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16504 papers
The rapid brain maturation in childhood and adolescence accompanies the development of socio-emotional functioning. However, it is unclear how the maturation of the neural activity drives the development of socio-emotional functioning and individual differences. This study aimed to reflect the age dependence of inter-individual differences in brain responses to socio-emotional scenarios and to develop naturalistic imaging indicators to assess the maturity of socio-emotional ability at the individual level. Using three independent naturalistic imaging datasets containing healthy participants (n = 111, 21 and 122), we found and validated that age-modulated inter-individual concordance of brain responses to socio-emotional movies in specific brain regions. The similarity of an individual's brain response to the average response of older participants was defined as response typicality, which predicted an individual's emotion regulation strategies in adolescence and theory of mind (ToM) in childhood. Its predictive power was not superseded by age, sex, cognitive performance or executive function. We further showed that the movie's valence and arousal ratings grounded the response typicality. The findings highlight that forming typical brain response patterns may be a neural phenotype underlying the maturation of socio-emotional ability. The proposed response typicality represents a neuroimaging approach to measure individuals' maturity of cognitive reappraisal and ToM.
The meaning of most words in language depends on their context. Understanding how the human brain extracts contextualized meaning, and identifying where in the brain this takes place, remain important scientific challenges. But technological and computational advances in neuroscience and artificial intelligence now provide unprecedented opportunities to study the human brain in action as language is read and understood. Recent contextualized language models seem to be able to capture homonymic meaning variation ("bat", in a baseball vs. a vampire context), as well as more nuanced differences of meaning-for example, polysemous words such as "book", which can be interpreted in distinct but related senses ("explain a book", information, vs. "open a book", object) whose differences are fine-grained. We study these subtle differences in lexical meaning along the concrete/abstract dimension, as they are triggered by verb-noun semantic composition. We analyze functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activations elicited by Italian verb phrases containing nouns whose interpretation is affected by the verb to different degrees. By using a contextualized language model and human concreteness ratings, we shed light on where in the brain such fine-grained meaning variation takes place and how it is coded. Our results show that phrase concreteness judgments and the contextualized model can predict BOLD activation associated with semantic composition within the language network. Importantly, representations derived from a complex, nonlinear composition process consistently outperform simpler composition approaches. This is compatible with a holistic view of semantic composition in the brain, where semantic representations are modified by the process of composition itself. When looking at individual brain areas, we find that encoding performance is statistically significant, although with differing patterns of results, suggesting differential involvement, in the posterior superior temporal sulcus, inferior frontal gyrus and anterior temporal lobe, and in motor areas previously associated with processing of concreteness/abstractness.
This investigation explores the effects of social media language use on linguistic variation and modification in the context of Twitter discourse. Using a quantitative methodology, we investigate commonly occurring linguistic characteristics, connections with user demographic information, and correlations with metrics related to user engagement. The examination of linguistic characteristics reveals the prevalent use of hashtags, abbreviations, emojis, and linguistic novelties in Twitter communication. Hashtags aid in the classification of content and promote participation in wider discussions, whereas abbreviations and emojis enable succinct and expressive communication. The manifestation of novel linguistic features indicates the fluid and progressive character of language in the context of digital domains. The correlation between linguistic variation and user demographics underscores the impact of societal factors. Gender-specific linguistic norms and preferences are discerned, suggesting the existence of gender-specific language patterns. Linguistic variations that are distinct across various age groups and geographical locations indicate the sociocultural factors that impact language usage. Keywords: Language Use, Language Variation, Social Media DOI： https://doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.58.5.47
Abstract We propose a novel graph-based approach for semantic parsing that resolves two problems observed in the literature: (1) seq2seq models fail on compositional generalization tasks; (2) previous work using phrase structure parsers cannot cover all the semantic parses observed in treebanks. We prove that both MAP inference and latent tag anchoring (required for weakly-supervised learning) are NP-hard problems. We propose two optimization algorithms based on constraint smoothing and conditional gradient to approximately solve these inference problems. Experimentally, our approach delivers state-of-the-art results on GeoQuery, Scan, and Clevr, both for i.i.d. splits and for splits that test for compositional generalization.
The article is devoted to the description of the work of teachers of the Russian Language Department of MGIMO on the development of professional competence of foreign students. The authors describe some methods of active learning such as business games and student conferences. Business games allows teachers to solve the following tasks: activation of the studied lexical and grammatical material, the development of new vocabulary, syntactic constructions, norms of communicative behavior; training in the construction of monological speech and dialogue; motivation of students to increase their linguistic and cultural knowledge. Participation in student conferences helps to strengthen motivation for a more in-depth study of the Russian language, increase the level of education of students, proves the need for independent work. The article analyzes the experience of holding business games, conferences and the UN Model in MGIMO.
According to the Facial Feedback Hypothesis (FFH), feedback from facial muscles can initiate and modulate a person’s emotional state. However, this assumption is debated, and existing research has arguably suffered from a lack of control over which facial muscles are activated, when, to what degree, and for how long. To overcome these limitations, we carried out a pre-registered experiment recruiting 58 participants in 2023 in which we applied facial neuromuscular electrical stimulation (fNMES) to the Zygomaticus Major (ZM) and Depressor Anguli Oris (DAO) muscles for 5 seconds at 100% and 50% of the participants individual motor threshold (MT). After each trial, participants reported their emotions’ valence and arousal. Heart rate and electrodermal activity were recorded throughout. Results showed that muscle activation through fNMES, even when controlling for fNMES-induced discomfort, modulated participants’ emotional state as expected, with more positive emotions reported after stronger stimulation of the ZM than the DAO muscle. The addition of expression-congruent emotional images increased the effect. Moreover, fNMES intensity predicted arousal ratings and skin conductance responses. The finding that changes in felt emotion can be induced through brief, controlled activation of specific facial muscles is in line with the FFH and offers exciting opportunities for translational intervention.
Abstract We present a syntactic dependency treebank for naturalistic child and child-directed spoken English. Our annotations largely follow the guidelines of the Universal Dependencies project (UD [Zeman et al., 2022]), with detailed extensions to lexical and syntactic structures unique to spontaneous spoken language, as opposed to written texts or prepared speech. Compared to existing UD-style spoken treebanks and other dependency corpora of child-parent interactions specifically, our dataset is much larger (44,744 utterances; 233,907 words) and contains data from 10 children covering a wide age range (18–66 months). We conduct thorough dependency parser evaluations using both graph-based and transition-based parsers, trained on three different types of out-of-domain written texts: news, tweets, and learner data. Out-of-domain parsers demonstrate reasonable performance for both child and parent data. In addition, parser performance for child data increases along children’s developmental paths, especially between 18 and 48 months, and gradually approaches the performance for parent data. These results are further validated with in-domain training.
Background: Humanitude approaches have shown positive effects in elderly care. However, the behavioral and neural underpinnings of empathic characteristics in Humanitude-care experts remain unknown. Methods: = 13). In a behavioral study, we measured subjective valence and arousal ratings and facial electromyography (EMG) of the corrugator supercilii and zygomatic major muscles while participants passively observed dynamic facial expressions associated with anger and happiness and their randomized mosaic patterns. In a functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study, we measured brain activity while participants passively observed the same dynamic facial expressions and mosaics. In a structural MRI study, we acquired structural MRI data and analyzed gray matter volume. Results: Our behavioral data showed that YG experienced higher subjective arousal and showed stronger facial EMG activity congruent with stimulus facial expressions compared with controls. The functional MRI data demonstrated that YG showed stronger activity in the ventral premotor cortex (PMv; covering the precentral gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus) and posterior middle temporal gyrus in the right hemisphere in response to dynamic facial expressions versus dynamic mosaics compared with controls. The structural MRI data revealed higher regional gray matter volume in the right PMv in YG than in controls. Conclusion: These results suggest that Humanitude-care experts have behavioral and neural characteristics associated with empathic social interactions.
This paper introduces a novel graph polynomial approach for differentiating tree structures in dependency grammar. Utilizing this polynomial representation, we develop a metric to assess the similarity in syntax. This approach offers a detailed and inclusive analysis of the dependency structures and relationships in sentence construction. We employ this polynomial method to examine sentence structures across various languages in the Parallel Universal Dependencies treebanks. Our analysis includes comparing the syntax of original sentences and their translated counterparts in diverse languages, alongside a comprehensive study of syntactic typologies within these treebanks. Additionally, we explore the application of our methodology in evaluating the syntactic diversity within language corpora.
