Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
In this study, I utilize previous scholarly work on the diachronic nature of the language used in the Book of Esther to propose that diachronic variety elements would be indicative of the author’s literary intent. The Book of Esther is commonly regarded as exemplifying a transitional language style. However, it is crucial to recognize that the language employed in the Book of Esther, categorized as belonging to the novella genre also reflects the deliberate linguistic choices made by the author.<br/> With this in mind, I focus on the discourses found within the text of Esther. In the Book of Esther categorized as the genre of novella, discourses serve as a critical driver of the main plot. I argue that the distinct Jewish and Persian identities are linguistically evident in the discourse. Particularly, I have examined specific discourses from the text of Esther and analyzed their usage of language elements which were considered as the diachronic marker. I find that expressions categorized as Early Biblical Hebrew and Late Biblical Hebrew are not used haphazardly or without criteria; rather, they are deliberately selected and employed to differentiate between Jewish and Persian identities. The findings suggest that certain language elements are best understood as authorial choices that reflect the deliberate literary intentions of the author rather than being solely attributed to natural diachronic development.<br/> To comprehensively comprehend linguistic diversity, it is essential to not only consider external factors such as the social context and historical period in which the text was written but also carefully examine the author’s literary intentions embedded within the text itself. An author’s language is not invariably constrained by the linguistic norms prevailing during their specific time and within their social milieu. Authors of later texts, particularly those who experienced a transitional phase of linguistic development might have been acquainted with both older and newer linguistic forms and skillfully employed elements from these two distinct linguistic phases for specific literary purposes.<br/> The language employed in the Book of Esther appears to possess characteristics of a transitional work, blending elements from Early Biblical Hebrew and Late Biblical Hebrew. However, as evidenced in this study, the various linguistic expressions in the Book of Esther can be more effectively understood in terms of the author’s literary intent rather than solely through the lens of diachronic complexity. This approach allows for a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of the language used in the Book of Esther.
In this article, the academic articles of researchers in the linguistic field are considered as study materials in terms of linguistic norm and error analysis. Linguistic norms shouldn’t solely be based on the semiotics, but also look at the language users, with a person-based approach. As a result of the study, we have found a serious case of language transfer in Mongolian research papers, through an excessive and inappropriate use of foreign languages, particularly English. Хэлний хэрэглээний алдаа судлал: хүнд суурилсан хандлага Хураангуй: Энэхүү өгүүлэлд хэлний салбарын судлаачдын эрдэм шинжилгээний өгүүллийг баримт болгон авч, хэм хэмжээнээс гажсан хэрэглээнд дүн шинжилгээ хийн, алдааны хэв шинж, шалтгааныг тодорхойлохыг зорив. Хэлний хэм хэмжээг зөвхөн хэлний тэмдгийн тогтолцоонд хамааруулах нь хангалтгүй, харин хэлийг хэрэглэгч хүнд хамааруулж үзэх нь зүйтэй юм. Эрдэм шинжилгээний салбарт ажиллагсад бүтээлдээ хос (олон) хэл хэрэглэдэг бодит байдлаас үүдэн хэл холилдох үзэгдэл болж, монгол хэлэнд гадаад, тухайлбал, англи хэл, монгол хэлний тогтолцооны бүх түвшинд мэдэгдэхүйц нөлөөлөх болжээ гэж дүгнэв.Түлхүүр үг: эрдэм шинжилгээний бүтээлийн хэл, хэлний хэм хэмжээ, алдааны хэв шинж, хэл холилдох, гадаад хэлний нөлөө
In this paper, we present the building of a CCGbank for Turkish by using standardised dependency corpora.We automatically induce Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) categories for each word token in the Turkish dependency corpora.The CCG induction algorithm we present here is based on the dependency relations that are defined in the latest release of the Universal Dependencies (UD) framework.We aim for an algorithm that can easily be used in all the Turkish treebanks that are annotated in this framework.Therefore, we employ a lexicalist approach in order to make full use of the dependency relations while creating a semantically transparent corpus.We present the treebanks we employed in this study as well as their annotation framework.We introduce the structure of the algorithm we used along with the specific issues that are different from previous studies.Lastly, we show how the results change with this lexical approach in CCGbank for Turkish compared to the previous CCGbank studies in Turkish.
Abstract Introduction Depression and anxiety have been associated with emotional memory biases, disturbed sleep, and cognitive deficits. The goal of the present study is to investigate the effects of elevated levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms on sleep physiology and sleep-dependent consolidation of emotional memory and reactivity over a mid-day nap in young college students. Methods Data collection is ongoing, preliminary analyses are based on 34 participants (26F, 7M, 1 non-binary, 18-27 yrs). Based on well-validated depression and anxiety scales, participants were classified into high (n=10) vs low (n=24) symptom groups. Participants studied negative and neutral picture stimuli and rated them on the dimensions of valence and arousal. Recognition memory was tested after a 5 hr interval which included a high-density EEG monitored 90 min nap. Results We do not observe any group differences in memory accuracy (d’) or in selectivity for emotional stimuli. In the entire sample, depressive symptoms correlate with decision criterion (C) for negative stimuli (r = -0.357, p=.04), such that individuals with higher depressive symptoms have a more liberal responding bias for negative stimuli. Napping is associated with a decrease in arousal ratings across all participants (F(1,32)=5.43, p=.03), and the high mood symptom group rate stimuli as more arousing (F(1,32)=13.96, p&lt;.001). Further, high levels of trait anxiety is associated with more negative valence ratings post-nap (r = -0.350, p=.03). Conclusion The effects of a mid-day nap on memory consolidation and reactivity for emotional stimuli are similar between individuals with high vs low levels of mood symptoms, but heightened levels of depression and anxiety are associated with altered response bias and higher emotional reactivity. Future plans involve comparisons of NREM oscillations between groups and investigation of their relations with task performance. Support (if any) Iowa Neuroscience Institute “2021 Ideas Lab” Award (Baran)
We present the latest version of the Spanish Resource Grammar (SRG), a grammar of Spanish implemented in the HPSG formalism. Such grammars encode a complex set of hypotheses about syntax making them a resource for empirical testing of linguistic theory. They also encode a strict notion of grammaticality which makes them a resource for natural language processing applications in computer-assisted language learning. This version of the SRG uses the recent version of the Freeling morphological analyzer and is released along with an automatically created, manually verified treebank of 2,291 sentences. We explain the treebanking process, emphasizing how it is different from treebanking with manual annotation and how it contributes to empirically-driven development of syntactic theory. The treebanks' high level of consistency and detail makes them a resource for training high-quality semantic parsers and generally systems that benefit from precise and detailed semantics. Finally, we present the grammar's coverage and overgeneration on 100 sentences from a learner corpus, a new research line related to developing methodologies for robust empirical evaluation of hypotheses in second language acquisition.
Objective: We measured sex differences in emotion regulation (ER) abilities – relying on exercise of cognitive reappraisal – during an image rating task in adults over 55 years of age with varying degrees of depression symptom severity. We also collected a self-report measure on participants' views of their own ER capacities. Previous research by this group has demonstrated the importance of emotion processing in the context of sex and aging in depression. We hypothesized that females would (1) score higher on the Cognitive Reappraisal Facet of the ERQ, (2) be more successful in utilizing cognitive reappraisal skills in response to negative stimuli; and (3) have self-report scores on the ERQ that more closely match their success at cognitive reappraisal than would males. Participants and Methods: capacities. Previous research by this group has demonstrated the importance of emotion processing in the context of sex and aging in depression. We hypothesized that females would (1) score higher on the Cognitive Reappraisal Facet of the ERQ, (2) be more successful in utilizing cognitive reappraisal skills in response to negative stimuli; and (3) have self-report scores on the ERQ that more closely match their success at cognitive reappraisal than would males. Results: Only the first of our three outcome measures was successfully predicted by the model including age, MADRS scores, and sex as predictors. Scores on the ERQ cognitive reappraisal facet with sex accounted for 11.3% of the variance (F=7.344, p=.009). Age and depression symptom severity did not reach significance. Performance on the ERT itself and the correlation between the two were not meaningfully modeled. Conclusions: Women showed both better cognitive reappraisal abilities overall and more insight into the level of those abilities, findings that fall in line with most ER literature. However, we found that females were also more likely than males to be skewed in the positive or “overconfident” direction; to overestimate those same abilities. This information is useful for clinicians interpreting self-report information in the emotion regulation domain. These findings may not generalize to a more diverse (racially and socioeconomically) population and given the cognitive nature of the reappraisal strategy; these results may not extend to a less educated population. These data will be useful to inform the interpretation of fMRI images from this same experiment.
We examined the effects of an informative pitch and multisensory contexts as potential factors influencing individuals’ experience of tofu with soy sauce and the amount consumed outside the lab. Two hundred and sixteen participants watched one of two pitches (promoting either vegetarian diets or exercise) and were guided into one of three multisensory contexts (‘sustainable’, ‘meat’, or ‘neutral’ theme). Participants rated the aroma and appearance of soy sauce and the taste of tofu dipped in it using the intuitive ‘one touch’ EmojiGrid valence and arousal measuring tool. Our results showed that the ‘meat’ context increased arousal ratings for soy sauce and the tendency to consume more tofu relative to the other contexts. Pitch did not influence affective ratings or amounts consumed. We conclude that the multisensory context has the potential to positively affect peoples’ choices and perceptions of plant-based and sustainable food and promote its consumption.
The aim of this paper is to present criteria for identifying adjectival Lithuanian participles, which function as adjectives but have participial forms, and to explain how adjectival participles can be identified through corpus data analysis. The relevance of the research lies in the fact that adjectival participles are considered as adjectives in dictionaries. Moreover, the devised identification criteria may be of added value for part-of-speech tagging, teaching Lithuanian, and other related domains.The article examines the concept of adjectivization, proposing a potential classification of Lithuanian participles based on the extent of their adjectivization (i.e., fully adjectival and partially adjectival participles). It also suggests criteria for identifying adjectival participles. The criteria, categorized into grammatical, semantic, derivational, and quantitative, are distinguished based on prior research and a pilot study. The data for the pilot study was extracted from Mokomasis lietuvių kalbos vartosenos leksikonas (The Lexical Database of Lithuanian Language Usage), encompassing 200 most frequent verbs and 49 adjectives with participial forms analyzed across two Lithuanian corpora. In addition, the order of criteria application is demonstrated in the present paper. In total, 185 frequent verbs were analyzed in the corpora to identify adjectival participles based on the following parameters: (1) the inclination of the participle to form an adverb with the suffix -ai; (2) its propensity to generate comparative and superlative forms and be used with adverbs of measure/degree; and (3) its inclination to be used attributively without verbal arguments. Methodologically, a quantitative approach was applied to analyze the data (only frequent participle forms were examined, as it is hypothesized that particularly frequent participles are adjectival).The results show that the proposed criteria, along with quantitative information, aid in the identification of adjectival participles. Seventeen identified participles are classified as separate words rather than verbal forms by Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (The Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language); one identified participle is categorized as an adjective by Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (The Lithuanian Language Dictionary); one identified participle was found to be adjectival, and another participle was used as a pronoun, while eight identified participles are considered partly adjectival. Six identified participles should not be considered adjectival. Thus, it appears that additional criteria need to be applied, and the methodology requires refinement for a more accurate identification of adjectival participles.
