Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
In this study, we aim to offer linguistically motivated solutions to resolve the issues of the lack of representation of null morphemes, highly productive derivational processes, and syncretic morphemes of Turkish in the BOUN Treebank without diverging from the Universal Dependencies framework. In order to tackle these issues, new annotation conventions were introduced by splitting certain lemmas and employing the MISC (miscellaneous) tab in the UD framework to denote derivation. Representational capabilities of the re-annotated treebank were tested on a LSTM-based dependency parser and an updated version of the BoAT Tool is introduced.
Dependency parsing has become the norm for its advantages of representing syntactic information for numerous tasks of natural language processing (NLP). In Vietnamese, a challenging problem which arises in this domain is the insufficiency of the training resource. Our work presents a new method to automatically convert a Vietnamese constituency treebank into dependency trees. We designed new dependency labels for Vietnamese treebank. Furthermore, in this research, we proposed new head-percolation rules and dependency relations. The experimental results on two state-of-the-art parsers, MaltParser and MSTParser, indicated that our treebank were roughly 13% UAS and 21% LAS higher than previous works.
Discourse parsing is an essential upstream task in Natural Language Processing with strong implications for many real-world applications. Despite its widely recognized role, most recent discourse parsers (and consequently downstream tasks) still rely on small-scale human-annotated discourse treebanks, trying to infer general-purpose discourse structures from very limited data in a few narrow domains. To overcome this dire situation and allow discourse parsers to be trained on larger, more diverse and domain-independent datasets, we propose a framework to generate "silver-standard" discourse trees from distant supervision on the auxiliary task of sentiment analysis.
Adam Yaari, Jan DeWitt, Henry Hu, Bennett Stankovits, Sue Felshin, Yevgeni Berzak, Helena Aparicio, Boris Katz, Ignacio Cases, Andrei Barbu. Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 2022.
This paper presents a new method for automatic detection of gendered terms in large-scale language datasets. Currently, the evaluation of gender bias in natural language processing relies on the use of manually compiled lexicons of gendered expressions, such as pronouns and words that imply gender. However, manual compilation of lists with lexical gender can lead to static information if lists are not periodically updated and often involve value judgements by individual annotators and researchers. Moreover, terms not included in the lexicons fall out of the range of analysis. To address these issues, we devised a scalable dictionary-based method to automatically detect lexical gender that can provide a dynamic, up-to-date analysis with high coverage. Our approach reaches over 80% accuracy in determining the lexical gender of words retrieved randomly from a Wikipedia sample and when testing on a list of gendered words used in previous research.
Pavlovian fear conditioning is widely used to study mechanisms of fear learning, but high-throughput studies are hampered by the labor-intensive nature of examining participants in the lab. To circumvent this bottle-neck, fear conditioning tasks have been developed for remote delivery. Previous studies have examined remotely delivered fear conditioning protocols using expectancy and affective ratings. Here we replicate and extend these findings using an internet-delivered version of the Screaming Lady paradigm, evaluating the effects on negative affective ratings and response time to an auditory probe during stimulus presentation. In a sample of 80 adults, we observed clear evidence of both fear acquisition and extinction using affective ratings. Response times were faster when probed early, but not later, during presentation of stimuli paired with an aversive scream. The response time findings are at odds with previous lab-based studies showing slower as opposed to faster responses to threat-predicting cues. The findings underscore the feasibility of employing remotely delivered fear conditioning paradigms with affective ratings as outcome. Findings further highlight the need for research examining optimal parameters for concurrent response time measures or alternate non-verbal indicators of conditioned responses in Pavlovian conditioning protocols.
Good quality of data preprocessing will have a greater impact on improving the performance of the classification models. Negation is one of the most important features in textual data. Only one negation word can change the polarity of the whole sentence. It is often seen that words like ‘not’, ‘non’ or suffixes like “n't” are removed during noise removal thereby leading to blunders in Sentiment Classification. Effective Feature extraction is the cornerstone of effective Sentiment Analysis and Negation handling is simply essential for this purpose. In this paper, an effective function for handling negations based on First Sentiment Word (FSW) antonymy in the WordNet has been implemented on a set of IMDB movie reviews. The function for Negation Handling created for this paper increased the accuracy of Sentiment Classification by 4-8%. Experiments done in this paper show that improving the quality of the data gives higher results than implementing different state-of-the-art methods like n-grams and even deep learning methods like Word Embeddings, especially when used in an industry setting, where there is a need of quick deployments and changes with cost effectiveness and resource management.
