Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
Graphic health warnings (GHWs) are regarded a highly cost-effective public policy to communicate the health risks involved in smoking, mainly when they trigger negative emotional reactions. GHWs promote intentions to quit among smokers and prevent smoking initiation among non-smokers. In three experiments, we study how smokers and nonsmokers differ in implicit and explicit measures of emotional reactions towards GHWs.nbsp; Experiment 1 used the Self-Assessment Manikin to measure explicit emotional (arousal and valence) ratings for six warnings published in tobacco products. Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment 1 but smokers and nonsmokers rated a new set of 36 GHWs not yet published.nbsp; Experiment 3 used an implicit task, the Affect Misattribution Procedure, to evaluate and compare the affective responses to GHWs provided by smokers and non-smokers.nbsp; Experiments 1 and 2 showed that smokers explicitly reported weaker negative emotional reactions to both familiar and unfamiliar GHWs compared to nonsmokers.nbsp; Experiment 3 showed similar levels of negative implicit emotional responses among smokers and nonsmokers.nbsp; Our data suggest that the decreased affective response involves high-order cognitive elaboration and evaluations of the messages conveyed by GHW, while early negative emotions triggered by the graphic component of the warnings similarly affect smokers and non-smokers.nbsp; We propose that implicit measures may serve as additional and inexpensive tools for dissociating explicit biased affective responses of smokers towards GHWs from automatic emotional responses. In particular, the affect misattribution procedure may help to design warnings that communicate the risks of smoking but prevent adverse outcomes such as cognitive dissonance.
The discipline of natural language processing is now placing the highest level of research focus on sentiment analysis. Nevertheless, despite its significant capabilities, the use of this technology remains limited in the agricultural industry. The objective of this research is to analyse the online review characteristics, review length, and review sentiment score across different food products. Furthermore, the analysis examines the differences in customer sentiment ratings based on the length of the reviews. This study proposes an enhanced preprocess method, which can adjust the selection and weighting of features or attributes of the parsed tree structures dynamically, based on the specific context or target sentiment being analyzed. This technique aims to improve the accuracy and relevance of sentiment analysis by tailoring the feature selection process to better capture the sentiment expression in different contexts. Furthermore, it uses the Valence Aware Dictionary and Sentiment Reasoner (VADER) lexicon-based categorisation approach to assess consumer sentiment across many domains. The approach entails creating a specialised vocabulary for the agricultural domain using the VADER lexicon. The reviews are then classified using this dictionary. The variations in sentiment ratings across the different farm evaluations provide a thorough feedback to the companies. Additionally, it conveys a brand’s assessment by customers and provides performance feedback for expanding into other areas. By evaluating various reviews, the VADER Lexicon classifier with Treebank dynamic filtering (VADER_TDF) method achieves $\mathbf{9 8 \%}$ of accuracy, $\mathbf{9 3 \%}$ of precision, 91% of recall and 90% of F1-score.
In natural language processing, a critical activity known as word sense disambiguation (WSD) seeks to ascertain the precise meaning of an ambiguous wordin context. Traditional methods for WSD frequently involve supervised learning methods and lexical databases like WordNet. However, these methods fallshort in managing word meaning complexity and capturing fine-grained differences. In this paper, for increasing the precision and granularity of word sensedisambiguation we proposed multilevel clustering method that goes deeper in the nested levels as locate groups of linked context words and categorize themaccording to their word meanings. With this method, we can more effectively manage polysemy and homonymy as well as detect minute differences in meaning. An actual investigation of the SemCor corpus demonstrates the performance score of multilevel clustering in WSD. This proposed method successfullyseparated clusters and groups context terms according to how semantically related they are, producing improved disambiguation outcomes. A more detailedknowledge of word senses and their relationships may be obtained thanks to the clustering process, which makes it possible to identify smaller clusters inside larger clusters. The outcomes demonstrate how multilevel clustering may enhance the granularity and accuracy of WSD. Our solution overcomes the drawbacks of conventional approaches and provides a more fine-grained representation of word senses by combining clustering algorithms.