Attention mechanisms have become a crucial aspect of deep learning, particularly in natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, in tasks such as constituency parsing, attention mechanisms can lack the directional information needed to form sentence spans. To address this issue, we propose a Bidirectional masked and N-gram span Attention (BNA) model, which is designed by modifying the attention mechanisms to capture the explicit dependencies between each word and enhance the representation of the output span vectors. The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art performance on the Penn Treebank and Chinese Penn Treebank datasets, with F1 scores of 96.47 and 94.15, respectively. Ablation studies and analysis show that our proposed BNA model effectively captures sentence structure by contextualizing each word in a sentence through bidirectional dependencies and enhancing span representation.
BACKGROUND: "Craving" is a central concept in alcohol research, but the semantic interpretation of craving as a concept varies. Multiple studies that have investigated differences in operational definitions of craving have demonstrated a lack of agreement among them. This study investigated whether moderate to heavy drinkers would rate craving and "desire" for alcohol similarly and explored potential neurobiological differences underpinning feelings of craving and desire. METHODS: Thirty-nine individuals who consumed an average of at least 7 drinks/week for females and 14 drinks/week for males were studied across 3-day periods of their typical alcohol consumption and imposed abstinence. Ratings of desire and craving for alcohol were collected approximately every three hours during waking periods across the two experimental periods (n = 35, 17 males). At the end of each period, participants underwent functional MRI scanning during neutral and alcohol image viewing (n = 39, 17 males) followed by ratings of desire and craving for alcohol (n = 32, 16 males). Survey responses were analyzed using 2-level nested hierarchical modeling, image ratings were compared using a hierarchical mixed-effects regression, and brain networks constructed from fMRI data were assessed with a two-part mixed-effect regression (α = 0.05 in all analyses). RESULTS: Ratings of desire and craving differed significantly from one another in the survey data and in the ratings collected during image viewing. The strength of the desire experience was higher overall than craving, but the fluctuations over time were similar. Results for desire and craving differed on brain network attributes associated with distributed processing and those regional specific within the default mode network. Significant associations were found between ratings of desire and connection strength and between ratings of craving and connection probability. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that the difference between ratings of craving for alcohol and desire for alcohol is not trivial. The different ratings and their association with alcohol consumption or abstinence experiences may have significant biological and clinical implications.
The rapid development of information technology has made the amount of information in massive texts far exceed human intuitive cognition, and dependency parsing can effectively deal with information overload. In the background of domain specialization, the migration and application of syntactic treebanks and the speed improvement in syntactic analysis models become the key to the efficiency of syntactic analysis. To realize domain migration of syntactic tree library and improve the speed of text parsing, this paper proposes a novel approach-the Double-Array Trie and Multi-threading (DAT-MT) accelerated graph fusion dependency parsing model. It effectively combines the specialized syntactic features from small-scale professional field corpus with the generalized syntactic features from large-scale news corpus, which improves the accuracy of syntactic relation recognition. Aiming at the problem of high space and time complexity brought by the graph fusion model, the DAT-MT method is proposed. It realizes the rapid mapping of massive Chinese character features to the model's prior parameters and the parallel processing of calculation, thereby improving the parsing speed. The experimental results show that the unlabeled attachment score (UAS) and the labeled attachment score (LAS) of the model are improved by 13.34% and 14.82% compared with the model with only the professional field corpus and improved by 3.14% and 3.40% compared with the model only with news corpus; both indicators are better than DDParser and LTP 4 methods based on deep learning. Additionally, the method in this paper achieves a speedup of about 3.7 times compared to the method with a red-black tree index and a single thread. Efficient and accurate syntactic analysis methods will benefit the real-time processing of massive texts in professional fields, such as multi-dimensional semantic correlation, professional feature extraction, and domain knowledge graph construction.
Any approach to classifying the different types of dictionaries may have absolute or relative validity, as long as the classification is the result of a rigorous execution of the criterion or criteria underpinning the method chosen. If we adhere to, for example, the traditional distinction (based on a semiotic model) of linguistic lexicography/encyclopaedic lexicography, the first pair of prototypes would be linguistic dictionary/encyclopaedia. If, on the other hand, we embrace a strictly linguistic model, the initial prototypes would be monolingual dictionary/bilingual dictionary (thus, multilingual). Applying a strictly material criterion (format), determined by the application of new technologies to the creation of dictionaries, the distinction would be printed lexicography/digital lexicography, with the corresponding duality being printed dictionary/digital dictionary. The typology of Spanish dictionaries that we propose is based on the principle of immanence applied to the general monolingual dictionary. We recognize, however, that the lexicography of Europe’s modern languages has its roots in bilingual lexicography. Therefore, we start from the basis of universal classifiers, but assign pre-eminence to the identity factors that shape the lexicographic history of any language. The macrostructure of the dictionary (nomenclature: entry) allows us to justify and classify the different types of paradigmatic dictionaries. The microstructure of the lexicographical article gives rise to the grouping of dictionaries depending on each of their elements. In accordance with the nature of the general dictionary: normative dictionary (academic and pedagogical)/descriptive dictionary (manual, basic and fundamental). If we focus upon usage labels and variations, the groupings are: temporal (etymological, historical), geolinguistic (regional), socio-cultural (specialized, jargon), diaphasic (formal/ colloquial) and semantic changes (ambiguous, humor). If, instead, we concentrate on quotes, or examples, we justify the long list of syntagmatic dictionaries. The typology of the bilingual (multilingual) dictionary is largely determined by the preeminence of the monolingual dictionary, and also by the specific characteristics of its microstructure (semi-bilingual). The digital dictionary or lexical and linguistic database addresses the needs of users through the atomistic classification generated by the wide variety of print dictionaries.
The Covid-19 pandemic lockdown had led to unusually mas- sive social isolation that lasted for months around the world. In order to compensate for the poverty of social life, individ- uals are likely to shift their attention from their regular social world to their inner imaginative world during this lockdown pe- riod. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate whether intersubject similarity in individuals’ imaginative abilities (i.e., fantasy tendency) is associated with their similarity in affective ratings of the videos they watched, and whether this associa- tion is enhanced during the pandemic lockdown period. We recruited one lockdown group and two post-lockdown groups to test the above hypothesis. During the experiment, partici- pants were asked to watch a series of videos covering a wide range of topics, and then they were asked to complete several affective appraisal ratings (e.g., liking or feeling of resonance) of each video. We then used intersubject representational similar- ity analysis (ISRSA) to map the intersubject similarity in their fantasy tendency onto their similarity in the affective appraisal ratings. Our results showed that those who were more simi- lar in their fantasy scores also showed more similarity in their affective appraisals of videos. Most importantly, this fantasy- appraisal association was particularly strong in the lockdown group, but rather weak in the post-lockdown groups. Our find- ings suggest that individual differences in their imaginative abil- ities would become a crucial factor influencing how individuals appraise their inner world during social isolation. The current study may provide an example for policymakers on how to as- sess the impact of social isolation as we may face another wave of pandemics in the future.
Technology-based in-home reading and spelling programs have the potential to compensate for the lack of sufficient instructions provided at schools. However, the recent COVID-19 pandemic showed the immaturity of the existing remote teaching solutions. Consequently, many students did not receive the necessary instructions. This paper presents a model for developing intelligent reading and spelling programs. The proposed approach is based on an optimization model that includes artificial neural networks and linear regression to maximize the educational value of the pedagogical content. This model is personalized, tailored to the learning ability level of each user. Regression models were developed for estimating the lexical difficulty in the literacy tasks of auditory and visual lexical decision, word naming, and spelling. For building these regression models, 55 variables were extracted from French lexical databases that were used with the data from lexical mega-studies. Forward stepwise analysis was conducted to identify the top 10 most important variables for each lexical task. The results showed that the accuracy of the models (based on root mean square error) reached 88.13% for auditory lexical decision, 89.79% for visual lexical decision, 80.53% for spelling, and 83.86% for word naming. The analysis of the results showed that word frequency was a key predictor for all the tasks. For spelling, the number of irregular phoneme-graphemes was an important predictor. The auditory word recognition depended heavily on the number of phonemes and homophones, while visual word recognition depended on the number of homographs and syllables. Finally, the word length and the consistency of initial grapheme-phonemes were important for predicting the word-naming reaction times.
Artificial neural networks open up unprecedented machine learning capabilities at the cost of ever growing computational requirements. Sparsifying the parameters, often achieved through weight pruning, has been identified as a powerful technique to compress the number of model parameters and reduce the computational operations of neural networks. Yet, sparse activations, while omnipresent in both biological neural networks and deep learning systems, have not been fully utilized as a compression technique in deep learning. Moreover, the interaction between sparse activations and weight pruning is not fully understood. In this work, we demonstrate that activity sparsity can compose multiplicatively with parameter sparsity in a recurrent neural network model based on the GRU that is designed to be activity sparse. We achieve up to $20\times$ reduction of computation while maintaining perplexities below $60$ on the Penn Treebank language modeling task. This magnitude of reduction has not been achieved previously with solely sparsely connected LSTMs, and the language modeling performance of our model has not been achieved previously with any sparsely activated recurrent neural networks or spiking neural networks. Neuromorphic computing devices are especially good at taking advantage of the dynamic activity sparsity, and our results provide strong evidence that making deep learning models activity sparse and porting them to neuromorphic devices can be a viable strategy that does not compromise on task performance. Our results also drive further convergence of methods from deep learning and neuromorphic computing for efficient machine learning.
