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18265 papers
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the global perceptions of social equity in the fine dining business model as a result of the surprise announcement for the 2024 planned closure of the Michelin three-star restaurant, Noma. Design/methodology/approach This study used critical discourse analysis to inductively analyze 91 source documents retrieved through a lexical database search. The analysis yielded five overarching themes and six subthemes. Findings Findings from this study serve as a benchmark in retrospect for capturing a rapidly accelerating global conversation from January to March 2023 around the long-term viability and social sustainability of the fine dining business model. Research limitations/implications Against the backdrop of labor challenges in the restaurant industry due to the Covid-19 pandemic and its aftermath, the announced closure of Noma precipitated criticism of the stage (unpaid intern) system and the intense pressures of attaining and maintaining Michelin star status. Practical implications Results from the discourse analysis suggest certification for fine dining restaurants, perhaps through the Michelin Guide, for demonstrating a commitment to social sustainability as a qualifier to achieve a Michelin star. Social implications Findings from this research reveal a palpable change in societal tolerance for a more socially sustainable fine dining restaurant business model that advances equitable solutions for its workers while assuring the economic sustainability of restaurants. Originality/value This study drew upon a foodscape lens to reveal a juxtaposition between well-executed environmentally sustainable initiatives in the fine dining business model and the threats to the social sustainability among its workers.
This study investigates the factors influencing consumers' intentions to purchase overseas travel packages via social media in Thailand, with a focus on consumer trust and perceived risks. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining qualitative and quantitative research techniques. In the qualitative phase, the Fuzzy Set Delphi Method was applied to gather expert consensus from 19 participants. For the quantitative phase, a survey was conducted among 600 individuals who had experience purchasing overseas travel packages on social media in Thailand. First-order and second-order confirmatory factor analyses were used to examine the relationships between eight identified factors: social media influencer, e-WOM, trust, perceived risk, brand image, rating review, personal attitude, and destination image. The results indicate that trust and perceived risk are the most significant factors affecting purchase intention. Trust plays a crucial role in customers' decision-making processes, while perceived risk influences their tendency to avoid purchasing packages if the risk is perceived as high. The insights gained from this study contribute to the understanding of factors influencing purchase intentions for overseas travel packages through social media in Thailand, providing valuable information for travel agencies to develop effective marketing strategies.
Transformer models are the state-of-the-art in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and the core of the Large Language Models (LLMs). We propose a transformer-based model for transition-based dependency parsing of free word order languages. We have performed experiments on five treebanks from the Universal Dependencies (UD) dataset version 2.12. Our experiments show that a transformer model, trained with the dynamic word embeddings performs better than a multilayer perceptron trained on the state-of-the-art static word embeddings even if the dynamic word embeddings have a vocabulary size ten times smaller than the static word embeddings. The results show that the transformer trained on dynamic word embeddings achieves an unlabelled attachment score (UAS) of 84.17% for Urdu language which is ≈3.6% and ≈ 1.9% higher than the UAS scores of 80.56857% and 82.26859% achieved by the multilayer perceptron (MLP) using two static state-of-the-art word embeddings. The proposed approach is investigated for Arabic, Persian and Uyghur languages, in addition to Urdu, for UAS scores and the results suggest that the proposed solution outperform the MLP-based approaches.
Single-pilot operations are already in place within military aircraft, small modes of commercial passenger transportation, and cargo operations. NASA, aircraft manufacturers, and airlines are collaborating on projects that birth safe and efficient single-pilot operation suitable technology for commercial airliners. A stipulated number of cabin crew is required per number of passengers on commercial airliners for safety, security, and medical purposes. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine what scales are valid to assess factors that affect a cabin crew’s willingness to operate on single pilot operations. With the selection of appropriate scales, such findings could aid industry regulators, government bodies, and airlines with training programs, educational conferences, and procedural development. The pilot study surveyed members of the cabin crew population using voluntary response sampling. The cabin crew was presented with a survey that collected demographic data, affect ratings, technology acceptance model perceptions, personality traits, and willingness to operate scores. The validity of the scales was tested using Cronbach’s Alpha in SPSS, and the usability of the survey instrument was assessed. The affect scale was shown not to be valid. In a follow-up study, the aim will be to use a survey containing the six remaining valid scales and collect demographic data to determine which predictors will be significant in a regression model.
Introduction Strength training (ST) is a strategy to enhance quality of life through increased strength, muscle hypertrophy, and functional capacity. Training systems are associated with manipulation of volume and intensity, generating different stimuli, such as Rest-Pause (RP) and Sarcoplasmic Stimulating Training (SST). These systems induce greater mechanical and physiological stress, leading to increased strength and muscle hypertrophy. However, the metabolic and psycho-affective effects of advanced systems in experienced practitioners remain inconclusive. The purpose of the study is to analyze the acute effects of RP, SST, and Traditional (TMS) systems on metabolic and psycho-affective responses in adult men. Methods This experimental crossover study assessed 15 subjects (30.38 ± 2.06 years; 88.40 ± 6.50 kg; 1.74 ± 0.07 cm) experienced in ST, evaluated under TMS, RP, and SST during flat bench press and leg press 45° exercises. Body composition, muscular strength via 1-RM testing, lactate concentration (LAC), and psycho-affective measures (Rating of Perceived Exertion-RPE; Visual Analog Scale-VAS; Feeling Scale-FS) were determined. Statistical analysis was performed using the Minitab software, with p ≤ 0.05, IC-95%). Results The finals results showed SST exhibited a 38.10% lower LAC concentration post-training session compared to TMS, while RP showed 37.20% lower LAC concentration than TMS post-session. Average RPE values for RP and SST were higher (8.50 ± 1.10 and 8.60 ± 0.90, respectively) than TMS (6.00 ± 1.10). VAS displayed higher average values for RP and SST (8.00 ± 2.00 and 8.00 ± 1.00, respectively) compared to TMS (5.00 ± 1.00), with affective ratings indicating positive values for TMS and values between 0 and −5 for RP (40%) and SST (60%) post-training sessions, suggesting that RP and SST induced less affective response than TMS. Discussion The results lead to the conclusion that manipulation of training volume and intensity led to higher RPE and pain (VAS). The data suggest that inappropriate prescription of these systems could lead to greater displeasure, leading us to hypothesize that a higher likelihood of discontinuation from strength training programs would occur, suggesting that greater repetition volumes (RP and SST) should be targeted at individuals with a higher training level.
further explains how these feelings work: as properties of individuals' perceptual experiences, these feelings influence perception. Notably, this hypothesis based on affective feelings with different valences has been substantiated, whereas the existing evidence is not compelling enough. Moreover, whether specific affective feelings can be experienced as properties of target perception remains unclear. Addressing these two issues deepens our understanding of the nature of emotional representation. Hence, we investigated the affective realism hypothesis based on affective feelings with different valences and specific emotions, comparing it with the affective misattribution hypothesis. In Experiment 1, we examined the effects of affective feelings with various valences on targets' perception through the AM (1a) and CFS paradigms (1b). In Experiment 2, we investigated the effects of affective feelings with anger, sadness, and disgust using similar methods. Results from Experiments 1a and 1b consistently indicated significant differences in valence ratings of neutral faces under emotional contexts with varying valences. Experiment 2a revealed significant differences in specific emotion ratings of neutral faces under different specific emotional contexts in the AM paradigm, whereas such differences were not observed in the CFS paradigm in Experiment 2b. We concluded that affective feelings with different valences, rather than specific emotions, can be experienced as inherent properties of target perception, validating the affective realism hypothesis. These findings supported the view that the nature of emotional representation should be described as affective dimensions.