The article focuses on the morphological specifics of the verbal system in the liturgical interpretation in MSS RGADA 88 and BOGISHICH 52. The linguistic analysis aims at obtaining linguistic data about the era when the works originated and about the literary school to which their author belonged. The observations have revealed that the verbal system of the language contemporary to the author of the manuscripts does not show significant changes compared to that of Old Bulgarian. The paradigm of Old Bulgarian conjugations is intact. The use of the infinitive is regular. The innovations established are of a limited number. In terms of its morphological and syntactic characteristics (sporadic dropping of adverbial -т from the present ending for the 3rd person singular; usage of the future simple tense; registration of an archaic form for the first sigmatic aorist of the verb рещи; predominance of contracted forms of the imperfect tense; preference for passive voice forms with the the particle се; transformation of personal into impersonal forms and vice versa), the translation bears the characteristic features of South Slavic literary language dating from the 14th – 15th centuries. It corresponds to the linguistic norms established probably already in the scriptoria of the monasteries on Mount Athos in the early 14th century. These norms were also adopted by the writers of the Tarnovo Literary School, and later laid down in the foundations of the Resava Literary School in Serbia. The scribe who compiled the Slavic epitome of the liturgical interpretation demonstrated considerable freedom of choice in his translation. This distinguished him from the characteristic manners of the translators belonging to the schools of Tarnovo and to the Mount Athos monasteries, who were striving to find a formal similarity to the Greek text. The specificity of the verbal system in the text discussed can be explained by the fact that it is a summary translation, as well as by the unofficial nature of the document.
This study investigated the linguistic features of abstracts across five scientific and technical disciplines: biochemistry, civil engineering, computer and information sciences, electronics engineering, and mechanical engineering. Abstracts play a crucial role in academic papers by summarizing key findings, methodologies, and implications. Through the lens of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) and genre analysis, this study aimed to determine whether linguistic features vary across disciplines and classify these disciplines based on the similarity of their linguistic features. The corpus consisted of 5,000 abstracts, with 1,000 from each discipline, sourced from the open-access journal PLOS ONE. Using Biber's [1] multidimensional analysis framework, this study examined 63 of 67 linguistic features, including passive voice, conjunctions, amplifiers, and discourse markers. Statistical analysis, including correlation and cluster analyses, revealed that the disciplines can be broadly divided into two groups: biochemistry and computer & information sciences, and a second group including mechanical engineering, civil engineering, and electronics engineering. These findings suggest that while some linguistic features are shared across disciplines, others vary substantially. For example, biochemistry has a higher frequency of passive constructions and large noun phrases, whereas computer and information sciences frequently use first-person pronouns and amplifiers. These insights are valuable for ESP instruction as they highlight the need for discipline-specific writing guidance in higher education. Educators can use this information to develop effective writing instruction tailored to the linguistic norms of each field. Future research could expand on these findings by exploring additional rhetorical elements and examining the impact of linguistic features on reader comprehension.
The subject matter of this article concerns the imperative verb forms appearing in promotional descriptions of action and strategy games from e-commerce websites. The aim of the research was (1) to determine the semantic categories of imperatives present in such texts (treated as a paratext fulfilling a persuasive function) and (2) to establish if those categories appear in the descriptions of games of different genres in similar or differing proportions. The author created two corpora consisting of a total of 200 texts (100 descriptions of action games and 100 descriptions of strategy games), using the Korpusomat software and extracted lexical data automatically. The forms were assigned to particular meanings based on definitions available at the lexical database Słowosieć (plWordNet), then the lexical units were attributed to semantic domains (such as combat and conflict), and proportions were calculated on the basis of these findings with regards to the represented categories of meanings. The comparative analysis of the said outcomes brought about the conclusion that the imperative verb forms present in the descriptions of action and strategy games belong to almost all domains (excluding the category of atmospheric phenomena), and their quantity is of similar proportions. Based on the quantitative indicators, only one significant difference can be noticed – in the descriptions of action games there was a clearly higher percentage of verbs from the movement domain, while the strategy game corpus indicated higher appearances of verbs from the creation domain.
The article focuses on the morphological specifics of the verbal system in the liturgical interpretation in MSS RGADA 88 and BOGISHICH 52. The linguistic analysis aims at obtaining linguistic data about the era when the works originated and about the literary school to which their author belonged. The observations have revealed that the verbal system of the language contemporary to the author of the manuscripts does not show significant changes compared to that of Old Bulgarian. The paradigm of Old Bulgarian conjugations is intact. The use of the infinitive is regular. The innovations established are of a limited number. In terms of its morphological and syntactic characteristics (sporadic dropping of adverbial -т from the present ending for the 3rd person singular; usage of the future simple tense; registration of an archaic form for the first sigmatic aorist of the verb рещи; predominance of contracted forms of the imperfect tense; preference for passive voice forms with the the particle се; transformation of personal into impersonal forms and vice versa), the translation bears the characteristic features of South Slavic literary language dating from the 14th – 15th centuries. It corresponds to the linguistic norms established probably already in the scriptoria of the monasteries on Mount Athos in the early 14th century. These norms were also adopted by the writers of the Tarnovo Literary School, and later laid down in the foundations of the Resava Literary School in Serbia. The scribe who compiled the Slavic epitome of the liturgical interpretation demonstrated considerable freedom of choice in his translation. This distinguished him from the characteristic manners of the translators belonging to the schools of Tarnovo and to the Mount Athos monasteries, who were striving to find a formal similarity to the Greek text. The specificity of the verbal system in the text discussed can be explained by the fact that it is a summary translation, as well as by the unofficial nature of the document.
