Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
The development of the technique of laser printing opens new ways for the writing of concordances to Latin texts, by means of electronic data processing. It is indeed possible to obtain as good a quality of printing as with traditional typography, even for a very important number of characters, which is always the case with concordances. A first step to obtaining perfection in the format of the final document consists in collecting data carefully and programming the software so as to provide scholars with a tool that will really facilitate their researches. Although the cutting out of the “useful context” is a very difficult problem to solve when using computers, as many data (punctuation, capital letters, diacritic signs...) as possible can be collected from the very beginning. These data will then make the text provided for each keyword more comprehensible. The programming must obviously be improved to take all the collected data into account. The reader of a concordance produced in such a way will have at his disposal a text easy to read not only because of its typographic quality, but also because of all its information on reference, punctuation, lemma, manuscript tradition; also he will be able to find in appendices pertinent frequency lists, lists of names and all sorts of lexical, morphological, syntactical information according to the work involved in the data collecting and programming.
Concerning Medieval French, text-processing has to handle two major problems: first the under-developed state of linguistic knowledge of scholars; secondly the very large variations in forms and spellings occurring throughout the manuscripts. In order to extract and provide lexicographical and grammatical information from many yet undescribed texts, our research group has decided to devise an expert system which would help identify and parse the text-words and would be linked to an open relational database. The design of our expert system is outlined here: we especially outline the initial knowledge base and the nature of the different sets of rules we will make use of. Some examples describe how the system will operate and the types of advantages that are expected from its use. Finally the paper lists the studies and published work which in the last years have provided the groundwork for this project.
Two FORTRAN IV programs are described which facilitate multivariate jackknife analyses.
The article introduces an experimental system which produces multilingual semantic translations from relatively short texts from a given context.
Two experiments analyzed the effectiveness of goal statements in aiding recall of self-generated as opposed to experimenter-imposed command names. Subjects were presented with a series of before-after pairs representing the computer states before and after a command was executed. In Experiment 1, during study, one group of subjects generated a command name in response to each pair; a second group generated a goal statement describing the goal to be accomplished in addition to generating a command name. During recall, half of each group was required to recall the name, whereas the other half was required to describe the goal before attempting to recall the name. In Experiment 2, during study, command names (and goals for those subjects in the goal condition) were imposed by the experimenter rather than generated by the subject. Subjects who generated goals and names recalled more command names than did those who generated only names or who received imposed goals and/or names. Generation of an appropriate goal at study improved encoding by helping subjects to select more appropriate command names; generation of an appropriate goal at test improved retrieval for appropriate names only, presumably by activating a relevant subset of names. Even in the relatively simple task of naming and remembering command names, having an appropriate model of the domain through the use of specific goal statements substantially improved performance.
The effects of moderate workload and 72 h of sleep deprivation were studied using a modified continuous-performance paradigm. Ten subjects were tested hourly on a number of perceptual and cognitive tasks designed to require approximately 30 min to complete, with the remainder of each hour free. As sleep deprivation continued, the average time on task increased at an accelerating rate. The rate of increase differed among tasks, with longer tasks showing greater absolute and relative increases than shorter ones. Such increases confound sleep deprivation and workload effects. In this paper, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of several experimental paradigms; describe details of the present design; and discuss methodological problems associated with separating the interactions of sleep deprivation, workload, and circadian variation with performance.
Four experiments on the effects on performance of extended time periods without sleep and on the effects of limited sleep, that is, naps, within such periods are reviewed. The performance measures included subjective measures and measures of performance on attention/persistence, continuous-production, precision, and cognitive tasks. Repeated periods of sleep deprivation did not result in decreased effects: Older subjects tended to be more vulnerable to sleep-loss decrements, and three different schedules of 4 h of sleep within a 60-h sleep-deprivation period had limited differential ameliorative effects.