Few constructs in language teaching are as important as communicative competence: The term has for many decades informed how teachers design lessons and address student needs. Its central role in informing language teaching has resulted in communicative competence being defined and operationalised in multiple ways in the literature. The different iterations of the term have, however, led to some ambiguity with regard to how the existing notions of communicative competence reflect the current needs of English-speaking professionals. To this end, the current paper examines how different interpretations of communicative competence present opportunities to address the needs of workplace English learners. Specifically, the paper investigates the extent to which two offshoots of communicative competence – that is, pragmatic competence and interactional competence – can be used to teach workplace English. This chapter demonstrates that awareness and understanding of both terms are needed to adequately address contemporary workplace issues that require workers to increasingly communicate in global contexts where English is spoken as a medium language. In such contexts, interpersonal skills are needed to adjust communicative practices according to diverse cultural and linguistic norms and expectations.
Attractiveness is a proposed universal cue to overall biological quality. Nonetheless, local raters and raters of the same ethnicity may be more accurate in assessing the cues for attractiveness than distant and unfamiliar raters. Shared ethnicity and shared environment may both affect rating accuracy: our aim was to compare their relative influence. Therefore, we photographed young Vietnamese participants (N = 93, 33 women) from Hanoi, Vietnam. The photographs were rated by Czechs, Asian Vietnamese, and Czech Vietnamese (raters of Vietnamese origin who lived in Czechia for all or most of their life). Using geometric morphometrics, we measured facial shape cues to biological quality: averageness, asymmetry, and sexual dimorphism. We expected that Vietnamese raters residing in Czechia and Vietnam would agree on perceived attractiveness and use shape-related facial cues to biological quality better than Czech European raters, who are less familiar with East Asians. Surprisingly, mixed-effect models and post hoc comparisons identified no major cross-group differences in attributed attractiveness and path analyses revealed that the three groups based their rating on shape-related characteristics in a similar way. However, despite the considerable cross-cultural agreement regarding perceived attractiveness, Czech European raters associated attractiveness with facial shape averageness significantly more than Vietnamese raters.
In this paper, we present a grammar-based natural language framework for robot programming, specifically for pick-and-place tasks. Our approach uses a custom dictionary of action words, designed to store together words that share meaning, allowing for easy expansion of the vocabulary by adding more action words from a lexical database. We validate our Natural Language Robot Programming (NLRP) framework through simulation and real-world experimentation, using a Franka Panda robotic arm equipped with a calibrated camera-in-hand and a microphone. Participants were asked to complete a pick-and-place task using verbal commands, which were converted into text using Google's Speech-to-Text API and processed through the NLRP framework to obtain joint space trajectories for the robot. Our results indicate that our approach has a high system usability score. The framework's dictionary can be easily extended without relying on transfer learning or large data sets. In the future, we plan to compare the presented framework with different approaches of human-assisted pick-and-place tasks via a comprehensive user study.
The article deals with the functional-semantic parameters and pragmatic-expressive specificity of the formation and functioning of military jargonisms - lexical-phraseological symbolic forms of objectification of the MILITARY concept. Expressive-evaluative and figurative motivation of connotative meanings on the basis of variation with various phonosemantic associations, humorous-ironic reinterpretation of the meanings of military abbreviations, formal-content compression of components, as well as various formal-structural euphemistic substitutions ensures the formation and use along with expressive-neutral terms stylistically marked signs, which diversify the specific picture of world perception in a functionally branched collective of military personnel. Any professional language subsystem, in particular, a military one, is a rather specific form of language reproduction, which has a military orientation, and therefore is used mainly in the field of communication of military personnel. Its least standardized component is the lexical subsystem, which has a field character, which means that its structure is organized by analogy with the field, in which there is a center (the core - a system of terms and symbols) and a periphery (here we can include all other lexemes and substandard vocabulary ). Military vocabulary is an accumulation of language units that are united by a common meaning and reflect the substantive, conceptual and functional similarity of the nomen that they mean or denote. The unified nature of language norms postulates the situational use of nomination signs, the consistency of the rules of their discursive implementation. The spontaneity and logical surprise of the operative speech reaction that arises in the process of developing social interaction gives rise to rethinking, reinterpretation and formal restructuring of generally accepted, conventional linguistic units.
We introduce EASIER Notation, a gloss-based scripting language to describe sign language content to be signed by an avatar and describe the functionality a lexical database for a sign language needs to provide in order to fully support the notation approach. In addition, we present the prototype of a text editor supporting EASIER Notation for human post-editing of machine translation output as well as pre-scribing signed utterances from scratch.
This paper addresses the problem of improving POS tagging of transcripts of speech from clinical populations. In contrast to prior work on parsing and POS tagging of transcribed speech, we do not make use of an in domain treebank for training. Instead, we train on an out of domain treebank of newswire using data augmentation techniques to make these structures resemble natural, spontaneous speech. We trained a parser with and without the augmented data and tested its performance using manually validated POS tags in clinical speech produced by patients with various types of neurodegenerative conditions.
PURPOSE: Slow speech rate and abnormal temporal prosody are primary diagnostic criteria for differentiating between people with aphasia who do and do not have apraxia of speech. We sought to identify appropriate cutoff values for abnormal word syllable duration (WSD) in a word repetition task, interpret them relative to a data set of people with chronic aphasia, and evaluate the extent to which manually derived measures could be approximated through an automated process that relied on commercial speech recognition technology. METHOD: Fifty neurotypical participants produced 49 multisyllabic words during a repetition task. Audio recordings were submitted to an automated speech recognition (ASR) service (IBM Watson) to measure word duration and generate an orthographic transcription. The transcribed words were compared to a lexical database, and the number of syllables was identified. Automatic and manual measures were compared for 50% of the sample. Results were interpreted relative to WSD scores from an existing data set of 195 people with mostly chronic aphasia. RESULTS: ASR correctly identified 83% of target words and 98% of target syllable counts. Automated word duration calculations were longer than manual measures due to imprecise cursor placement. Upon applying regression coefficients to the automated measures and examining the frequency distributions for both manual and estimated measures, a WSD of 303-316 ms was found to indicate longer-than-normal performance (corresponding to the 95th percentile). With this cutoff, 40%-45% of participants with aphasia in our comparison sample had an abnormally long WSD. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend using a rounded WSD cutoff score between 303 and 316 ms for manual measures. Future research will focus on customizing automated WSD methods to speech samples from people with aphasia, identifying target words that maximize production and measurement reliability, and developing WSD standard scores based on a large participant sample with and without aphasia.
The article is devoted to language competence study of higher education institutions’ students as the basis of professional language culture. It was emphasized that students of higher education should develop language competence, follow the literal language norms, avoid morphological, lexical and phonetic violations. Mastering the Ukrainian language perfectly is the task of every conscious citizen, who is obliged to be able to use all the lexical wealth in the professional language. The theoretical basis of language competence is substantiated, it is emphasized that it should not be confused with communicative competence. Various aspects of research by scientists regarding language culture, language norms, language and stylistic advice aimed at improving the language of professional communication are highlighted. Violations of lexical norms in the students’ professional language were revealed. The most typical lexical errors were analyzed: 1) inappropriate use of paronyms. Such words should be checked in the dictionary of paronyms; 2) the use of pleonasms, excessive or redundant words and repetitions (tautologies); 3) the use of lexical Russianisms, which violates lexical norms, litters the literary form of the Ukrainian language, leads to mistakes regarding the use of tracing foreign words, surzhyk (mixed language dialect); 4) using words in a noncharacteristic or context-inappropriate meaning; 5) literal translation of phraseological units, words with a phraseologically related meaning, which have their counterparts in the Ukrainian language, or violations of phraseological accuracy; 6) inappropriate use of borrowed vocabulary, in particular anglicisms that have their counterparts in the literary language. A foreign word can be determined by phonetic-grammatical design and lexical meaning; 7) incorrect use of prepositional structures, which arises due to insufficient knowledge of the Ukrainian prepositional patterns. When translating the conjunction with the preposition “po” from Russian, one should take into account the peculiarities of prepositions’ use in the Ukrainian language, and not translate verbatim. Work on lexical errors’ elimination will make it possible to improve the language culture of students, to form language competence, and to observe the literary language norms.
The article discusses the grammatical competence in the English language of future teachers in the undergraduate program as a component of effective foreign language teaching in the form of ability to correctly apply the morphological, syntactic and lexical norms of the English language in solving practical problems. Taking into account the teaching of English as a pedagogical specialty, it is necessary to take into account the communicative and pedagogical components of professional competence. Based on theoretical provisions in the form of an analysis of pedagogical conditions of the organization of education, the current study views the specifics of improving morphological grammatical skills in the form of teaching tense forms of English verbs on the material of authentic texts from classical literature. As part of the study, as part of a pedagogical experiment, according to the results in the experimental group, difficulties in mastering the tense forms of verbs were identified. Increasing the level of foreign language communicative competence will contribute to the improvement of theoretical and linguistic knowledge, to the formation of practical skills in the form of teaching the norms of the literary language.