Abstract This article presents a discussion on the main linguistic phenomena which cause difficulties in the analysis of user-generated texts found on the web and in social media, and proposes a set of annotation guidelines for their treatment within the Universal Dependencies (UD) framework of syntactic analysis. Given on the one hand the increasing number of treebanks featuring user-generated content, and its somewhat inconsistent treatment in these resources on the other, the aim of this article is twofold: (1) to provide a condensed, though comprehensive, overview of such treebanks—based on available literature—along with their main features and a comparative analysis of their annotation criteria, and (2) to propose a set of tentative UD-based annotation guidelines, to promote consistent treatment of the particular phenomena found in these types of texts. The overarching goal of this article is to provide a common framework for researchers interested in developing similar resources in UD, thus promoting cross-linguistic consistency, which is a principle that has always been central to the spirit of UD.
BACKGROUND: Irritability is common in children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and with anxiety/depressive disorders. Although youth irritability is linked with psychiatric morbidity, little is known regarding its non-pharmacological treatments. Developing non-pharmacological treatments for children with severe, chronic irritability is an important target for clinical research. To achieve this goal, we will test the benefits of parent-focused therapies in reducing irritability. The aim of the study is to compare Parent Management Training (PMT) and Non-Violent Resistance Training (NVR) programs with treatment-as-usual (TAU) on the improvement of irritability in children and adolescents with a baseline Parent-rated Affective Reactivity Index of 4 or higher, in the context of ADHD and other emotional and behavioural disorders. Additionally, we will assess (i) improvement of irritability at different times and according to different informants (parents, children, clinicians); (ii) improvement of parental strategies; and (iii) acceptability of the interventions, exploring possible mechanisms of the therapeutic effect. METHODS: Two hundred and seventy participants between 6 and 15 years with ADHD and other emotional and behavioural disorders will be recruited and randomly assigned with their parents to the PMT, NVR, and TAU groups. PMT and NVR programs have 10 online sessions and two booster sessions at 1 and at 3 months. The primary outcome measure is the change from baseline at 3 months after completion of the program of the Clinician-rated Affective Rating Scale (CL-ARI) assessed by a blind evaluator. Secondary outcome measures include the change from baseline from those scales: the CL-ARI, the Clinical Global Impression Improvement scale, the Parenting and Familial Adjustment Scales, the Child-rated Cranky thermometers and the Parent-rated ARI. We will assess the parent's expressed emotions and reflexivity during the online five-minute speech sample, clinical dimensions through the Child Behavior Checklist 6-18 and the Inventory of Callous Unemotional traits. Evaluations will be done remotely at baseline and at 1- and 3-months follow-up visits. DISCUSSION: We expect a benefit in controlling irritability in the treatment groups. This will constitute an important achievement in promoting parental support programs in the treatment of irritability in the context of emotional and behavioural disorders. CLINICALTRIALS: gov. Number: NCT05528926. Registered on the 2nd of September, 2022.
the linguistic norm
Aesthetic principle not only concerns the perception of visual beauty, but most crucially, the cognitive-affective responses derived from experiencing such stimuli. Despite this knowledge, user experience (UX) designers often prioritise beauty over intended end-user affect. This reversed order of prioritisation contradicts the sequential UX design process, leading to unexpected end-user perceptions and responses. The challenge in shaping UX before user interface (UI) design is that there first must be prior knowledge of aesthetic affect. A study with 1,782 worldwide participants was conducted evaluating affective user-responses to 43 atomic aesthetics using 153,252 data points and presented as affect ratings (ARs). Results demonstrated high affective resonance amongst aesthetics evaluated, suggesting aesthetic AR may be a viable method of improving the UX design process by influencing user perceptions, responses and actions at a non-conscious level. This is the first of a series of studies in the direction of Aesthetic Semantics®.
Public and private decision-making on health problems relies on scientific evidence. However, scientific knowledge includes uncertainty, as does knowledge about COVID-19. In an experimental study, we tested how the trustworthiness (on the three dimensions expertise, integrity, and benevolence) of a source of information (either a scientist or a politician), was affected when messages were either two-sided (including arguments pro and contra the effectiveness of mask-wearing) or one-sided (only pro arguments). Results showed that scientists were ascribed more expertise and integrity compared to politicians, and both sources were ascribed more expertise when they gave two-sided (instead of one-sided) information. Moreover, trustworthiness ratings on all three dimensions were affected by participants' prior topic attitudes and epistemic certainty beliefs. These findings underline that when a source provides two-sided information, this may increase people's willingness to trust that source. To use this strategy most effectively in health communication, more research should be done on how many and what types of counterarguments to include.
Corpus linguistics and computational approaches to language constitute an important trend in today’s linguistics, and Slavic historical linguistics is no exception. This chapter serves as an empirical touchstone for the entire volume. Using parallel Greek and Old Church Slavonic data from the PROIEL/ TOROT treebanks, the first attested state of the phenomena covered in the volume is explored, including their relationship to the Greek sources. The chapter covers accusatives with infinitives (Gavrančić this volume, Tomelleri this volume), absolute constructions (Mihaljević 2017), deverbal nouns (Tomelleri this volume), prepositional phrase connectors (Kisiel & Sobotka this volume), numeral syntax (Słoboda this volume), the ordering of pronominal clitics (Kosek, Čech & Navratilova this volume), tense use in performative declaratives (Dekker this volume) and relative clauses (Sonnenhauser & Eberle this volume; Podtergera 2020). The chapter presents corpus statistics on each of the phenomena, and a brief discussion of the possibility of influence from Greek. The chapters that provide their own studies of Old Church Slavonic data (Fuchsbauer this volume on “mock” articles, Pichkhadze this volume on syntactic blocking and Šimić this volume on negative concord), are not replicated, but brought into the discussion when relevant.