[examines] the notion of error itself from a sociolinguistic perspective demonstrate that the assessment of what counts as an error is affected by data collection methodology, in particular by the way in which adult linguistic norms are established will draw on a longitudinal study of Samoan child language what is an error / a sociolinguistic sketch of Samoan / overall course of development / acquisition of two phonological registers / acquisition of word order / relating sociolinguistics to language acquisition (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
In spite of the rapidly increasing body of research within the past 20 years concerning the effects on pupil achievement of certain teaching skills, there is considerable skepticism regarding the impact of this research on classroom practice. This skepticism is frequently based on the assumption that teachers are unaware of and indifferent to the research literature. A questionnaire study was conducted among 141 elementary and junior high special education teachers to evaluate the degree of their agreement with the findings of research conducted primarily in regular classrooms. Results of the study showed special education teachers to be in agreement with classroom research on teaching skills. Teacher behaviors positively correlated with pupil achievement were rated significantly higher than behaviors negatively correlated with achievement. The predominant influence on teacher ratings was the district in which the teacher was employed. Possible explanations of this effect are discussed. Student grade level and type of class (resource, self-contained) also affected teacher ratings, but only as joint effects with district. There were several significant differences between groups of teachers on individual items. Teacher age or years of teaching experience did not affect ratings. Results of this study have several implications for the role of IHE's in preservice and inservice education.
The specific binding to platelet membranes (B~,) of 3H-clonidine, an alpha-2 agonist, and 3H-yohimbine, an alpha-2 antagonist, was measured in nine drug-free male schizophrenic patients and repeated after 2 weeks of chlorpromazine (CPZ) treatment. Patients with a lower pretreatment B,~,~ for 3H-clonidine showed a significantly smaller change in B~,~ after treatment, less improvement in their clinical state, as indicated by the change in the Global Assessment Scale (GAS), and a lower posttreatment GAS. Also, they had a significantly higher score for negative symptoms on the Affect Rating Scale both before and after treatment. These findings suggest that schizophrenic patients with relatively subsensitive platelet alpha-2-adrenergic receptors, as measured by 3H-clonidine binding, tend to have more negative symptoms and a diminished alpha receptor binding response and diminished clinical response to CPZ. There were no clinical correlations to 3Hyohimbine binding.
ABSTRACT: A study was conducted among Chinese–English bilingual teachers from the People's Republic of China (PRC) to find the sociolinguistic and social psychological factors affecting their choice of codes when interacting among themselves, and the functional and linguistic features of their code‐mixing behaviour. Findings indicated that participants and their role relationship, topic, setting, the speaker's social psychological motivation, and his/her perception of his/her social reality all affected the bilinguals' choice of codes, and that socio‐cultural norms exerted an overall influence as well. Three functions of code‐mixing by the subjects were identified as: (1) to achieve ease of expression, (2) to achieve articulateness and simplicity, and (3) to produce rhetorical effect. Linguistically, transfer occurred at the lexical, phrasal, clausal and sentential level, but not at the morphemic level. The code‐mixed texts were all marked by textual cohesion and functional appropriateness.