In this article, I engage in a discussion of the approaches of the normativists postulating the absence of a linguistic norm and assuming the identification of the norm with usus. I have made an attempt to prove the existence of the norm as a level of internal organisation of language, based on linguistic and mathematical-computational considerations. I accept the need for separate models of language: linguistic and mathematical, which serve different purposes and have different properties. I ponder the dual nature of language manifested by its finite infinity, assuming that only the usus is infinite. I postulate the adoption of a theory (formulated by K. Kłosińska) assuming the existence of an invariant norm together with ‘allonorms’. I also propose the introduction of the probabilistic Gaussian model into the codification procedures of the linguistic norm as a method objectifying the procedure and removing the (qualitative and quantitative) arbitrariness of codifiers.
Treebanking for local languages is hampered by the lack of existing parsers to generate pre-annotations. However, it has been shown that reasonably accurate parsers can be bootstrapped with little initial training data when use is made of the information in interlinear glosses and translations that language documentation data for such treebanks typically comes with. In this paper, we improve upon such a bootstrapping model by representing glosses using a combination of morphological feature vectors and pre-trained lemma embeddings. We also contribute a mapping from glosses to Universal Dependencies morphological features.
Abstract This paper deals with several aspects of context in lexicography. Section 1 briefly mentions some different approaches to the concept context in various fields. Section 2 puts the focus on different uses and perceptions of the concept context in lexicography, contrasting it with related concepts, such as cotext, contextualization and contextual information. A more comprehensive discussion also covers different aspects of the occurrence of the concept context in dictionary research, with specific reference to central aspects of the so-called inner and outer context. Various portals, dictionaries and dictionary entries will illustrate the above-mentioned approaches. Section 3 approaches the subject from a user perspective. Section 4 addresses the question How can contextual data be extracted or generated? To answer this question, some methods and tools for (automatic) acquisition and analysis of contextual data, – in particular of the local contextual data in terms of Faber and León-Araúz (2016) – are introduced. Examples of these are lexical databases or semantic networks, like WordNet, and corpora, like Sketch Engine, or predictive methods, like Word2vec and similar ones. Some advantages and disadvantages of specific data acquisition tools used for the analysis of local contextual data are indicated. This section also contributes to a more detailed discussion of the automatic generation of the so-called local syntactic-semantic context or word environment, specifically of the building of syntactic-semantic argument patterns and their examples.
Key Message: Awake mapping should be considered using appropriate and customized testing paradigms during resection of dominant SMA gliomas. The frontal lobe (FL) is the most common site of occurrence of adult diffuse gliomas.[1] On the lateral surface, it broadly consists of the primary motor area (M1), the premotor region (dorsal and ventral), and the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The dorsal premotor cortex is located in the superior and middle frontal gyri. Histologically, the agranular area located in the medial frontal lobe rostral to the primary motor area (M1) is identified as the supplementary motor area (SMA), which is further divided into SMA proper and pre-SMA. These areas are involved in planning and smooth execution of complex motor functions and via relays from the dorsal language stream modulate speech generation and phonological processing,[2] respectively. Lesions involving the SFG pose a specific challenge due to partial or complete involvement of pre-SMA and SMA regions as well as the subcortical networks. Though widely thought to be reversible, the classical SMA syndrome, as originally described by Laplane, clearly described persistent deficits in motor dexterity and bimanual complex movements, besides speech initiation.[3] If these functions are to be preserved, awake mapping of motor cognition and speech is mandatory. Objective In this article, we demonstrate the technique of resecting a dominant superior frontal gyrus tumor involving the pre-SMA and SMA region under awake conditions with DES emphasizing the need to consider awake mapping to prevent prolonged/permanent language and motor deficits. Clinical Presentation A 40-year-old male, right-handed engineer came with a history of two episodes of generalized tonic clonic seizures approximately 2 months back, which was controlled by a single antiepileptic agent with no breakthrough seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain [Figure 1] showed a T2 hyperintense, T1 isointense, non-contrast enhancing, diffuse infiltrative intra-axial mass involving the left superior frontal gyrus and the dominant SMA. Further evaluation with functional MRI (fMRI) showed BOLD signal activation on covert speech task abutting the posteroinferior margin of the tumor representing vPMC (ventral premotor cortex) and DTI (diffusion tensor imaging) showing frontal aslant tract (FAT) and corticospinal tract (CST) abutting the posterior surface of the tumor [Figure 1].Figure 1: Pre-operative multi-planar MRI scans; T2 WI (a): axial section, (b): coronal section, and (c): sagittal section showing a diffuse infiltrative heterogeneously hyperintense lesion in left superior frontal gyrus. (d): No post-gadolinium enhancement. (e): fMRI showing BOLD signal activation of vPMC abutting the posterior border of tumor. (f): 3D-segmented DTI showing the fronto-aslant tract FAT (Pink) and CST (Blue) abutting the posterior border of tumorSurgery: Left frontoparietal awake craniotomy and resection of superior frontal gyrus glioma under intra-operative neuromonitoring and navigated ultrasound guidance. Equipment used: Navigated ultrasound system: Brainlab KICK navigation with ultrasound navigation software (BRAINLAB AG, Munich, Germany) coupled with a high-end cranial ultrasound machine (bk5000®; BK Medical, Denmark) using an N13C5 navigated curvilinear probe. Mapping and monitoring: NimEclipse (version 4.2.422) (Medtronics Inc., Minneapolis. MN, USA) with a bipolar 50-Hz cortical stimulator, a monopolar stimulator (train-of-five pulses), and cortical strip motor evoked potentials (MEPs). Anesthesia: Scalp block and initial sedation (dexmedetomidine) with laryngeal mask airway (LMA). Position: Right lateral, neck neutral, head fixed on the Mayfield three pin fixation system, and pressure points well padded. Incision: Left fronto-parieto-temporal question mark incision. Steps of Surgery Comfortable lateral position on a horse shoe Starting sedation and LMA insertion Pin site block followed by placement of head pins Navigation registration and marking incision Complete local scalp block followed by painting and draping (this is done after the navigation registration to avoid inaccuracies in surface matching that may arise when the anesthetic is infiltrated in the scalp) Frontotemporal craniotomy (wide exposure) Pre-durotomy 3D navigated intra-operative ultrasound (3D NUS) to delineate the tumor extent Awakening the patient and removing LMA at durotomy. 10–20 min for the patient to be fully cooperative for neuropsychological tests Cortical mapping with DES using specific tests (number counting, spontaneous motor twitches and active motor task, picture naming) to identify the functional boundaries Circumferential pial coagulation and subpial dissection of tumor bearing gyrus Subcortical mapping to identify and preserve the white matter networks of the SMA (tests as above) Completion of resection and enmass removal of the specimen Resection control 3DNUS to confirm the resection status. Video Link https://youtu.be/PJWljVA3msU QR Code: Video Timeline With Audio Transcript 00:00 to 00:19: In this video, we would like to describe the principles of surgery as well as the technical aspects of awake craniotomy and mapping for a diffuse low-grade glioma of the dominant superior frontal gyrus located close to the premotor cortex and underlying subcortical networks, emphasizing the role of awake mapping and monitoring. 00:20 to 00:55: This was a young engineer, right-handed, who presented with seizures and no neurological deficits, and on neurocognitive assessment, he only had mild semantic fluency affected. MRI multi-planar T1, T2 images showed a non-enhancing T2 hyper-intense lesion in the left superior frontal gyrus involving the SMA region. Medially, the tumor involved cingulum reaching up to and indenting the corpus callosum, there was negligible contrast enhancement, suggestive of a diffuse lower-grade glioma, probably IDH mutant. 00:56 to 01:27: It is important to understand that on the dominant side, besides motor integration, the SMA region is also involved and important for speech initiation. Besides cortical networks, the subcortical substrates at risk include the cingulum inferomedially, callosal fibers and the frontal aslant posteroinferiorly along with the corticospinal tract, and the SLF-arcuate terminations in the middle frontal gyrus laterally. The IFOF itself is relatively far away. 01:28 to 02:15: This patient was taken up for the awake craniotomy and asleep–awake technique. Tumor extent is evident in the superior frontal gyrus outline. Cortical mapping commenced with identifying the primary motor area using monopolar mapping. Then bipolar stimulation was used for establishing the threshold for further mapping. First, anarthia was elicited (not shown here), and using the same threshold of 2 milliamps, the negative motor phenomenon of stoppage of movement of the upper limb was mapped just posterior to the tumor boundary. At the same threshold with picture naming, there was speech delay seen at the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which is the termination of the IFOF. Thus, the functional cortical margins were outlined. 