Exposure-based therapy is effective in treating anxiety, but a return of fear in the form of relapse is common. Exposure is based on the extinction of Pavlovian fear conditioning. Both animal and human studies point to increased arousal during immediate compared to delayed extinction (>+24 h), which presumably impairs extinction learning and increases the subsequent return of fear. Impaired extinction learning under arousal might interfere with psychotherapeutic interventions. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether arousal before extinction differs between extinction groups and whether arousal before extinction predicts the return of fear in a later (retention) test. As a highlight, both the time between fear acquisition and extinction (immediate vs. delayed) and the time between extinction and test (early vs. late test) were systematically varied. We performed follow-up analyses on data from 103 young, healthy participants to test the above hypotheses. Subjective arousal ratings and physiological arousal measures of sympathetic and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis activation (tonic skin conductance and salivary cortisol) were collected. Increased pre-extinction arousal in the immediate extinction group was only confirmed for subjective arousal. In linear regression analyses, none of the arousal measures predicted a significant return of fear in the different experimental groups. Only when we aggregated across the two test groups, tonic skin conductance at the onset of extinction predicted the return of fear in skin conductance responses. The overall results provide little evidence that pre-extinction arousal affects subsequent extinction learning and memory. In terms of clinical relevance, there is no clear evidence that exposure could be improved by reducing subjective or physiological arousal.
The subject of this study is the functioning of English-language borrowings (Anglicisms) in the Ecuadorian national version of the Spanish language based on examples of their use in the texts of local mass media. The object of the study is the texts of the Ecuadorian media, in particular news articles published on the websites of the most widely read newspapers in Ecuador. The paper examines such issues as the sociolinguistic influence of English on Ecuadorian Spanish, the frequency and nature of the use of Anglicisms in it, as well as their dissemination through the media. Special attention is paid to the analysis of specific examples of the use of Anglicisms in journalistic texts, which allows us to identify key trends in their functioning. In this study, Anglicisms are considered as one of the factors influencing the development of the Spanish language in Ecuador. The study uses methods of content analysis and qualitative analysis of examples of the use of Anglicisms in Ecuadorian journalistic texts, which revealed the frequency of their use and their role in the formation of modern linguistic norms. The relevance of the chosen topic is dictated by the fact of the increasing influence of Anglicisms on Ecuadorian Spanish. The Spanish language variant, which is widespread in the territory of the Republic of Ecuador, currently seems to be less studied in comparison with the neighboring Latin American variants. Thus, there is a need to conduct a study of the main trends in its development. It follows from this that the novelty of the work lies in the implementation of a comprehensive sociolinguistic analysis of English-language borrowings used in the Ecuadorian media, which contributes to the formation of a deeper understanding of the processes underlying the formation and functioning of the Ecuadorian national version of the Spanish language. The results of the study showed that Anglicisms are actively penetrating into various spheres of Ecuadorian society, acting as a social marker and reflecting the influence of Western culture on the local population.
Pre-trained Language Models (PLM) have enabled a cost-effective approach to handling various downstream applications via Parameter-Efficient-Fine-Tuning (PEFT) techniques. In this context, service providers have introduced a popular fine-tuning-based product service known as Model-as-a-Service (MaaS). This service offers users access to extensive PLMs and training resources. With MaaS, users can fine-tune, deploy, and utilize their customized models seamlessly, leveraging a one-stop platform that allows them to work with their private datasets efficiently. However, this service paradigm has recently been exposed to the possibility of leaking user private data. To this end, we identify the data privacy leakage risks in MaaS-based PEFT and propose a Split-and-Privatize (SAP) framework, mitigating the privacy leakage by integrating split learning and differential privacy into MaaS PEFT. Furthermore, we propose Contributing-Token-Identification (CTI), a novel method to balance model utility degradation and privacy leakage. As a result, the proposed framework is comprehensively evaluated, demonstrating a 65% improvement in empirical privacy with only a 1% degradation in model performance on the Stanford Sentiment Treebank dataset, outperforming existing state-of-the-art baselines.
Accurate terminology translation is crucial for the global dissemination and comprehension of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). This study addresses the pressing issue of inconsistent TCM terminology, which has led to significant confusion and misinterpretation among scholars and practitioners worldwide. The primary objective of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of Hu Gengshen’s theoretical framework in ensuring precise and culturally appropriate translations of TCM diagnostic method terms. Hu Gengshen’s framework emphasizes three essential dimensions of translation: communicative, linguistic, and cultural. The communicative dimension focuses on aligning translations with the target audience’s linguistic norms, ensuring the translated terms are accessible and understandable. The linguistic dimension preserves the original structure and style of TCM terminology while adapting it to the target language, maintaining technical accuracy. The cultural dimension guarantees that translations respect and reflect the original cultural context, enhancing cultural sensitivity and relevance. This study employs Hu Gengshen’s framework to assess translations from authoritative TCM sources. The analysis reveals that 146 out of 152 evaluated terms meet the rigorous standards set by the framework across all three dimensions. This finding demonstrates the framework’s effectiveness in producing accurate and culturally sensitive translations. The implications of this research are significant. By validating Hu Gengshen’s framework, the study provides a practical tool for improving the clarity and precision of TCM terminology in international academic and clinical contexts. This enhancement facilitates better global engagement with TCM practices, bridging communication gaps and fostering a deeper understanding of TCM principles and methodologies. The study highlights the framework’s value in addressing translation challenges and advancing the global dissemination of TCM.
Recent advances in deep learning and Vision-Language Models (VLM) have enabled efficient transfer to downstream tasks even when limited labelled training data is available, as well as for text to be directly compared to image content. These properties of VLMs enable new opportunities for the annotation and analysis of images. We test the potential of VLMs for landscape scenicness prediction, i.e., the aesthetic quality of a landscape, using zero- and few-shot methods. We experiment with few-shot learning by fine-tuning a single linear layer on a pre-trained VLM representation. We find that a model fitted to just a few hundred samples performs favourably compared to a model trained on hundreds of thousands of examples in a fully supervised way. We also explore the zero-shot prediction potential of contrastive prompting using positive and negative landscape aesthetic concepts. Our results show that this method outperforms a linear probe with few-shot learning when using a small number of samples to tune the prompt configuration. We introduce Landscape Prompt Ensembling (LPE), which is an annotation method for acquiring landscape scenicness ratings through rated text descriptions without needing an image dataset during annotation. We demonstrate that LPE can provide landscape scenicness assessments that are concordant with a dataset of image ratings. The success of zero- and few-shot methods combined with their ability to use text-based annotations highlights the potential for VLMs to provide efficient landscape scenicness assessments with greater flexibility.