Abstract Dementia caregivers can experience negative affect when interacting with their care recipients. However, few studies have examined the specific factors that predict caregiver negative affect in this dyadic context. We hypothesized that deficits in care recipients’ emotional functioning would be associated with increased intensity of caregivers’ negative affect during interactions with their care recipient. Caregivers (Nf100) reported on two aspects of their care recipients’ emotional functioning: (1) emotion recognition (the ability to recognize other people’s emotions), and (2) negative emotional reactivity (the ability to generate negative emotional responses). Dyads then visited the laboratory and engaged in a 10-minute conversation about an area of conflict in their relationship. Caregivers then watched recordings of their conversation while rating the valence and intensity of their experienced affect using a rating dial. We used these ratings to quantify changes in caregivers’ emotional valence across the course of the conversation. Caregivers of care recipients with greater deficits in emotion recognition demonstrated greater increases in negative affect across the conversation. In contrast, care recipients’ negative emotional reactivity was not related to changes in the valence of caregivers’ affect across the conversation. Findings remained significant even after accounting for caregiver baseline valence ratings, biological sex, and age, as well as the care recipients’ diagnosis and level of cognitive impairment. Results reveal the important role that care recipients’ deficits in emotion recognition play in caregivers’ emotional lives. Caregivers’ negative affect may be more likely to increase when their care recipient has deficits in emotion recognition.
Prior research has discussed and illustrated the need to consider linguistic norms at the community level when studying taboo (hateful/offensive/toxic etc.) language. However, a methodology for doing so, that is firmly founded on community language norms is still largely absent. This can lead both to biases in taboo text classification and limitations in our understanding of the causes of bias. We propose a method to study bias in taboo classification and annotation where a community perspective is front and center. This is accomplished by using special classifiers tuned for each community's language. In essence, these classifiers represent community level language norms. We use these to study bias and find, for example, biases are largest against African Americans (7/10 datasets and all 3 classifiers examined). In contrast to previous papers we also study other communities and find, for example, strong biases against South Asians. In a small scale user study we illustrate our key idea which is that common utterances, i.e., those with high alignment scores with a community (community classifier confidence scores) are unlikely to be regarded taboo. Annotators who are community members contradict taboo classification decisions and annotations in a majority of instances. This paper is a significant step toward reducing false positive taboo decisions that over time harm minority communities.
The present paper represents an attempt to shed some light upon the phenomenon of language death in Iraqi dialect in relation to the social factors of age, gender and region. For this purpose, 400 informants (200 males and 200 females) have been approached so as to elicit relevant data. They are subdivided according to age group, gender as well as region. The sample used in this investigation is native speakers of Iraqi Arabic. The model is used according to Trudgill (1974). It could be said that the age of the speaker is a social factor with which linguistic variables have been found to correlate very closely. The normal pattern of style and age differentiation occurs when the youngest and the oldest represent the highest scores. When they become older, they will be more influenced by the values of the society. So, they will be affected by their social networks. Thus, they are linguistically more influenced by the standard language. On the other hand, older and retired people are away from the standard forms due to the effect of their peer group. Again, their social networks are narrower than that of the middle aged groups.There is another social pressure on women to acquire correct linguistic norms. Men tend to be favorably disposed to low status speech forms than women. This is may be because of the connotations of 'toughness' and 'masculinity' associated with working class language, so it could be said that woman don't use the dying word.
In this article, we used methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, and systemization. The generalization of theoretical positions of scientific work has been developed and the feasibility of the study of the selected problem has been demonstrated; based on a modern methodology, theoretical and methodological principles and specificities of linguistic norms and rules in the production of practical skills and skills from the Ukrainian language in the fifth-grade students are substantiated.An effective method of their formation is proposed, the components of which are defined: innovative approaches, general-practice, and lingua didactic principles, the use of didactic material, the study of spelling of the Ukrainian language as a dynamic system, the assimilation of spelling norms based on knowledge about the structure of the word, systematic assimilation of spelling material, a skillful combination of theory and practice in learning, the selection of effective exercises, methods, and techniques that will increase the literacy of five-graders. It was established that when learning language material and developing language skills, students need to name new terms, update the content of the grammatical concepts that they already have, so that, by merging them, forming a new rule. Specific examples of this approach are given when studying the suffix (“a significant part of the word that stands at the root and serves to create new words”). It is emphasized that this rule should be formulated completely, precisely, without rotation, using accepted motivation. The role of additional questions has been highlighted in studying the substance of itsformulation. It is determined that among the most effective ways of conscious mastery of grammatical concepts and rules is the reception of comparison, which develops logical thinking, teaches to highlight their characteristic features in comparing phenomena.The expediency of using such a technique as comparing certain grammatical phenomena with the corresponding rules, such as to find in the text presented in visual or auditory form, spellings studied in order to avoid possible spelling mistakes is proved. As a result of the conducted research, it was found out that the collective understanding of the studied linguistic material in the lesson promotes a better understanding of the mastered terms. Keywords: spelling; grammar; orphogram and rules; spelling skills and abilities; cognitive activities; word structure; prefix; suffix; derived and non-derived words; comparison.
