Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
Statement of the problem. The article is devoted to the interaction of advertising and specific stylistic components in the speech form of the proper name of a business enterprise which is a distinctive feature of the modern stage of language evolution. The research is carried out on the variety of inclusion of specific vocabulary in the proper names of business enterprises (PNBE) as well as grammatical forms of items belonging to other styles of speech in which they are adapted to the requirements of advertising. Besides, they are obliged to preserve legally important individualization of the proper name and its informative integrity. Results of the study. The complexity of interaction within the studied speech form of language units that differ in their initial stylistic relatedness has become evident. The direction diversity of legal and advertising requirements increases the number of speech units used for the proper names of business enterprises, translates specific vocabulary into the category of figurative proper names which encourages the emergence of new lexical units (we call them lexical equivalents) in the language system. These units are combined by the ability to convey the same specific meaning. Yet the typology of the found functional units, their number and other properties are not properly analysed. Conclusion. The development of trade and economic relations in the modern society, the need for their legal registration offers preliminary in many aspects varieties for the interaction of styles. They turn to be on the way to the state of the language norm used for the units of written speech which had been formed for centuries. At present, reasonable communication that is necessary for the field of formal (trade, economic and legal) relations is performed on the principles of linguistic usage which is systemically localized in colloquial speech.
This article analyzes the phenomenon of orthographic destabilization in the Russian language in the early XXI century. The phonic and graphic word forms compete in the process of phonetic-graphic adaptation of global lexis to the conditions of the accepting language. The spring to life of the loanword in the new orthographic conditions is associated with variability of the form. Over time, the form of the word stabilizes, resulting in formal de-barbarization of the loanword. In the early XXI century, certain lexical globalisms retain variability even after codification in the normative and specialized dictionaries. The concept of overcoming the variability of orthographic norm in the conditions of linguistic globalization is not being fully implemented, causing orthographic destabilization. On the one hand, the rollback to orthographic variability demonstrates complex vicissitudes of the formation of speech culture of the era of linguistic globalization, while on the other hand is substantiated by specificity of the mechanisms of phonetic-graphic adaptation of loanwords in the Russian language. The variability expands due to the adaptation of new words from the global English departs from the existing orthographic rules. The author demonstrates the phenomenon of orthographic destabilization using the representative examples; as well as concludes that it is of destructive nature, and should be overcome by hewing to the relevant orthographic trends and rules.
Introduction. The term and the definition of the boundaries of colloquialism confuses scientists and generates different opinions. Some scientists define colloquialism in a narrower sense, referring it to a stylistically reduced vocabulary, which is the opposite of the literary norm. Thus, colloquialisms include mostly substandard vocabulary, which is used mainly in limited speech by individual representatives of the population. Another group of specialists understand the term colloquialism on a wider scale, dividing it into several groups depending on the proximity or remoteness to the literary norm. Research methods. Currently, the study of colloquial speech is becoming one of the most important problems of modern linguistics. The study of colloquial speech at various linguistic levels is becoming increasingly important for a number of reasons. It becomes possible to collect and analyze material on the problems of colloquial words and expressions through the use of such methods of analysis as descriptive, systemic and structural, nominative-derivational, comparative-typological, statistical. Results and discussions. It is important to timely identify the features of the formation of colloquialisms and analyze new trends in terms of the lexical and semantic nature of colloquialisms in modern electronic and printed lexicographic sources, scientific works of foreign authors.
The research aimed to analyze the characteristics of code-mixing in the novel The Holy Woman by Qaisra Shahraz and the repetition of Urdu words. Code-mixing was an unconscious process that established communication in a multilingual community. It would describe research design, data collection, reasons for accumulating data from the novel, models of linguistic features, and the contextual areas of South Asian English and data analysis. The research applied a qualitative method of analysis that probed the enormous data and detailed analysis of the novel to find out features of code-mixing, the native socio-cultural realities to show the lexical gap. The research depicted the ideologies related to a different culture in Pakistan through code-mixing and language use in the novel. The data had been analyzed through Baumgartner, Kennedy, and Shamim’s (1993) and Kachru’s (1983) model of code-mixing. The research finds that the writer spots the light on the regional varieties that sound more familiar to the readers and Pakistani English to fill the lexical gap because they sometimes do not find proper words in standard English. The writer has used the words frequently in the novel to actualize the inherent culture of society and describe socio-cultural realities. The research has found 400 words (English-Urdu words) in the thirty-two semantic contexts. The writer has mixed Urdu words with the English language where it is needed because of the contextual, cultural differences, social norms, values, beliefs, ideas, customs, and traditions of the society; and stress the importance of Pakistani English with distinct linguistic features.
WordNet is a large lexical database of English. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and suffixes are grouped into a set of cognitive synonyms (syncs), each of which represents a separate concept. Synsets are interconnected using conceptual-semantic and lexical relationships. The resulting network of meaningful words and concepts is managed using a browser. WordNet is also open to the public for download. The WordNet structure is a useful tool fo r the process of computer linguistics and natural languages.
This article considers the phenomenon of emotional assessment based on Russian and Spanish vocabulary (including slang), as well as phraseology. For the first time, a comprehensive semantic comparative study of the ways of forming and using evaluative units, reflecting the peculiarities of the perception of the linguistic pictures of the Spanish and Russian languages, has been carried out. The author analyzes the lexical and phraseological material, ways of representation in lexicographic practice, the reasons for the emergence of secondary evaluative meanings. The results obtained allow us to confirm the hypothesis that the belonging of the primary nominative meanings of lexical units to a specific FSH, in our case the “divine” group, leads to the emergence of secondary positive emotional evaluative semantics. The commonality of norms governing the formation of positive assessments in Russian and Spanish was confirmed, which makes it possible to speak about the presence of a common model of evaluative semantics as a single system, as well as the absence of a fundamental difference in the figurative structure and methods of forming an evaluative nomination in Russian and Spanish, determined by the common Christian culture and civilization, as well as the common origin of languages.