02:16 to 03:06: Once done, subpial circumferential dissection was commenced of the entire tumor-bearing gyrus, simultaneously monitoring the patient for motor and speech functions. General principles of subpial dissection ensure a complete gyral resection. The controlled ultrasonic aspirator is a very useful tool to prevent pial injury. At the white matter level, functional mapping is essential. In this case, associative motor speech areas of the pre-SMA fronto-aslant fibers and the motor execution networks, the frontostriatal fibers, were encountered on bipolar mapping, marking the limits of subcortical resection posteriorly and laterally, where a thin layer of tumor was left behind to avoid permanent deficits in dexterity and motor movement. 03:07 to 04:35: Circumferential resection was carried out all around with constant monitoring of the patient as described earlier. Medially, the superior frontal gyrus and the anterior cingulate were resected subpially, carefully preserving the distal branches of the anterior cerebral artery complex. In the awake patient, sometimes, this may elicit pain, and therefore, this step can be optionally done once the patient is put asleep at the end of surgery. En-block removal is completed, leaving a small nubbin behind at the base, overlying the eloquent white matter. Then this is gradually removed layer by layer using an ultrasonic aspirator, all the time constantly monitoring the patient. Resection was confirmed using intra-operative ultrasound. The positively mapped subcortical regions were depicted in the cavity here. Proximity of these fibers to the tumor edge reinforced the need to map them under awake conditions. The summary of the mapped regions is diagrammatically represented here. 04:36 to 04:54: Post-operative MRI confirms a near total resection with a thin sliver of tumor posteriorly where the negative motor networks are encountered. Preservation of the networks is confirmed on the post-operative tractography. 04:56 to 06:41: Post-operatively, this patient had no motor deficits; speech and comprehension were intact. However, difficulty in initiation of spontaneous speech and perseveration was noted. Reading and writing were intact. There was perseveration noted and difficulty in initiation of speech. He is not able to answer those questions. However, repetition is preserved. 06:42 to 07:22: The spectrum of normal comprehension, normal repetition, and difficulty in spontaneous motor speech initiation is a classical triad of transcortical motor aphasia seen in pre-SMA regions. In his case, it was transient and recovered over 3 weeks on follow-up. Radical surgeries with positive mapping often lead to transient neurological deficits, especially in the mapped functions. However, these are almost always reversible. This case highlights the rationale behind awake mapping in dominant SMA lesions and outlines the technical principles. Thank you. Outcome Post-operatively, this patient developed a syndrome of transcortical motor aphasia. Post-operative day 1 MR scans revealed expected residue posteriorly as seen on intra-operative NUS [Figure 2]. The patient was started on speech rehabilitation and discharged on POD6. Histopathology revealed IDH R132H mutated diffuse astrocytic tumor (WHO grade 3), and the patient was started on appropriate adjuvant treatment with radiotherapy (59.4 Gy/33#) and concurrent temozolamide. At post-operative 3-month follow-up, the patient had improved almost completely, with mild persistent residual impairment in speech initiation.Figure 2: Post-operative day 1 MRI scans; (a and b): Axial and coronal T2 sequences showing expected posteroinferior residual tumor. (c): Post-operative DTI segmentation showing the posterior extent of resection cavity (white arrow) attenuating the FAT (pink)Pearls and Pitfalls Awake mapping in SMA region tumors should be done meticulously and with appropriate and carefully selected tasks. The tasks should be individualized keeping in mind to map function, both cortically and sub-cortically. Table 1 describes the tests, interpretation of results, and the corresponding substrate tested.Table 1: Tests and tasks commonly used for awake mapping during resection of SMA region tumorsMapping at the sub-cortical region is more important. Negative motor and speech responses are usually encountered rostral to the primary motor responses. Preservation of these networks almost always ensures that the primary motor fibers have been preserved. MEPs to monitor the CSTs can be employed and provide corroboration and complementary information on the integrity of the primary motor networks (but not the negative motor pathways). Following radical functional resections (where mapping yields function at the boundaries of the resection), transient post-operative worsening is the norm. The same must be communicated to the patient prior to surgery. Complete recovery is almost universal. Discussion SMA was first described by Penfield in 1951 as a well-defined cortical area in the expanse of the mesial frontal lobe just anterior to the primary motor foot area, which on stimulation resulted in vocalization and negative motor responses.[4] Based on cyto-architecture, responses on functional imaging, or electrical stimulation, the region is divided into rostral pre-SMA or language SMA and dorsal SMA proper by an imaginary line through AC drawn perpendicular to the AC–PC line.[5] The language SMA/pre-SMA has connections with various networks subserving the dorsal language stream. The SMA proper is proposed to have a topographical representation of fibers from lower limbs, upper limbs, face, and language arranged posterior to anterior.[6] Fontaine et al.[7] in their study have corroborated the presence of SMA somatotopy and showed incremental speech and descending motor deficits with increasing posterior extent of resection in superior frontal gyrus lesions. While dealing with lesions in superior frontal gyrus, not only its relation to the cortical SMA region is important but also its subcortical connections should also be taken into consideration to avoid neuro-deficits that can hamper the patient's quality of life (QOL). One such important sub-cortical fiber network is the FAT (frontal aslant tract), which is an oblique bundle of white matter tract that connects SMA, pre-SMA, and part of SFG superomedially to the pars opercularis and pars triangularis inferolaterally. It has a demonstrated role in speech functions like initiation, modulation, sentence formation, and lexical decisions along with contribution to motor and executive functions, working memory, and social tasks and is thought to be an important substrate in development of speech deficits due to SMA complex insult.[8] Other sub-cortical networks in close proximity are frontostriatal tracts and SLF-II. The frontostriatal tract (FST) is a projection fiber of SMA complex and connects it to the caudate and striatum.[9] This tract is difficult to demonstrate on DTI and is believed to be involved in motor coordination and processing (especially contralateral). In the first description of the SMA syndrome by Laplane et al.,[3] it was typically thought to transiently affect motor function, resulting in a paucity of complex motor movements and volitional speech. But the paper also recorded persistent long-term deficits in bimanual coordination. Recent studies have unearthed more complex attributes of the SMA syndrome and have described cognitive and language deficits along with the pure motor domain of the syndrome.[10] SMA lesions are thought to produce more “speech related dysfunctions” (speech initiation, automatization, and monitoring) as well as task switching difficulties, while insult at the pre-SMA region is associated with development of “language related dysfunctions” like difficulty in prosody, lexical disambiguation, syntax, and context tracing.[11] Affection of left pre-SMA results in language dysfunction in all these domains and results in the syndrome of “transcortical motor aphasia”, which is classically defined as a syndrome of non-fluent verbal output with preserved repetition and comprehension, with or without other non-cardinal deficits like anomia, agrammatism, and paraphasia.[12] Post-operative SMA syndrome complex is traditionally believed to be transient in nature with partial or complete resolution seen in 80% patients in an average duration of 45 days, while persistent prolonged deficits mainly in speech are seen in approximately 20% patients.[13] However, not all reported studies document meticulously mapped sub-cortical SMA networks. When mapped systematically and preserved, the risk of long-term deficits is negligible.[14] The role of awake mapping for language and motor functions for SMA tumor resections has been a matter of debate. Critics suggest that awake mapping may result in early appearance of language or negative motor deficits that may compel the surgeon to resect less due to apprehension of creating a morbid deficit which otherwise is known to be grossly reversible, and these studies argue more in favor of resecting till functional motor boundaries attained by sub-cortical monitoring during resection under anesthesia.[15,16] Noteworthy in all these studies, post-operative detailed neuropsychological evaluation was not done, and thus, subtle deficits in movement kinematics/praxis, language, and cognition due to involvement of pre- SMA networks were not taken cognizance of. Whereas intra-operative deficits do herald a post-operative deficit, when these responses are elicited by meticulous DES using an appropriate task, they reliably provide a functional margin for the extent of resection. Deficits arising after such radical resections are often reversible as mentioned. On the other hand, when such deficits occur (as part of the post-operative SMA syndrome) in surgeries done under GA, it is difficult to predict the reversibility of the deficits. The residual deficits of pre-SMA injury, although not very overt, may affect patients' higher mental function and motor dexterity, which in case of professional individuals may hamper their ability to go back to work. In case of sub-total resections, neuroplasticity can permit functional reorganization of eloquent networks over time, permitting staged resections of tumors, especially lower-grade gliomas.[17] Conclusion Awake mapping should be considered using appropriate and customized testing paradigms during resection of dominant SMA gliomas. All anticipated deficits and their evolution post-operatively as well as short-term and long-term impacts on the patient's work should be discussed in detail upfront, and a decision on acceptance of deficit should be made beforehand. This “a la carte” approach can help decide resective intent pre-operatively, which can result in good patient cooperation intra-operatively and can help achieving maximal safe resection. Financial support and sponsorship Nil. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest.