Sentence simplification aims at making the structure of text easier to read and understand while maintaining its original meaning. This can be helpful for people with disabilities, new language learners, or those with low literacy. Simplification often involves removing difficult words and rephrasing the sentence. Previous research have focused on tackling this task by either using external linguistic databases for simplification or by using control tokens for desired fine-tuning of sentences. However, in this paper we purely use pre-trained transformer models. We experiment with a combination of GPT-2 and BERT models, achieving the best SARI score of 46.80 on the Mechanical Turk dataset, which is significantly better than previous state-of-the-art results. The code can be found at https://github.com/amanbasu/sentence-simplification.
We test the hypothesis that discourse predictability influences Hindi syntactic choice. While prior work has shown that a number of factors (e.g., information status, dependency length, and syntactic surprisal) influence Hindi word order preferences, the role of discourse predictability is underexplored in the literature. Inspired by prior work on syntactic priming, we investigate how the words and syntactic structures in a sentence influence the word order of the following sentences. Specifically, we extract sentences from the Hindi-Urdu Treebank corpus (HUTB), permute the preverbal constituents of those sentences, and build a classifier to predict which sentences actually occurred in the corpus against artificially generated distractors. The classifier uses a number of discourse-based features and cognitive features to make its predictions, including dependency length, surprisal, and information status. We find that information status and LSTM-based discourse predictability influence word order choices, especially for non-canonical object-fronted orders. We conclude by situating our results within the broader syntactic priming literature.
Abstract: Everyday gratitude may shape affect intensity, particularly during challenging times like a pandemic. A group of 140 community-dwelling Canadian participants ( M age = 40.49 years, range: 18–83; 80% women) provided up to 10 days of daily gratitude and affect ratings during the first pandemic wave. Multilevel models show that everyday gratitude was associated with higher positive affect and lower negative affect, independent of age; age was positively correlated with the number of social gratitude events. Participants reported lower negative affect if a social gratitude event involved more than less diverse social partners. The findings point to the merit of examining time-varying associations in gratitude as a potential resource for everyday affect across the adult lifespan.
Most computational models of dependency syntax consist of distributions over spanning trees. However, the majority of dependency treebanks require that every valid dependency tree has a single edge coming out of the ROOT node, a constraint that is not part of the definition of spanning trees. For this reason all standard inference algorithms for spanning trees are suboptimal for inference over dependency trees. Zmigrod et al. (2021b) proposed algorithms for sampling with and without replacement from the dependency tree distribution that incorporate the single-root constraint. In this paper we show that their fastest algorithm for sampling with replacement, Wilson-RC, is in fact producing biased samples and we provide two alternatives that are unbiased. Additionally, we propose two algorithms (one incremental, one parallel) that reduce the asymptotic runtime of algorithm for sampling k trees without replacement to O(kn3). These algorithms are both asymptotically and practically more efficient.