In human languages proverbs constitute a very important aspect of language use. Thus, they have been a subject of varying attention from different specialists: linguists and language users in general. Shakespeare is described as the most adroit user of proverbs in literature; therefore, his plays have been the subject of numerous scientific investigations, whereby from a linguistic point of view the focus has primarily been aimed at vocabulary and grammar. On the one hand, attention has been paid regularly to lexical items because Shakespeare is supposed to have been a great innovator of words due to his coinage of new lexemes and his usage of several unknown expressions. Linguistic studies have also been concerned with grammatical constructions which are typical of the English at Shakespeare’s time. Many writers employ proverbs in their works but Shakespeare is different in the way he employs proverbs which are used to serve different functions and to achieve different illocutionary acts. These proverbs are embedded in the flow of conversations and they may flout one or more than one of Grice‘s maxims. The present study aims at analyzing proverbs and explaining how far Grice’s cooperative principles (maxims) are abided by in Shakespeare’s proverbs as specified in the data. Proverbs are sometimes said to mean something else in addition to what is explicitly stated. Words may mean something beyond those intended by the speaker or the writer. These extra meanings might achieve or refer to different illocutionary acts. The study explores whether or not these illocutionary acts share certain structural features. In order to achieve the aims of the research, the following hypotheses have been proposed: Grice’s cooperative principle is frequently flouted in Shakespeare’s proverbs. The maxim of Quality seems to be flouted more than the other maxims. This maxim is mainly flouted by the use of metaphor. Shakespeare’s proverbs are also characterized by the use of the speech
The purpose of the article is to identify the peculiarities of the actor's linguistic characterization using a foreign accent in the process of working on the role and to establish the dependence of the actor's ideas about the character's personal characteristics and social status on the degree of accent color. The methodology of researching a foreign accent as a means of creating a linguistic characteristic of a character is complex. The method of theoretical-conceptual and theoretical-linguistic analysis of special literature on accent issues, features of comparison of intonation systems of different languages are applied; typological method and method of system analysis, which contributed to the study of acting tools in the process of working on the linguistic characteristics of the character, etc. Scientific novelty. The foreign language accent in the context of the specifics of the actor's work on the creation of the image is studied; it is stated that the actor's imitation of a foreign accent involves the use of special phonetic tools with the addition of grammatical and/or lexical factors in order to enhance the effect; the complexes of articulation-acoustic features inherent in the Ukrainian language with French, English, British, Italian, Estonian, Jewish and Caucasian accents, as well as the peculiarities of the actor's work on their imitation are analyzed. Conclusions. Foreign language accent as a linguistic characteristic of a character is one of the most important means of identifying his personality because a person's speech skills create an idea of the environment to which he belongs, can provide information about his origin. In stage speech, a foreign accent is used to give the character's language a sharp character, vivid imagery, and truthfulness and realism of his behavior - the accent is part of the character's "I", a familiar form of expression related to national and family life. Foreign accent, as well as the territorial type of pronunciation, is perceived by the viewer stereotypically and is an indicator not only of personal characteristics, but also a marker of his social status, and its level is associated with education, intelligence, leadership, and self-confidence. The actor’s strategies for developing foreign accents in the process of working on the linguistic characteristics of the character are to use appropriate deviations from the phonetic, lexical, and grammatical norms of the Ukrainian language.
 Keywords: stage speech, foreign accent, actor, artistic image, character, linguistic characteristic.
The Amazigh poetic achievement represents an open horizon on the fabric of history and the collective life of Moroccans, and through its various manifestations it is a celebration of nature and the organic connection with its major norms and rituals. The multiplicity that characterizes its terminology embodies the mosaic of the Berber environment with its fertility and sweetness... Therefore, it delves into the pleasure of expression, glorifies the causes of life and embraces its objects and symbols. However, the most important thing that attracts the attention of the linguistic researcher, which intends to carry out scientific research in the terminology of Amazigh poetry, is the scarcity of studies and research that have dealt with this level. Most of them stopped studying this aspect, and did not address it extensively or adequately, explaining its paradoxes, and defining its major articulations, despite the great importance and the fundamental place it occupies in modern Amazigh linguistic and literary studies... Many linguistic and geographic reasons were not examined. One of the terms that may appear, at first glance, be indicative of the same meaning. The fact is that there are wide dialectal, semantic and technical differences between them. The matter here relates to concepts such as: “Tamdyazt”, “Izli”, “Tayffart” and “Tamawayt”... as the search is often limited to the first concept without specifying the adjacent terms, nor highlighting the differences and combining them. The researcher in the Amazigh tongue in general, and in the poetic term in particular, faces a terminological chaos and a great conceptual confusion. This increases the difficulty of researching the topic and limits the scientific results reached. Then this paper comes to shed light on some of the components of its terminological structure, and to address some semantic and pragmatic issues related to it dialectally, geographically, and ethnologically.
The article considers the system of principles for creating a modern textbook for adults as a basic linguodidactic tool in teaching Russian to foreigners at an advanced stage of training, with the focus of the educational process on the formation of intercultural competence. Russian language textbook for foreigners contains topics and situations of reality that are relevant to Russian linguoculture in their verbal embodiment in texts of different genres and styles of the modern Russian language. The author demonstrates that with a cognitive-communicative approach, the discursive base of the textbook on the Russian language for foreigners contains relevant topics and situations of reality in their verbal embodiment in texts of different genres and styles of the modern Russian language.; the linguistic concept of the textbook is based on the achievements of theoretical Russian studies; the methodological interpretation of the educational material reflects the understanding of the experience of teaching Russian to foreigners. The textbook serves as a basis for creative use both by the teacher in the educational process and by the students in their independent work, which plays a crucial role in learning. The author emphasizes the importance of the modern textbook as a means of improving the professional competence of the teacher. The author notes that the textbook takes into account the specifics of the forms and norms of modern communication, including the use of information and communication technologies. The textbook is based on clearly defined goals based on the internal motivation of students, focuses on the development and improvement of their communication skills with the active cooperation of the teacher and the student.
The article titled “A Lexical Pragmatic Analysis of Proverbs in Femi Osofisan’s Midnight Hotel” by Augustine M. Aikoriogie and Wisdom Ezenwoali, published in Okwo: University of Port Harcourt Journal of Language and Literature, Volume 2 (August 2021), pp. 208–222, presents a detailed study of the interplay between language and meaning in the proverbs used in Osofisan’s play Midnight Hotel. Drawing on lexical pragmatic theory, the authors examine how proverbs function contextually to convey cultural values, social norms, and the characters’ intentions, highlighting their role in enhancing communication and dramatic expression. The study situates proverbs as both linguistic and pragmatic devices, offering insights into their semantic richness, interpretive flexibility, and socio-cultural significance within Nigerian literature.
Abstract This article contains an edition of a 17th-century Low German letter addressed to the German congregation in Stockholm. Seen against the shift of writing language from Low to High German, this letter is analyzed in respect to code-mixing, which is shown to fulfill a communicative function. Furthermore the author here suggests that the code-mixing observed in the letter can be described as congruent lexicalization, where Low German syntactic structures are filled with both Low and High German lexical material.
Each language has a level of usage of the words in the dictionary. Many lexemes in the Uzbek language are commonly used through layering words. Some are narrowly defined -bounded layer units. Such words are not considered literary norms. In addition to the words that exist in the language also used as passive lexical units in order to give local speech color and individualize the speech of the characters in the works. As a methodological tool, they have a unique character to the work and reflect the linguistic and cultural aspects of the language.
The paper discusses the role of directionality in translations from Czech to German language. Its main purpose is to detect differences in the translation process between native and non-native translations, with a special focus on the translation strategies chosen. The empiric part consists of an investigation of a sample from students‘ translations, produced during practical lessons on translation of non-literary texts into German at Charles University. Some of the examples discussed in the paper show differences between native and non-native translations on three different linguistic levels: lexical, syntactic and pragmatic. While the lexical and syntactic level show a tendency towards inhibitation of L1 structures, the pragmatic level is more likely to transfer source language norms into the target text.