Online apparel retail imagery is a prominent threat to women's body image, particularly segments such as activewear which emphasize the value of women's bodies. In a within-subjects experiment, we exposed women (N = 128) to imagery randomly selected from activewear, casualwear and homewares websites and measured their gaze behavior, physiological arousal, as well as subjective emotional states and body image ratings. Exposure to activewear retail imagery elicited significantly lower body image ratings, a higher negative emotional state, and a lower positive emotional state compared to the other website imagery conditions. Physiological arousal was significantly higher for both apparel imagery conditions compared to the homewares imagery condition. Body biased gaze behavior was significantly higher for the activewear imagery condition compared to the casualwear imagery condition. Notably, body shame moderated the self-reported but not the physiological experimental effects, such that women with higher body shame experienced stronger adverse changes in their body image and emotional state ratings following activewear exposure. Correlations revealed that self-reported experimental responses to activewear imagery were strongly associated with self-objectification, appearance comparison, disordered eating and body image coping attitudes. Thus, exposure to popular apparel may play a role in maintaining maladaptive body image attitudes and behaviors in women.
В статье рассматривается частный случай межъязыковой семантической интерференции, а именно появление «ложных друзей переводчика» эксперт и экспертиза в результате вторичного заимствования этих слов из английского языка и ассоциации привносимых ими смыслов с формой уже усвоенных слов, первоначально заимствованных из французского. Авторы рассматривают как соответствующие языковой норме словарные значения, так и контекстные, включающие новые, характерные для английского языка, смыслы, связанные с медийностью, публичностью «предъявления знаний и умений», рыночной экономикой. В статье также анализируются употребления деривата экспертность и его ассоциации с экспертными знанием, контентом, позицией. Авторы приходят к выводу, что рассмотренные в статье лексемы находятся под воздействием сразу трех процессов: межъязыковой интерференции, глобализации и маркетизации дискурса, цифровизации и текстинга. The article considers a special case of interlanguage semantic interference, namely the appearance of "false friends of the translator" ekspert ‘expert’ and ekspertiza ‘expertise’, as a result of the secondary borrowing of these words from the English language and the association of their meanings with the form of words originally borrowed from French. The authors consider both dictionary meanings corresponding to the linguistic norm and contextual ones, including new meanings characteristic of the English language, related to media, publicity of "presenting knowledge and skills", and the market economy. The article also analyzes the use of the derivative ekspertnost' ‘expertness’ and its associations with expert knowledge, content, and position. The authors conclude that the lexemes considered in the article are influenced by three processes at once: interlanguage interference, globalization and marketization of discourse, digitalization and texting.
The article examines the employment discourse features on the example of vacancies on Internet sites, namely professional activity nominations, in a comparative aspect of Russian and German linguistic cultures. The relevance of the research is due to the significance and popularity of vacancy texts within the employment discourse, as well as its development and modification in connection with the transition to an online format. The comparative approach allows us to consider the specifics of vacancy texts, both in sociolinguistic and linguacultural aspects. The aim of the study is to identify sociolinguistic and linguacultural features of professional activity nominations in vacancy announcements in the Russian and German employment discourse. The research material is presented by Russian and German job advertisements, namely, professional activity nominations, collected by a continuous sampling method in the amount of 500 texts. The methodological basis of the study is also cognitive-discursive and comparative analyses. The authors find that even at the level of professional activity titles, the German employment discourse is closer to the institutional discourse, where the gender component is represented as a sociolinguistic and linguacultural feature. The Russian discourse of employment is closer to everyday discourse, which is manifested in the designation of professional activity directly by the compilers of advertisements. By sociolinguistic features, the authors of the article understand the statistics of the most popular professions and activities, taking into account such aspects as the applicant’s education, gender, and other socially significant characteristics and skills. Linguistically, the authors systematize the communicative features of the nominations in terms of linguistic means at different levels, implementing the employment discourse tactics, obeying the social and linguistic norms of national culture. The most expressive and popular language tools in Russian linguaculture, especially in the field of naming the types of proposed activities, include occasional job nominations and borrowings. The reasons for this type of nominations are discussed in detail by the authors in the article.