Word-centred neglect dyslexia is most commonly conceptualised as a deficit caused by attentional biases within spatially coded internal representations of words. However, recent research has suggested that at least some cases of word-centred neglect dyslexia are unrelated to visuospatial neglect and may instead be modulated by self-inhibition and lexical factors. Here, we set out to provide novel insight into potential underlying mechanisms modulating the occurrence of word-centred lateralised reading errors in healthy participants. A sample of 47 healthy readers completed a novel attentional cueing paradigm in which they sequentially identified lateral cues and read presented words under limited exposure conditions. Reading responses were analysed to determine whether word-centred neglect dyslexia could be simulated in healthy readers, to compare the strengths of induced biases, and to identify systematic differences in lexical characteristics between target words and neglect dyslexia reading errors. Healthy participants produced frequent lateralised reading errors in both horizontal and vertical reading stimuli with > 50% of errors classed as neglect dyslexic. Cues appended to word beginnings elicited significantly more reading errors than cues at word ends, illustrating the interaction between existing reading spatial attentional biases and cue-induced biases. Neglect dyslexia reading errors were found to contain significantly more letters per word and had higher concreteness ratings than target words. These findings demonstrate that word-centred neglect dyslexia can be simulated using attentional cues in healthy readers. These results provide important insight into the mechanisms underlying word-centred neglect dyslexia and further fundamental understanding of this syndrome.
Total-body PET/CT scanners provide increased sensitivity, enabling the adjustment of imaging parameters by reducing injected activity or shortening acquisition time. This study aimed to evaluate the limitations of reduced [18F]FDG activity doses on image quality, lesion detectabil-ity, and quantification of lesion uptake in the Biograph Vision Quadra, as well as to assess the benefits of the recently introduced ultra-high sensitivity mode in a clinical setting. A number of 26 patients who underwent [18F]FDG-PET/CT (3.0 MBq/kg, 5 min. scan time) were included in this analysis. PET raw data was rebinned for shorter frame durations to simulate 5 min. scans with lower activities in high sensitivity (HS) and ultra-high sensitivity (UHS) modes. Image quality, noise, and lesion detectability (n=82) were assessed using a 5-point Likert scale. The co-efficient of variation (CoV), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), tumor-to-background ratio (TBR), and standardized uptake values (SUV) including SUVmean, SUVmax, and SUVpeak were evaluated. Sub-jective image ratings were generally superior in UHS compared to HS mode. At 0.5 MBq/kg, le-sion detectability decreased to 95% (HS) and 98% (UHS). SNR was comparable at 1.0 MBq/kg in HS (5.7±0.6) and 0.5 MBq/kg in UHS (5.5±0.5). With lower doses, there were negligible reductions in SUVmean and SUVpeak, whereas SUVmax increased steadily. Reducing [18F]FDG activity to 1.0 MBq/kg (HS/UHS) in a total-body PET/CT provides diagnostic image quality without statistical-ly significant changes in uptake parameters. UHS mode improves image quality, noise, and le-sion detectability compared to HS mode.
OBJECTIVE: To test and initially describe a new handheld wireless ultrasound technique (TE Air) for clinical use. METHODS: In this pilot study, the new ultrasound device TE Air from Mindray was used to examine the hepatic and renal vessels of healthy volunteers for first impressions. The probe has a sector transducer with a frequency range of 1.8-4.5 MHz. The B-mode and color-coded doppler sonography (CCDS) scanning methods were used. A high-end device from the same company (Resona 9, Mindray) was used as a reference. The results were evaluated using an image rating scale ranging from 0 to 5, with 0 indicating not assessable and 5 indicating without limitations. RESULTS: Altogether, 61 participants (n = 34 female [55.7%], n = 27 male [44.3%]), age range 18-83 years, mean age 37.9±16.5 years) could be adequately studied using TE AIR and the high-end device. With one exception, the image quality score for TE Air never fell below 3 and had a mean/median scored of 4.97/5.00 for the B-mode, 4.92/5.00 for the color flow (CF) mode, and 4.89/5.00 for the pulse wave (PW) mode of the hepatic vein, 4.90/5.00 for the portal vein, 4.11/4.00 for the hepatic artery, and 4.57/5.00 for the renal segmental artery. A significant difference in the assessment of flow measurement of the hepatic artery and renal segmental arteries was found between TE AIR and the high-end device. CONCLUSIONS: TE Air represents a new dimension in point-of-care ultrasound via wireless handheld devices. Especially, its flow measurement ability offers a relevant advantage over other available handheld models. TE Air provides a formally sufficient image quality in terms of diagnostic significance.
Nowadays, tree-structured deep learning classifier models have been widely used in different applications to ensure effective feature representation and learning. Amongst, dimensional sentiment analysis is the most interactive research field, which intends to identify continuous numerical values in the valence-arousal (VA) space. To achieve this, a tree-structured regional convolutional neural network with long short-term memory (T-CNN-LSTM) model was developed, which predicts the VA ratings of the texts for sentiment analysis. In contrast, the effect of a low prediction rate and difficulty of feature learning in a small number of class samples was not analyzed. Hence, this manuscript proposes an adversarial T-CNN-LSTM (A-T-CNN-LSTM) model for predicting the VA to achieve more fine-grained sentiment analysis. This model develops a semantic-enabled frequency-aware generative adversarial network (SFGAN) to produce more adversarial samples using the generator network and decrease the spectral data loss of the discriminator. It embeds the frequency-aware categorizer (FAC) into the discriminator to determine the input veracity in the spatial and spectral domains. Besides, semantic restricted sampling is employed in SFGAN for synthesizing the image subject to a semantic mask. Further, the created samples are classified by the T-CNN-LSTM for predicting the VA scores of sentences. Finally, the experimental results exhibit that the A-T-CNN-LSTM on stanford sentiment Treebank (SST) and CIFAR-10 databases achieves 90.12% and 91% accuracy than the other tree-structured CNNs.
The principle of DEPENDENCY LENGTH MINIMIZATION, which seeks to keep syntactically related words close in a sentence, is thought to universally shape the structure of human languages for effective communication. However, the extent to which dependency length minimization is applied in human language systems is not yet fully understood. Preverbally, the placement of long-before-short constituents and postverbally, short-before-long constituents are known to minimize overall dependency length of a sentence. In this study, we test the hypothesis that placing only the shortest preverbal constituent next to the main-verb explains word order preferences in Hindi (a SOV language) as opposed to the global minimization of dependency length. We characterize this approach as a least-effort strategy because it is a cost-effective way to shorten all dependencies between the verb and its preverbal dependencies. As such, this approach is consistent with the bounded-rationality perspective according to which decision making is governed by "fast but frugal" heuristics rather than by a search for optimal solutions. Consistent with this idea, our results indicate that actual corpus sentences in the Hindi-Urdu Treebank corpus are better explained by the least effort strategy than by global minimization of dependency lengths. Additionally, for the task of distinguishing corpus sentences from counterfactual variants, we find that the dependency length and constituent length of the constituent closest to the main verb are much better predictors of whether a sentence appeared in the corpus than total dependency length. Overall, our findings suggest that cognitive resource constraints play a crucial role in shaping natural languages.
BACKGROUND: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a moderately efficacious treatment for hoarding disorder (HD), with most individuals remaining symptomatic after treatment. The Joining Forces Trial will evaluate whether 10 weeks of in-home decluttering can significantly augment the outcomes of group CBT. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial of in-home decluttering augmentation of group CBT for HD. Adult participants with HD (N = 90) will receive 12 weeks of protocol-based group CBT for HD. After group CBT, participants will be randomized to either 10 weeks of in-home decluttering led by a social services team or a waitlist. The primary endpoint is 10 weeks post-randomization. The primary outcome measures are the self-reported Saving Inventory-Revised and the blind assessor-rated Clutter Image Rating. Participants on the waitlist will cross over to receive the in-home decluttering intervention after the primary endpoint. Data will be analyzed according to intention-to-treat principles. We will also evaluate the cost-effectiveness of this intervention from both healthcare and societal perspectives. DISCUSSION: HD is challenging to treat with conventional psychological treatments. We hypothesize that in-home decluttering sessions carried out by personnel in social services will be an efficacious and cost-effective augmentation strategy of group CBT for HD. Recruitment started in January 2021, and the final participant is expected to reach the primary endpoint in December 2024. TRAIL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04712474. Registered on 15 January 2021.
In this paper, we propose a method for removing linguistic information from speech for the purpose of isolating paralinguistic indicators of affect. The immediate utility of this method lies in clinical tests of sensitivity to vocal affect that are not confounded by language, which is impaired in a variety of clinical populations. The method is based on simultaneous recordings of speech audio and electroglotto-graphic (EGG) signals. The speech audio signal is used to estimate the average vocal tract filter response and amplitude envelop. The EGG signal supplies a direct correlate of voice source activity that is mostly independent of phonetic articulation. These signals are used to create a third signal designed to capture as much paralinguistic information from the vocal production system as possible-maximizing the retention of bioacoustic cues to affect-while eliminating phonetic cues to verbal meaning. To evaluate the success of this method, we studied the perception of corresponding speech audio and transformed EGG signals in an affect rating experiment with online listeners. The results show a high degree of similarity in the perceived affect of matched signals, indicating that our method is effective.
An analysis of robots (simulators) in education is provided. Promising directions for their development are highlighted, such as realism, interactivity, adaptation and personalization. The features of using simulators in dentistry are considered. The main disadvantages of existing simulators in dentistry have been identified, namely the lack of a communicative component and imitation of patient behavior. The anthropomorphic dental simulator is based on the Robo-C robot, which is a unique combination of advanced technologies and human facial expressions, which allows it to communicate with people, reproduce movements of different parts of the body and express emotions. As dental components, the following components were created and implemented into the Robo-C control system: a Smart jaw, including cameras and a temperature sensor, and a Smart tooth, including a pressure sensor. The Robo-C control system has been upgraded taking into account the Smart jaw and Smart tooth, which made it possible to connect the dental treatment process with the robot’s servos through its linguistic base. The process of analyzing data obtained from Smart jaw cameras using a neural network is described. A two-stage classification scheme for dental defects has been proposed and its effectiveness has been proven. The linguistic base contains a set of rules with the help of which devices (microphone, speakers, servos, Smart jaw, Smart tooth) interact with each other. An example of compiling a linguistic database rule is given. The linguistic base, Smart-jaw and Smart-tooth are configured for one of four cases: caries treatment, tooth preparation for a crown, tooth extraction, endodontic treatment. Treatment quality control is carried out using a comprehensive assessment of communication interaction with the robot and analysis of Smart-jaw and Smart-tooth data. An example of work in one of the cases is given. The anthropomorphic dental simulator presented in the article allows the use of new technologies in the training of dentists, as well as the simulation of various dental procedures, which will significantly improve the practical preparation of students for working with patients.