In this paper, we present a study of transformerbased Named Entity Recognition (NER) as applied to Ancient Greek texts, with an emphasis on retrieving personal names.Recent research shows that, while the task remains difficult, the use of transformer models results in significant improvements.We, therefore, compare the performance of four transformer models on the task of NER for the categories of people, locations and groups, and add an out-of-domain test set to the existing datasets.Results on this set highlight the shortcomings of the models when confronted with a random sample of sentences.To be able to more straightforwardly integrate domain and linguistic knowledge to improve performance, we narrow down our approach to the category of people.The task is simplified to a binary PERS/MISC classification on the token level, starting from capitalised words.Next, we test the use of domain and linguistic knowledge to improve the results.We find that including simple gazetteer information as a binary mask has a marginally positive effect on newly annotated data and that treebanks can be used to help identify multi-word individuals if they are scarcely or inconsistently annotated in the available training data.The qualitative error analysis identifies the potential for improvement in both manual annotation and the inclusion of domain and linguistic knowledge in the transformer models.
The objective of this study is to analyze the strategies employed in translating English movie titles into Thai within the Monomax Application. A total of 501 English movie titles spanning the decade of 2011 and 2020 were examined because a decade provides clear guidelines for data collection, analysis, and interpretation. The strategies for translating film titles into Thai conducted by Thongwan (2012) served as a framework for this study. The findings revealed that all 10 translation strategies were employed as follows respectively: 1) naming a new name regardless of the old name, 2) naming a new name based on the original name, 3) partial translation and adding Thai language, 4) partial transliteration and adding Thai language, 5) all translation and adding Thai language, 6) all transliteration and adding Thai language, 7) all transliteration without adding Thai, and 8) all translation without adding Thai language. Meanwhile, the last two which are 9) partial transliteration without adding the Thai language and partial translation without adding the Thai language were found used only once per each. Notably, the translated movie titles in Thai often featured distinctive and attractive elements, such as rhyme and alliteration. These findings corresponded to Nida & Taber (1974) translation theory that translation process is related to purpose and cultural linguistic norms. Future studies could explore the reception and perception of these translated titles among Thai audiences, shedding light on which strategies resonate most effectively and why.
Math anxiety poses significant challenges for university psychology students, impacting career choices and well-being. This study introduces a framework based on behavioral forma mentis networks (i.e., cognitive models mapping how individuals structure their associative knowledge and emotional perceptions of concepts) to explore individual and group-differences in the perception and association of concepts related to math and anxiety. We conducted 4 experiments involving psychology undergraduates from 2 samples (n1 = 72, n2 = 79) compared against GPT-simulated students (n3 = 300). Experiments 1, 2, and 3 employ individual-level network features to predict psychometric scores for math anxiety and its facets (observational, social and evaluational) from the Math Anxiety Scale. Experiment 4 focuses on group-level perceptions extracted from students’ and GPT-3.5’s networks. Results indicate that, in students, positive valence ratings and higher network degree for “anxiety” together with negative ratings for “math” can predict higher total and evaluational math anxiety. In contrast, human models do not work on GPT-based data because of differences in simulated networks and psychometric scores compared to humans. These results were reconciled also with differences found in the ways that high/low subgroups of simulated and real students framed semantically and emotionally STEM concepts. High math-anxiety students collectively framed “anxiety” in an emotionally polarizing way, absent in the negative perception of low math-anxiety students. “Science” was rated positively but contrasted against the negative perception of “math”. These findings underscore the importance of understanding concept perception and associations in managing students’ math anxiety.
This paper introduces the Cosine-Gated Long Short-Term Memory (CGLSTM), a novel architecture that integrates a cosine similarity-based gate with the vailla LSTM framework to improve sequence prediction accuracy. It addresses long-term dependencies in sequence data. Through experiments across multiple datasets and tasks such as the adding problem, MNIST and Fashion-MNIST classification, IMDB sentiment analysis, and language modelling on the Penn Treebank, the CGLSTM's performance is evaluated against LSTM, Gated recurrent unit, Recurrent Attention Unit, and Transformer models. Additionally, its effectiveness is demonstrated in the SocNavGym environment, highlighting its potential for real-world applications. Results show the CGLSTM model's superior capability in complex sequences, providing evidence that the integration of cosine similarity into LSTM leads to a 17% improvement in predictive accuracy and efficiency, offering a promising solution for various deep learning applications.
Social power can activate behavior toward goal attainment. In the context of romantic and sexual relationships, social power may facilitate competitor derogation tactics and self-promotion tactics to attract a partner. We hypothesized that perceived invulnerability to harm would provide a pathway linking social power to competitor derogation, whereas self-perceived mate value would provide a pathway linking social power to self-promotion. Findings from 218 participants (Mage = 38 years) revealed that experimentally manipulated social power enhanced perceived invulnerability, which in turn was positively associated with competitor derogation. Social power did not affect ratings of self-perceived mate value. Women more strongly endorsed self-promotion in pursuit of a short-term (vs. long-term) relationship, whereas men’s ratings did not vary by relationship goal. Our findings suggested that social power may influence goal-directed thinking and behavior in the context of romantic and sexual relationships.
Abstract The exact nature of French liaison as a phonological or morphological alternation is still debated. Under the phonological analysis, liaison is allophony: liaison consonants are special phonemes that alternate between a consonant allophone and zero (e.g., [t] ∼ ∅), the zero allophone being derived from the consonant phoneme through deletion (/t/ → ∅). Under the morphological analysis, liaison is allomorphy: liaison words have two underlyingly listed allomorphs, a consonant-final allomorph and a shorter allomorph that lacks this consonant (e.g., grand ‘great’ /gʁɑ̃t, gʁɑ̃/). This paper uses evidence from lexical statistics to arbitrate between these two analyses. The form without liaison consonant (and with deletion, under the phonological analysis) has been found in previous research to become less likely with increasing lexical frequency. The paper shows that this is problematic for the phonological analysis of French liaison, as deletion typically applies more frequently in high-frequency words across languages. The paper further shows, using evidence from a large lexical database, that words involved in liaison alternations generally have lower type frequency but higher token frequency than non-liaison words when phonotactic and morphological effects on lexical frequency are controlled for. This result is in line with the predictions of the morphological analysis, as allomorphy typically involves a relatively small number of words that occur frequently. Due to its empirical nature, this argument constitutes to date one of the strongest arguments in favor of the morphological analysis.
Social mediator robots have shown potential in facilitating human interactions by improving communication, fostering relationships, providing support, and promoting inclusivity. However, for these robots to effectively shape human interactions, they must understand the intricacies of interpersonal dynamics. This necessitates models of human understanding that capture interpersonal states and the relational affect arising from interactions. Traditional affect recognition methods, primarily focus on individual affect, and may fall short in capturing interpersonal dynamics crucial for social mediation. To address this gap, we propose a multimodal, multi-perspective model of relational affect, utilizing a conversational dataset collected in uncontrolled settings. Our model extracts features from audiovisual data to capture affective behaviors indicative of relational affect. By considering the interpersonal perspectives of both interactants, our model predicts relational affect, enabling real-time understanding of evolving interpersonal dynamics. We discuss our model's utility for social mediation applications and compare it with existing approaches, highlighting its advantages for real-world applicability. Despite the complexity of human interactions and subjective nature of affect ratings, our model demonstrates early capabilities to enable proactive intervention in negative interactions, enhancing neutral exchanges, and respecting positive dialogues. We discuss implications for real-world deployment and highlight the limitations of current work. Our work represents a step towards developing computational models of relational affect tailored for real-world social mediation, offering insights into effective mediation strategies for social mediator robots.