Morocco.Langage(s) et traduction is a book edited by Dr. Mohammed Jadir, a recognized figure in the field of translation studies, who is a professor of linguistics, translation, and translation studies at Hassan II University in Casablanca and the founder of LALITRA laboratory.Jadir describes the book under review in his Introduction (Introduction: Sciences du langage et traductologie, 11-24) as "an interaction between language sciences and translation studies" (p.11).It consists of 246 pages, including an introduction, three major topical sections, an alphabetized bibliography, and publications by the editor.The following content evaluation explores the linkages made in the book between language(s) and translation.G. Bastin prefaced the book with a controversial statement, "time is no longer for linguists and translators (translatologists) to fight like cats and dogs".(2021, p. 7).According to the author, the debate between translation and linguistics is a remnant of a bygone era.From a linguistic perspective, translation must conform to textual and linguistic norms of the source and target languages.But for translation studies, linguistic frameworks inter alia overlook cultural and contextual variables, because "there is always a context in which the translation takes place, always a history from which a text emerges and into which a text is transposed" (Bassnett and Lefevere, 1990, p. 11).Therefore, the present book brings linguistics and translation into a dialectical dance.The editor describes the papers as "addressing three axes and interests of LALITRA laboratory, 'Translation', 'Literature' and 'Linguistics' (Jadir, 2021, p. 11).The three thematic divisions include the following titles: Translation (five papers), literature (three papers) and linguistics (five papers).Every chapter has a summative introduction and an alphabetized list of references for further reading.
This research provides a new way to discover online educational services with focus on retrieving and analysing web service descriptions from WSDL documents through UDDI entries in addition to API documentation of various websites and sources. Key steps involved in the proposed algorithm are semantic enrichment, text processing, ranking, similarity computation and data retrieval. First of all, different APIs and WSDLs from UDDI entries were collected and studied. Textual refinement of web service descriptions is done using text preparation techniques such as tokenization, stop word elimination, lemmatization etc. Synonym expansion is an example of how lexical databases like WordNet can be used for semantic enrichment enhancing the contextual understanding of the service descriptions. Thereafter enhanced similarity measures are applied for determining semantic similarity between user queries and web service descriptions so that matching query intents with feature sets becomes simpler. Finally search results are ranked based on both authority (derived from PageRank algorithm) as well as semantic relevance metrics so as to suggest most trustworthy and appropriate contextually relevant services to users since. In online service discovery, the suggested technique has been found to be effective and useful through experimentation. This suggests that it can enhance the user friendliness and availability of web service ecosystems.
<div><strong>Objective:</strong> To evaluate remote testing as a tool for measuring emotional responses to non-speech sounds.</div> <div><strong>Design:</strong> Participants self-reported their hearing status and rated valence and arousal in response to non-speech sounds on an Internet crowdsourcing platform. These ratings were compared to data obtained in a laboratory setting with participants who had confirmed normal or impaired hearing.</div> <div><strong>Study sample:</strong> Adults with normal and impaired hearing.</div> <div><strong>Results:</strong> In both settings, participants with hearing loss rated pleasant sounds as less pleasant than did their peers with normal hearing. The difference in valence ratings between groups was generally smaller when measured in the remote setting than in the laboratory setting. This difference was the result of participants with normal hearing rating sounds as less extreme (less pleasant, less unpleasant) in the remote setting than did their peers in the laboratory setting, whereas no such difference was noted for participants with hearing loss. Ratings of arousal were similar from participants with normal and impaired hearing; the similarity persisted in both settings.</div> <div><strong>Conclusions:</strong> In both test settings, participants with hearing loss rated pleasant sounds as less pleasant than did their normal hearing counterparts. Future work is warranted to explain the ratings of participants with normal hearing.</div>
<p>Empirical studies have begun to assess the impact of contextual factors (e.g., evaluator role, crime type) on evaluations of alibi believability. Little is known about how such factors work together to impact alibi believability. The current study used a 2 (evaluator role: police investigator vs. juror) x 2 (alibi consistency: consistent vs. inconsistent) x 2 (crime seriousness: assault vs. murder) mixed factorial design. Mock investigators (n = 56) and mock jurors (n = 60) assessed fictitious case files that included alibi evidence. Results demonstrated that evaluator role did not significantly affect ratings of alibi strength or credibility, or suspect guilt. Consistent alibis elicited higher ratings of alibi strength and credibility, and lower ratings of guilt, compared to inconsistent alibis. Surprisingly, crime seriousness impacted ratings of suspect guilt such that assault cases enhanced ratings of guilt compared to murder cases. The implications for legal evaluator training and evidence dissemination are discussed.</p>
The article deals with phraseological units, an integral part of the artistic text, as they perform several important functions.They convey the content load but also reflect a certain community's cultural and linguistic features.It was analyzed that in literature, phraseological units are often used to emphasize the author's style, create an emotional and imaginative atmosphere, and for a deeper disclosure of characters' characters and motives.The study of usual and occasional phraseological units in a literary text allows a better understanding of how the author achieves his artistic goals and how it affects the reader's perception.Common idioms are stable expressions widely used in everyday speech and reflect established linguistic norms and cultural associations.They play an important role in shaping the understanding of the text, creating a certain level of linguistic and cultural recognition.In contrast, occasional phraseological units arise in the author's creative activity and have a unique, individual character.They can be new formations or modifications of usual phraseology, which allows the author to create new images and strengthen the emotional impact on the reader.A study of Charlotte Bingham's work, particularly her novels The Chestnut Tree and The Blue Note, shows how she skillfully uses everyday and casual idioms to create a multi-layered and emotionally charged text.Common phraseology in her works is often used to emphasize the historical context and social environment in which the characters are.Occasional phraseological units help create unique images that reflect the characters' inner experiences and add a special flavor to the text.Thus, phraseological units in an artistic text perform not only a communicative, but also an aesthetic function.Their research allows for a deeper understanding of the linguistic picture of the world created by the author and assesses his contribution to the development of the literary language.This is especially important in modern literary research, which is increasingly paying attention to the linguistic aspects of the text and looking for new approaches to its analysis.