A bidirectional phonetizer, morphologizer, and diacritizer pipeline (FSPMD) for modern standard Arabic (MSA) that integrated pronunciation, concatenative and templatic morphology, and diacritization were developed. Grammar and segmental phonology rules were applied in the forward direction to ensure the order of the proper rules, which were supplemented with special backward direction rules. The FSPMD comprises bidirectional finite-state transducers (FSTs) consisting of an ordered composition of FSTs, unordered parallel FSTs, unioned FSTs, and for validity, finite-state acceptors. The FSPMD has unique, innovative features and can be used as an integrated pipeline or standalone phonetizer (FSAP), morphologizer (FSAM), or diacritizer (FSAD). As the system is bidirectional, it can be used in forward (generation, synthesis) and backward (analysis, decomposition) directions and can be integrated into systems such as automatic speech recognition (ASR) and language learning tools. The FSPMD is rule-based and avoids stem listings for morphology or pronunciation dictionaries, which makes it scalable and generalizable to similar languages. The FSPMD models authentic rules, including fine granularity and nuances, such as rewrite and morphophonemic rules, subcategory identification and utilization, such as irregular verbs. FSAP performance regarding text from the Tashkeela corpus and Wikipedia demonstrated that the pronunciation system can accurately pronounce all text and words, with the only errors related to foreign words and misspellings, which were out of the system’s scope. FSAM and FSAD coverage and accuracy were evaluated using the Tashkeela corpus and a gold standard derived from its intersection with the UD_PADT treebank. The coverage of extraction of root and properties from words is 82%. Accuracy results are roots computed from a word (92%), words generated from a root (100%), non-root properties (97%), and diacritization (84%). FSAM non-root results matched and/or surpassed those from MADAMIRA; however, root result comparisons were not conducted because of the concatenative nature of publicly available morphologizers.
The purpose of the article is to consider the morphological peculiarities of the system of the nouns in New Bulgarian translation of the “Catechismos” written by Theodore the Studite, which is a part of the manuscripts no. 1/154 kept in Odessa National Scientific Library. The subject of the research is the morphological specifics of nouns in Odessa copy of the “Catechismos” dating from the 18th. The morphological peculiarities of nouns is considered in the context of the formation of a linguistic norm, which allowed the combination with different intensity of linguistic means of several language systems functioning at the time (traditional Middle Bulgarian written language, Church Slavonic Eastern recensions, and vernacular language form). The analysis proposed in this paper presents the extensive system of cases, which does not reflect the real vernacular Bulgarian speech in the 18th; the specifics of the functioning of the gramemes of the case paradigm of masculine, feminine and neuter nouns in the singular and plural forms is analyzed. Usage case endings mistakes, which indicates their artificial nature, are considered. The lack of article of nominal parts of speech is noted; the predominance of compound declension form of the adjectives and participles over short forms is revealed; the relatively high frequency of use of active present participles is registered. The results of the study make it possible to outline some probable factors that determine the writer’s preference for using the linguistic tools of the so-called “bookish”, “traditional”, “archaic” writing systems. An another reason which to some extent explains he usage of case inflections in the text of this relatively late stage of the historical development of the Bulgarian language might be the use of East Slavic copies of the Studite’s sermons by the scriber. Еhe comparison of “Catechismos” copies of South and East Slavic origin is necessary for verification of this assumption, in which we see prospects for further research.
We present an approach for assessing how multilingual large language models (LLMs) learn syntax in terms of multi-formalism syntactic structures. We aim to recover constituent and dependency structures by casting parsing as sequence labeling. To do so, we select a few LLMs and study them on 13 diverse UD treebanks for dependency parsing and 10 treebanks for constituent parsing. Our results show that: (i) the framework is consistent across encodings, (ii) pre-trained word vectors do not favor constituency representations of syntax over dependencies, (iii) sub-word tokenization is needed to represent syntax, in contrast to character-based models, and (iv) occurrence of a language in the pretraining data is more important than the amount of task data when recovering syntax from the word vectors.
Abstract Background The need persists for sensitive, low‐cost, and high‐access cognitive markers to complement biomarker information in the earliest stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Sensitive cognitive markers may be derived from information at the item level of neuropsychological tests. We investigated if item‐level metrics add information beyond total score in the relationship of semantic fluency—generating as many words as possible of a category in a given time frame—to cortical thinning across eight years in middle‐aged to older adults without dementia. Method Participants were part of the SMART‐MR cohort (n = 251, age = 59.6±8.6, 19.5% women), designed to investigate brain changes in individuals with arterial disease, which puts them at high risk for dementia. Global cortical thickness was derived from MRI scans at two visits approximately eight years apart. Item‐level metrics were derived from linguistic databases: mean log lexical frequency (how often a word occurs in our language) and mean age of acquisition (AoA; at what age a word was learned) of words generated on a 2‐minute semantic (animal) fluency task (Fig 1). We calculated residualized item‐level scores representing the deviation in the item‐level metric from what is expected based on the total score to account for collinearity. Linear regression models—adjusted for age, sex/gender, education, and history of stroke—analyzed the relationship between total score or item‐level metrics as determinants and cortical thickness at follow‐up as the outcome, adjusting for baseline level. Result Total score alone was not related to cortical thinning at follow‐up (β = ‐.023[‐.001;.000], p =.466). However, a higher‐than‐expected mean lexical frequency (β = ‐.065[‐.054;‐.002], p =.033) and lower‐than‐expected mean AoA (β =.066[.001;.019], p =.033) were related to more cortical thinning at follow‐up. An alternative analytic approach to capture change, using the difference in cortical thickness between visits without baseline adjustment, yielded similar results. Conclusion Alternative item‐level metrics of semantic fluency, as opposed to the traditional total score, related to future neurodegeneration in high‐risk individuals without a dementia diagnosis. The results seem robust across two different item‐level metrics and two different analytic approaches. Valuable item‐level information could be leveraged for accurate identification of the earliest stages of clinical Alzheimer’s disease, in addition to biomarker evidence, for intervention and timely diagnosis.
This repository contains the digitised Holle List in Stokhof (1980), namely the reference list of words in Dutch, English, and Indonesian, whose Index numbers can be linked to the Index of the word lists in the targeted languages (these lists are published independently in the subsequent volumes). Details and the interactive web version of the list can be accessed via https://engganolang.github.io/digitised-holle-list/ (Rajeg 2023). The work in this repository is part of the AHRC-funded project on <em>Lexical resources for Enggano, a threatened language of Indonesia</em> (central webpage of the Enggano project: https://enggano.ling-phil.ox.ac.uk/) <strong>Updates in version 1.3.0</strong> Adding the cross-linguistic data format (CLDF) version (Forkel et al. 2018) of the Holle List. In this CLDF version, the English column becomes the gloss for the Dutch and Indonesian forms (in the <code>forms.csv</code>). The parameters table contains the Concepticon concept sets mapping to the English gloss. Adding a GitHub action infrastructure to validate the CLDF format, adapting the one provided here as part of the Intercontinental Dictionary Series (IDS) (Key and Comrie 2023). Adding the code to validate the CLDF dataset in terminal. Adding the code to test-deploy locally the CLDF dataset in the cross-linguistic linked data (CLLD) web framework (Forkel 2023). <strong>References</strong> Forkel, Robert, Johann-Mattis List, Simon J. Greenhill, Christoph Rzymski, Sebastian Bank, Michael Cysouw, Harald Hammarström, Martin Haspelmath, Gereon A. Kaiping & Russell D. Gray. 2018. Cross-Linguistic Data Formats, advancing data sharing and re-use in comparative linguistics. Scientific Data. Nature Publishing Group 5(1). 180205. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.205. Forkel, Robert. 2023. clld: Python library supporting the development of cross-linguistic databases. Python. https://clld.org/. (14 June, 2023). Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) 2023. The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at https://ids.clld.org, Accessed on 2023-06-14.) Rajeg, Gede Primahadi Wijaya. 2023. Digitised, searchable Holle List in Stokhof (1980) (1.3.0). University of Oxford, UK. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7972273 https://engganolang.github.io/digitised-holle-list/ https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a511951b-86fb-4019-94d4-280efa83de02 Stokhof, W. A. L. (ed.). 1980. Holle lists, vocabularies in languages of Indonesia, vol. 1: Introductory volume. Vol. Materials in Languages of Indonesia. Canberra, A.C.T., Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University. https://core.ac.uk/reader/159464813.