International audience
The preservation and expansion of the functioning sphere of the national languages of Russia is a requirement of modern times. Translation plays an important role in this, while, due to systemic discrepancies, literary and customary norms of the language occupy a dominant role. Translation is highly developed in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), works of oral folk art, fiction, some texts of the official business style are being translated, and the theoretical foundations of translation are being developed. Nevertheless, microtoponyms as an object of study of the private theory of Russian-Yakut translation have not been sufficiently studied, which determined the aim of the current study — the analysis of the phonetic, lexical and grammatical features of the models for creating nomenclature clichés in the modern Yakut language based on the materials of the translation of bus stops into the Yakut language. The work is an attempt, for the first time, to consider models for translating microtoponyms, in particular, the names of bus stops. The subject of the study was deliberately chosen: when sound accompaniment in the Yakut language was introduced in the capital’s transport routes, the public was outraged at the quality of the translation of the names of bus stops, which determined its editing. The material is the second translation, made by staff at the Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, edited by teachers of the department of stylistics of the Yakut language and Russian-Yakut translation of the NEFU named after M. K. Ammosov. The methods of continuous sampling, comparative and descriptive methods were used. The names of bus stops reflect important information about the history and culture of the locality. The stops in Yakutsk are named according to the objects in close proximity to the stops: territorial zones, streets, less often historical events and dates. The analysis has shown that the translation of bus stops names is primarily aimed at an easy perception by the recipient. Phonetic methods of translation are present: transliteration and transcription in combination with equivalent substitution, addition, amplification; lexical ones are represented by equivalent and adequate substitutions, tracing, concretization, generalization, addition, amplification and explication; grammatical — by permutation and replacement.
This chapter describes WordNet, an on-line lexical reference system whose design is based on psycholinguistic theories of human lexical organization and memory. English nouns, verbs, and adjectives are organized into synonym sets, each representing one underlying lexical concept. Different kinds of lexical relations link the synonym sets. Some syntactic properties of verbs and adjectives are also specified. We briefly discuss existing and potential applications of WordNet.
The article focuses on language norms compliance in the texts of terminological standards (on the example of DSTU 3017: 2015 «Information and documentation. Basic types. Terms and definitions»). Cases of violation of the lexical and grammatical norms of the modern Ukrainian language in the formulation of definitions of terms are analyzed. It was found that, despite the presence of clear instructions established in the national standard on compliance with the rules of the Ukrainian word usage in the formulation of definitions, in many cases the design of national terminological standards – choice of words, their change, sentence construction – does not meet the norms of Ukrainian literary language, leads to a decrease in the general culture of the publication. In the text of DSTU 3017: 2015 «Information and documentation. Edition. The main types. Terms and definitions” shows a deviation from the norms associated with the use of words that are absent in the Ukrainian language, artificial, linguistic calque of Russian words. Certain non-normative tokens fixed in the standard do not correspond to the tendency of development of the modern Ukrainian language process – conscious distance, separation from the Russian language, strengthening of positions of specific Ukrainian variants. Violation of language norms in the standard are words used without taking into account the nuances of their meaning, the rules of compatibility with other lexical language units. The analyzed standard is not without such a stylistic defect as pleonasm – semantic redundancy, which contradicts the brevity and accuracy – important communicative features of scientific and official business speech. In the formulation of explanations of certain terms, a violation of logic was revealed – a combination of words that differ in generic and specific semantics was recorded. There are linguistic errors at the grammatical level: in the text of the standard it is not always correct to choose the endings of singular forms, not in all positions the use of impersonal verb forms ending on -no, -to is motivated. Cases of non-observance of the laws of melodiousness – rules of alternation of prepositions at / in are revealed.
This paper explores the difficulties of annotating transcribed spoken Dutch-Frisian code-switch utterances into Universal Dependencies. We make use of data from the FAME! corpus, which consists of transcriptions and audio data. Besides the usual annotation difficulties, this dataset is extra challenging because of Frisian being low-resource, the informal nature of the data, code-switching and non-standard sentence segmentation. As a starting point, two annotators annotated 150 random utterances in three stages of 50 utterances. After each stage, disagreements where discussed and resolved. An increase of 7.8 UAS and 10.5 LAS points was achieved between the first and third round. This paper will focus on the issues that arise when annotating a transcribed speech corpus. To resolve these issues several solutions are proposed.
Historical languages are increasingly being modelled computationally. Syntactically annotated texts are often a sine-qua-non in their modelling, but parsing of pre-modern language varieties faces great data sparsity, intensified by high levels of orthographic variation. In this paper we present a good-quality Early Slavic dependency parser, attained via manipulation of modern Slavic data to resemble the orthography and morphosyntax of pre-modern varieties. The tool can be deployed to expand historical treebanks, which are crucial for data collection and quantification, and beneficial to downstream NLP tasks and historical text mining.
The article examines two main factors causing modern language disorders in modern Georgian written and spoken language, such as: A. Contradiction between the norms of the modern Georgian literary language and living speech; B. Contradiction in the norms of the modern Georgian literary language itself. We aim to show the contradictory situation caused by these two factors in the resources that should be used to maintain the standard of this or that word form. We mean orthographic dictionaries of the Georgian language, including such a fundamental dictionary as V. Topuria and Iv. Gigineishvili’s “orthographic dictionary of the Georgian language” (1968; 1998), as well as electronic dictionaries and other publications (collections). In the lexical material, the qualitative difference in the standard language resources makes some norms controversial, which contributes to the emergence of language form variants, incorrect forms next to the correct ones, and, moreover, hinders the updating of the norm, and the development of a new linguistic standard. This problem became even more acute when the project of a young specialist, data scientist and programmer Vakhtang Elerdashvili called “Incorrect-Print-Finder” – a morphological checker of errors in the text – appeared on the social network (Facebook). The aim of the project is to create a perfect text analyzer in Georgian. The paper analyzes the relevant material reflecting the contradictory situation in the standard language resources, outlines the ways to solve the problem, concludes that the material in the standard language resources should be united (processed) and a united orthographic database, an extensive orthographic electronic dictionary with the function of constantly updating the norms of the Georgian literary language should be created. საკვანძო სიტყვები: სალიტერატურო ენა, ნორმა, ენობრივი წინააღმდეგობა. Keywords: literary language,, norm, linguistic contradiction.