This study evaluates the effectiveness of pretrained language models in identifying argument structure constructions, important for modeling both first and second language learning.We examine three methodologies: (1) supervised training with RoBERTa using a gold-standard ASC treebank, including by-tag accuracy evaluation for sentences from both native and non-native English speakers, (2) prompt-guided annotation with and (3) generating training data through prompts with GPT-4, followed by RoBERTa training.Our findings indicate that RoBERTa trained on gold-standard data shows the best performance.While data generated through GPT-4 enhances training, it does not exceed the benchmarks set by gold-standard data.
Live gatherings, such as music concerts, football matches, or watching films in the cinema, underpin culture and are inherently social events. Here, we test if an illusory experience of social liveness can be induced artificially by adding audience reactions to music recordings. We created a set of musical excerpts mixed with positive, negative, and neutral audience sounds, and collected liking, believability, and familiarity ratings (Study 1, n = 202). Next, we tested if live versus non-live social feedback enhances the listening experience compared to unaltered studio recordings (Study 2, n = 190). Live social feedback boosted the experience of social connection and immersion but did not alter preferences for specific music excerpts, unlike non-live feedback. These findings show how social liveness – the perceived presence of other people – can mimic actual live events, showcasing the importance of social influences for cultural engagement.
Optimization is a fundamental problem in AI research. Widely used first-order optimization methods like SGD and Adam have drawbacks, such as difficulty in hyper-parameter selection, poor performance on “ill-conditioned” loss landscapes, and bottle-neck of efficiency improvement. This has led to interest in “second-order” optimization methods, which, however, face high space and time complexity due to the storage and inversion of second-order matrices. Designing practical second-order methods to overcome these complexities is crucial. The Hessian-free method based on the conjugate gradient method (HFCG) addresses these issues by approximating the “second-order” updates iteratively. This paper extends HFCG to the Conformer model, implementing directional derivative calculations for multi-head self-attention, convolution, LayerNorm, and BatchNorm modules for the first time. A two-stage distributed training procedure (TDTP) is introduced to enhance optimization performance and reduce training time, including an improved update strategy and a new CG batch extraction method. TDTP was tested on the Penn Treebank and AMI datasets for language modelling tasks. Ablation experiments demonstrated the efficiency of HFCG and the new TDTP strate-gies. Additionally, the impact of the choice of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathbf{H}_{L}$</tex> in the generalized Gauss-Newton matrix on performance was explored and the hypothesis that HFCG might reduce performance differences caused by normalization was proposed.
Background. The article presents an analysis of immunological markers — the level of natural antibodies to regulators of the main biochemical systems, including the inhibitory and excitation systems, opiate and anti-opiate, biogenic amines, renin-angiotensin, anti-bodies to hemostasis proteins in the blood plasma of people with phantom limb pain that developed after limb amputation, due to combat surgical trauma. It has been established that immunological indicators characterizing the main systems of regulation of human homeostasis in these patients significantly exceed the normal level. The correlation of the antibody level did not depend on the self-assessment of the phantom pain severity degree according to the chi-word rating scale. Purpose. To study the level of immunological markers — the level of natural antibodies to regulators of the main biochemical systems, including inhibition and excitation, opiate and anti-opiate, biogenic amines, renin-angiotensin, homeostasis proteins in the blood serum of individuals suffering from phantom pain syndrome in order to objectify the pain status. Materials and methods. Clinical studies were conducted on the basis of the Branch No. 2 of the National Medical Research Center for Military Medical Technology named after A. A. Vishnevsky of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. Results. Monitoring the individual profile of natural antibody level to endogenous regulators optimizes the personalization of the patient's treatment and rehabilitation program, as it provides the possibility of biochemically assess of the inhibition and excitation system indicators, the level of tolerance of pain thresholds, and the state of psycho-emotional status. Conclusion. The immunological indicators obtained as a result of the research, characterizing important biochemical human regulatory systems, exceeded the normal level, which indicates a tense, activated functional state of the body.