The language of the modern Russian city and, in particular, its sub-st and ard speech have not as yet been studied profoundly and systematically despite their ever increasing role in literary Russian which, due to its cultural and social importance, remains the center of attention for scholars. Both the city language and urban sub-st and ard Russian are traditionally considered deviations from the literary norm or an intermediate stage of the merging of peasant dialects with the normative literary st and ard. This approach seems open to question if we take into consideration the fact that the language of the city as a whole does not coincide either with literary Russian or with the peasant dialects and has its own social basis and linguistic characteristics. One of its most important features is the constant merging and interaction of several different linguistic strains in the speech of city dwellers. Owing to the lack of factual material specifically gathered for the purpose of scientific investigation, literature remains the main source of such information; and from this point of view Vasily Aksenov's novel Ozog represents special interest both as creative usage and an extensive picture of the vocabulary, speech patterns and lexical peculiarities of modern spoken urban Russian. The goal of this dissertation is to analyse the characteristic features of the language of Aksenov's Ozog, a novel, which had been written in the Soviet Union and was published for the first time in the United States in 1980. Among the linguistic devices used in the novel the following three seem to be of most importance: (1) elements of cant and slang in the speech characteristics of the personages in the novel; and (2) parody and satire of the official language, both in the mass media and in colloquial speech; and, finally, (3) the names of the heroes, which acquire special significance, because of the system of "group images," embracing almost all the characters of Ozog. The young use obscenities and special slang which serve as a kind of protest against the language of political propag and a and the traditional values of their "fathers." The dissertation is supplemented with glossary of cant, slang and elements of sub-st and ard Russian which cannot be found in most conventional dictionaries and may cause problems in underst and ing even for a Russian reader. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)
By means of mathematical apparatus of a model of frequency lexical structure the structure of repetitions was studied in association flows of 10 healthy persons, 10 patients with sequelae of closed craniocerebral injury, and 10 schizophrenics. In comparison to healthy persons in those after the brain injury the number of repetitions was increased and the distances between the first and the last use of the repeated words were significant. In schizophrenic persons the repetitions of the words were situated at the local portions of association flows. The structure of repetitions in these association flows was close to that of the usual connected text by the general quantitative norms. Such structure of repetitions should be explained by the presence of a parasitical system of connections between the words equivalent by its strength to usual rational connections in a meaningful text.
This study replicated and extended a previous study that compared conservative and moderate Christians on preferences for Christian counselors’ treatment plans. Preferences of self-labeled non-Christians (n = 55) and Christians (n = 197) were compared. In a second analysis, Christians who described their Christianity as due to their personal relationship with Jesus were compared with Christians who described their Christianity as due to their love of fellow humans. Generally, participants preferred counselors who had beliefs similar to themselves. Views concerning Christianity generally did not affect ratings of expected counselor style and performance. Results were discussed in light of recent research on value similarity.
Using the materials and general procedure described by Rock and Gutman (1981), 160 subjects were required to attend selectively to a series of 10 red or green outlines of two overlapping contours. Immediately afterwards, six groups of 20 subjects were administered various kinds of recognition tests involving attended, unattended, or new figures, and two groups of 20 were asked to provide affect ratings of the test stimuli. Consistent with the findings of Rock and Gutman in 1981, attended outlines were selected as old more often than unattended or new ones. Although some data in a single-stimulus condition suggested that the unattended forms were "discriminated negatively," this effect was not replicated with forced-choice testing. Over-all, there was little evidence that, on unattended forms, subjects were significantly more accurate, differentially confident or displayed more liking than on new ones. These results are interpreted as supporting the view that attention is required for the cognitive representation of form.
A review of literature about effects of encounter group training on state affect suggests that positive affect increases and negative affect decreases during training. Volunteer subjects were assigned randomly to encounter groups and were administered the Affect Rating Scale before, during, and subsequent to the groups. Results generally support the hypothesis.
Numerous word recognition studies conducted over the past 2 decades are examined. These studies manipulated lexical familiarity by presenting words of high versus low printed frequency and most reported an interaction between printed frequency and one of several second variables, namely, orthographic regularity, semantic concreteness, or polysemy. However, the direction of these interactions was inconsistent from study to study. Six new experiments clarify these discordant results. The first two demonstrate that words of the same low printed frequency are not always equally familiar to subjects. Instead, subjects' ratings of "experimental familiarity" suggest that many of the low-printed-frequency words used in prior studies varied along this dimension. Four lexical decision experiments reexamine the prior findings by orthogonally manipulating lexical familiarity, as assessed by experiential familiarity ratings, with bigram frequency, semantic concreteness, and number of meanings. The results suggest that of these variables, only experiential familiarity reliably affects word recognition latencies. This in turn suggests that previous inconsistent findings are due to confounding experiential familiarity with a second variable.