Neste trabalho, realizamos uma descrição linguística e relatamos o processo de anotação do pronome -se no treebank PetroGold (v3). A atenção especial ao pronome -se se justifica pela necessidade de anotar corretamente os casos em que o pronome indica indeterminação do sujeito, voz passiva sintética ou verbo pronominal, reconhecendo sua importância para diversas tarefas de PLN. Como resultados, discriminamos as 1.960 ocorrências do "se" no corpus por classe sintática e apresentamos os verbos que se associam a cada um (ou mais de um) dos tipos do pronome -se.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe a new approach to sentence representation learning leading to text classification using Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) embeddings. This work proposes a novel BERT-convolutional neural network (CNN)-based model for sentence representation learning and text classification. The proposed model can be used by industries that work in the area of classification of similarity scores between the texts and sentiments and opinion analysis. Design/methodology/approach The approach developed is based on the use of the BERT model to provide distinct features from its transformer encoder layers to the CNNs to achieve multi-layer feature fusion. To achieve multi-layer feature fusion, the distinct feature vectors of the last three layers of the BERT are passed to three separate CNN layers to generate a rich feature representation that can be used for extracting the keywords in the sentences. For sentence representation learning and text classification, the proposed model is trained and tested on the Stanford Sentiment Treebank-2 (SST-2) data set for sentiment analysis and the Quora Question Pair (QQP) data set for sentence classification. To obtain benchmark results, a selective training approach has been applied with the proposed model. Findings On the SST-2 data set, the proposed model achieved an accuracy of 92.90%, whereas, on the QQP data set, it achieved an accuracy of 91.51%. For other evaluation metrics such as precision, recall and F1 Score, the results obtained are overwhelming. The results with the proposed model are 1.17%–1.2% better as compared to the original BERT model on the SST-2 and QQP data sets. Originality/value The novelty of the proposed model lies in the multi-layer feature fusion between the last three layers of the BERT model with CNN layers and the selective training approach based on gated pruning to achieve benchmark results.
The current literature suggests that some women are uniquely vulnerable to negative effects of hormonal contraception (HC) on affective processes. However, little data exists as to which factors contribute to such vulnerability. The present study evaluated the impact of prepubertal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on reward processing in women taking HC (N = 541) compared to naturally cycling women (N = 488). Participants completed an online survey assessing current and past HC use and exposure to 10 different adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) before puberty (ACE Questionnaire), with participants categorized into groups of low (0-1) versus high (≥2) prepubertal ACE exposure. Participants then completed a reward task rating their expected and experienced valence for images that were either erotic, pleasant (non-erotic), or neutral. Significant interactions emerged between prepubertal ACE exposure and HC use on expected (p = 0.028) and experienced (p = 0.025) valence ratings of erotic images but not pleasant or neutral images. Importantly, follow-up analyses considering whether women experienced HC-induced decreases in sexual desire informed the significant interaction for expected valence ratings of erotic images. For current HC users, prepubertal ACEs interacted with HC-induced decreased sexual desire (p = 0.008), such that high ACE women reporting decreased sexual desire on HC showed substantially decreased ratings for anticipated erotic images compared to both high prepubertal ACE women without decreased sexual desire (p < 0.001) and low prepubertal ACE women also reporting decreased sexual desire (p = 0.010). The interaction was not significant in naturally cycling women reporting previous HC use, suggesting that current HC use could be impacting anticipatory reward processing of sexual stimuli among certain women (e.g., high prepubertal ACE women reporting HC-induced decreases in sexual desire). The study provides rationale for future randomized, controlled trials to account for prepubertal ACE exposure to promote contraceptive selection informed by behavioral evidence.
This article proposes a linguistically based framework that can be used for the teaching of Modal Particles (MPs) using contextualized examples of authentic interactions from the Netflix's series Queer Eye Germany. For the description of MPs ja and denn we employ the Descriptive Format (Diewald et al. 2017), an interlinguistic schematic table which provides a definition of the morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic characteristics of MPs. The format provides a linguistic framework for the development of a didactic material for teaching MPs, that is divided into three stages (Ende et al. 2013): introduction, elaboration and production. Therefore, the activities of the didactic model will be carried out in two phases: (i) the description of the formal and pragmatic characteristics of MPs ja and denn through the Descriptive Format; (ii) the elaboration of a didactic sequence with reception and production tasks using occurrences of MPs in authentic communicative contexts. This proposal aims to fill gaps in the teaching of MPs that takes into account a metalinguistic reflection (Aquino 2020), by which students can critically reflect on linguistic norms and the sociocultural reality of the target as well as of their own language.
This article talks about the study of language levels in world linguistics, as well as the need to create a lexical basis of levels in the modern Uzbek literary language.
The issue of studying the linguistic variation, caused by the stratification of society into different strata and groups, has not been solved so far, remaining one of the key issues in modern linguistics. This article deals with the concept “nonstandard dialect” in the framework of sociolinguistic research into the German-speaking tradition, which belongs to the field of studies of linguistic variability of the German language native speakers. Nonstandard dialects may differ from other forms of language existence, as well as from the literary language at all linguistic levels: phonological, grammatical, syntactical, lexical and idiomatic. We examine various forms of the vernacular existence, including urban vernaculars. The focus is on the consideration of the features characterizing language variations at phonological and phonetic levels. This is caused by the necessity of determining sources and patterns of linguistic variations at the phonetic level, one of which, in our opinion, may be the nonstandard dialect as one of the forms of language existence. The article touches upon such notions as: colloquial language, regional norms and regional peculiarities of pronunciation. The article presents some pronunciation peculiarities of Cologne inhabitants’ urban colloquial speech at the segmental level of the German language phonetic system.
The subject of this article is the most frequent linguistic units in the speech of modern embroiderers, which arise as a result of deviations from the language norm and testify to the high linguo-creative potential of the craftswomen discourse. However, the author also draws attention to the lexical unit class that are characteristic of the embroiderers speech and have a terminological character. Productive models for creating new lexical units are subjected to a detailed analysis: suffixation, addition, contraction, truncation of a phrase, abbreviation. The analysis showed that the morphological suffixal way of word formation exceeds in the modern embroiderers speech, addition and abbreviation are represented to a lesser extent. In addition, it was found that one of the active mechanisms for the transformation of lexical units is semantic derivation, which leads to the expansion of the conceptual scope of traditional lexemes. In most cases, this process occurs as a result of metaphorical transfer. The author of the article also considers cases of proverbs transformation in the embroiderers speech, reflecting the special worldview of embroiderers, and also being an opportunity for free self-expression. Most of them are transformations of traditional Russian proverbs, and new variants in speech become more common than their prototypes – canonical proverbs. Changes in the construction-sources are determined by the craftswomen intentions and affect different levels — semantics and structure. At the same time, the replacement of the proverb component becomes the most frequent creative mechanism. The language material collected and analyzed by us allows us to conclude that the speech of modern embroiderers has a high linguistic and creative potential and a wide range of language game markers, indicating the emergence of a special subculture of craftswomen at the present time.
One of the types of analysis of a literary text is linguistic poetic analysis, and in linguistics there are several conditions for this type of linguistic analysis. In other words, the following issues should be considered by the linguist researcher: to pay attention to how the author made a selection of language units in accordance with the literary genre of the fiction; to make an analysis of compliance with the norms inherent in the speech samples of the literary text; also to pay attention to the observance of the norms of person and time in the narrative form of speech in a single artistic text; to pay attention and analyze the compositional division of the analyzed artistic text; to give illustrative examples from the studied artistic text and pay attention to the fact that the elements of colloquial speech form a syntagma separated from the emerging patterns of lexical syntagmas in artistic texts, to show that they are able to exist and be in a literary language, since some elements of colloquial speech have potential; to analyze the elements of language that form the imagery of a literary text, as well as to prove that an artistic text enriches the vocabulary, since new words more often generate artistic texts, etc. And also to form an opinion about the individual style of the author.