The mirror effect is the finding that in recognition tests, a manipulation that increases the hit rate also decreases the false alarm rate. For example, low frequency words have a higher hit rate and a lower false alarm rate than high frequency words. Because the mirror effect is held to be a regularity of memory, it has had a pronounced influence on theories of recognition. We took advantage of the recent increase in the number of linguistic databases to create sets of stimuli that differed on one dimension (contextual diversity, frequency, or concreteness) but were more fully equated on other dimensions known to affect memory. Experiment 1 (contextual diversity), Experiment 3 (frequency), and Experiment 5 (concreteness) found no evidence of a mirror effect. We also conducted parallel experiments which used previously published stimuli that could not avail of the new databases and which therefore contained confounds. Experiment 2 (contextual diversity), Experiment 4 (frequency), and Experiment 6 (concreteness) all resulted in mirror effects. If this pattern of results is replicable, it has broad implications for theories of recognition, which typically view the mirror effect as a benchmark finding. Unfortunately, few articles on the mirror effect include the stimuli, rendering the past literature of little use in testing this hypothesis. We encourage researchers to create and assess other pools of highly controlled stimuli to establish whether the stimulus-based mirror effect obtains when confounds are eliminated or whether it is due to the presence of these confounds. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
We evaluate the efficacy of predicted UPOS tags as input features for\ndependency parsers in lower resource settings to evaluate how treebank size\naffects the impact tagging accuracy has on parsing performance. We do this for\nreal low resource universal dependency treebanks, artificially low resource\ndata with varying treebank sizes, and for very small treebanks with varying\namounts of augmented data. We find that predicted UPOS tags are somewhat\nhelpful for low resource treebanks, especially when fewer fully-annotated trees\nare available. We also find that this positive impact diminishes as the amount\nof data increases.\n
<h3>Introduction</h3><br> BOLT Egyptian Arabic Co-reference -- Discussion Forum, SMS/Chat, and Conversational Telephone Speech was developed by <a href="https://www.raytheon.com/ourcompany/bbn/">Raytheon BBN Technologies </a> and consists of co-reference annotation on Egyptian Arabic discussion forum (DF), SMS/Chat and conversational telephone speech (CTS). <br> The DARPA <a href="https://www.ldc.upenn.edu/collaborations/current-projects/bolt"> BOLT</a> (Broad Operational Language Translation) program developed machine translation and information retrieval for less formal genres, focusing particularly on user-generated content. LDC supported the BOLT program by collecting informal data sources -- discussion forums, text messaging and chat -- in Chinese, Egyptian Arabic and English. The collected data was translated and annotated for various tasks including word alignment, treebanking, propbanking and co-reference. <br> <h3>Data</h3><br> DF data was collected from the web using a combination of manual and automatic processes. SMS/Chat material was donated or collected via live platforms. CTS data was taken from LDC's Egyptian Arabic CALLHOME and CALLFRIEND telephone collections. <br> Co-reference annotation aims to fill in all of the connections between specific mentions in the text that refer to the same entities and events in the discourse context. BOLT co-reference annotation was performed on BOLT treebank annotation. It covers noun phrases (including proper nouns, nominals, pronouns and null arguments), possessives, proper noun pre-modifiers and verbs. <br> Annotation files are presented in UTF-8 encoded XML format. <br> <h3>Sponsorship</h3><br> This material is based upon work supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) under Contract No. HR0011-11-C-0145. The content does not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the Government, and no official endorsement should be inferred. <br> <h3>Samples</h3><br> Please view the following samples: <br> <ul><br> <li><a href="desc/addenda/LDC2021T14.cts.txt">CTS Sample (TXT)</a></li><br> <li><a href="desc/addenda/LDC2021T14.df.txt">DF Sample (TXT)</a></li><br> <li><a href="desc/addenda/LDC2021T14.sms.txt">SMS/Chat Sample (TXT)</a></li><br> </ul><br> <h3>Updates</h3><br> None at this time. </br> Portions © 1996-1997, 2002, 2012-2015, 2019, 2021 Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania
Infectious diseases are considered to be one of the main threats to the health of the people today, as well as a significant burden on health care and society as a whole. The latter is due to the fact that most of these diseases cause temporary or permanent disability, require huge financial costs for prevention, treatment, rehabilitation (and some of them lead to lifelong therapy) and negatively affect the quality and duration of life and cause premature death. In general, the concept of “socially significant diseases” has existed since the nineteenth century, a period of rapid economic development. Unfortunately, the current course of events with the global pandemic has aroused a great interest in the medical field of “Infectology”. Our linguistic research concerns the structural and semantic analysis of the terminological sphere of this branch of medicine. The real functioning of terms in modern Ukrainian publications on medicine testifies to the incompleteness of the medical terminology normalization process, in particular, numerous violations of lexical and morphological norms. It is clear that the standardization of the medical terminology directly depends on the solution of a number of problems: coordination of national and international components, elimination of synonymy, variability, violations of lexical, morphological and syntactic norms of the Ukrainian language. The most important aspect is the development of a single concept of term formation, which uses the experience and positive accomplishments of scientists of different generations. Ensuring the linguistic normativeness of terms should take place at all the levels – both conceptual and linguistic – phonetic, orthoepic, orthographic, lexical and semantic, word-forming, morphological and syntactic. Thus, lexical and semantic study of the linguistic features of the formation and development of professional discourse is of great interest. The productivity of adjectival lexical units of the medical terminological branch of “Infectology” were analyzed in the following article. The lexical and semantic features of their construction are characterized and the attention is focused on the main word-forming types of complex adjective phrases of the terminological space of the corresponding branch. The issue of thematic grouping of terminological adjective phrases depending on the semantics of the core term-component is raised and it is found that the functioning of such terminological compounds demonstrates word-forming processes that contribute to the unification of professional language.
In connection with the transition of the Kazakh alphabet to the Latin script, further improvement of the orthological codification of the Kazakh language becomes relevant. As you know, the system-centric object of the science of orthology is the norm / linguistic norm / literary norm. In passing, we note that there are still unresolved issues in the definition of a linguistic norm / literary norm in linguistics. In recent years, the problems of orthology have been actively developed in Kazakh linguistics, incl. special attention was paid to the study of spelling, orthoepic, lexical norms of the modern Kazakh literary language. First of all, there is a need to define the essence of the norm as an ontological category and the creation of an integral orthological theory, which will contribute to a deeper understanding of the phenomenon in general of the linguistic norm, its systemic properties and functioning features, in particular. And also the unification and codification of the language norm will have an effective impact on further improving the language culture and the development of language capital will contribute to ensuring the full activity of the Kazakh language as a state language. The article analyzes the relationship and difference between the concepts of norm – linguistic norm – literary norm and the characteristic features of norms – regulatory function, tradition and internal dynamism.
Background. The main aim of terminology standardization in different branches of knowledge is to standardize and approve unmistakable terms for any field of study, to improve the further development of the Ukrainian science. Achieving these tasks is impossible without exemplary in terms of the language design of regulations that regulate the use of industry terminology – national terminological standards. The high linguistic quality of these documents allows their effective use, so the linguistic examination of national terminological standards, their analysis in terms of compliance with the norms of language culture – is an urgent task of modern science.Purpose. To analyze cases of violation of lexical and grammatical norms of the modern Ukrainian language in the formulation of definitions. Suggest ways to replace identified non-normative words, expressions and sentences in the text of the standard.Methods. Linguistic description of linguistic facts, method of component analysis, comparative and statistical methods (to identify the number or nature of linguistic errors).Results. The standard contains errors related to the use of inappropriate or redundant words, tracing paper from the Russian language, violation of the laws of melodiousness of the modern Ukrainian literary language. In some cases, non-compliance with grammatical rules has been demonstrated.Discussion. Analysis of the text of SSTU 3294-95 “Marketing. Terms and definitions of basic concepts” in terms of compliance with language norms reveals violations related to the use of lexical units not peculiar to the Ukrainian language, the use of words in inappropriate meanings, without regard to their lexical compatibility or contrary to established tradition of word usage.