Abstract Introduction Inadequate sleep quantity and/or quality in children is known to forecast development of emotional problems, but how sleep microstructure relates to children’s day-to-day emotional functioning remains unclear. Slow wave activity (SWA), or slow fluctuations of cortical activity during slow wave sleep (SWS) in the frequency range 0.75–4.5 Hz, is a marker of homeostatic sleep regulation and reflects synaptic reorganization of cortical areas early in life (Campbell & Feinberg, 2009). Findings regarding SWA among clinically depressed adolescents are mixed, with evidence of SWA reductions (Lopez et al., 2012) and increases (Tesler et al., 2016) compared to controls. Tesler et al. (2016) also showed SWA in frontal areas correlates positively with depressive thoughts. However, we are unaware of studies examining SWA in relation to depressive symptoms and next-day emotional responses among pre-pubertal children, before developmental declines in SWA (Jenni & Carskadon, 2004). Methods We examined relationships between N3 SWA, depressive symptoms, and next-day emotional responses among N=17 un-medicated, healthy children ages 7-11 years (Tanner 1/2). Children completed a baseline assessment and one night of at-home PSG monitoring (10-hour sleep opportunity) then an in-lab emotional assessment the next day where they provided arousal and valence ratings for negative affective images from the International Affective Picture System. Analyses controlled for PSG night total sleep time, and SWA did not differ by gender. Results Results indicated non-significant associations between SWA and child- and parent-reported depressive symptoms. Greater SWA density across frontal (r=-.66; p<.01), central (r=-.70; p<.001) and occipital regions (r=-.61; p<.01), along with frontal SWA amplitude (r=-.61; p<.01), significantly negatively related to valence ratings for negative images (images were rated as less negative). Conclusion While preliminary, findings suggest potential relationships between SWA and emotional functioning in pre-pubertal children. We have previously shown greater SWS corresponds with less same-week negative affect among pre-pubertal anxious children (Palmer & Alfano, 2017); additionally, in a longitudinal study of pre-pubertal children at risk for depression, greater SWS in childhood protected against later development of depression (Silk et al., 2007). Collectively, findings suggest greater SWA prior to pubertal transition may buffer against negative daytime emotional experiences and later depression. Support (If Any)
This article discusses issues such as the importance of language learning in the education system of Uzbekistan, the relationship between language and society, nation, the status of the Uzbek language as a state language. In addition, the article highlights the basics of communicative and literary literacy of the document and some problems of the Uzbek legal language (translation, thesaurus). At present, when science is developing, new tasks appear for the education system. In particular, the requirement of the time is not only knowledge of the specialty, but also knowledge of the state language, full mastery of the norms of the modern Uzbek literary language. Consequently, a modern lawyer should not only be a professional with a deep knowledge of the laws and rules ofpublic relations, taking into account the specifics of a renewed society in order to establish stability and law and order in society, but also possess linguistic norms. Ensuring the rule of law in society is one of the most important principles of a democratic state, for which laws must be fair by their nature and understandable for people, that is, the language of legal documents created must be detailed and free. Consequently, language and law are closely related concepts. One of the most pressing issues that need to be resolved today is the compilation of an industry language thesaurus, regulation of legal terminology.
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both University of Amsterdam) and E. Hoekstra (Fryske Akademy).It contains eight chapters (an introduction, theoretical framework, five case studies and final discussion), supplemented by appendices with survey questionnaires, additional analyses of data from MAND, and summaries in English, Dutch and Frisian.In the following, I first summarise the main empirical questions and findings before then discussing the methods and theoretical framework. 1 The overall aim of the study is to empirically describe, theoretically model and explain the ongoing changes in the conjugation system of West Frisian in order to gain insight into the mechanisms of morphological change, in particular, relating to why certain changes occur and others do not (Ch. 1 Introduction, p. 1).Merkuur considers Frisian, due to its low degree of standardisation and close contact to Dutch, as a fruitful testing ground for theoretical notions of morphological variation and change.In contrast to Dutch and most other West Germanic varieties, West Frisian has retained two weak conjugation classes.This study focuses on phenomena occurring within the largest of them, weak class II, which incorporates 81% of types listed in the lexical databases of the Fryske Akademy (p.57).The class features discussed include the lack of a dental suffix in the preterite and past participle and syncretism in the category tense in the 2nd person singular.Chapter 2 then introduces the notion of morphological change adopted in the study, which essentially focuses on generalisations based on ambiguous input in acquisition, and the theoretical framework, which combines two formal approaches, Distributed Morphology and the Tolerance Principle.The subsequent chapters provide in-depth case studies.Chapters 3 and 4 address the relationship between weak class I (with infinitives in -ə, and preterites and past participles with a dental suffix) and weak class II (with infinitives in -jə, and preterites and past participles without a dental suffix) within the overall conjugation system.Merkuur investigates which classes and subclasses can be considered rule-based from a Distributed Morphology perspective (Ch.3).On this basis, she tests which of these rules are then identified as productive generalisations when the Tolerance Principle, a measure of inflectional productivity first proposed by Yang, is applied to them (Ch.4).Contributing to a long-standing discussion in the field, Merkuur then focuses on the question of whether one of the 1.I am grateful to Julie
This study focuses on the negativity bias theory displayed by individuals scoring high on depressive symptoms when viewing emotional stimuli. Based on previous research on negativity bias in depressed individuals, two hypotheses were tested: (1) The valence scores are lower for individuals scoring higher on depressive symptoms when rating high arousal, low valence images, and (2) a magnified LPP amplitude is observed for more depressed individuals when viewing high arousal images with low valence. Participants (N=131) were university students (Mean age= 20.8). The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) images were used as stimuli, and scalp event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to determine levels of depressive symptoms and categorize participants into low, middle, and high levels of depressive symptoms groups. Results showed significantly lower LPP amplitudes and higher mean valence ratings for individuals scoring higher on depressive symptoms compared to the low and mid depressed groups. Based on the results, both hypotheses are rejected as more depressed individuals show flattened emotional responses to highly arousing, unpleasant stimuli.