Порталы городского и регионального руководства отражают требование обязательности общения официальных властей с населением в виртуальной среде, институциональны по дискурсивной направленности, содержат негомогенные средства передачи информации и оформления коммуникации. Официальный портал администрации г. Омска (https://www.admomsk.ru/web/guest/main) рассматривается в аспекте коммуникативно-деятельностного подхода с целью установления способов передачи информации, организации общения с разными группами адресата, функций вербальных и иных регулятивов. Теоретическая значимость исследования состоит в применении двухэтапной методологии, включающей оценку регулятивов разной природы, установление их взаимосвязи с когнитивными и коммуникативными моделями виртуальной среды, выявление текстов, сориентированных на социально ограниченного адресата, установление их разноуровневого состава. Практическая значимость связана с характером полученных результатов, касающихся наличия в структуре портала типового навигационного каркаса с простой системой линейных вертикальных и горизонтальных связей, представленности на содержательном уровне взаимосвязанных вербальных и визуальных компонентов, обусловленности их соотношения целями раздела, актуальностью информации для адресанта и адресата, значимостью поликодовых моделей, передающих региональную информацию, воздействующих на эмоциональную сферу адресата – жителя города. В результате исследования были сделаны выводы о ведущей роли в реализации стратегии информирования тематического, логического, сюжетно-композиционного уровней контента и его частей, функционировании многоплановой системы регулятивов, наличии эксплицитных визуальных (горизонтальных) регулятивов, локализующих внимание адресата с помощью цвета, размера, пространственного расположения, репрезентирующих определенную тему, проблему, информацию, визуальных вертикальных регулятивов, связанных с призывами к конкретным действиям, визуальных скрытых регулятивов (фотографий, инфографики, воздействующих на эмоциональную и эстетическую сферы адресата, диаграмм, графиков, таблиц, служащих для концентрации большого объема информации, упрощения ее восприятия), существование которых обнаруживается только после открытия гиперссылок, эксплицитных вербальных горизонтальных и вертикальных регулятивов, номинирующих разделы контента, гиперссылок, передающих информацию и через нее лексическими, стилистическими, цифровыми, графическими средствами осуществляющих «якорение» внимания адресата, полимодальных регулятивов. Non-homogeneous (polycode, polymodal, multimodal) texts have long become part of modern communication (both media and official business). The requirement for mandatory communication of official authorities, public and party organizations with the population in a virtual environment has given rise to official portals of regional governments, ministries at various levels, and city administrations. These virtual objects are institutional because they have a discursive orientation, specific means of information transfer and communication design. The communicative-activity approach is applicable to the texts contained on the official portals of the city administration (in this article we are talking about the virtual portal of the Administration of Omsk Omsk. rf, located at: https://www.admomsk.ru/web/guest/main). The purpose of the article is to evaluate the ways of transmitting information, organizing communication with different age and social groups of the addressee in terms of the manifestation in them of visual, verbal, multimodal regulators that implement communicative and cognitive models of the virtual institutional environment. Material for this study: texts posted on the virtual portal of the administration of the city of Omsk (Omsk. rf.). The research methodology includes two stages: 1. Evaluation of visual, verbal, multimodal regulators, their communicative orientation in terms of expressing communicative and cognitive models of the virtual institutional discursive environment; 2. Identification of texts aimed at certain social and age groups of addressees, establishing their informational, semantic, communicative, cognitive composition as an environment for forming the image of the addressee and addressee. The main results of the analysis of the form and content of the portal showed the following. The portal structure includes a typical navigation frame with a fairly simple system of linear vertical and horizontal links. The content level is represented by interconnected verbal and visual components. Their different ratio in different parts of the content, the quality and quantity of inhomogeneous units is due to the goals of the section (transmission of information / impact on the emotive, aesthetic sphere of the addressee), the relevance of the information contained for the addresser and addressee. The communicative and cognitive levels form verbal and visual communicative and cognitive models that convey a predominantly regional formation, affecting the emotional sphere of an addressee that is indefinite in social, gender, age terms - a city resident, establishing an interactive connection with the latter. The communicative-activity approach to a non-homogeneous text of an institutional type - the official portal of the Administration of the city of Omsk, showed a variety of means of communication (visual and verbal), one-sidedness of communication, typical for virtual objects of this level. The method of designating a collective addresser is indicated in the name of the portal through an indication of ownership (portal of the Administration of Omsk), corresponds to the legal norms of institutional discourse. The category of the addresser is specified at the factual level in the part of the portal “Administration” with the help of the Mayor’s personal page, description of the Mayor’s office, legal grounds for activity, etc. The addresser’s communication is focused on a regionally limited collective addressee - residents of Omsk (Omsk). Less often, the addressee is limited by territory, age, social group. The category of the addressee in the texts of the portal is expressed by indirect means - the names of age social, gender and other groups and their representatives in the headings of the content and within the texts that fill it. Special appeals to an indefinite addressee are single, associated with current events in the city, weather, etc. The structure of the horizontal-vertical links of the portal’s navigation frame, the “duplication” of the content components in the header and footer parts direct the addressee’s attention to the hyperlinks he needs, ensuring comfort and utility of perception. But the titles of these hyperlinks do not reveal the impactful (emotive, expressive, aesthetic) strategies that are found in a number of pieces of content. They are implemented using a variety of static and dynamic infographics, they are found only after opening a hyperlink. The leading means of polycode, polymodal, multimodal implementation of the informing strategy are the thematic, logical, plot-compositional levels of the content of the portal as a whole, texts in its parts. The nominations of hyperlinks and the leads of the texts contained in them, together with the photographs accompanying the links, perform the functions of attracting the reader’s attention and informing. The portal contains a multifaceted system of regulators due to the multimodal nature of this virtual object. The system includes: explicit visual (horizontal) regulators that attract and localize the attention of the addressee with the help of color, size, location in the space of the portal interface, creating contrast, meaning a certain topic, problem, information or supplementing it; visual vertical regulators associated with calls for specific actions; visual hidden regulators (photos, infographics - photo report, photo report, photo story, photo tour, performing the functions of influencing the emotional and aesthetic spheres of the recipient’s perception; diagrams, graphs, drawings, tables, performing the functions of concentrating a large amount of information, illustrating, simplifying perception), the existence of which is found only after opening hyperlinks; explicit verbal horizontal and vertical regulators that nominate sections of content, hyperlinks, etc., conveying mainly information and through it by lexical, stylistic (a combination of neutral, special and colloquial vocabulary), digital, graphic (font, underlining, color highlighting) means that implement “anchoring” the attention of the addressee; polymodal regulations (video about the professional activities of employees of the City Administration, the mayor, city utilities).
Semantic relations between words in a sentence are identified using a technique called dependency parsing. Algorithms called dependency parsers are used to map the words in a sentence to the said semantic roles and to identify the syntactic relations between words. Transition-based dependencies on Indian languages have been relatively less explored, partially attributed to lack of high quality treebanks. Graph Neural Network based parsing techniques have shown relatively high accuracy levels on English language and languages with similar syntactic structures (eg. Spanish), and have potential to show good accuracy with other language syntaxes. Hindi is a language with an extremely rich morphology and a FreeWord order. Such a language, also referred to as a Morphologically Rich, FreeWord Order (MoR-FWO) language, is immensely difficult to parse using traditional methods. Using Graph Neural Networks, we present a state-of-the-art dependency parser for Hindi. We compare performance and efficiency of two approaches in this project- a Machine Learning model and a Neural Network model.
We introduce a novel dependency parser, the hexatagger, that constructs dependency trees by tagging the words in a sentence with elements from a finite set of possible tags. In contrast to many approaches to dependency parsing, our approach is fully parallelizable at training time, i.e., the structure-building actions needed to build a dependency parse can be predicted in parallel to each other. Additionally, exact decoding is linear in time and space complexity. Furthermore, we derive a probabilistic dependency parser that predicts hexatags using no more than a linear model with features from a pretrained language model, i.e., we forsake a bespoke architecture explicitly designed for the task. Despite the generality and simplicity of our approach, we achieve state-of-the-art performance of 96.4 LAS and 97.4 UAS on the Penn Treebank test set. Additionally, our parser’s linear time complexity and parallelism significantly improve computational efficiency, with a roughly 10-times speed-up over previous state-of-the-art models during decoding.
The link between linguistic deviation and translation techniques is enshrined in the conventionality of language use and communication. Linguistic deviation occurs when a text ignores conventional norms of a language in order to communicate a certain artistic merit and draw attention to the meaning of the message. The main objective of this paper is to interrogate how translation techniques used on bilingual billboard slogans in Cameroon lead to linguistic deviation and how such deviations affect communication and sociolinguistics. The corpus of this paper is composed of fifteen bilingual billboard slogans purposively selected from different parts of Cameroon. In terms of methodology, the data was collected by taking pictures of billboards and extracting their slogans. A qualitative descriptive method of document analysis was used with the help of Leech’s linguistic deviation theory and Jakobson’s communication functions. Regarding the results, the study identified graphological, semantical, grammatical and lexical deviations on the selected billboards caused by translation techniques like literal, reduction, adaptation, borrowing, discursive creation, amplification and transposition. As a result of linguistic deviation, the messages that were finally conveyed through bilingual billboards looked absurd and sometimes nonsensical. The paper recommends that certified translators should be employed to translate billboard slogans from French to English.