In this excellent book, Christoph Kelp and Mona Simion defend an etiological-functionalist account of the normativity of assertion. Specifically, the etiological function of assertion is to generate knowledge in hearers. Kelp and Simion argue that this functionalist thesis has two important implications: a) that epistemically good assertions are those that are disposed to generate knowledge in hearers, and b) that epistemically permissible assertions are those that conform to the Knowledge Rule of Assertion (KRA). One important feature of the book is a sophisticated defense of KRA by means of an etiological-functionalist framework.The book is lucidly written, rigorously argued, informed, and original. All of this is as expected, coming from two authors who have already made significant contributions to the topic. Indeed, the book draws on both their single-authored and coauthored work on related issues, including the normativity of assertion, the epistemology of testimony, epistemic norms, and epistemic normativity. The result is that an etiological-functionalist account of assertion is now front and center among competing views.The book also contains several other interesting and original discussions, all by way of applying the authors’ etiological-functionalist framework to prominent issues in the literature on assertion and beyond. These include a chapter on epistemic injustice (defending a duty to believe on the part of hearers), a chapter on whether there is a constitutive rule of assertion (rejecting Williamson’s strong constitution thesis, but defending a weaker version), a chapter on contextualism (arguing, contra DeRose, that KRA counts against a contextualist semantics of knowledge attributions), and an appendix on the value of knowledge (offering an original defense of our concern with knowledge, as well as a functionalist account of knowledge’s value). In my judgment, the book advances discussions on all of these topics in important and original ways.In the remainder of the review, I clarify what Kelp and Simion mean by a functionalist account of assertion, and I review what I take to be the authors’ most interesting arguments in favor of KRA and their etiological-functionalist account. I end by raising some questions about the view that results.Kelp and Simion tell us that they are arguing for a “function first” account of the normativity of assertion. Three points of clarifications are important here. First, this an account of the epistemic normativity of assertion, that is, an account of what makes an assertion epistemically (as opposed to practically, morally, or all-things-considered) good, proper, or right. Second, by “function,” the authors mean etiological function. This makes their account a competitor with ones that ground the normativity of assertion in human intentions (or what I will call the intended function of assertion). For example, it is a competitor with accounts that ground the normativity of assertion in human intentions embedded in speech acts or in other social practices or norms. Putting these two points together, Kelp and Simion are arguing for an etiological account of the epistemic normativity of assertion.Third, Kelp and Simion think that the normativity of assertion is multidimensional in the following way: there is a distinction between an assertion’s being good (or valuable) and its being permissible. As such, they argue, an adequate account of the normativity of assertion must address both of these dimensions. Specifically, rules of assertion such as KRA address the epistemic permissibility question. KRA says one must (epistemically) assert p only if one knows p. Alternatively, it is (epistemically) permissible to assert p only if one knows p. But this leaves open the question of the goodness of assertion—what makes an assertion epistemically good or valuable. Their function first account primarily answers this second question about goodness, and then derives an answer to the permissibility question from that. In turn, they argue, alternative accounts tend to conflate the distinction between these two dimensions for normativity, either assuming that good assertions must be permissible assertions or missing the distinction altogether.Regarding the epistemic permissibility of assertion, Kelp and Simion defend KRA in two stages. In the first stage, which comprises part 1 of the book, they look at the main arguments for and against KRA in the literature. Here they introduce a piece of theoretical machinery—their “Basic Normative Framework”—that I think moves discussion forward. In particular, a number of objections to KRA take the form of an apparent counterexample: a person S asserts p in a case where a) S does not know p, and yet b) S’s assertion seems permissible nonetheless. A common move by defenders of KRA is to interpret the case as a blameless norm violation. For example, KRA is indeed governing S’s assertion and violated, but S has an excuse. Objectors to KRA complain that this kind of move is ad hoc, inappropriately insulating KRA from apparent counterexamples. In the context of this dialectic, Kelp and Simion introduce an independently plausible framework for understanding criticism and blame, and they then show how the framework predicts patterns of criticism, apology, explanation, and excuse that favor KRA over other accounts. The Basic Normative Framework and the discussion around its application are too complex to present here. I will only register my agreement with Kelp and Simion on two central points: a) that their Basic Normative Framework is independently plausible and b) that it speaks decisively in favor of KRA in terms of how it predicts relevant conversational patterns.The second stage of KRA’s defense takes place in part 2 of the book, in the context of a broader defense of Kelp and Simion’s etiological-functionalist framework. Specifically, chapter 4 articulates and defends a functionalist account of the goodness of assertion. Roughly, one’s assertion is (epistemically) good just in case it has the disposition to generate knowledge in one’s hearers. Chapter 5 then shows how KRA, which speaks to the permissibility of assertion, can be derived from the account in chapter 4. The arguments of both chapters are central to the purposes of the book, and are of independent interest as well.The burden of chapter 4 is to establish the following evaluative norm:The argument begins by endorsing a standard account of etiological function:Kelp and Simon introduce some additional theoretical machinery that complicates the standard account and is employed to argue for their Evaluative Norm of Assertion. Specifically, a “simple economic system (SES)” is one that is constituted by a type of producer, a type of product, a type of consumer, and a type of return. For example, consider the practice of producing and consuming espresso at a local coffee shop (SES-Espresso). In SES-Espresso, baristas (producers) produce cups of espresso (product), which are consumed by customers (consumers) by means of a purchase (return). By E-function, tokens of espresso have the e-function of producing pleasant gustatory experiences in customers in SES-Espresso.Next, Kelp and Simion defend the following general evaluative norm:By this general evaluative norm, cups of espresso that have the disposition to produce pleasant gustatory experiences are good cups of espresso.The next step of the argument is to apply this machinery to assertions. Specifically, Kelp and Simion argue that our practice of making assertions qualifies as a simple economic system. In SES-Assertion, speakers (producers) produce assertions (products), which are consumed by hearers (consumers) by means of belief (return). By E-function, assertions have the e-function of generating knowledge in hearers. Finally, by means of the general evaluative norm for tokens with an e-function, we get The Evaluative Norm of Assertion.The task of chapter 5 is to provide a functionalist rationale for KRA, that is, to explain from a functionalist perspective why KRA should govern the permissibility of assertion. Kelp and Simion begin by describing a kind of situation where it makes sense to govern e-tokens by some rule or other. This is a situation where a) it matters that tokens of the type fulfill their e-function reliably (Reliability), b) there are numerous possible ways of producing tokens of the type, with varying reliability regarding whether tokens so produced fulfill their e-function (Variation), and c) tokens of the type are produced by human agents who are criticism-averse (Humanity). In such a situation, Kelp and Simion argue, it makes sense to govern the production of tokens by means of rules that promote reliability regarding e-function fulfillment. Moreover, they argue, SES-Assertion satisfies these conditions, so it makes sense that assertions should be governed by such a rule. The next step of the argument is to show that assertions should be governed by KRA in particular. That is, to show that governing assertions by KRA promotes the reliability with which assertions generate knowledge in hearers. Kelp and Simion offer several reasons for supposing that it does, thereby vindicating KRA from a functionalist perspective.First, why do Kelp and Simion think that the function of assertion is to generate knowledge rather than transmit it? The question arises because, on their own account, “cases in which testimony transmits knowledge predominate and cases in which testimony generates knowledge are rare exceptions” (114). But if generation cases are rare, it is unclear how assertions can have “the disposition to generate knowledge that p in one’s hearer(s) … by functioning normally in normal conditions.” (See the Evaluative Norm of Assertion, above). It is also unclear how knowledge generation “contributes to the explanation of why” assertions exist in SES-Assertion. (See E-function, above.) By their own reasoning, then, Kelp and Simion should think that the function of assertion is to transmit knowledge and that it is the disposition to fulfill this function that makes a token assertion good.Second, is FFAA supposed to give a full account or a partial account of the epistemic goodness of assertion? If it is supposed to give a full account, then FFAA is implausible. That is because assertions plausibly have an intended function as well as an etiological function, and it is plausible that intended function fulfillment also contributes to assertion’s epistemic goodness. For example, various authors have argued that the speech act of assertion is constituted by the intention to transmit knowledge, to give a reason to believe, or to give license to believe. If so, then it is plausible that the epistemic goodness of assertions is at least partly a matter of fulfilling their intended epistemic function. Suppose, then, that FFAA is supposed to give only a partial account of the epistemic goodness of assertion. In that case, it is unclear why FAA is a competitor to “intended function” accounts, including those that ground the goodness of assertion in the epistemic intentions embedded in constitutive rules, linguistic norms, or other social norms governing the practice of assertion.Suppose Kelp and Simion were to revise their view so as to accommodate these concerns. Many of their arguments and much of their view would be left intact, including their functionalist defense of KRA. And we would still have a compelling (now partial) account of the goodness of assertion, in terms of assertion’s etiological function of transmitting knowledge.
Wellbeing is an important predictor for overall health and favourable outcomes in life, i.e. less psychopathology, more self-worth, and positive work functioning. Like many complex traits, feelings of wellbeing fluctuate over time (i.e. across the day or week) and across different contexts (Eid & Diener, 2004; Li et al., 2014; Lyubomirsky, 2001). Different measures of such affect variability or affect dynamics can be computed. First, momentary affect reflects the average level of positive or negative affect across the measurement period. Second, the within-person standard deviation (SD) reflects the variability of affect across the measurement period. The SD is time insensitive and does not account for the moment-to-moment changes (Trull et al., 2015). Third, the first-order autocorrelation (AR) reflects the correlation between affect measurements at consecutive time points, i.e., temporal dependency. This measure is often referred to as inertia, i.e. the resistance to change (Koval et al., 2013; Kuppens et al., 2010; Suls et al., 1998). Fourth, the root square of the mean square successive difference (rMSSD) captures the fluctuations between moments and takes into account both the variability and temporal dependence (Jahng et al., 2008). The rMSSD is often referred to as affective instability (Koval et al., 2013; Trull et al., 2015). Fluctuations in positive and negative affect are thought to be adaptive and important for wellbeing and help to respond to environmental changes and demands (Carver, 2015; Frijda & Mesquita, 1994; Kashdan & Rottenberg, 2010). However, affective fluctuations are only functional within certain boundaries. If emotions do not change or change too strongly or abruptly this might signal dysregulation or is related to psychopathology. For example, abnormal affect dynamics have been associated with emotional dysregulation and a vulnerability of psychological problems later in life (Kuppens et al., 2012). Furthermore, depression has been found to be related both to a higher mean level of negative affect, and to a change in affect dynamics (Aan het Rot et al., 2012). The meta-analysis of Houben et al. (2015) showed that in adults, high variability and instability of emotions are associated with worse general wellbeing and depressive symptoms, with stronger effects of negative affect dynamics on general wellbeing than positive affect dynamics. However, most studies only take in account the linear relations between affect dynamics and mental health outcomes, whereas nonlinear effects, i.e. quadratic, could explain the relation as well. For example, both very high and very low levels of variability could be related to less wellbeing or more psychopathological symptoms. The first goal of the current study is therefore to explore the relation between affect dynamics and general measures of wellbeing in a large sample, taking into account both linear and quadratic effects. Individual differences Individual differences in the size of affect dynamics have been reported. Some people show relatively stable levels of wellbeing, e.g., stable levels of positive and negative affect over the day or week, while others fluctuate a lot (Eid & Diener, 1999; Gadermann & Zumbo, 2007). Genetically informative samples can be used to investigate the role of genetic and environmental factors playing a role in the individual differences. Mainly based on standardized and well-validated surveys, it is known that individual differences in general wellbeing are partly explained by genetic factors, i.e., the heritability is around 40% (Bartels, 2015; Nes & Røysamb, 2015). In contrast, the causes of individual differences in momentary wellbeing and affect dynamics have been estimated in only a few studies. Riemann and colleagues assessed positive and negative affect across five different mood-inducing situations in 300 twin pairs. The estimated heritability of momentary positive affect was small across the different situations, around 5-20% (Riemann et al., 1998). In a real-life setting, Menne-Lothmann et al. (2012) investigated momentary positive affect in female twins (N=260 twin pairs) using the experience sampling method. Positive affect ratings were averaged for each person across the 50 measurements to a single score of momentary positive affect. Genetic influences on this rough average momentary positive affect did not reach significance, with a heritability of 19% (95% CI = 0-50%). Similarly, Zheng et al. (2016) assessed daily positive affect in 275 twin pairs for a month and reported a non-significant heritability estimate for the average daily positive affect (18%, 95% CI = 0-56%). Finally, in a daily diary study of 237 twin pairs, genetic influences on daily positive affect were found to be small, but significant, i.e., around 25% (Burt et al., 2015). With respect to affect fluctuations, Jacobs et al. (2013) reported a heritability estimate of 18% for positive affect variability, using the experience sampling design for five days in 279 twin pairs. In a daily-diary design, Zheng et al. (2016) reported a heritability estimate of 34% (95% CI = 17% - 48%) for positive affect variability. However, in a recent daily-diary study, a non-significant heritability of 9% (0–25%) was reported for positive affect inertia, i.e., the extent to which individuals’ emotions carry over from one time point to the next (Zheng & Asbury, 2019). The inconclusive findings and large confidence intervals for the heritability of momentary positive affect, affect fluctuations and variability, and other momentary measures of wellbeing indicate the need for more research to affect dynamics in daily life in a large sample of twins. The second goal of this study is therefore to investigate the genetic architecture of the different affect dynamic measures in our large sample of twins of the Netherlands Twin Register.