Abstract Semantic representation is the task of conveying the meaning of a natural language utterance by converting it to a logical form that can be processed and understood by machines. It is utilised by many applications in natural language processing (NLP), particularly in tasks relevant to natural language understanding (NLU). Due to the widespread use of semantic parsing in NLP, many semantic representation schemes with different forms have been proposed; Universal Conceptual Cognitive Annotation (UCCA) is one of them. UCCA is a cross-lingual semantic annotation framework that allows easy annotation without requiring substantial linguistic knowledge. UCCA-annotated datasets have been released so far for English, French, German, Russian, and Hebrew. In this paper, we present a UCCA-annotated Turkish dataset of 400 sentences that are obtained from the METU-Sabanci Turkish Treebank. We provide the UCCA annotation specifications defined for the Turkish language so that it can be extended further. We followed a semi-automatic annotation approach, where an external semantic parser is utilised for the initial annotation of the dataset, which is manually revised by two annotators. We used the same semantic parser model to evaluate the dataset with zero-shot and few-shot learning, demonstrating that even a small sample set from the target language in the training data has a notable impact on the performance of the parser (15.6% and 2.5% gain over zero-shot for labelled and unlabelled results, respectively).
In the context of computational models of dependency syntax, most dependency treebanks have the restriction that any valid dependency tree must have exactly one edge coming out of the root node in addition to respecting the spanning tree constraints.Many algorithms for dependency tree sampling were recently proposed, both for sampling with and without replacement.In this paper we propose a new algorithm called Wilson Reject SWOR for the case of sampling without replacement by adapting the Wilson Reject algorithm originally created for sampling with replacement and combining it with a Trie data structure.Experimental results indicate the efficiency of our approach in the scenario of sampling without replacement from dependency graphs with random weights.
Abstract Translation shift which can be categorized as either “obligatory” or “optional” have been studied extensively in translation studies. When such shift occur at the macro-level, that is above the sentence level, a translation can then be said to have transitioned into what Stetting (1989, p. 374) described as “transediting”. Where transediting in journalism has received a considerable amount of attention in translation studies, examples of transedited literature are comparatively rare, and research on such transedited works is proportionate. This article analyzes the translation of the award-winning Uzbek novel The Eternal Wanderer as a notable example of a transedited work. Written by Isajon Sulton, a prolific Uzbek novelist, and translated by Christopher Fort, The Eternal Wanderer represents a notable example of a transedited work that is the product of a collaborative effort between author and translator. The novel is rich in its references to Islam as well as the native language, history, and culture of Uzbekistan, none of which are readily accessible for a Western audience that is not familiar with these things. As such, the translator, in his introduction to the book, notes that he worked with the author to edit as much as five to ten percent of the novel. The product of such a collaborative effort presents a unique opportunity for textual analysis in order to gain insights into literary transediting. A paratextual and qualitative content analysis was conducted to determine the types and levels of optional shift present in the translation in order to determine the extent of transediting and the motivations that underpinned each instance of transediting. The findings of the article indicate that at the word/phrase and sentence level, the translator opted to use shifts such as annotations, modifications, additions, and deletions to address disparate cultural and linguistic norms. At the paragraph and chapter level, large segments were deleted as part of the translator’s strategy to adapt the source material and produce a translation that is more accessible for its intended audience.
The increasing volume of online reviews and tweets poses significant challenges for sentiment classification because of the difficulty in obtaining annotated training data. This paper aims to enhance sentiment classification of Twitter data by developing a robust model that improves classification accuracy and computational efficiency. The proposed method named Tree Hierarchical Deep Convolutional Neural Network optimized with Sheep Flock Optimization Algorithm for Sentiment Classification of Twitter Data (SCTD-THDCNN-SFOA) utilizes the Stanford Sentiment Treebank dataset. The process begins with pre-processing steps including Tokenization, Stop words Elimination, Filtering, Hashtag Removal, and Multiword Grouping. The Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix Window Adaptive Algorithm is employed to extract features, such as emoticon counts, punctuation counts, gazetteer word existence, n-grams, and part of speech tags. These features are selected using Entropy-Kurtosis-based Feature Selection approach. Finally, the Tree Hierarchical Deep Convolutional Neural Network enhanced by the Sheep Flock Optimization Algorithm is used to categorize the Twitter data as positive, negative, and neutral sentiments. The proposed SCTD-THDCNN-SFOA method demonstrates superior performance, achieving higher accuracy and lesser computation time than the existing models, respectively. The SCTD-THDCNN-SFOA framework significantly improves the accuracy and efficiency of sentiment classification for Twitter data.
Kljub porastu jezikoslovnih raziskav govorjene slovenščine, ki si prizadevajo za popis številnih doslej prezrtih posebnosti govorjenega jezika v primerjavi s pisnim, metodologija tovrstnih razprav večinoma temelji na kvalitativni analizi razmeroma majhnih ter zvrstno ali demografsko omejenih vzorcev jezikovne rabe, kar omejuje ponovljivost raziskav in možnost posploševanja spoznanj na govorjeno slovenščino kot celoto. Kot eno izmed možnosti za premostitev tega problema v prispevku predstavljamo drevesnico govorjene slovenščine SST (angl. Spoken Slovenian Treebank), prostodostopni oblikoslovno in skladenjsko označeni reprezentativni vzorec referenčnega korpusa govorjene slovenščine Gos, in ponazarjamo njen metodološki potencial za nadaljnje korpusne raziskave govorjene slovenščine. Na primeru treh tipično govorjenih pojavov (samopopravljanja, diskurzni členki in dodani ujemalni pridevniški prilastki) prikažemo uporabo drevesnice SST za enostaven priklic številnih avtentičnih primerov rabe, na primeru analize pogostosti samopopravljanj glede na različne sporazumevalne okoliščine pa ponazorimo tudi njeno uporabnost za raznolike statistične analize jezikovne rabe. Poleg najpomembnejših prednosti drevesnice SST, kot so uravnoteženost, odprta dostopnost, ročna slovnična označenost in neposredna primerljivost z drugimi tovrstnimi korpusi po svetu, v sklepnem delu izpostavimo tudi nekaj omejitev, kot sta razmeroma majhna velikost ter robustna, v pisni jezik usmerjena označevalna shema.
This study investigates the historical origins, linguistic diffusion, and socioeconomic impacts of cotton (Gossypium spp.) in the Indo-Pacific region. By reviewing secondary data from historical texts, linguistic databases, and archaeological reports, the research explores how Gossypium species, domesticated in both the Old and New Worlds, spread through complex trade networks and cultural exchanges. The study analyzes the dissemination patterns of cotton-related terminology across various language families and examines the socioeconomic effects of cotton cultivation and trade, including its influence on labor systems, economic structures, and cultural practices. While the findings highlight cotton’s significant role in shaping global markets and cultural inter-actions, the study’s limitations – such as its reliance on secondary sources, a two-month research duration, and a focus on a specific geographical area – warrant cautious interpretation. These constraints may limit the comprehensiveness and depth of the analysis, suggesting the need for future research to incorporate primary data collection, a broader geographical scope, and an extended study period. Despite these limitations, the study contributes to a nuanced understanding of cotton’s historical, economic, and cultural significance, emphasizing the need for sustainable agricultural practices in contemporary cotton production.