The baby monitoring system is a kind of smart IoT system helpful for busy working parents. Besides providing basic safety care, it actually also delivers the moments of baby growing and development by all time recording. Hence, in baby monitoring systems nowadays, capturing and recommending the precious moments of infant growth to their parents has become a real-world demand. How to capture the interesting, worthwhile and exquisite moments with commemorative and catering to the parents' preferences is a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a novel image rating framework, namely Infant growth Precious Moment capturing (IPreMom), which is based on the concept of continual learning for comprehensively addressing the problem of automatically capturing the precious moments during infant growth. Through a series of experiments, it was shown that our proposed framework delivers excellent performance compared to the baselines, with up to 40% improvement in terms of MAE. Moreover, the proposed framework has been implanted into a commercial baby monitor on the market. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that solves the problem of automatically capturing the infant precious moments using continual learning and image rating techniques, which is important and has not been well studied in the academic and industrial communities.
Abstract The affective variability of Bipolar Disorder (BD) is thought to qualitatively differ from that of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), with changes in affect persisting for longer in BD. However, quantitative studies have not been able to confirm this distinction. It has therefore not been possible to accurately quantify how treatments like lithium influence affective variability in BD. We assessed the affective variability associated with BD and BPD as well as the effect of lithium using a novel computational model that defines two subtypes of variability: affective changes that persist (volatility) and changes that do not (noise). We hypothesized that affective volatility would be raised in the BD group, noise would be raised in the BPD group and that lithium would impact affective volatility. Daily affect ratings were prospectively collected for up to 3 years from patients with BD, BPD and non-clinical controls. In a separate experimental-medicine study, patients with BD were randomized to receive lithium or placebo, with affect ratings collected from week -2 to +4. We found a diagnostically specific pattern of affective variability. Affective volatility was raised in patients with BD whereas affective noise was raised in patients with BPD. Rather than suppressing affective variability, lithium increased the volatility of positive affect in both studies. These results provide a quantitative measure of the affective variability associated with BD and BPD. They suggest a novel mechanism of action for lithium, whereby periods of persistently low or high affect are avoided by increasing the volatility of affective responses.
Network science was used to examine different dimensions of phonological similarity in English. Data from a phonological associate task and an identification of words in noise task were used to create a phonological association network and a misperception network. These networks were compared to a network formed by a computational metric widely used to assess phonological similarity (i.e., one-phoneme metric). The phonological association network and the misperception network were topographically more similar to each other than either were to the one-phoneme metric network, but there were several network features in common between the one-phoneme metric network and the phonological association network. To assess the influence of network structure on processing, we compared the influence of degree (i.e., neighborhood density) from each of the networks on visual and auditory lexical decision reaction times obtained from two psycholinguistic megastudies. The effect of degree differed across network types and tasks. We discuss the use of each approach to determine phonological similarity and a possible direction forward for language research through the use of multiplex networks.
Background: Anhedonia is a frequent cause of functional impairment in psychosis. Although it is plausible that medication-induced D2 receptor blockade could diminish hedonic responding, there is little experimental research testing this hypothesis in humans. Methods: To inspect possible effects of partial D2 blockade on hedonic experiences, we administered 300 mg of Amisulpride or placebo to 85 participants in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Participants were then subjected to an emotional evocation task utilizing standardized pictorial pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant stimuli.Results: We observed lower positivity ratings in the Amisulpride group compared to placebo across all stimulus categories (p =.026, ηp2 =.06) and no group differences in negativity or arousal ratings. The Amisulpride group also showed lower electrodermal responses across all stimulus categories compared to placebo (p =.017, ηp2 =.07). The electrodermal response was especially diminished for pleasant stimuli.Conclusion: We interpret our findings as evidence that D2 blockade via Amisulpride can reduce at-the-moment hedonic responsivity in healthy volunteers. In case these results can be confirmed in drug-naïve patients with psychosis, this could indicate that antipsychotic medication contributes to anhedonia in clinically relevant contexts, probably via antagonistic effects at the dopamine D2 receptor.