THE IMPACT OF TRNS ON AFFECTIVE RESPONSES TO EXERCISE IS INFLUENCED BY SELF-REPORTED TOLERANCE Talon Perdue and Mark E. Hartman, University of Rhode Island Regular exercise significantly reduces the risk of many disorders and diseases. Nevertheless, the percentage of adults who exercise regularly continues to be low. Exercise behavior is influenced by individual differences in self-reported tolerance to exercise and by affective responses during exercise. Higher pleasure ratings during exercise correlate with increased participation, as opposed to exercise with lower ratings. Recent studies have demonstrated that non-invasive brain stimulation can modify the affective states through increasing top-down regulatory control mechanisms. PURPOSE: Determine the relationship between self-reported tolerance and affective responses when using tRNS. METHODS: In counterbalanced order, 24 participants (14F, 10 M; age: 20.8 ± 3.1y; BMI: 28.4 ± 4.1 kg·m-2) completed two conditions: self-paced cycle ergometry for 30 minutes with active tRNS of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) or sham stimulation. Participants were divided into low- and high- Tolerance groups based on a median split of their Tolerance scores (Preference for and Tolerance of the Intensity of Exercise Questionnaire). Affective valence ratings (Empirical Valence Scale; EVS) were collected each minute. RESULTS: The low tolerance group reported significantly higher EVS scores during exercise with active tRNS than sham (p <.05,np2 =.128). In contrast, EVS scores for the high tolerance group were not significantly different between conditions (p =.16,np2 =.051). Furthermore, the low tolerance group reported significantly higher EVS scores during active tRNS exercise compared to the high tolerance group(p <.05,np2 =.178). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that tRNS of the dlPFC may be more effective in improving affective responses to exercise among individuals with lower self-reported tolerance to exercise. The Rhode Island Foundation Medical Research Grant
The study discusses the prospects for maintaining English as the official and working language of the European Union after Brexit. Contrary to the hopes of some member states, the use of English is not decreasing, but, on the contrary, is constantly increasing. This is due to the emergence of a new variant of English, Euro-English, which, according to EU leaders, should become the common second language of Europeans, necessary for life in a single global village. Variants of English in the outer circle countries have, like variants from the inner circle countries, their own endonormative features, and lead to the abandonment of the mono-model approach focused on native speakers and to a polymodel concept. This dynamic polymodel also includes variants of English used in Western Europe as second languages by speakers who do not share a common first language. As a result of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the EU, the sociolinguistic space for the European variant(s) has even expanded because Britain is no longer the arbiter of correctness and the source of linguistic norm. Therefore, in post-Brexit Europe, a variant called Euro-English is being recognized. Although the United Kingdom officially left the EU on January 31, 2020, English remains the most used foreign language in the EU, thanks to the fact that over the past 20 years it has become the lingua franca for European institutions and speakers of other languages. Today, English is the official language of only two small EU member states (Ireland and Malta), where it has second language status after Gaelic and Maltese respectively. But these two countries have not declared English as their official language in the European Parliament, so today English has no legal basis to remain an official or working language of the EU. Although English no longer has the status of an official EU language after Brexit, it has strengthened its position by becoming the lingua franca of the European Union. The goal of the supranational European leadership is to make it the second language of all Europeans, essential for competitive life in a single global village.