Modern formal approaches to syntax propose different underlying structures for coordinate constructions. At the same time, none of them describe the entire set of properties of coordination, including variable predicate agreement in number (and gender). The goal of the paper is to define the internal organization of coordinate phrases. As the study of examples from the Russian treebank demonstrates, in addition to the previously known factors, the choice of agreement strategy is also influenced by the linear length of conjuncts and the distance between them and the verbal head. Additionally, the strategy of matching the nearest (and not necessarily the first) conjunct is relevant for Russian. We present and analyze the corpus data and conclude that there is no hierarchical organization in coordination. This lets us elaborate on some general ideas about syntactic derivation put forward by Noam Chomsky.
The article focuses on orographic appellatives and oronyms derived from anatomical terms in the Yakut language through metaphorization. Given that the Yakut oronymy is endangered due to several sociolinguistic and socio-economic reasons, collecting, systematizing, studying, and preserving this specific layer of the Yakut toponymic lexicon in linguistic databases is relevant. We have identified more than 80 anatomical terms that contributed to the Yakut oronymy development. We divided the Yakut anatomical vocabulary used as orographic appellatives into two groups: 1) lexemes denoting the external parts of human and animal bodies and 2) lexemes denoting the internal organs of humans and animals. The comparative analysis covered the following anatomical terms: atax ‘leg’, bas ‘head’, sürex ‘heart’, tumus ‘nose; beak’, kulgaax ‘ear’, töbö ‘head’, meyii ‘brain’, emiy ‘udder’. The comparison has demonstrated a substantial similarity in the anatomical vocabulary used as orographic appellatives in the Turkic languages. However, some Turkic languages feature divergence in terms of content, possibly resulting from the influence of contact languages (related and unrelated). The abundance and variety of metaphorical anatomical terms in different Turkic languages may also be due to the physical and geographical features of the terrain on which they function. Given the above, the anatomical vocabulary can be considered an additional source for understanding the formation patterns and features of the Turkic-Mongolian geographical vocabulary of Siberia.
Introduction: Gestalt perception refers to the cognitive ability to perceive various elements as a unified whole. In our study, we delve deeper into the phenomenon of Gestalt recognition in visual cubist art, a transformative process culminating in what is often described as an Aha moment. This Aha moment signifies a sudden understanding of what is seen, merging seemingly disparate elements into a coherent meaningful picture. The onset of this Aha moment can vary, either appearing almost instantaneously, which is in line with theories of hedonic fluency, or manifesting after a period of time, supporting the concept of delayed but more in-depth meaningful insight. Methods: We employed pupillometry to measure cognitive and affective shifts during art interaction, analyzing both maximum pupil dilation and average dilation across the trial. The study consisted of two parts: in the first, 84 participants identified faces in cubist paintings under various conditions, with Aha moments and pupil dilation measured. In part 2, the same 84 participants assessed the artworks through ratings in a no-task free-viewing condition. Results: Results of part 1 indicate a distinctive pattern of pupil dilation, with maximum dilation occurring at both trial onset and end. Longer response times were observed for high-fluent, face-present stimuli, aligning with a delayed but accurate Aha-moment through recognition. Additionally, the time of maximum pupil dilation, rather than average dilation, exhibited significant associations, being later for high-fluent, face-present stimuli and correct detections. In part 2, average, not the time of maximum pupil dilation emerged as the significant factor. Face-stimuli and highly accessible art evoked stronger dilations, also reflecting high clearness and negative valence ratings. Discussion: The study underscores a complex relationship between the timing of recognition and the Aha moment, suggesting nuanced differences in emotional and cognitive responses during art viewing. Pupil dilation measures offer insight into these processes especially for moments of recognition, though their application in evaluating emotional responses through artwork ratings warrants further exploration.
Introduction Sleep loss is common during the perinatal period; however, few studies have assessed potential consequences of insufficient sleep for postnatal emotional responding, a key contributor to parenting behaviors with implications for parent-infant bonding and mental health. To generate hypotheses for future work assessing perinatal sleep and emotion-related outcomes, this pilot study explored whether prenatal sleep duration predicted postnatal emotional responding in a sample at risk for postpartum depression. Methods Participants were 9 birthing parents with a prior mood disorder who were not in a current episode at enrollment. We estimated sleep with actigraphy collected for one week at 33 weeks’ gestation and at 2 and 6 weeks postpartum. Following each week, participants completed an emotional evaluation task, rating the valence and arousal of standardized images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). We tested whether average prenatal (33 weeks) nighttime sleep duration predicted concurrent and future responsiveness to emotional images, quantified by participants’ reaction times and arousal/valence ratings. Results Shorter prenatal sleep duration predicted faster reaction times, both concurrently and at 2 weeks postpartum (ps≤.05), as well as lower arousal ratings for negative images at 2 and 6 weeks postpartum (ps≤.043). Conclusions In this small sample of birthing parents at risk for postpartum depression, shorter prenatal sleep duration predicted faster reactions to emotional stimuli and blunted arousal responses to negative images. Although preliminary, these findings justify further study of the role of prenatal sleep in postpartum emotional responses and how these factors may impact parent-infant outcomes.
Abstract Purpose Previous discussions have characterized hookup culture as ambiguous by nature, but social psychological theory tells us people dislike ambiguity in practice. Meanwhile, a myriad of undefined relationship terms (e.g., talking to, hanging out, having a thing) arose and have remained in use. I examine (1) whether these different “situationship” labels have distinct affective meaning and (2) what that suggests for those occupying the concomitant identities (i.e., assess the behavioral and emotional consequences of being “someone in a _____ relationship”). Approach Using affect control theory and a sample of young adults in defined (N = 50) and undefined (N = 43) relationship types, I test if affective ratings of various relationship label identities are statistically distinct. I then computationally model social events with each relationship label as actor (X identity performs [behavior]), compare their differing levels of social discomfort, and empirically predict the emotions each identity would feel. Findings Undefined relationship labels are not synonymous. Correspondingly, the nature, emotions, and expected behaviors of the individuals with those labels' related relational identities are not equivalent. In cultural evaluation, all undefined relationship labels are lower than all defined relationship labels. In event simulations, predicted deflection levels and actor consequent emotions (how normative is it and how jarring does it feel) were patterned by the labels' cultural evaluation ratings, these correlate with relationship commitment level. Implications By interpersonal necessity, individuals make fine distinctions in shared meanings within a cultural context of constant redefinition. Physically and emotionally negative behaviors are culturally more expected and accepted in undefined contexts by the culturally-understood nature of – and shared perspectives of participants concerning – those relationships’ parameters.