Linguists and media scholars have long noticed the declining use of Shanghai Wu in China's reform years, particularly since the 1990s. Yet this issue has been mainly explored in the field of Chinese (socio)linguistics, such as in Qian Nairong's work. Edward Gunn and Jin Liu briefly identified four factors accounting for the Shanghai media's preference for Putonghua Mandarin rather than Shanghai Wu, yet they did not elaborate further.1 Fang Xu's is the first book-length work devoted to this issue from the perspective of urban sociology. With a decidedly interdisciplinary nature, Xu's book situates the dialect crisis in the context of political agendas and language policies, economic development and urban transformation, and demographic migration and massive dislocation in contemporary China. With a rich trove of field research and resources, Xu's book provides a comprehensive and timely account of the dramatic changes in the linguistic and urban landscapes in Shanghai, particularly in the past two decades.Xu lays out the analytical framework for her research in the introduction. She clearly articulates and smoothly transits between different theories and concepts (linguistic capital, language ideology, right to the city, place identity, and nationalism) in relation to her research topic. In chapter 1, Xu traces the contested origin of both the city and its dialect and provides the necessary historical and socioeconomic context, including the city's history of migration, the traditional upper/lower corner divide, recent hukou (household registration system) reform, and the hybrid nature of the “young” Shanghai dialect formed “around the 1920s” (54).In the following chapters, drawing on rich and valuable empirical fieldwork data (70 interviews and 248 survey responses as well as personal experience and ethnographic observations), Xu dwells on three factors leading to Shanghai Wu's decline and possible demise. In chapter 2, Xu focuses on the state's political agendas and language policies, which have dramatically diminished the linguistic space for Shanghai Wu. Yet the author finds that although the dominant language ideology has been successfully promoted as top-down panopticon, the competing, alternative language ideology, in which Shanghai Wu is endowed with covert prestige, solidarity, and local pride, “still thrives in the city” (89). In chapter 3, Xu discusses in detail how the geographical displacement and involuntary relocation of local residents accelerates the disappearance of Shikumen vernacular architecture and the dispersal of their vernacular speech community. Coupled with her intimate knowledge of the city districts, particularly in Puxi, the author vividly cites many personal experiences of alienation and placelessness. In chapters 4 and 5, Xu focuses on the recent migrants who are highly educated and well off. Although the newcomers received the official identity of “new Shanghairen,” their authenticity is challenged by the earlier migrants due to the former's lack of proficiency in Shanghai Wu, which is seen as the “exclusive last pillar of Shanghairen identity” (133). For the recent migrants themselves, “language is the ultimate barrier for them to self-identify... as genuine Shanghairen” (181), too. This, again, highlights the intricate relationship between language and identity, the subtitle of this book.The book sets up to investigate the tension between the global (“Shanghai's emergence as a global city”) and the local (“the marginalization of... the Shanghai dialect”) (1–2). It ends up tackling the conflict between the national and the local by subduing Shanghai's globalization exclusively as a state project. The author is very explicit in her harsh criticism of the authoritarian nation-state and attributes all the factors for the dialect's endangerment simply to the top-down “state policies” (2). Yet, among others, the heterogeneous Shanghai Wu itself is also intrinsically a factor in the limited role played by mass media, which is “crucial for the fate of the dialect” (210). It is “virtually impossible” for Shanghai media to find performers with identical accents, and Shanghai Wu as a media language “evoked disparities and controversy as much as community.”2 In contrast, Xu's book treats the global largely with a sympathetic tone. She touches on the “uniformity and McDonaldization” of the urban landscapes (121), but the target is still the national. The arguments would be more sophisticated if the book recognized the globalization as a separate yet related homogenizing factor. In this sense, the function of the nation-state is more aligned with globalization and its concomitant homogenization.Another simplification may relate to the methodology, particularly sampling bias. According to the book, “more than one million households” (15) were displaced among the “sixteen million native Shanghairen” (17). Since all of the “native Shanghairen” whom the author interviewed experienced relocation (22), through synecdochic substitution, the “native Shanghairen” as a whole are depicted as victimized and marginalized. Readers may wonder about different narratives, such as the experiences of the wealthy and highly educated local elites. Have they developed a similar “flexible resident identity” as the recent migrants? The book only hints a little about this subgroup, such as by mentioning their professionalism (179), but does not provide a complex picture of Shanghairen's experiences.Moreover, in exploring the issue of language and identity, the book would benefit from a more solid scholarship in linguistics. For example, a statement such as “Shanghai Wu belongs to a different language family from Mandarin” (italics mine) is far beyond the linguistic norms. Similarly, the author consistently uses “artificial” or “newly invented” (92) to label Putonghua, which “inherited the Beijing-pronunciation-based Guoyin” (5). Xu confuses the old guoyin and new guoyin and misinterprets Robert Ramsey's The Languages of China (1989) when citing Ramsey on page 65. The allegation of artificiality only applies to old guoyin, not new guoyin. There are also some minor mistakes. For example, the place-names in the 1919 map, such as Whangpoo River (Xu misread it as Hwangpoo) and Soochow Creek used the Postal romanization, not the “Wade-Gile system” (45). In addition, Pinyin spelling mistakes such as yangjingbang as yangjinbang (44) and Minhang as Minghang (103) betray traces of her native tongue's influence, as the author honestly acknowledges.Despite these flaws, Xu's book is a unique addition both to the already rich scholarship on Shanghai and to the still fairly limited literature on language politics in contemporary China. It maps out Shanghai's dramatic social transformation in the past decades from a unique perspective of language/dialect. Besides rich firsthand materials on language attitudes and language shift, the book, written in a very approachable style, addresses broadly Shanghai's history, architecture, housing reform, resident permit policies, and new social classes in the making. I would recommend the book not only to scholars of language and urban studies but also to general readers interested in contemporary China, especially Shanghai.
Анализируются орографические апеллятивы возвышенного рельефа на материале якутской оронимии в сравнительно-сопоставительном аспекте с тюркскими, монгольскими и тунгусо-маньчжурскими языками. Рассматривается их семантика, дистрибуция и определяется их роль в формировании оронимов. Материал исследования извлечен главным образом из двуязычных, лексикографических, этимологических, диалектологических, топонимических словарей, лингвистических работ, содержащих сведения об орографических апеллятивах. В исследовании также использовались материалы, собранные автором во время полевых экспедиций, проводимых с 2020 г. в центральных районах Республики Саха (Якутия). Цель статьи – выявление и сравнительно-историческое описание орографических апеллятивов возвышенного рельефа в якутской оронимии. Актуальность исследования обусловлена безотлагательной необходимостью фиксации, систематизации, изучения и сохранения в информационном поле лингвистов столь специфического пласта якутской топонимической лексики, как оронимия, находящегося под угрозой исчезновения в силу ряда причин социолингвистического и социоэкономического характера. Результат описательного метода показывает, что орографические апеллятивы, встречающиеся в якутской оронимии, отражают физико-географические особенности рельефа местности, на которой они функционируют. Статистический метод показал, что апеллятивы возвышенного рельефа составляют примерно 27 % всех якутских оронимов. Наиболее активными в образовании оронимов являются апеллятивы хайа ‘гора, скала’ (20 %), булгунньах ‘булгуннях, бугор пучения’ (19 %), таас ‘скала, гора’ (7 %), тумул ‘мыс’ (7 %). Словообразовательная структура большинства якутских оронимов с апеллятивами возвышенного рельефа представлена двусловными атрибутивными конструкциями и образуется по моделям типа «существительное + существительное» и «прилагательное + существительное». Сравнительно-историческим методом установлено, что орографические апеллятивы возвышенного рельефа в якутской оронимии представлены тюркскими, монгольскими, тунгусо-маньчжурскими, а также общими алтайскими основами. Этимологический анализ апеллятивов, обозначающих различные формы рельефа, позволяет углубить и расширить изучение генетического родства алтайских языков, путей их исторического развития. Некоторые апеллятивы возвышенного рельефа находятся в стадии своего становления, другие устоялись и существуют во многих тюркских, монгольских и тунгусо-маньчжурских языках. The article analyzes the orographic appellatives of high relief on the material of Yakut oronymy in a comparative aspect with Turkic, Mongolian, and Manchu-Tungus languages. The author examines their semantics and distribution. In addition, their role in the formation of oronyms is determined. The research material comes mainly from bilingual, lexicographic, etymological, dialectological, and toponymic dictionaries and linguistic works containing information on orographic appellatives. The study also used material collected by the author during the field expeditions conducted in the central regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) since 2020. The article aims to identify the orographic appellatives of the high relief in Yakut oronymy and to describe them comparatively historically. Nowadays, such a specific layer of the Yakut toponymic vocabulary as oronymy is considered endangered for a number of sociolinguistic and socioeconomic reasons and needs collection, systematization, study, and preservation in linguistic databases. The result of the descriptive method shows that the orographic appellatives occurring in Yakut oronymy reflect the physical and geographical features of the terrain in which they function. The statistical method has shown that high relief appellatives account for about 27% of all Yakut oronyms. The most active in forming oronyms are the appellatives haya ‘mountain, rock’ (20%), bulgunniakh ‘pingo’ (19%), taas ‘rock, mountain’ (7%), tumul ‘cape’ (7%). The word formation structure of most of the Yakut oronyms with appellatives of high relief is represented by two-word attributive constructions and is formed according to models such as “noun + noun” and “adjective + noun”. The comparative historical method has shown that the orographic appellatives of high relief in Yakut oronymy are represented by Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu-Tungusic, as well as common Altaic word stems. The etymological analysis of the appellatives denoting different forms of relief allows us to deepen and broaden the study of the genetic relationship of the Altai languages and the ways of their historical development. Some appellatives of high relief are in the stage of their formation, and others are well established and exist in many Turkic, Mongolian, and Manchu-Tungus languages.