Abstract Background Responses to individualized music in people living with dementia can be indicated by both verbal and non‐verbal cues. Evidence suggests that elevated pupil dilation responses to familiar vs. unfamiliar music are preserved in people living with typical Alzheimer’s disease (tAD), and to an extent in people with its atypical ‘visual’ variant (Posterior Cortical Atrophy; PCA) (Brotherhood et al., 2023). In the present work, we investigate whether this finding is also observable in individuals with the atypical ‘language‐led’ variant of Alzheimer’s disease, logopenic variant Primary Progressive Aphasia (lvPPA). Method Individuals with lvPPA or tAD (and cognitively normal adults) are currently being recruited via the Specialist Cognitive Disorders clinic at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK. We are simultaneously recording in‐the‐moment multiple physiological responses (e.g. pupillometry, electrodermal activity) while each participant listens to 30 different musical clips (classical (5 pieces), 1960s (10 pieces), 1970s (10 pieces), and five reversed pieces). Each clip has an a priori familiarity rating (known/unknown), participant‐rated pleasantness and familiarity, and participant‐rated ability to evoke a memory (yes/no). We will collect complementary basic clinical, audiometry and music experience data. Alongside pupillometry, multistrand physiological data via Empatica E4 devices will enable exploration of potential differential cardiovascular (heart rate/heart rate variability) and/or electrodermal activity (EDA) responses to familiar and unfamiliar music using within‐group linear regression models with robust standard errors. Result Physiological responses from a priori‐predicted and subjective ratings of music familiarity will be reported for each participant group, controlling for demographic factors including participant age and disease severity. Prospective results will provide further insight into what is currently known about pupillometry responses to familiar/unfamiliar music in atypical AD (PCA) and tAD (e.g. Estimated mean % increase in known vs unknown songs [95%CI]: Controls 1.8% [1.2, 2.5]; tAD 2.6% [0.6, 4.6]; PCA 2.0% [1.0, 4.0]). Conclusion The results of this work will provide insight into the extent to which differential responses to music at the physiological level is retained within lvPPA. This may both support the notion of individualized music provision, and potentially provide a mechanism for these individuals to communicate their subjective experience of music using a non‐verbal mechanism.
This scientific article investigates the necessity of adhering to linguistic norms and existing editorial principles when editing literary translations from foreign languages, taking into account the shared aspects of translation and editorial criteria. The study focuses on the quality of editing the Uzbek translation of the novel The Alchemist, compared to its English and Russian versions. It examines issues such as preserving the semantic features of the text during the editing process and provides suggestions and recommendations for addressing shortcomings that arise in the editorial process.
The translation of the work of Lu Ji «Wen Fu» (陆机 «文賦»), written during the Western Jin dynasty (西晋), is important for modern Ukrainian Chinese studies, as it helps to reveal key aspects of the development of Chinese literature and language, and also indicates on the importance of the cultural context in the formation of stylistic norms. Translations of such works contribute to a deeper understanding of the literary heritage and philological processes that took place in China. The relevance of «Wen Fu» is due to several aspects. The text of the work demonstrates the continuity in the Chinese philological tradition and the relationship between the works that influenced it in the field of stylistics, thus reflecting the processes of development of stylistic phenomena. The work illustrates the influence of metaphysical ideas and traditional worldview on stylistic codification, which makes it relevant for studying the interaction of cultural and philosophical aspects with literary creativity. Acquaintance with the text of the work contributes to the formation of an idea about the traditional forms of the text and the language norm, which is important for understanding the Chinese literary heritage. Since the views on literature, before and after the reign of the Western Jin dynasty, were significantly different, the analysis of the text «Wen Fu» will contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of the literary process in China and philology as a separate branch of it. The translation of «Wen Fu» is thus an important link in the study of the literary processes of Ancient China. The appearance of «Wen Fu» was marked by the selection of stylistics and literary criticism in a separate direction of the Chinese philological tradition; the formation of the characteristics of functional styles was carried out under the conditions of significant influence of metaphysical ideas about the actual process of creativity and creation of the text expressed by the author; Lu Ji also noted the importance of observing stylistic traditions and preserving the formal stylistic characteristics of a literary text. The detailed analysis of methods and concepts of stylistic codification proposed in «Wen Fu» can become an important tool for further research into the phenomena of Chinese stylistic codification and its influence on the formation of linguistic norms and language culture in China.
Syntactic parsing is essential in natural-language processing, with constituent structure being one widely used description of syntax. Traditional views of constituency demand that constituents consist of adjacent words, but this poses challenges in analysing syntax with non-local dependencies, common in languages like German. Therefore, in a number of treebanks like NeGra and TIGER for German and DPTB for English, long-range dependencies are represented by crossing edges. Various grammar formalisms have been used to describe discontinuous trees - often with high time complexities for parsing. Transition-based parsing aims at reducing this factor by eliminating the need for an explicit grammar. Instead, neural networks are trained to produce trees given raw text input using supervised learning on large annotated corpora. An elegant proposal for a stack-free transition-based parser developed by Coavoux and Cohen (2019) successfully allows for the derivation of any discontinuous constituent tree over a sentence in worst-case quadratic time. The purpose of this work is to explore the introduction of supertag information into transition-based discontinuous constituent parsing. In lexicalised grammar formalisms like CCG (Steedman, 1989) informative categories are assigned to the words in a sentence and act as the building blocks for composing the sentence's syntax. These supertags indicate a word's structural role and syntactic relationship with surrounding items. The study examines incorporating supertag information by using a dedicated supertagger as additional input for a neural parser (pipeline) and by jointly training a neural model for both parsing and supertagging (multi-task). In addition to CCG, several other frameworks (LTAG-spinal, LCFRS) and sequence labelling tasks (chunking, dependency parsing) will be compared in terms of their suitability as auxiliary tasks for parsing.