The processability account anticipates that learners will make more underpassivization errors than overpassivization errors since passivization entails more processing. Although one study on psych-verbs and a few on unaccusatives examined Turkish L2 learners’ acquisition, no research compared a single set of learners’ acquisitions of these verbs together from a processing point of view. In this regard, the current study aims to investigate whether the processing complexity of passivization influences acquisition of psych and unaccusative verbs. It also questions whether general accuracy levels in Grammaticality Judgement Task (GJT) and degree of familiarity with target verbs are related to their level of accuracy with individual psych and unaccusative verbs. 33 undergraduate-level university students performed on the GJT and a Word Familiarity Rating Task (WFRT). The GJT included 38 items with 12 sentences for psych-verbs, 12 sentences for unaccusative-verbs, 12 sentences for distracters and 2 sentences for examples. The WFRT was a survey questioning familiarity with 6 psych and 6 unaccusative verbs. To analyse the data, a set of nonparametric tests and descriptive statistics were used. The results revealed that learners performed mor The processability account anticipates that learners will make more underpassivization errors than overpassivization errors since passivization entails more processing. Although one study on psych-verbs and a few on unaccusatives examined Turkish L2 learners’ acquisition, no research compared a single set of learners’ acquisitions of these verbs together from a processing point of view. In this regard, the current study aims to investigate whether the processing complexity of passivization influences acquisition of psych and unaccusative verbs. It also questions whether general accuracy levels in Grammaticality Judgement Task (GJT) and degree of familiarity with target verbs are related to their level of accuracy with individual psych and unaccusative verbs. 33 undergraduate-level university students performed on the GJT and a Word Familiarity Rating Task (WFRT). The GJT included 38 items with 12 sentences for psych-verbs, 12 sentences for unaccusative-verbs, 12 sentences for distracters and 2 sentences for examples. The WFRT was a survey questioning familiarity with 6 psych and 6 unaccusative verbs. To analyse the data, a set of nonparametric tests and descriptive statistics were used. The results revealed that learners performed more accurately on unaccusatives than on psych-verbs. They did more underpassivization errors by accepting ungrammatical active constructions of psych verbs. Their performances on psych and unaccusative verbs went parallel with their general accuracy levels in GJT while their degree of familiarity with and accuracy level for two verbs do not correlate with each other.The results suggest that such factors as processability and L1 transfer seem to impact the acquisition. Keywords:Second language acquisition; psych verbs; unaccusative verbs; underpassivization; overpassivization. e accurately on unaccusatives than on psych-verbs. They did more underpassivization errors by accepting ungrammatical active constructions of psych verbs. Their performances on psych and unaccusative verbs went parallel with their general accuracy levels in GJT while their degree of familiarity with and accuracy level for two verbs do not correlate with each other.The results suggest that such factors as processability and L1 transfer seem to impact the acquisition. Keywords:Second language acquisition; psych verbs; unaccusative verbs; underpassivization; overpassivization.
This paper presents and discusses a discourse relation annotation scheme for the MUCH corpus of academic writing, based on Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST). The set of proposed relational tags takes into regard both distinctiveness, pedagogical needs and implementability with automatic rules. We show how a pilot grammar with 180 rules can map discourse relations between existing syntactic nodes, exploiting lower-level grammatical/treebank markup and surface clues such as connectives (e.g. conjunctions and prepositions). In an evaluation of a live run on student essays from teacher training courses, the average false positive rate across the most frequent 21 categories was 26.7 % for tags and 17.1 % for relation links. Performance was best for categories with a high percentage of rules using surface connectives and, for in-sentence relations, their corresponding dependency links.
The first time such a newly emerged linguistic variety has been documented at NUML, Islamabad. This language variation means morphological, semantic, connotative deviations from standard linguistic norms. Contact linguistics, code meshing, diversified linguistic backgrounds and their colloquialism play their vital roles in shaping Numlianlect of BS English. The research problem faced by learners of super standard language is that they do not comprehend the newly code meshed discourse in the informal settings of NUML. So, this research raises questions about the exploration of linguistic variations, their formulation process and their denotative and connotative semantic shades. To answer these questions, qualitative and survey-based research design has been employed. The collected data have been analyzed with Labov and Weinreich’s Variation Theory (1960). Major findings reveal that students mix English, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto and Urdu words to produce variant code-meshed linguistic patterns. Connotation, semantic shades and contexts of words have been changed by students.
ABSTRACT there is empirical evidence in different languages on how the computation of gender morphology during psycholinguistic processing affects the conformation of sex-generic representations. However, there is no empirical evidence on the processing of non-binary morphological variants in Spanish (-x or -e) in contrast to the generic masculine variant (-o). To analyze this phenomenon, we conducted two experiments: an acceptability judgment task and a sentence comprehension task. The results show differences depending on the task. This means that the underlying processes put into play in each one generate different effects. In acceptability judgments, which involve strategic processes mediated by beliefs and the linguistic norm, the generic masculine is more acceptable to refer to mixed groups. In the sentence comprehension task, which inquires about automatic processes and implicit representations, the non-binary forms consistently elicited a reference to mixed groups. Furthermore, the response times indicated that these morphological variants do not entail a higher processing cost than the generic masculine.
The Universal Knowledge Core (UKC) is a large multilingual lexical database with a focus on language diversity and covering over a thousand languages. The aim of the database, as well as its tools and data catalogue, is to make the somewhat abstract notion of diversity visually understandable for humans and formally exploitable by machines. The UKC website lets users explore millions of individual words and their meanings, but also phenomena of cross-lingual convergence and divergence, such as shared interlingual meanings, lexicon similarities, cognate clusters, or lexical gaps. The UKC LiveLanguage Catalogue, in turn, provides access to the underlying lexical data in a computer-processable form, ready to be reused in cross-lingual applications.
