evaluation of their own test performance than receiving praise for success and no blame for failure. Within the test-scored condition, receiving no praise for success/blame for failure also led to more positive affect than receiving praise for success/no blame for failure. Within the test-not-scored condition, the performance and affect ratings between students receiving no praise for success/blame for failure and those receiving praise for success/no blame for failure did not differ.
Two FORTRAN IV programs are described which facilitate multivariate jackknife analyses.