The article offers an analysis of the language of short prose by Ahatanhel Krymskyi in terms of reflecting the lexical and phraseological components of linguistic and cultural identity. There are five directions of analysis of language material: by phraseological composition, by features of synonymy, by graphically separated (patched) tokens, by socio-stylistic markers of word usage, by lexical features of individual-authorial language norm. The conclusion is made about the signs of orientation in the language of the writer’s works on conversational naturalism, on mixing elements of different areas of Ukrainian language, partly on stylization of language of representatives of certain social types, on popularization of self-worth of Ukrainian colloquial and literary communication practice. The peculiarities of the author’s word usage, individual-author priorities in the choice of variants from the series of lexical-phraseological synonyms are traced according to the method “word in the text and in the dictionary”. The question of linguistic and cultural identity through the stylistics of lexical and phraseological units manifests itself as a ratio of book and conversational, new and established, language practice and social spheres of its existence. The verbal palette of the Krymskyi’s prose writer should be perceived as a portrait of time, as a socio-cultural slice with the characteristic features of the norm of the Ukrainian literary language (this is one area of linguistic and cultural assessment). The writer’s artistic and fiction practice became a kind of experimental platform, which testified to the potential properties of the general literary and stylistic norm, which served to expand the lexical and phraseological base of the Ukrainian language and revealed the specifics of idiostyle (this is the second direction of linguistic and cultural assessment).
The aim of the research is to provide a comprehensive linguocultural characteristic of a folk tale. The research is based on the material of the Irish Fairy and Folk Tales tale anthology, compiled and edited by W. B. Yeats. The research results allow for a suggestion that linguocultural markers are to be found on both ideologic-compositional and speech levels of a text. Thus, the motives of Christian morality form the basis for reciprocal altruism which is the conceptual entity of Irish folk tales. The tale structure is often linear and consists of a short introduction, the main part and the climax turning into a short sharp denouement. Irish folk tales are often a metaphor for the rite of passage. The didactic function of tales consists in demonstrating the possibilities of sin purge through their recognition and repentance. Tales also set social rules and norms. Culture-specific language units encountered in the texts of Irish folk tales belong to different levels of the English language system. The phonetic level reveals such features as metathesis, final consonant reduction, imitation of aspiration, alliteration, wordplay based on homophony, etc. They imitate a peculiar Irish accent and exert some vernacular effect. The lexical level is represented by culture-bound vocabulary including ethnographical terms, anthroponyms and geographical names, both real and invented, various kinds of borrowings from Irish Gaeilge,quotations etc. Some cultural features are exhibited in grammar and text rhythm, chiefly through the use of specific verb forms of Irish English as well as certain correlations of repetition-based rhythmic devices – polysyndeton, diacope, anaphora, epizeuxis, symploce etc. The study of linguocultural text markers gives a comprehensive idea of intra- and extralinguistic characteristics of the tale.
The purpose of this research is to discover some textual patterns across spoken summaries and to compare them with those of written summaries. Using the top-down approach, the study has analyzed the discourse strategies in one hundred spoken summaries spontaneously produced by native speakers of English in radio podcasts on human interest problems. The analysis has revealed five discourse strategies which speakers follow to provide a clear overview of the problem under discussion: a personal emotional evaluation supported by some evidence; sharing a common opinion on the problem and offering some personal supporting evidence; presenting the essence of a problem through a classification; contradicting a common opinion or finding a compromise between the common and the personal opinion; using an adage to summarize a situation in a laconic way. Each strategy is presented as a few moves marked by special lexical-syntactic constructions. Intonation and syntax do not play a considerable role in strategy differentiation, but they organize summaries according to the norms of spoken language. Spoken summaries also tend to differ from written ones in having more variety in their discourse structure, although the movement from main points to supporting evidence is common to both types. The research contributes to the description of the genres of spoken language. The study also has a pedagogical implication presenting summaries as useful material for developing speaking skills. Being aware of discourse strategies and move markers, learners can follow the summary models and improve their fluency in English as a foreign language.
This contribution describes the potential of parallel corpus analysis for the development of research skills in the translation classroom. Using culinary texts as a case in point, and more specifically a culturally salient Italian text from the turn of the 19th century (Pellegrino Artusi's La scienza in cucina e l'arte del mangiar bene/Science in the kitchen and the art of eating well, in its original Italian and translated English version), a detailed analysis is offered of the Italian equivalents of the verb lemma COOK and of the English equivalents of the Italian verb lemma CUOCERE, showing how the paradigmatic and syntagmatic insights thus obtained could be used to construct bilingual lexical/terminological profiles of units of meaning, and/or to shed light on translation strategies and norms, depending on one's research hypotheses and variables. Two more unorthodox uses of parallel corpora to tap into translators' domain-specific knowledge, and as aids in the interpretation of culturally salient historical and literary texts, are also discussed.
The issue of developing soft skills (in particular, communication skills) among students of higher education institutions is currently relevant. The article considers features of oral and written speech of students as speech personalities; the correlation of the concepts “Speech portrait” and “Speech self-portrait” is presented; the connection between the concepts of “Communication skills” and “Speech self-portrait” is presented. The purpose of the article is to describe the typical features of speech of students of information technology, identified by the students themselves (norm and deviations). Speech self-portraits of students were used as the research material. The results obtained allow us to identify blocks of speech features that students focus on: speech comfort; the opposition of a typo (misprint)/spelling error; lexical features of speech. Completing this task also allows students to develop the skills of observing their speech and analyzing their speech behavior.
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the peculiarities of the reproduction of Ukrainian anatomical terminology in the common lexicographical works of the 20–30 years of the 20th century (on the material of the «Russian-Ukrainian dictionary» 1924–1933). It was decided to investigate the codification registers of this period, because then the basic principles for establishing the vocabulary of the Ukrainian literary language in general and terminology in particular were formed. 20–30 years of the 20th century is a time of comprehensive scientific study and codification of the norms of the Ukrainian language. The main approaches to the elaboration and introduction of terminology for the designation of anatomical concepts in the translated academic dictionary are generalized. To achieve this goal, a historiographical method was used (to study linguistic facts taking into account the historical and cultural situation) and a descriptive method (to characterize the collected factual material).
 Based on a detailed analysis of lexicographic registers of the dictionary, the main approaches to the translation of anatomical terms are identified. It was found that the main criteria when choosing a word for the dictionary was its distribution in the vernacular and compliance with the grammatical system of the Ukrainian literary language. It is determined that in the process of working with anatomical concepts, scientists: 1) critically analyzed the words recorded in terminological dictionaries that have appeared in Ukraine in recent years; 2) used borrowings from other languages when the Ukrainian language lacked a certain token; 3) tried to submit international terms without artificially translating into Ukrainian; 4) clarified the interpretation of terms by introducing examples from various sources.
 It is concluded that the common language «Russian-Ukrainian dictionary» of 1924–1933 laid the foundations for the entry of terms into the lexical system of general literary language. The prospect of further research is determined in the study of the comparative aspect of the introduction of anatomical terminology in the registers of common codification works of the first part of the 20th century.