Relevance of research. In today’s world, where information spreads at an incredible speed, the role of opinion leaders, people who have a significant influence on the audience and can shape their thoughts and behavior, becomes especially important. Despite the increase in Ukrainian-language content in the Internet space after the start of a full-scale invasion, the problem of the spread of language errors and non-compliance with language norms in the Ukrainian language, in particular, in the blogosphere and social networks, is gaining relevance. Young people are particularly susceptible to the influence of opinion leaders. Violation of language norms by these people can lead to the fact that young people will consider these mistakes as the norm, which determines the relevance of our research. This article is aimed at solving the problem and provides practical recommendations for both opinion leaders and every Ukrainian to prevent violations of language norms in the media space. The purpose. Conducting an analysis of violations of language norms that occur in the Ukrainian-language media space under the influence of opinion leaders, in particular TikTok and YouTube bloggers. Research methodology. A number of scientific approaches and methods were used in the research process: content analysis – to study the influence of opinion leaders in the media space on the language culture of Ukrainian society through social media classification method – for systematization of identified violations of language norms, which helped to understand the main problems of language culture and identify the main directions for further analysis and development of recommendations; methods of comparative and logical analysis – to identify cause-and-effect relationships between language disorders and their impact on the speech environment. The scientific novelty. A study of the influence of opinion leaders in the modern media space. The article reveals both the side effects of such influence and emphasizes the possible lowering of the status of the language and the degradation of linguistic culture due to the spread of linguistic errors and non-compliance with linguistic norms. The article contains specific practical recommendations for opinion leaders and the general public to prevent violations of language norms in the media space, which can contribute to raising the level of speech culture and preserving the linguistic identity of Ukrainian society. The conclusions. Violation of the language norms of the Ukrainian language by opinion leaders in the media space, among bloggers on the TikTok and YouTube platforms, is a rather serious problem that has many negative consequences: it can lead to distortion of content, incorrect perception of information by the audience and a decrease in the general level of linguistic culture among users, especially among young people. The recommendations provided in the article are aimed at improving the quality of bloggers’ speech and increasing the level of language literacy in the media space. All these factors highlight the importance of drawing attention to the issue of language literacy and adherence to language norms among opinion leaders in the media space, which may become a relevant topic for further research. The obtained conclusions should become the basis for the development of specific recommendations aimed at increasing the level of language culture in the media space and avoiding the negative impact of social media on Ukrainian society.
Homophony (i.e, multiple meanings expressed by the same form) is ubiquitous across the world’s languages. Despite its pervasiveness, not all instances of homophony are equally likely, which suggests that homophony is unlikely to be accidental. There is a growing body of literature which aims to thoroughly examine cross-linguistic regularities in patterns of homophony and explain these from constraints in language learning and use, both at the lexical and morphosyntactic levels. Here, we examine a specific case of homophony in pronominal paradigms, that is, the lack of a number distinction (singular vs plural) for a given person value (first, second and third), a phenomenon coined as horizontal homophony. Cysouw (2003) suggested that a lack of number distinction is more likely to be found in third person (i.e., 3SG=3PL) than in second (i.e., 2SG=2PL), and it is least frequently found in first person (i.e., 1SG=1PL). We refer to this generalisation as the Horizontal Homophony Hierarchy: 3 > 2 > 1 (where > represents frequency inequality). This generalisation was nevertheless only made via qualitative description and by raw counts, and merely described without motivated explanation. In this study we take a step back and present additional evidence sup- porting the Horizontal Homophony Hierarchy. First, we as- certain the robustness of this typological tendency through a statistical analysis using the largest cross-linguistic database of pronominal paradigms to date (926 languages from 229 different families). Next, we explore whether the Horizontal Homophony Hierarchy has a corresponding learning cor- relate, which would indicate that this asymmetry is at least partly rooted in a cognitive bias. Specifically, we examine asymmetries in how easily adult humans learn different types of horizontal homophony in an artificial language learning experiment. The results from our typological analysis corroborate a hierarchy of horizontal homophony 3 > 2 > 1 in the world’s languages. However, our experimental results provide evidence against a learning bias underlying the hierarchy, thus suggesting that motivated explanations of the typology (if any) are more likely to be found in alternative pressures such as communicative need and efficiency.
To investigate the benefits of utilising an AI system to enhance the efficiency of obstetric scan training. A randomised controlled study was conducted at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. Residents were recruited and randomly assigned to either a AI-assisted training group or a conventional training group from September 2022 to April 2023. Each participant underwent a four-cycle practice scan training program, performing scans on 20 pregnant volunteers at gestational weeks 18-32 in each cycle, focusing on acquiring and interpreting specific standard views. At the end of each cycle, a test evaluated trainees' ability to obtain standard views without AI assistance, and image quality was rated by both trainees themselves and an expert (in a blind manner) based on local expert consensus. The primary outcome measured the number of cycles required for each trainee to meet standards (expert ratings of image quality ≥80%). Secondary outcomes included expert rating of image quality, disparity between trainees and expert ratings. A total of 32 residents with no prior obstetric ultrasound experience and 2720 pregnant volunteers were recruited. The AI-assisted group required significantly fewer training cycles than the non-AI-assisted group to meet quality requirements (p = 0.037). When comparing mean score differences, the AI-assisted training group exhibited superior ability in acquiring standard views compared to the conventional training group in the third (p = 0.012) and fourth (p < 0.001) stages. The disparity between trainees' self-acquired image ratings and expert ratings decreased with increasing training time. There was a significant difference in total rating disparity between trainees and expert between the two groups from the first to the fourth stage (p < 0.05). The utilisation of an AI-assisted system has the potential to improve training effectiveness, particularly for trainees without prior experience in acquiring and interpreting standard views during obstetric scans.
PURPOSE: Typically developing children assigned male at birth (AMAB) and children assigned female at birth (AFAB) produce the fricative /s/ differently: AFAB children produce /s/ with a higher spectral peak frequency. This study examined whether implicit knowledge of these differences affects speech-language pathologists'/speech and language therapists' (SLPs'/SLTs') ratings of /s/ accuracy, by comparing ratings made in conditions where SLPs/SLTs were blind to children's sex assigned at birth (SAB) to conditions in which they were told this information. METHODS: SLPs (n = 95) varying in clinical experience rated the accuracy of word-initial /s/ productions (n = 87) of eight children with speech sound disorder in one of four conditions: one in which no information about the children was revealed, one in which children's SAB was revealed, one in which children's age was revealed, and one in which both were revealed. RESULTS: Despite there being no statistically significant differences between AFAB and AMAB children's /s/ production in researcher-determined accuracy or in one acoustic characteristic, spectral centroid, SLPs in all four conditions judged the /s/ productions of AFAB children as more accurate than AMAB children. Listeners were significantly less likely to judge the productions of AMAB children to be inaccurate in the conditions in which age or age and SAB were revealed. These effects were consistent across SLPs with greatly varying levels of clinical experience. CONCLUSION: Knowing or imputing children's age and SAB can affect ratings of /s/ accuracy. Clinicians should be mindful of these potential effects. Future research should understand how expectations about sociolinguistic variation in speech affect appraisals of their speech and language. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject Adult men and women produce /s/ differently. A consensus is that these differences reflect sociolinguistic gender marking, rather than being the passive consequence of vocal-tract differences. Recent studies have shown that children assigned female at birth (AFAB) and those assigned male at birth (AMAB) produce /s/ differently in ways that mirror the differences between adult men and women, and which presumably reflect gender marking. What this paper adds to existing knowledge We asked whether US-based speech-language pathologists' (SLPs) ratings of the accuracy of /s/ differ depending on whether they are rating an AFAB or an AMAB child, and whether these differences are greater in conditions in which people are told the sex assigned at birth of the child being rated. We found that SLPs were more likely to judge AFAB children's /s/ productions to be more accurate than AMAB children's, even though the productions from the AMAB and AFAB children that were used as stimuli were matched for accuracy as determined by trained researchers. What are the clinical implications of this work? SLPs/speech-language therapists should be sensitive to the influence of social variables when assessing /s/. SLPs/speech-language therapists might rate children's productions differently depending on whether they believe they are rating an AFAB or an AMAB child.