Background and aims: A growing body of evidence indicates a connection between emotional processes and the emergence and progression of addiction. However, scant research has examined the involvement of emotional processing within the framework of problematic pornography use (PPU). This study aimed to examine the electrophysiological and subjective differences in emotional processing between male individuals with PPU and healthy controls (HCs) following exposure to everyday affective images. Methods: Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 42 PPU participants (mean age = 20.14 years, SD = 1.35) and 45 HCs (mean age = 20.04 years, SD = 1.45) during an oddball task, in which unpleasant, pleasant, and neutral images were presented as deviant stimuli, while a neutral kettle image served as the standard stimulus. The Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) was employed to assess participants' subjective experience on the dimensions of valence and arousal. Results: Regarding subjective measures of emotion, individuals with PPU reported lower valence ratings for unpleasant images compared to HCs. In terms of electrophysiological measures of emotion, PPU participants reported larger P2 amplitudes for unpleasant pictures compared to both pleasant and neutral pictures. Moreover, HCs showed enhanced P3 amplitudes in response to pleasant images compared to neutral images, whereas this effect was not observed in PPU participants. Discussion and Conclusion: These findings indicate that individuals with PPU may display deficits in emotional processing characterized by enhanced responsiveness to negative stimuli and attenuated responsiveness to positive stimuli. The heightened sensitivity to negative stimuli may contribute to the inclination of individuals with PPU to engage in pornography as a coping mechanism for stress regulation. Conversely, their diminished sensitivity to positive stimuli presents a challenge in seeking alternative natural rewards to counter potentially addictive behaviors.
Previous studies showed that socially anxious individuals tend to have problems with facial expression processing, especially negative expressions. The present study aimed to investigate whether/how acute aerobic exercise intervention affects the emotional evaluation of socially anxious individuals. Participants needed to rate the emotional valence of facial expressions (happy, neutral, angry) on a 7-point Likert scale (from entirely negative to entirely positive) after 30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and rest interventions on separate days. Results showed a significant decrease in the valence rating of happy faces (i.e., less positively) and a significant increase in the valence rating of angry faces (i.e., less negatively) after acute aerobic exercise as compared with after rest for the social anxiety group. In contrast, there was no significant difference between the two intervention conditions for the control group. These results showed that acute aerobic exercise effectively moderates the emotional valence rating of facial expressions in socially anxious individuals, decreasing the emotion evaluation of facial expressions.
Objective: Near-misses are a structural characteristic of gambling products that can be engineered within modern digital games. Over a series of pre-registered experiments using an online slot machine simulation, we investigated the impact of near-miss outcomes, on subjective ratings (motivation, valence) and two behavioural measures (speed of gambling, bet size).Method: Participants were recruited using Prolific and gambled on an online 3-reel slot machine simulator that delivered a 1 in 3 rate of X-X-O near-misses. Study 1 measured trial-by-trial subjective ratings of valence and motivation (Study 1a, n = 169; Study 1b, n = 148). Study 2 measured spin initiation latencies (n = 170) as a function of the previous trial outcome. Study 3 measured bet size (n = 172) as a function of the previous trial outcome.Results: In Study 1a, near-misses increased the motivation to continue gambling relative to full-misses, supporting H1. On valence ratings, near-misses were rated significantly more positively from full-misses, in the opposite direction to H2; this effect was confirmed in a close replication (Study 1b). In Study 2, participants gambled faster following near-misses relative to full-misses, supporting H3. In Study 3, participants significantly increased their bet size following near-misses relative to full-misses, supporting H4.Conclusion: Across all dependent variables, near-miss outcomes yielded statistically significant differences from objectively-equivalent full-miss outcomes, corroborating the ‘near miss effect’ across both subjective and behavioral measures, and in the environment of online gambling. The unexpected findings on valence ratings are considered in terms of boundary conditions for the near-miss effect, and competing theoretical accounts based on frustration/regret, goal generalization, and skill acquisition.
Capturing drivers’ affective responses given driving context and driver-pedestrian interactions remains a challenge for designing in-vehicle, empathic interfaces. To address this, we conducted two lab-based studies using camera and physiological sensors. Our first study collected participants’ (N = 21) emotion self-reports and physiological signals (including facial temperatures) toward non-verbal, pedestrian crossing videos from the Joint Attention for Autonomous Driving dataset. Our second study increased realism by employing a hybrid driving simulator setup to capture participants’ affective responses (N = 24) toward enacted, non-verbal pedestrian crossing actions. Key findings showed: (a) non-positive actions in videos elicited higher arousal ratings, whereas different in-video pedestrian crossing actions significantly influenced participants’ physiological signals. (b) Non-verbal pedestrian interactions in the hybrid simulator setup significantly influenced participants’ facial expressions, but not their physiological signals. We contribute to the development of in-vehicle empathic interfaces that draw on behavioral and physiological sensing to in-situ infer driver affective responses during non-verbal pedestrian interactions.
Neural architecture search (NAS) has shown the strong performance of learning neural models automatically in recent years. But most NAS systems are unreliable due to the architecture gap brought by discrete representations of atomic architectures. In this article, we improve the performance and robustness of NAS via narrowing the gap between architecture representations. More specifically, we apply a general contraction mapping to model neural networks with distributed representations (Neural Architecture Search with Distributed Architecture Representations (ArchDAR)). Moreover, for a better search result, we present a joint learning approach to integrating distributed representations with advanced architecture search methods. We implement our ArchDAR in a differentiable architecture search model and test learned architectures on the language modeling task. On the Penn Treebank data, it outperforms a strong baseline significantly by 1.8 perplexity scores. Also, the search process with distributed representations is more stable, which yields a faster structural convergence when it works with the differentiable architecture search model.
Introduction: In musical affect research, there is considerable discussion on the best method to represent affective response. This discussion mainly revolves around the dimensional (valence, tension arousal, energy arousal) and discrete (anger, fear, sadness, happiness, tenderness) models of affect. Here, we compared these models' ability to capture self-reported affect in response to short, affectively ambiguous sounds. Methods: = 152), participants rated perceived and induced affect in response to single notes (Exp 1) and chromatic scales (Exp 2), which varied across instrument family and pitch register. Additionally, participants completed questionnaires measuring pre-existing mood, trait empathy, Big-Five personality, musical sophistication, and musical preferences. Results: Rater consistency and agreement were high across all affect scales. Correlation and principal component analyses showed that two dimensions or two affect categories captured most of the variation in affective response. Canonical correlation and regression analyses also showed that energy arousal varied in a manner that was not captured by discrete affect ratings. Furthermore, all sources of individual differences were moderately correlated with all affect scales, particularly pre-existing mood and dimensional affect. Discussion: We conclude that when it comes to single notes and chromatic scales, the dimensions of valence and energy arousal best capture the perceived and induced affective response to affectively ambiguous sounds, although the role of individual differences should also be considered.
BACKGROUND: Olfactory disorders and affective symptoms are tightly related. However, the factors underlying this association are not yet understood. One candidate factor is "odor awareness": the degree of attention individuals pays to the odors. However, the association between odor awareness and olfactory abilities in individuals with affective symptoms has not been clarified yet. METHOD: The present study examined whether odor awareness may moderate (a) the relation between olfactory dysfunctions and depressive and anxiety symptoms; (b) the relation between the perceptual ratings of the odors and depressive and anxiety symptoms in a sample of healthy women (n = 214). Self-report measures of depression and anxiety were collected, whereas the Sniffin' Stick test was employed to measure olfactory abilities. RESULTS: Linear regression analysis revealed that individuals with higher depressive symptoms presented lower olfactory abilities and that odor awareness was a significant moderator of the association between depressive symptoms and olfactory abilities. Anxiety symptoms were not related to any of the olfactory abilities considered, and this relationship did not change according to odor awareness. The familiarity rating of the odor was significantly predicted by odor awareness. These results were confirmed by Bayesian statistics. LIMITATIONS: The sample was composed only of women. CONCLUSIONS: In a healthy population of women, only the presence of depressive symptoms is related to reduced olfactory performance. Odor awareness may be implicated in the development and maintenance of olfactory dysfunction; hence it could be used as a useful target for specific treatments in clinical settings.
Overgeneralization of conditioned fear is associated with anxiety disorders (AD). Most results stem from studies done in adult patients, but studies with children are rare, although the median onset of anxiety disorders lies already in childhood. Thus, the goal of the present study was to examine fear learning and generalization in youth participants, aged 10-17 years, with AD (n = 39) compared to healthy controls (HC) (n = 40). A discriminative fear conditioning and generalization paradigm was used. Ratings of arousal, valence, and US expectancy (the probability of an aversive noise following each stimulus) were measured, hypothesizing that children with AD compared to HC would show heightened ratings of arousal and US expectancy, and decreased positive valence ratings, respectively, as well as overgeneralization of fear. The results indicated that children with AD rated all stimuli as more arousing and less pleasant, and demonstrated higher US expectancy ratings to all stimuli when compared to HC. Thus, rather than displaying qualitatively different generalization patterns (e.g., a linear vs. quadratic slope of the gradient), differences between groups were more quantitative (similar, but parallel shifted gradient). Therefore, overgeneralization of conditioned fear does not seem to be a general marker of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents.