Being able to read words fluently and accurately is an important milestone in learning to read but not all children reach it. For weak readers, it is often difficult to make the transition from letter-by-letter reading to visual word recognition through orthographic comparison processes using larger (sub-)lexical units. The syllable seems to provide a bridge to orthographic decoding for children who learn to read German. Against this background, this replication study investigated the effectiveness of a syllable-based reading training on the visual word recognition and reading comprehension of second graders in an experimental pre-post design. To this end, 101 children whose word recognition performance in a standardized reading test was below the mean value in comparison to the classroom norm were randomly assigned to the experimental group or a waiting control group. Linear models revealed significant improvements in orthographic decoding in the experimental group after completion of the 24-session small group training. Children who received the training of repeated reading and segmentation of frequent syllables were able to recognize words faster and more accurately. These findings are further evidence of the effectiveness of the training for promoting the recognition of written words.
The relevance of the research is determined by the need to study issues of synonymy that have not received an unambiguous interpretation in linguistics, the need to expand and systematize knowledge about the main groups, structural and semantic characteristics and usage of lexical units, in particular, synonyms and metaphors. Along with the study of synonymous relations at the language level, it becomes necessary to consider them in speech use in order to identify the dynamics of diverse semantic relations. The work defines the main types of these connections, proposes a methodology for identifying the structural and semantic characteristics of conceptual synonyms and metаphors, as well as the peculiarities of the functioning of their context and in speech. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that it attempts to clarify the essence of the interdependence and interconnection of the phenomena of synonymy and metаphors at the lexical level. The practical value of the article lies in the fact that its results can be used in lectures and seminars on lexicology, in special courses on synonymy in practical classes in the Azerbaijani language at a university and school, when writing diploma and term papers, when developing textbooks on lexicology of modern the Azerbaijani language, as well as in lexicographic practice. The aim of the work is to study the structural and semantic features of lexical synonyms in the language, as well as to identify the specifics of the implementation of synonyms and metaphors in speech. In this way the relevance of the study is determined by a number of points: the fruitfulness of studying the problem of the closeness of word meanings within different contexts, since contextually conditioned connections between the meanings of lexical units reflect the process of individual, creative experience of a person of the surrounding reality and open access to the subjective perception of a semantic community by a native speaker; the need to investigate the active state of language in society, which is realized in the study of the use and functioning of language in fiction, influencing the spread of language norms, reflecting the natural state of the language.
Abstract What is the thermal conductivity of copper? This straightforward question leads to a fascinating instance of the production of scientific facts through documentation practices. Ho, Powell and Liley's 1974 The Thermal Conductivity of the Elements: A Comprehensive Review is examined as an artifact of scientific reference data production, and its answer to the initial question is traced to modern‐day search engine results. A short history of the Center that produced the book and some initial research into its authors is provided. Kuhn's concepts of normal science and normic lexical structures are utilized to clarify the Comprehensive Review's functioning within the broader scientific fields in which it is utilized. Bowker's concepts of memory practices and the jussive Archive help identify the forgetting embedded in the production of reference data, producing what Star called global certainty. Far from impugning the internal validity of these scientific facts, this forgetting is shown to be licensed by scientific rigor. This paper presents a novel historically informed investigation of how documentation practices produce scientific facts, and connect these activities to modern‐day knowledge graph information retrieval. The theoretical analyses provided show how scientifically licensed forgetting is a key mechanism of fact production, what Hayles termed constrained constructivism.
The new stage of Ukrainian literary language development began in the late 20th century, because state-making processes had legitimated the status of the Ukrainian language due to the law, following the main goal – to facilitate self-expression of the national genotype, raising prestige and full-fledged functioning of the state language in independent Ukraine. Since the reality is formed on the basis of personal activity, one of the leading tasks is upbringing the need of every speaker to use the state language fluently as the means for communication, as the means of forming intellectual culture, national self-awareness, which thus has direct impact on mentality and moral qualities of a person. The situation concerning the languages in the communicative environment of Ukraine obliges all speakers to accept the issues of the language and the speaking in a systematic and complex way. Command of a normative native language is the assignment for every aware citizen, who is obliged to know how to use the entire lexical heritage. A language is a weighty part of professional competency, a sensitive indicator of general culture, that is why every speaker should care about the high culture of their language. Perfect usage of a language becomes an important component of training experts in any field, particularly in the field of state governing, since the use of a language promotes their self-expression. Official activity definitely requires not only professionalism, but also thorough language competency. Our research is actual because we constantly need to work on the problems of language culture in the field of state governing, since, as a social phenomenon, the Ukrainian language reflects precise historical peculiarities, typical to a certain social and historical period: the development of new word constructions, the emergence of new words, a number of borrowings from other languages, etc. The purpose of our investigation is to find out and analyze the violations of lexical and semantic norms in official and business communication of state officials, to justify the ways and means to correct the violations of the lexical and semantic norm. Reaching the set purpose meant carrying out the following tasks: to analyze the official and business language of state officials; to single out the most spread lexical and semantic mistakes and downsides in speaking, to give recommendations on eliminating mistakes in order to improve the speaking culture of state officials in the field of their professional activity. In the investigation, there is applied a wide range of contemporary methods and approaches of research: language facts are considered from the position of the functional approach; by means of the methods of the generalization and classification analysis the types of mistakes met in the language of state officials were singled out; the comparing and contrasting analysis has allowed to find out the facts of interfering influence of the Russian language on Ukrainian, to single out the types of the interference consequences at the lexical and semantic level. In the proposed research, there is the analysis of the official and business language of state officials, different consequences of interferencial interaction of closely native languages (Ukrainian and Russian) are realised and typified by comparing the language of state officials to the current norms of the modern Ukrainian literary language. The most spread lexical mistakes and downsides are found to refer to: not motivated usage of words which results in “surgick”; usage of so-called words-parasites with no need; usage of the words which are inappropriate from the point of view of the literary norm and the etiquette rules; abuse of the words derived from foreign languages, especially from English; irrelevant tautology in oral speech, redundancy of words ( pleonasm ); confusing paronyms. Due to the analyzed language material there are linguistic explanations and recommendations on the ways and means of preventing, correcting and eliminating realised mistakes in the language of state officials. It is proved that state governors are obliged to obey communicative features of language culture, namely: its correctness, accuracy, logic, purity, pithiness and relevance. R
While lexical norm databases are being developed with a renewed emphasis on perceptual psycholinguistic features, verbs are often neglected. Research on nouns and adjectives utilizes vertical spatial localization ratings, providing an analogue for the inclusion of verbs via vertical directionality ratings. This study demonstrates the feasibility of collecting such ratings for 32 English verbs, as well as the possibility of assessing directionality ratings in other spatial dimensions. Further, ratings were analyzed using distributional semantic models. Results indicate that language statistics are strongly associated with human ratings, providing convergent validity for vertical directionality as a useful psycholinguistic measure. Additionally, a comparison of the predictive performance of LSA and Web 1T 5-gram models on human ratings revealed that the first-order 5-gram model accounted for significant unique variance in the norms, while LSA did not. It may be concluded that spatial verb associations are encoded linguistically by proximal, syntactic dependencies.