В последние десятилетия возможности вычислительной техники интенсивно расширяются, её применение ведет научные отрасли по пути прогресса. Исследованием частотности языковых единиц в различных идиомах с акцентом на устную и письменную речь занимается широкий круг лингвистов как в России, так и за её пределами. Фокусируется внимание и на языках коренных малочисленных народов, остающихся неизученными в статистическом аспекте. Настоящее исследование посвящено рассмотрению численного варьирования гласных и согласных фонем в эвенском языке. Проведенное исследование опирается на работу О. Н. Морозовой, С. В. Андросовой и Н. Я. Булатовой «Частотные характеристики фонем в эвенкийском языке: данные пилотного эксперимента» (2019). Актуальность состоит в отсутствии научных работ о численном соотношении вокалических и консонантных фонем в звуковом строе эвенского языка. Научная новизна обусловливается активизацией квантитативного подхода в лингвистических изысканиях для составления определенных матриц, иллюстрирующих те или иные языковые нормы и отклонения. Целью является установление синтагматической частотности гласных и согласных фонем в эвенском языке на материале эвенских нимканов. Нимкан – это один из жанров устного народного творчества эвенов, в котором совмещены урумкун нимкан (миф с элементами сказки) и икэлкэн нимкан (эпическое сказание с песенными диалогами). В соответствии с целью исследования в работе поставлены следующие задачи: транскрибировать орфографические записи эвенских нимканов с помощью символов международного фонетического алфавита, провести синтагматический анализ частотности звуков. При выполнении работы были использованы методы количественных подсчетов и сравнительно-сопоставительного анализа. Материал исследования: тексты эвенских нимканов, записанных в период с 1976 по 2003 гг. В. А. Роббеком, Е. В. Нестеревой, Е. Н. Ивановой и Н. П. Тарабукиным у эвенов села Березовка Среднеколымского района Якутии. Несомненно, устная традиция, как форма передачи информации в поколенческой последовательности, обладает множеством сложных конструкций как в лингвистическом, так и в семиотическом плане. Изучение фольклорного повествования в ракурсе статистики предполагает синтагматический анализ численного варьирования слов или их частей. Основными результатами исследования стали: подтверждение гипотезы о субъективном представлении эвенов относительно вокаличности их языка, выявление синтагматической частотности гласных и согласных звуков по признакам (ряд, подъем, способ и место образования и др.), получение коэффициентов, показывающих разницу между фонемами. Перспектива исследования состоит в парадигматическом рассмотрении частотности гласных и согласных звуков эвенского языка. In recent decades, the possibilities of computer technology have been intensively expanding, and its exploitation leads to progress in scientific fields. The study of the frequency of language units in various idioms, with a focus on spoken and written speech, is being carried out by a wide range of linguists, both in Russia and abroad. The focus is also on the languages of small-numbered indigenous peoples, which remain unstudied from a statistical point of view. The present study deals with the numerical variation of vowel and consonant phonemes in the Even language. The study is based on the work of Olga Morozova, Svetlana Androsova and Nadezhda Bulatova “Frequency characteristics of phonemes in the Even language: data from a pilot experiment” (2019). The relevance lies in the lack of scholarly works on the numerical ratio of vocalic and consonant phonemes in the sound structure of the Even language. The novelty stems from the activation of the quantitative approach in linguistic research to compile certain matrices illustrating certain linguistic norms and deviations. The aim is to establish the syntagmatic frequency of vowel and consonant phonemes in the Even language on the material of Even nimkans. Nimkan is a genre of the Even folk narrative, which combines urumkun nimkan (a myth with fairy tale elements) and ikelken nimkan (an epic tale with song dialogues). In accordance with the aim of the study, the following tasks were set: to transcribe orthographic records of Even nimkans using symbols of the international phonetic alphabet, to conduct a syntagmatic analysis of the frequency of sounds. The methods of quantitative counting and comparative analysis were used in performing the work. The material of the study is the texts of Even nimkans recorded between 1976 and 2003 by Vasiliy Robbek, Elena Nesterova, Elena Ivanova and Nikolay Tarabukin from the Even village of Berezovka (Srednekolymsky district of Yakutia). Undoubtedly, oral tradition, as a form of transmitting information in a generational sequence, has many complex structures both linguistically and semiotically. The study of folklore narrative from a statistical perspective implies a syntagmatic analysis of the numerical variation of words or their parts. The main results of the study are: the confirmation of the hypothesis about the subjective representation of the Even people with regards to vocalization of their language, the identification of syntagmatic frequencies of vowel and consonant sounds by features (row, rise, mode and place of formation, etc.), getting coefficients showing the difference between phonemes. The prospect of the study is a paradigmatic consideration of the frequency of vowel and consonant sounds of the Even language.
This paper progresses the research on Leviticus, giving the first priority to syntax and results in a text-hierarchical structure, and the second priority to the analysis of participants’ roles and results in the discourse functions between the syntactic divisions. This study considers the ETCBC linguistic inventory that includes the annotated linguistic database of the Hebrew Bible at all linguistic levels such as grapheme, morpheme, phrase, and clause,49) together with the text-hierarchical structure constructed on the basis of the annotation of all clause relationships that occur in a text, using the text-linguistics of Eep Talstra. This methodology stems from the linguistics of Wolfgang Schneider, who adopted the linguistic model of Weinrich who had defined syntax as a means of communication. Schneider viewed that syntax is a description of the linguistic forms that conduct the process of communication, and that word order is a form that has its own function. In the same line, Talstra observes the verb form and its placement in the clause as well as the adjunct phrases in the clause, and describes the function of the word order. I call this an Elaborate Divine Speech Formula [divine speech formula + locative or time phrase]. In my conjecture, the EDSFs in the four books of the Pentateuch except Genesis demarcate the major divisions as follows: Exod 1:1-4:18, 4:19-11:10, 12:1-40:38; Lev 1:1-24:23 (subdivided into 1:1-15:33 and 16:1-24:23), 25:1-27:23; Num 1:1-8:26 (subdivided into 1:1-3:13 and 3:14-8:26), 9:1-36:13 (subdivided into 9:1-20:22, 20:23-33:49, 33:50-34:29 and 35:1-36:13); Deut 1:1-32:46 and 32:47-34:12.<br/> This paper focuses on the demarcations in Leviticus, which might be different from the demarcations of scholars who made thematic divisions. For example, most scholars propose Lev 17:1-26:46 as one literary unit with a holiness code. This paper does not seek to present syntactic division in competition with semantic divisions, but rather as an alternative way of looking at the text that puts Leviticus in the context of the Pentateuch in a different light and of the discourse functions between the syntactic divisions.
In this study, all video content was converted to MPEG-4 format and integrated into an online experiment. Each video clip had a five-second countdown timer and was accompanied by emotion sliders ranging from 0 to 100% intensity, with the question, "How does the person in the video make you feel?" The videos were divided into two blocks: the first block contained ambiguous or neutral facial expressions to establish a baseline, while the second block featured smiles from politicians associated with reward and affiliation. Participants in the study were exclusively from England and intended to vote for one of the three major political parties. To ensure a representative sample, participants came from all 124 postal code zones in England and were recruited through a Qualtrics survey panel, receiving £5 for their participation. A total of 344 participants took part, with an average age of 57 and a gender distribution of 219 males and 125 females. Most participants (58%) intended to vote for the Conservative and Unionist Party, followed by 22% for The Labour Party and 20% for The Liberal Democrat Party. Emotional responses were assessed using eight sliders, combined into four 100-point variables: anger, distress, happiness, and affinity. The Cronbach's α values for these scales ranged from 0.78 to 0.97. Data from participants who responded both before and after the UK General Election were analysed in this study. Key to dataset The variable names refer to affective rating that each voter reported when presented with one of three facial displays that were engendered by each of the political leaders from one of the two data collection timepoints i.e., 1 week before (T1) or 1 one week after (T2) the UK 2019 General election. For example, T1_JSNeutHap is the column header for data that was collected before the election and here participants were shown the video excerpt of the, then, leader of the Liberal Democrats, Joanna Swinson, engendering a neutral or ambiguous facial display. The data in this specific column is the collapsed data for participant rated measures of excitement and happiness which were collapsed to from the single variable of happiness.
Embodied cognition research identifies mechanisms by which our cognitive activity is connected to body experiences. This approach encompasses not only experimental manipulations but also the quantification of variables related to group and individual differences, i.e., participant-related variables. Moreover, stimuli-related characteristics, such as sensorimotor word ratings, can either be used for the selection of experimental materials or can be the main output of a study themselves. This quantitative information about individuals or stimuli can be collected through non-experimental methods, such as questionnaires and cognitive tests. This chapter gives an overview of questionnaires and cognitive tests often used in embodied cognition research. A questionnaire is a list of questions asking participants to provide information on certain aspects, such as their sociodemographic or medical status. A test is a series of tasks which participants perform for further evaluation by researchers, such as tests of mathematical ability, reading speed, or counting direction. Rating studies collect subjective evaluations of various parameters, typically for large sets of items. The present chapter is divided into two main sections: Participant-related variables and stimuli-related characteristics. We present examples from cognitive linguistics, psycholinguistics, psychophysics, as well as from research on numerical cognition, peripersonal space, and attitudes towards social robots.