Background Many anti-obesity health promotion campaigns focus on physical activity as a means to lose weight. Organizations have created positive images of people living with obesity being physically active with the intention of normalizing people in larger bodies being active. However, it is not clear if using the images when taking a weight-neutral (compared to a weight-centric) approach will be more positively received, and thus more effective, in promoting physical activity to people living in larger bodies.Aims The primary purpose of the present research was to examine whether people in larger bodies preferred messages that featured images of people in larger bodies being active with weight-neutral (i.e., no mention of weight loss) compared to weight-centric (i.e., weight loss-focused) physical activity messages. Secondary purposes were to examine between condition differences on internalized weight bias and whether message ratings or internalized weight bias mediated effects of message type on objectively measured physical activity.Methods Adults of any self-identified gender who also self-identified as living in larger bodies were recruited through a variety of Obesity Canada channels including their newsletter and social media. The data from 54 adults (Mage = 49.9 years; 90.7% women) were analyzed. Participants completed pre-test measures (demographics and internalized weight bias), wore an accelerometer for one week then viewed eight images with condition-specific messages. This was followed with post-test measures (image ratings, thought listing, internalized weight bias) and one more week of accelerometer wear.Results The weight-neutral messages were rated more positively than the weight-centric messages but there were no between group differences in internalized weight bias nor in sedentary behavior, light physical activity, or moderate to vigorous physical activity.Discussion It is possible that participants were already interested in the topic of weight bias and possibly aware of the images used in this study, limiting the generalizability of the study. However, the results of this research, considered with the findings of other researchers who report health messages to be more motivating, indicate that focusing on weight is not recommended when promoting physical activity to people in larger bodies. Rather other benefits of being active should be highlighted.
Implementation intentions are if-then plans that create a mental link between a situational cue and a goal-directed response that people can form to help them achieve emotion regulation goals more effectively. The main goal of this study was to determine if forming the goal intention to not get disgusted together with a perspective taking implementation intention is more effective than forming the goal intention to not get disgusted that spells out the same perspective taking strategy but without linking it to the cue. Eighty-six female participants viewed disgusting, neutral, and pleasant pictures under four instructions: no emotion regulation instructions (CG), the goal intention to not get disgusted (GI), this goal intention furnished with the perspective taking regulation strategy (GI-PT), and this goal intention in tandem with the perspective taking implementation intention (PT-II). Compared with CG, GI, and GI-PT participants, PT-II participants showed a significantly larger decrease in disgust when seeing the disgusting pictures. This effect remained constant across repeated exposure to the critical contents and was larger among individuals who did not consciously try to reappraise the disgusting pictures than among individuals who consciously tried to reappraise them. Valence rating, arousal rating, and sympathetic activity did not significantly differ between conditions. We conclude that it is the if(situational cue)-then(goal-directed response) link created by forming the perspective taking implementation intention that accounts for the positive effect on disgust and not simply the information about the perspective taking behavior to adopt.
Am 5. und 6. Dezember fand der "22. International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories" statt, auf welchem auch das SUB-Kooperationsprojekt "Edition des Ugaritischen Poetischen Textkorpus" (EUPT) vorgestellt wurde. Doch was sind "Treebanks" (z. Dt. "Baumbanken") überhaupt und welchen Nutzen haben sie für die Forschung und Entwicklung?
Abstract Introduction Insomnia is commonly linked with mood and anxiety-related disorders characterized by disrupted emotional memory processing. However, much remains unknown about the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying emotional memory processing among patients with insomnia. The current study seeks to examine the temporal dynamics of emotional memory processing among both patients with insomnia and healthy sleepers. Methods Thirty-four patients with DSM-5 insomnia disorder (23 females; Mage = 24.94) and 35 healthy sleepers (23 females; Mage = 23.91) encoded 48 pairs of pseudo-words and negative/neutral scene pictures in the evening, followed by overnight EEG-recorded sleep. All participants completed cued-recall memory tasks and affective ratings at pre-sleep, post-sleep, and 7-day delayed sessions. Results From the post-sleep to 7-day delayed sessions, patients with insomnia showed greater preservation of pictorial memory (ps &lt; 0.001) and less dissipation of affective tone compared to the healthy sleepers (ps &lt; 0.016). Moreover, among healthy sleepers, the product of post-encoding slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep duration predicted greater over-time negative memory decay (b = -0.001, p = 0.035), whereas REM duration predicted the dissipation of negative arousal ratings over time (b = -0.03, p = 0.041). Notably, these associations were not observed in the insomnia group. Conclusion These findings provide insight into the fundamental irregularities in emotional memory processing among patients with insomnia. For healthy sleepers, the results suggest a joint engagement of SWS and REM in promoting negative memory decay, and an adaptive role of REM sleep in facilitating the attenuation of affective arousal over time. Support (if any)
This is a morpho-sociolinguistic article that adopts a qualitative approach to investigate the attachment of the morpheme /-ng∼-eng/ to Sesotho parts of speech and to determine the validity of the justifications provided for this type of suffixation. The study employs the integrated frameworks of item-and-process and variationist sociolinguistics. It is a known fact that human language is inherently a culturally evolving system. That is, it is not monolithic, but instead, is dynamic or variable. Among the social dynamics stimulating language variability is age. In our everyday experience, we witness a generational gap between youngsters and adults in terms of communication. Adults tend to be conservative, while the youth are innovative in their language use. Through their peer groups, the youth are able to establish new linguistic norms which may diffuse into the wider community. In Sesotho, one such linguistic norm is the current suffixation of /-ng∼-eng/ to some parts of speech to which traditionally it was not suffixed. The article further discusses the semantic implications of the attachment of this suffix and the reaction of the elderly towards it.
The paper presents and comments on different opinions and views on the activity of cultivating the Hungarian standard language, also with regard to the relationship between linguistics and speech culture in the Hungarian linguistic and educational tradition. Disagreements over the place of language culture in linguistic research, the role of linguists in language cultivation, the cult of the exemplary standard language, the evaluаtion of linguistic innovations, the unity of the literary-linguistic norm across the entire Hungarian linguistic territory, etc. reveal the complexity and intricacy of the issues related to language culture activity and codification practice, as well as the influence of political, ideological and cultural-historical factors. These discussion questions shed light on current problems concerning changes in the speech practice of the contemporary Hungarian language community, the state of the Hungarian national language and literary-linguistic norms, the need to introduce new methods and techniques into the education system, etc. in order to conduct an adequate and effective language policy. The success of the country’s overall language strategy depends on the correct formulation and solution of the outlined problems
The comparability of morphological and syntactic annotations of multilingual corpora is a crucial aspect of Natural Language Processing (NLP). The Universal Dependencies (UD) platform, which aims to identify the universal features of languages by identifying dependencies, serves this purpose and has become one of the largest and continuously growing collections of such corpora, especially in the last decade. The UD framework has become a platform for building the UD_Armenian-ArmTDP and UD_Armenian-BSUT treebanks for modern Eastern Armenian. This article presents the types of syntactic relations selected for parsing verb complements in these treebanks from the cross-linguistically applicable set of relations in UD, together with their equivalents in Armenian grammar. Furthermore, we present some challenges associated with parsing Armenian verb complements and possible solutions within the UD taxonomy.