Clinical assessments of speech-perception difficulties involve speech-in-noise tests in which individuals recognize words (or sentences) at varying signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Words are presented in lists that have been balanced based on their phonetic properties or on their average intelligibility in quiet from norming studies. Such list-wise balancing presumably allows for generalizations to be drawn about the difficulty of an SNR irrespective of word-level difficulty. However, differences in the lexical properties of items (e.g., lexical frequency) may yield substantial variability in how hard individuals work to recognize each word, especially in poorer SNRs. To demonstrate the impact of word-level factors on assessments of listening difficulty, I will present the results of a study with 26 younger, normal-hearing adults. Participants recognized 160 monosyllabic words in noise from the Northwestern University Auditory Test Number Six (NU-6) in acoustically and cognitively demanding conditions. Multilevel models simultaneously assessed word-level (lexical frequency) and participant-level effects on a dual-task measure of listening effort. Results revealed interactions among acoustic, lexical, and cognitive demands on effort, even for items that were correctly identified. These findings highlight the importance of considering item-level difficulty on speech recognition tests even when using normed speech materials. [This work is supported by NIH/NIDCD R03DC015059.]
Rusanivskyi’s scientific works on grammar, lexicology, lexicography, spelling, history of Ukrainian literary language, sociolinguistics, as well as philosophy of language, theoretical and practical issues of Slavic studies represent the level of development of Ukrainian linguistics of the second half of XX – early XXI century. The overarching idea of the author’s research is the search for new aspects of language cognition due to the ontological and epistemological nature of this object. The first studies are devoted to the history of the Ukrainian language, namely the study of grammatical categories of type and time in the Ukrainian language of the XVI – XVII centuries. In the landmark work “Structure of the Ukrainian verb” on a large factual material, the researcher traced the structural changes (variance of the morpheme composition) of verbs in different time sections of the Ukrainian language. The most expressive among the constants of the linguist’s scientific style is attention and constant reference to lexical semantics, to the meaning of a word in a dictionary and in specific texts. The author traces and theoretically substantiates the tendencies of movement in the immanent semantic structure of the vocabulary of each natural language. It is this tendency that explains V.M. Rusanivskyi’s constant appeal to the structural-semantic analysis of T. Shevchenko’s dictionary of language, to the disclosure of the semantic depth of the word in his texts. Without claiming a comprehensive analysis of the constants of Rusanivskyi’s scientific style, we emphasize the heuristic value of the following authorial concepts: a) representation of grammatical categories of verbs as the unity of form and meaning of a language unit; b) the interaction of lexical and grammatical semantics at all levels of language structure; c) constructive interaction of functional and expressive styles in the history of literary language; d) the history of the formation of the literary norm of the Ukrainian language; e) development of the Ukrainian literary language in the context of system-structural, functional-communicative and extralingual factors.
There still lacks preciseness about the nature of the connection between psycholinguistic variables and the core of conceptual meaning. This article explores the relation between Age of Acquisition (AoA), Imaginability, Semantic richness, Familiarity and Concreteness in the constitution of semantic core meaning. We used a key recognition task, designed with 120 concepts and their first 5 attributes, extracted from the Semantic Attributes Norms in Spanish. 300 students took part in a concept recognition task, where they were asked to recognize certain concepts through different triads of attributes. The most influential variables were AoA and Imaginability. These results are congruent with studies that suggest the AoA as the most appropriate variable to explain results in lexical decisions tasks.
The article presents a solution to one of the problems of special linguistic markup in the RuTuBiC corpus – the Russian Speech Corpus of Russian-Turkic Bilinguals, asso-ciated with error annotation at the lexical level. The corpus includes three subcorpuses representing materials of the Russian speech of Shor-Russian, Tatar-Russian and Khakass-Russian bilinguals. The article presents solutions developed on the basis of all subcorpuses; the illustrative contexts are drawn from the Shor-Russian subcorpus, recordings of interviews with 14 respondents, about 20 hours of sound. The recordings were made during expeditions to Shoria in 2017–2019. Bilingualism of the respondents is defined as early natural bilingualism with the dominance of the second Russian lan-guage, mother tongues are languages of the family heritage. The theoretical basis of the research was works on linguistic contact at the lexical level. Solutions based on the differentiation of lexemes fully mastered by the system of standard Russian and units with the status of borrowings from other subsystems of the national language and other languages are proposed. In the latter case, linguistic and contextual features are distin-guished that oppose lexical borrowing and code-switching. The typical errors singled out at the lexical level are: [LexId] – idiomatic expressions that are not fixed in the standard language (dialectal and vernacular, slang, etc.), they can also be Turkic calques; [LexSem] – general Russian words used in meanings different from those fixed in the normative sources; [LexSemAgr] – violations of the lexical and semantic agreement norms. The units borrowed from the mother tongue of the respondents are located on the scale of transitions from nuclear to borderline. The nuclear units marked with the [Lex] tag are dialectal units, common words, other word usage cases that are outside the standard, as well as borrowings from the Turkic languages that are not included in the dictionaries of standard Russian. On the border “to the left” are borrowings assimilated to different degrees. On the border “to the right” are non-assimilated borrowings and code-switches. The [CodeSw] marks code-switching, insertion of mother tongue elements into Russian speech. The author considers the inclusion of statements as nuclear cases of code-switching, and single lexical inclusions as transitional cases. Code-switching is evidenced by metatext and linguistic proper, primarily phonetic, indicators. There is an insignificant number of both lexical borrowings and cases of code-switching in the speech of the respondents of the RuTuBiC corpus, which depends on the type of bilingualism. The typicality of metatext marking of borrowings and code-switches is determined by the discursive, genre and thematic limitations of the corpus.
Abstract In recent years, a number of applications on Swiss German have been released. They all crowdsource dialectological data, yet until recently their main focus has been on lexical and phonological features. In 2018, we launched the app gschmöis, an app designed to (1) give users an insight into dialectological research, and (2) collect Swiss German data on all linguistic levels, but with a strong emphasis on morphosyntactic phenomena. At the beginning, three rounds were published. Since then new rounds were published periodically. By including not only lexical and phonological features, we want speakers of Swiss German to become aware of differences in the grammar of various Swiss German dialects.The same linguistic phenomena are covered by multiple questions, and some of the questions are duplicated from more traditional projects, like atlas projects on Swiss German. This allows for comparison across different question types (i.e. translation tasks vs. multiple choice questions), different collection methods (fieldwork methods used in the SDS, written questionnaires used in the SADS, and crowdsourcing via the smartphone application gschmöis ), and different groups of informants (NORMs vs. speakers of Swiss German of various gender and age groups). Furthermore, the older data of previous projects can directly be compared with the crowdsourced data, so that recent dialect change can be detected.