A previous experiment tested subjects' new/old judgments of previously-studied faces, distractors, and morphs between pairs of studied parents. We examine the extent to which models based on principal component analysis (eigenfaces) can predict human recognition of studied faces and false alarms to the distractors and morphs. We also compare eigenface models to the predictions of previous models based on the positions of faces in a multidimensional "face space" derived from a multidimensional scaling (MDS) of human similarity ratings. We find that the error in reconstructing a test face from its position in an "eigenface space" provides a good overall prediction of human familiarity ratings. However, the model has difficulty accounting for the fact that humans false alarm to morphs with similar parents more frequently than they false alarm to morphs with dissimilar parents. We ascribe this to the limitations of the simple reconstruction error-based model. We then outline preliminary wo...
The workshop will explore the potential of Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS), such as classification systems, taxonomies, thesauri, ontologies, and lexical databases, in the context of current developments and possibilities. These tools help model the underlying semantic structure of a domain for purposes of information retrieval, knowledge discovery, language engineering, etc. The workshop provides an opportunity to discuss projects, research and development activities, evaluation approaches, lessons learned, and research findings. The main theme of the workshop is Designing for Cultural Hospitality and Indigenous Knowledge in KOS.
Familiarity could be a key attribute of attention for visual perception of objects in our environment.Subjective ratings of familiarity with visual objects could be influenced by individuals’ attention and judgment ability. The current study investigated the relationship between subjective familiarity perception of visual objects with the objective measures of individuals’ attention and judgment ability in forty-seven healthy participants. Familiarity ratings of the visual objects belonging to four categories (Human, Inanimate, Animal, Plant) were collected from the participants. Attention and judgment ability of the participants were assessed objectively using attentional blink task and relative area estimation task respectively. Individuals’ who were objectively less attentive and prone to judgment errors manifested a high propensity to subjectively rate the visual objects as more familiar. The current study findings indicate the importance of objective cognitive assessment for fitness testing of jobs that involve one’s subjective visual perception such as pilots, air traffic controllers and navy personnel.
Incorporating stronger syntactic biases into neural language models (LMs) is a long-standing goal, but research in this area often focuses on modeling English text, where constituent treebanks are readily available. Extending constituent tree-based LMs to the multilingual setting, where dependency treebanks are more common, is possible via dependency-toconstituency conversion methods. However, this raises the question of which tree formats are best for learning the model, and for which languages. We investigate this question by training recurrent neural network grammars (RNNGs) using various conversion methods, and evaluating them empirically in a multilingual setting. We examine the effect on LM performance across nine conversion methods and five languages through seven types of syntactic tests. On average, the performance of our best model represents a 19 % increase in accuracy over the worst choice across all languages. Our best model shows the advantage over sequential/overparameterized LMs, suggesting the positive effect of syntax injection in a multilingual setting. Our experiments highlight the importance of choosing the right tree formalism, and provide insights into making an informed decision.
We propose a novel algorithm that improves on the previous neural span-based CKY decoder for constituency parsing. In contrast to the traditional span-based decoding, where spans are combined only based on the sum of their scores, we introduce an order-sensitive strategy, where the span combination scores are more carefully derived from an order-sensitive basis. Our decoder can be regarded as a generalization over existing span-based decoder in determining a finer-grain scoring scheme for the combination of lower-level spans into higher-level spans, where we emphasize on the order of the lower-level spans and use order-sensitive span scores as well as order-sensitive combination grammar rule scores to enhance prediction accuracy. We implement the proposed decoding strategy harnessing GPU parallelism and achieve a decoding speed on par with state-of-the-art span-based parsers. Using the previous state-of-the-art model without additional data as our baseline, we outperform it and improve the F1 score on the Penn Treebank Dataset by 0.26% and on the Chinese Treebank Dataset by 0.35%.
Incorporating stronger syntactic biases into neural language models (LMs) is a long-standing goal, but research in this area often focuses on modeling English text, where constituent treebanks are readily available. Extending constituent tree-based LMs to the multilingual setting, where dependency treebanks are more common, is possible via dependency-to-constituency conversion methods. However, this raises the question of which tree formats are best for learning the model, and for which languages. We investigate this question by training recurrent neural network grammars (RNNGs) using various conversion methods, and evaluating them empirically in a multilingual setting. We examine the effect on LM performance across nine conversion methods and five languages through seven types of syntactic tests. On average, the performance of our best model represents a 19 \% increase in accuracy over the worst choice across all languages. Our best model shows the advantage over sequential/overparameterized LMs, suggesting the positive effect of syntax injection in a multilingual setting. Our experiments highlight the importance of choosing the right tree formalism, and provide insights into making an informed decision.