This dataset is a corpus of five student's translation of Plato's Crito aligned at sentence-level with the original Ancient Greek text, one German translation, and two English translations. The Ancient Greek text is the Burnet edition, made available by Perseus Digital Library. For more information, see: https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0169%3Atext%3DCrito%3Asection%3D43a The details of the eight translations (five Persian, two English, and one German translations) are as follows: German Translation: The German translation of Schleiermmacher available on Project Gutenberg has been aligned at the sentence level. For more information, see: Plato, F. Schleiermacher, Platons Werke, In der Realschulbuchhandlung, 1809 Link to the text on Project Gutenberg: https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/platon/platowr1/kriton.html English Translations: Two different English translations of "Crito", one by Benjamin Jowett and the other by Harold North Fowler are included in the dataset. For more information on Jowett's translation, see: Plato, H. N. Fowler, W. Lamb, Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vol. 1 translated by Harold North Fowler; Introduction by W.R.M. Lamb, volume 1, Harvard University Press and Wiliam Heinemann Ltd., Cambridge, MA and London, 1966. Fowler's translation on Perseus Digital Library: https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=plat.+crito+43a For more information on Jowett's translation, see: Plato, B. Jowett, Crito, The Internet Classics Archive, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/crito.html. Persian Translations: The dataset consists of five Persian translations by students who have already completed a 30-hour Homeric Greek course. Each translator has translated the text into Persian using treebanks, commentaries, lexicon entries, and English and German translations. The translators themselves aligned the Persian translations to the Greek text at word-level using Ugarit. The alignments are available in their Ugarit profile: Shouresh Assimi: https://ugarit.ialigner.com/userProfile.php?userid=50956 Aylar Mahmoudzadeh Sarabi: https://ugarit.ialigner.com/userProfile.php?userid=63464&tgid=9576 Nima Mohammadi: https://ugarit.ialigner.com/userProfile.php?userid=52434&tgid=9362 Kimia Nikpour: https://ugarit.ialigner.com/userProfile.php?userid=52378 Farshid Rahimi: https://ugarit.ialigner.com/userProfile.php?userid=50932&tgid=9727 The group's initial goal was to produce one finalized translation of Crito to Persian, but due to the intriguing variations in the translations and the text's intricacy, it was decided to provide three finalized translations rather than one. The finalized translations will be available in Beyond Translation as part of the Perseus Digital Library under a Creative Commons license. For more information on our final versions of Crito, see: http://beyond-translation.perseus.org
This study aims to explore the moral licensing behavior of listed companies in Korea using text mining. Moral licensing refers to the phenomenon of making immoral judgments or actions without guilt by giving oneself an indulgence based on past moral behavior when faced with a situation to commit immoral behavior. In the meantime, the majority of studies on moral licensing have been conducted at the individual level in the field of psychology, but this study explores the phenomenon of moral licensing at the corporate level through corporate social irresponsibility (CSiR). Specifically, this study crawled CSiR news articles of Korean listed companies that are evaluated as having high corporate social responsibility (CSR), and specifically presented CSiR behaviors through keyword extraction process and classified them by type to explore corporate moral licensing behavior. As a result of collecting CSiR news articles of Korean listed companies and extracting keywords, it was found that a company"s rating change was affected by a specific CSiR rather than the number of CSiR actions throughout a given year. CSiR keywords that actually effect ratings are identified as actions that appear to have been intervened from the Fair Trade Commission, such as fines, corrective orders, subcontracting violations, and unfair trade, or socially problematic behaviors such as deaths that affect rating changes. The most collected news article was Gap-Jil, and most of the news articles belonging to Gap-Jil were an act of power against subcontractors or partners that hindered coexistence, but it was ironic in that they did not have a significant effect on the change in rating. This study is significant in that it empirically examined the abstract concept of CSiR using text mining and classified the CSiR types according to their characteristics. In addition, this study suggests implications for future improvements in ESG evaluation methods by finding out that a specific type of CSiR has a greater impact on the rating than the number of CSiR actions that actually affect the evaluation rating.
Linguistics is the research based study of language and its structure which includes sounds, words, grammar, meaning and context. It plays a crucial role in research across various disciplines due to its adaptable and cross-disciplinary nature. It is important in research because language is a fundamental aspect of human communication and linguistics helps us grasp how humans make use of language, how they convey their thoughts and emotions and put them into words. It is also about how language is acquired through language acquisition device i.e. LAD, present in human mind. It was proposed by Noam Chomsky, a prominent linguist. Through LAD present in children, they effortlessly learn the grammar of any language, they are exposed to during their early development stage. Research in linguistics contributes to our understanding of cognitive processes, their way of perceiving and problem solving. Linguistic research contributes to our understanding of cognitive processes. Cognitive process deals with human perception, thinking and learning. Linguistics is crucial in the development of natural language processing NLP technologies and machine learning algorithms. Sociolinguist explores the relationship between language and social factors, like ethnicity, gender, social class and identity. It will shed light on language variation and the ways in which people use language to express their social identity. Daniel Jones was a prominent British phonetician who made significant contributions in the field of phonetics. He is known for his work on the description and analysis of speech sounds and their articulation. Phonetics delves with how humans produce and perceive sounds. Daniel Jones was a Phonetic professor at University College London and is remembered as “The Father of Phonetics.” Overall linguistics is essential in various research fields as it provides a deeper understanding of human language and its impact on the society. Its interdisciplinary nature allows it to intersect with numerous disciplines, making it a valuable tool for researchers seeking to explore the intricacies of language and its significance in our lives. Phonetics is the subfield of linguistics that deals with the study of speech sounds. It throws light on the physical properties of sounds and how they are produced, perceived and transmitted in human language. “Standard Indian English" refers to a variety of English that is spoken in India and conforms to certain linguistic norms and standards. English is one of the many languages spoken in India due to the country's colonial history under British rule, and it has developed into a distinct form known as Indian English. Phonetics is essential in understanding the sounds that make up languages and how they are used in communication. This study draws the attention of the reader towards the fields of phonetics which are essential and dominant for a linguistic to understand and work upon.
Abstract A growing literature suggests that having a sense of purpose in life is key to supporting optimal aging outcomes. One proposed mechanism for such benefits posits that having strong sense of purpose facilitates better management of and less reactivity to daily negative experiences, which over time may impact health. However, there remains a paucity of research investigating sense of purpose, affective experiences, and biological stress markers as individuals engage in their daily life routines. The present study sought to examine everyday associations between sense of purpose in life, negative affect, and salivary cortisol using repeated daily life assessments. A sample of 170 older adults aged 60 to 87 (M =71.18 years, SD=6.06) completed affect ratings and provided concurrent salivary cortisol samples 4 times per day over 7 consecutive days. Multilevel growth modeling was used to examine whether trait sense of purpose in life moderated within-day associations between negative affect and log-transformed cortisol levels (nmol/L), adjusting for relevant demographic information and factors that may impact cortisol (e.g., time since waking, caffeine intake). Analyses revealed that sense of purpose was indeed associated with lower daily negative affect, but it did not predict everyday cortisol and was also not moderating the within-person couplings between everyday negative affect and cortisol. Our results suggest that purpose in life shapes daily affect dynamics of older adults, yet not through modulating the physiological implications of negative affect. Follow-up analyses will explore whether these findings generalize to vulnerable groups of very old adults and those in poor health.
Myocardial blood flow can reflect the hemodynamic status of the myocardium and play a crucial role in the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia. However, the derivation of myocardial blood flow requires a series of dynamic-computed tomography perfusion scans, which lead to high radiation exposure. We explore a convolutional neural network-based parametric image generation method for accessing parametric images without dynamic scans. With a simulated static computed tomography perfusion scan as the input, the network can generate corresponding myocardial blood flow. With the assistance of bolus triggering, this method can realize accessibility of myocardial blood flow even without dynamic computed tomography perfusion, therefore reducing the radiation dosage in radiology examination and significantly boosting the duration of postprocessing. First, we pretrained the network with the averaged dynamic computed tomography perfusion scans for better default parameters. Fine-tuning with the simulated static computed tomography perfusion scans was then implemented for desired end-to-end image translation. The performance of the issued image translation method was evaluated by using the usual image rating criteria and a clinical functional assessment. The results illustrated that the synthetic image quality is fine and that the clinical functionality of the synthetic myocardial blood flow is satisfactory. The proposed method showed great potential in dose reduction; the effective dosage was reduced by 90% in our cases and the postprocessing time was shortened from 19 minutes to approximately 10 seconds.
Abstract One of the most interesting aspects of natural language is how texts cohere, which involves the pragmatic or semantic relations that hold between clauses (addition, cause-effect, conditional, similarity), referred to as discourse relations. A focus on the identification and classification of discourse relations appears as an imperative challenge to be resolved to support tasks such as text summarization, dialogue systems, and machine translation that need information above the clause level. Despite the recent interest in discourse relations in well-known languages such as English, data and experiments are still needed for typologically different and less-resourced languages. We report the most comprehensive investigation of shallow discourse parsing in Turkish, focusing on two main sub-tasks: identification of discourse relation realization types and the sense classification of explicit and implicit relations. The work is based on the approach of fine-tuning a pre-trained language model (BERT) as an encoder and classifying the encoded data with neural network-based classifiers. We firstly identify the discourse relation realization type that holds in a given text, if there is any. Then, we move on to the sense classification of the identified explicit and implicit relations. In addition to in-domain experiments on a held-out test set from the Turkish Discourse Bank (TDB 1.2), we also report the out-domain performance of our models in order to evaluate its generalization abilities, using the Turkish part of the TED Multilingual Discourse Bank. Finally, we explore the effect of multilingual data aggregation on the classification of relation realization type through a cross-lingual experiment. The results suggest that our models perform relatively well despite the limited size of the TDB 1.2 and that there are language-specific aspects of detecting the types of discourse relation realization. We believe that the findings are important both in providing insights regarding the performance of the modern language models in a typologically different language and in the low-resource scenario, given that the TDB 1.2 is 1/20th of the Penn Discourse TreeBank in terms of the number of total relations.
Abstract Background Recent evidence in Alzheimer’s diseases suggests that early dysfunction of emotional processing may precede the onset of cognitive decline and dementia. Altered functional brain connectivity patterns also occur along with other brain changes many years before clinical AD symptoms. Method We combined baseline multimodal neuroimaging data from cognitively healthy older adults (N = 125) enrolled in the Age‐Well trial of the Medit‐Ageing study. The aim was to elucidate the relationship of five AD risk factors (amyloid‐beta depositions and hypoperfusion with AV45‐PET, hippocampal atrophy, cognition with PACC‐5, cardiovascular risk with CAIDE) with carry‐over effects of social emotions and related brain functions. Using k‐means clustering analysis with the AD risk factors, we first defined participants with higher or lower preclinical risk for AD. We then used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to probe functional brain connectivity in resting periods following negative socio‐emotional videos in the SoVT‐Rest paradigm. Result Participants with a higher preclinical AD risk showed reduced positivity bias in affect ratings and reduced connectivity patterns between control‐related frontal brain regions and emotion‐related limbic regions (amygdala). In particular, this fronto‐limbic connectivity was associated with higher cardiovascular risk on the CAIDE composite score. Conclusion We find evidence for changes in post‐emotion functional recovery patterns in fronto‐limbic brain networks in at‐risk individuals for AD. These changes might reflect impaired emotion regulation processes.