The article deals with the study of ways and means of verbalizing the protest discourse that formed in the mass media of Latvia in the fall of 2017, after the initiative of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Latvia to amend the Law “On Education”. The aim of the study was to identify and linguistic analysis of the speech means of representing protest sentiments in the Russian-language media of Latvia, supporting the position of defenders of Russian schools. As a result of a content analysis of materials from the Russian-language newspapers 55 journalistic texts were selected reflecting the conflict situation, and 348 text units verbalizing protest sentiments. Using a discourse analysis of text units, it was found that the main strategy for the formation of a protest discourse in these media is a communicative strategy of aggressiveness, implemented through appropriate tactics: discredit of political opponents, accuse, humiliation, negative outlook and others. The main means of representing the protest sentiments in the media is speech aggression. The article defines the types of verbal aggression for a communicative purpose, the type of violation of the norm and the language form of expression; lexical, grammatical and discursive means of verbalization are identified. As a result, the hypothesis about the predominance of implicit forms of verbal aggression over explicit ones was confirmed, which is explained by the desire of journalists to comply with the country's laws and ethical codes and express a negative attitude to the displayed phenomena.
The valency lexicon PDT-Vallex 4.0 has been built in close connection with the annotation of the Prague Dependency Treebank project (PDT) and its successors (mainly the Prague Czech-English Dependency Treebank project, PCEDT, the spoken language corpus (PDTSC) and corpus of user-generated texts in the project Faust). It contains over 14500 valency frames for almost 8500 verbs which occurred in the PDT, PCEDT, PDTSC and Faust corpora. In addition, there are nouns, adjectives and adverbs, linked from the PDT part only, increasing the total to over 17000 valency frames for 13000 words. All the corpora have been published in 2020 as the PDT-C 1.0 corpus with the PDT-Vallex 4.0 dictionary included; this is a copy of the dictionary published as a separate item for those not interested in the corpora themselves. It is available in electronically processable format (XML), and also in more human readable form including corpus examples (see the WEBSITE link below, and the links to its main publications elsewhere in this metadata). The main feature of the lexicon is its linking to the annotated corpora - each occurrence of each verb is linked to the appropriate valency frame with additional (generalized) information about its usage and surface morphosyntactic form alternatives. It replaces the previously published unversioned edition of PDT-Vallex from 2014.
The article deals with the issues of understanding the terms of business tourism in lexical cognition, the largest type of cognitive linguistics, and their cognitive analysis. The cognitive aspect of understanding the terms of business tourism and complete exploration the field, the cognitive study of business tourism terms from the world experience is also an important step in the development of the industry and models of tourism language and language learning are presented. Understanding the term of business tourism, when knowledge is interpreted as a cultural phenomenon, refers to the extent which this form of knowledge conforms to the norms inherent in the culture of a particular social group. The author analyzes the theory of social comparative advantages in business tourism in England, the theories of outstanding western sociologists for the tourism analysis as social phenomenon. In this article the author analyzed the theory of social comparative advantages in business tourism in England, learning the theories of outstanding western sociologists for the tourism analysis as social phenomenon. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of study about the strategic importance of business tourism in the Southern Region of Uzbekistan (territory encompassing the cities of Andizhan and Honobod), where the presence of a qualified and diverse tourism offer combined with the existence of varied venues and quality accommodation can contribute to provide a valued tourism experience associated with the meetings Industry. This study allows a reflection on the potential of business tourism in the territories where this sector is not always given due attention by local, regional and national tourism bodies. These smaller centers (compared with the main centers of Tashkent, Bukhara, Khiva and Samarqand), relatively close to each other, may find strategic advantages in joint action, considering that these three geographic areas complement each other in the integrated supply of tourism products, experiences, support services and facilities. Primary data was collected through a study with the aim of identifying regional tourism stakeholders' perceptions of the importance and potential of business tourism development and strategies that should be put in place to this end. The results show that stakeholders identify business tourism as a strategic product that should be developed, and indicate some development strategies to be considered in this territory.
The article describes the linguial characteristics of sibling communication on the basis of English-language family film texts. The object of the study is family communication, and its subject is the specifics of the lingual realization of the basic roles of family members, namely siblings, represented by modern English-language film texts intended for family viewing. The main types of personality-oriented communication in the family sphere are matrimonial communication ("husband - wife"), parental communication ("parents - children"), sibling communication ("brothers – sisters"). Quantitative analysis of fragments of communication between siblings, taken from family film texts, shows that communication between them is represented mostly in the form of a dialogue (93%) and is characterized by a kind of internal community of partners, the presence of a single subject of conversation and a certain freedom of exchange. During the communication of brothers and sisters, various communicative situations arise, in each of which certain strategies dominate. The main ones are strategies of cooperation, rivalry and demonstration of neutrality. Cooperation occurs when siblings in communicative situations of interaction have a common goal and common means of achieving this goal. Rivalry occurs when siblings have different goals and differ in the means to achieve them. Neutrality is manifested in situations of achieving hidden individual goals. Quantitative analysis of emotionally colored phrases with tokens to denote siblings shows that they are mostly positively colored. The main lingual form of realization of interpersonal family relations is conversational speech, that results in direct personal communication, which involves situational conditionality and commonality of the base of speakers. In the colloquial speech of members of the English-speaking family there is a lack of clear regulation of literary norms, arbitrariness in the selection of lexical items (the use of dialectisms, colloquial words, vulgarisms, jargon, humorous units). English-language family communication is characterized by multifaceted structural-semantic and communicative-pragmatic content in terms of implementation in a particular communicative situation.
This study aimed to characterize factors that influence early dialect development in a language environment with multiple dialects. Children were evaluated for these dialect effects compared with normal hearing referenced measures of speech and language development that are commonly implemented in hearing-impaired children. Dialect exposure and use were assessed longitudinally in Chinese children (2-6 years old) that were raised in a community where Putonghua (PTH) and Sichuanhua (SCH) Mandarin dialects were used. Lexical tones in these dialects are different. A total of 20 boys and 20 girls (2 years old at the beginning of the study) that attended the same nursery school were included in this study. SCH was used by the majority of subjects <4 years old. The majority of subjects >4 years old used either dialect, with a few users of both dialects at this age. PTH tone perception did not differ significantly as a function of dialect use. Tone recognition and discrimination were >90% accurate by 6 years old, in contrast to previous results for children with minimal exposure and use of PTH. Children with approximately ⩾50% PTH exposure might be accurately assessed with norm-referenced speech materials spoken in PTH, regardless of their preferred dialect. However, the current norm-referenced assessments of children with minimal PTH exposure and nonusers of the dialect might be inaccurate.
The article aims at comparing the data on female monasticism in two types of sources – hagiographic works and canon law – in order to bring forward monastic everyday life as an object of cultural conceptology and study of the diachronic linguistic picture of the world. Examples are taken from the Life of St. Eupraxia in the 1359–1360 copy of the Bdin Collection and selected rules from penitential collections. Everyday life in the monastery can be presented by means of distinct thematic areas defined by specific ranges of concepts (mental constructs) and the respective linguistic nominations. The lexical data addressed in the article refer to: food, clothing, education, labour, customs and regulations in the monastery, relations between nuns. The data on female monasticism in the Middle Ages are more limited than those available for monks. This corresponds with scarce information from other types of sources, such as iconographic and archaeological sources. The nuns’ habits and some positions in the monastery are denoted predominantly by masculine gender lexemes due to commonalities in the way of life and the moral norms. The comparison of lexical data from texts of different genres remains a promising task towards the reconstruction of the medieval way of life in the monastery.