Abstract Ellipsis refers to a linguistic mismatch between sound and meaning. In order to fill the research gap in exploring the cause of ellipsis concerning research methods, the study herein attempts to further this issue with an empirical approach. A complex network approach is used to describe the structural patterns of ellipsis language from a macroscopic perspective and different scales of microscopic granularity. According to previous theoretical foundations on ellipsis, two syntactic network models are established, one is derived from the treebank of spoken conversation in modern Chinese; the other is obtained from the same treebank, but with all its elliptical structures added. Twelve kinds of network measures are used to approach the structural similarities and differences between the two networks. Research results suggested that elliptical structures did not change the network topology extracted from the communication system, nor the relevant importance of the linguistic element for transmitting the information. More specifically, the linguistic elements functioned as good ‘spreaders’, transitivity, connectedness, efficiency, and stability in information transmission of the communication system are not affected by elliptical structures.
The author studied 40 pages (letters Д-Ж) of the Dokładny słownik rosyjsko--polski, written by the Ukrainian-born Russian P. Dubrowski and published in Warsaw in 1877.After a brief profi le of the now nearly forgotten lexiographer, the author adds a few additional questions to the known critical remarks about the topic of study and discussesin the context of the state of Polish language generally and of the Kresy in the nineteenth century -interesting fi ndings refl ected in this dictionary in the areas of spelling, phonetics, fl exion, syntax and lexis.She found that the Polish language presented in this Russian-English dictionary rather faithfully refl ects the nineteenth-century instability of norms at all levels of the language, so that non-native speakers of the language were more inclined to choose recessive over expansive variants, occasionally those supported by analogous forms in Russian.In the author's view, the prospect of a comprehensive, systematic exploration of this source is promising, especially regarding the possibility of extracting peculiar lexis from it, in particular so-called lexical agnonyms.
The article focuses on the features of the formation of the lexis of positive moral-ethical evaluation in the Spanish language of the 13–15th centuries. The research is based on the material of the Mediaeval Spanish adjective virtuoso (virtuous), which in the studied period belonged to the core lexis of positive moral-ethical evaluation. This is explained by the role the Church played in the life of the mediaeval society, in the formation of ethical norms and a particular system of values. This is confirmed by the fact that the subject of sin and virtue occupied a significant place in the analysed texts. Mediaeval Spanish written monuments of the 13–15th centuries both religious and secular in nature serve as the source of the research material. The written monuments are contained in the Corpus del español electronic corpus. The use of corpus data made it possible to study those lexico-semantic and thematic relations that were inherent in the lexeme virtuoso in the period in question. A significant part of the analysed contexts, the main purpose of which was to name and characterize Christian virtues, along with the virtuoso lexeme, contains chains of lexemes of positive moral-ethical evaluation, which were the names of certain virtues: santo, poderoso, vergonzoso, honesto, etc. Positive moral-ethical evaluation was especially clearly manifested when the lexeme entered into antonymic relations with adjectives denoting various sins and vices: malo, vicioso, malicioso, bravo, etc. Subsequently, the lexical meaning of the adjective virtuoso, characteristic of the above-mentioned contexts, becomes widespread outside the religious sphere, and over time it becomes the main meaning at the systemic level.
Abstract Listening to music is an enjoyable behaviour that engages multiple networks of brain regions. As such, the act of music listening may offer a way to interrogate network activity, and to examine the reconfigurations of brain networks that have been observed in healthy aging. The present study is an exploratory examination of brain network dynamics during music listening in healthy older and younger adults. Network measures were extracted and analyzed together with behavioural data using a combination of hidden Markov modelling and partial least squares. We found age- and preference-related differences in fMRI data collected during music listening in healthy younger and older adults. Both age groups showed higher occupancy (the proportion of time a network was active) in a temporal-mesolimbic network while listening to self-selected music. Activity in this network was strongly positively correlated with liking and familiarity ratings in younger adults, but less so in older adults. Additionally, older adults showed a higher degree of correlation between liking and familiarity ratings consistent with past behavioural work on age-related dedifferentiation. We conclude that, while older adults do show network and behaviour patterns consistent with dedifferentiation, activity in the temporal-mesolimbic network is relatively robust to dedifferentiation. These findings may help explain how music listening remains meaningful and rewarding in old age.
Music is a complex phenomenon that elicits a range of emotional responses, influenced by numerous variables, such as rhythm, melody and harmony. One interesting aspect of music is listeners' ability to predict its continuation as it unfolds - an inherent attribute hypothesized to contribute to our emotional response to music. In this study, we investigated this link by examining the relationship between temporal predictability - the ability to predict the timing of the next event - and the ongoing changes in music-induced pleasantness. Temporal predictability was operationalized as the degree to which taps of 20 musically trained participants, who tapped to the beat along three naturalistic and highly contrastive musical pieces, were aligned. We then examined the degree to which this measure could explain the ongoing emotional experience, as reflected in continuous measures of arousal and valence, in a separate group of 40 participants that listened to these pieces. Our findings reveal a positive correlation between fluctuations in reported valence and temporal predictability, even when controlling for a set of other musical features, in four out of five musical sections. The only exception being a lyrical slow section. These findings were further supported by a large online database of annotated musical emotions (n = 1780 songs), where a consistent and robust correlation between valence ratings and an automatically extracted feature of pulse clarity was demonstrated. Overall, our findings shed light on the significance of temporal predictability as a contributing factor to the hedonic experience of music, especially within the tempo range of salient beat perception.
Emotional prospective mental imagery, in which we simulate possible future events within our minds, have a pronounced impact on behavior. For example, repeated engagement in positive prospective imagery can lead to behavioral activation, while negative prospective imagery can lead to catastrophizing and avoidance. Physiological arousal boosts memory consolidation, creating emotional memories. Thus, if emotional prospective imagery produces an arousal response, the memory consolidation of these simulations of the future may be boosted, offering a possible underlying mechanism for the impact of emotional prospective imagery on behavior. In order to examine the feasibility of arousal as a possible mechanism behind the impact of emotional prospective imagery on behavior, sixty participants produced autobiographical prospective imagery of 30 scenes (10 positive, 10 neutral, and 10 negative), during which arousal responses (skin conductance) were measured, and ratings for subjective arousal, valence, and imagery vividness were collected. Moreover, because vividness of prospective imagery has been related to anxiety and depression, the study examined this relation also for event-related autobiographical prospective imagery. The results showed that emotional prospective imagery were associated with higher subjective arousal ratings as compared to neutral imagery. Physiological arousal responses showed a similar pattern, but further data is needed for a firm conclusion. Nevertheless, arousal-boosted consolidation remains a possible contributing mechanism for the impact of emotional prospective imagery on behavior. Moreover, results suggest both anxiety and depression may entail a reduced ability to invent prospective life situations. However, only anxiety was associated with less vivid imaginations, unless the imaginations were of negative content. Hence, anxious individuals may experience negative prospective imagery more vividly than imagery with neutral and positive content.
Abstract We extend a pair of continuous combinator-based constituency parsers (one binary and one multi-branching) into a discontinuous pair. Our parsers iteratively compose constituent vectors from word embeddings without any grammar constraints. Their empirical complexities are subquadratic. Our extension includes 1) a swap action for the orientation-based binary model and 2) biaffine attention for the chunker-based multi-branching model. In tests conducted with the Discontinuous Penn Treebank and TIGER Treebank, we achieved state-of-the-art discontinuous accuracy with a significant speed advantage.
The article proposes to analyse the vocabulary of the candidates Victor Ponta and Klaus Iohannis in the televised debate of the 2014 presidential campaign. The vocabulary of both candidates is characterized by the presence of neologisms, but their use is different for each candidate: the desire to respect the norms of politically correct language in the former and the attempt to speak in a neat style in the second. Colloquial terms are present in the language of both debaters: at Victor Ponta to demonstrate the ignorance of his political opponent, at Klaus Iohannis to ironize his counter-candidate. Each uses terms from the jargon of their profession, legal at Victor Ponta and school at Klaus Iohannis. A peculiarity of Klaus Iohannis' vocabulary is the presence of lexical and pronunciation variants from his native region. The numerous enumerations, the frequency of numbers, acronyms, clichs and verbal automatisms lead to a rigid and ambiguous style in the case of Victor Ponta. Short sentences, without unnecessary words, the presence of neologisms and concrete terms lead in Klaus Iohannis to a concise and precise style, whose main characteristics are irony and orality.