The modern marketing communication space needs, firstly, a profound study of the established techniques and, secondly, an adjustment of these techniques in the context of linguoecological ideas based not only on the interests of consumers, but also on the civilizational values of society as a whole. The aim of the article is to analyze one of the types of marketing communication - a promotional text in book publishing. This material, in contrast to the commercial advertising and even social advertising, has been studied insufficiently. Meanwhile, it has its own specifics and differs in many ways from standard commercial advertising. In modern conditions of book publishing commercialization, paratext becomes an integral component of book production. Based on the material of the paratext in book publishing, the article shows both optimal ways to present commercial information fully meeting the ecological criteria of communication and destructive phenomena in this area contradicting ethical and linguistic norms. The main purpose of publishing discourse is to attract attention to the publication, which can be achieved in different ways and with the help of different genres. The problem is that publishing discourse commercialization does not conflict with the linguoecological parameters of communication. Cultivation of marketing discursive practices in which commercialization does not contradict ethical and linguistic norms is one of the most urgent tasks. The emphasis on these parameters of marketing discourse will contribute to increasing the general linguoecological awareness of all the participants in the communicative process. Paratext is axiologically deterministic, which means that in some sense it educates readers, fixes certain value attitudes. The integration of linguoecological and communicative approaches to the analysis of the specifics of the promoting text in a particular linguaculture or its possible transformation in another linguaculture seems to be promising. On the basis of the combination of inductive and hypothetical-deductive methods, the article analyzes different forms of paratext, that is, promoting text in the book publishing system. The sociolinguistic analysis based on the method of correlation of social and linguistic phenomena is used to characterize it. At the same time, a pragmalinguistic study of the material is carried out in the parameters of the linguoecological approach, which assumes, primarily, compliance with ethical and linguistic norms of communication. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.
We present new supertaggers trained on English grammar-based treebanks and test the effects of the best tagger on parsing speed and accuracy.The treebanks are produced automatically by large manually built grammars and feature high-quality annotation based on a well-developed linguistic theory (HPSG).The English Resource Grammar treebanks include diverse and challenging test datasets, beyond the usual WSJ section 23 and Wikipedia data.HPSG supertagging has previously relied on MaxEnt-based models.We use SVM and neural CRF-and BERT-based methods and show that both SVM and neural supertaggers achieve considerably higher accuracy compared to the baseline and lead to an increase not only in the parsing speed but also the parser accuracy with respect to gold dependency structures.Our fine-tuned BERT-based tagger achieves 97.26% accuracy on 950 sentences from WSJ23 and 93.88% on the out-of-domain technical essay The Cathedral and the Bazaar (cb)).We present experiments with integrating the best supertagger into an HPSG parser and observe a speedup of a factor of 3 with respect to the system which uses no tagging at all, as well as large recall gains and an overall precision gain.We also compare our system to an existing integrated tagger and show that although the well-integrated tagger remains the fastest, our experimental system can be more accurate.Finally, we hope that the diverse and difficult datasets we used for evaluation will gain more popularity in the field: we show that results can differ depending on the dataset, even if it is an in-domain one.We contribute the complete datasets reformatted for Huggingface token classification.
The study aims to investigate the slang usage habits of young people native in Hungarian in Transylvania. The research analyses to which extent high school and university students claim to use slang depending on the speech situation, as well as the primary motivations for slang usage. This question is examined by means of two research methods: analysis of questionnaire surveys and focus group interviews. The questionnaire data collection took place in five different linguistically diverse cities for high school students in Transylvania (Gheorgheni, Harghita country; Alba Iulia, Alba country; Cluj-Napoca, Cluj county; Târgu Mureș; Mureș county; Oradea, Bihor county) and three cities for university students (Cluj-Napoca, Cluj county; Târgu Mureș; Mureș country; Oradea, Bihor county), resulting in 384 completed questionnaires. The focus group interviews were conducted in groups of 3–5 participants, with 32 Hungarian-speaking young people studying in Cluj-Napoca participating in one of the eight groups.The questionnaire survey provided an opportunity to examine whether there are statistically significant correlations when comparing the results with the respondents’sociological variables, language proficiency, evaluation of languages, as well as their use of Hungarian and Romanian. The main benefit of the focus group interviews was gaining insight into the respondents’thought processes and underlying thoughts.Keywords:slang, language usage habits, linguistic norm, questionnaire, focus group interviews. Keywords: slang, language usage habits, linguistic norm, questionnaire, focus group interviews.
The article examines the linguistic aspects of a language culture. It describes the study of norms, standards and variations in speech communication. The relevance of this study originates from the fact that today, speech communication plays a significant role as intercultural communication intensifies. Hence, people living in the globalized world should be able to use their language to express themselves as a person. At the same time, learning norms and standards is a complex and continuous process. Moreover, the presence of variations in speech communication requires not only theoretical but also practical knowledge of the language culture. This study aims to determine some linguistic aspects of the language culture regarding learning norms, standards and variations in speech communication. The subject of the study is speech communication as an element of the language culture. The following research methods were used in this paper: description, analysis and synthesis, comparison, generalization, and linguistic analysis. The article is devoted to researching linguistic aspects of the language culture in terms of studying norms, standards and variations in speech communication. The authors defined the essence of the "language culture" concept and its main aspects. In particular, the basic linguistic norms of linguistic culture are described. These norms include the rules of quantity, quality, modality, precision, orientation, and word standardization. The article explored the peculiarities of applying linguistic norms. The specificity of using exoticisms, barbarisms, and borrowings in speech was also determined. The authors revealed linguistic standards of the language culture.
This chapter explores Coetzee’s representations of silence and muteness in <italic>Foe</italic>. Referring to J. Rancière’s concept of “mute speech,” the discussion begins with an examination of the divide between the conceptual pairings of speech-writing and silence-muteness. The analysis considers how writing intersects with muteness, investigating the complex ways of giving voice to those who either refuse or are unable to engage within accepted linguistic norms, or those who have been denied access to dominant language and forms of writing. The chapter argues that Coetzee’s interlinking of the metaphysics of writing and the materiality of the disabled body challenges allegorical depictions of disability typical of traditional literary representations.
Abstract This chapter offers a survey of some key moments when external factors such as language contact, civil wars, conquests, political changes, and large-scale colonization played a major role in the evolution of the French language. It focuses on pivotal moments such as the hypothetical birth of an oral koine in Paris during the twelfth century that may, for the first time, be deemed ‘French’, or the gradual increase in the number of French-speaking people in France during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries due to the effects of education and the mass media. The chapter also deals with the growing emergence of a linguistic norm during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which leads to the reallocation of a large set of variants which had been in widespread use until they became stigmatized at this point.