The article traces the peculiarities of verb stress in "The First Reader for Public Schools" authored by A. Krushelnytskyi, O. Popovych, and B. Lepkyi (1918), which was one of the official textbooks for Ukrainian-speaking schools during the time of Austria-Hungary. The proposed publication introduces the textbook by the mentioned authors into the scientific linguistic circulation in the accentological aspect. The article identifies historically formed accentuation models, analyses the degree of their compliance with the norms of the time recorded in Western Ukrainian dictionaries and grammars of the late 19th - early 20th century, determines the possibility of their application in the modern literary language. Research Objective: To define the conformity degree of accentuation in "The First Reader for Public Schools" (1918) by A. Krushelnytskyi, O. Popovych, and B. Lepkyi to the linguistic norms that were in effect in the Ukrainian-language education system of Austria-Hungary on the one hand, and to the requirements of the main Ukrainian Orthographies and grammars of the 20th – 21st centuries on the other. Source Base: "The First Reader for Public Schools" by A. Krushelnytskyi, O. Popovych, B. Lepkyi (1918); "Malorus’ka-German Dictionary" by Ye. Zhelekhivsky and S. Nedilsky (1886); "Grammar of the Rus’ka Language" by S. Smal’-Stotskyi and F. Gartner (1893). The research utilized the following methods: descriptive, comparative, statistical, comprehensive material selection, partially historical reconstruction. Article Structure: Introduction, Literature Review, Presentation of the Main Material, Conclusions. The section "Presentation of the Main Material" includes the following subsections: "Features of Verbs Stress of the First Conjugation", "Features of Verbs Stress of the Second Conjugation", "Features of Irregular Verbs Stress". In the "The First Reader", a total of 900 verb word forms were identified. Of these, 866 usages (96 percent) conform to modern accentuation norms. In the section "Presentation of the Main Material", 34 verb stresses were analyzed, which do not correspond to the norms of modern Ukrainian literary language. It was found that 32 word forms conform to the norms that were in force in Halychyna and Bukovyna at the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century. The indicated linguistic and cultural environment could have influenced the stress of certain verbal forms. In the "Conclusions" section, it is noted that the research results attest to the stability of basic verb stress in the Ukrainian literary language across time and space. Practically all accentuations in the "The First Reader for Public Schools" (1918), which differ from contemporary norms, corresponded to the standards of the Ukrainian literary language at that time. Therefore, the "The First Reader" exhibited a high degree of accentuation normativity. The accentuation norms in the "The First Reader" corresponded to the living literary language of Halychyna and Bukovyna at the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century.
Background: Mindfulness has long been theorized to benefit emotion regulation, but despite the ubiquity of the claim, there is little empirical evidence demonstrating how mindfulness modulates the neurophysiology of emotion processing. The current study aimed to fill this gap in knowledge by leveraging a novel research approach capable of discretizing mindfulness into distinct states of open monitoring (OM) and focused attention (FA) to distinguish their influence on multimodal subjective and objective measures of emotion processing. Methods: = 30), we compared the effects of OM and FA, rigorously contrasted against an active control, on the visually evoked late positive potential (LPP), a neural index of motivated attention. Bayesian mixed modeling was used to distinguish OM versus FA effects on the early and late sustained LPP while evaluating the influence of subjective arousal ratings as a within-participant moderator of the state inductions. Results: When negative picture trials were retrospectively rated as more subjectively arousing, the OM induction reduced the late sustained LPP response, whereas the FA induction enhanced the LPP. Conclusions: Acute manipulation of OM and FA states may reduce and enhance motivated attention to aversive stimuli during conditions of high subjective arousal, respectively. Functional distinctions between different mindfulness states on emotion processing may be most dissociable after accounting for within-participant variability in how stimuli are appraised. These results support the future potential of the state induction protocol for parsing the neural affective mechanisms that underlie mindfulness training programs and interventions.
This paper is concerned with annotating the syntax of ancient Chinese, which is a series of languages in the same development process.The major challenge is to ensure the annotations of languages at different stages are comparable.To this end, we propose a featurebased approach that integrates the deductive feature design from the Chomskyan school and the inductive feature design from traditional philological studies.We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by annotating a collection of representative sentences that cover various linguistic phenomena that are extensively discussed in the literature.As a result, we establish a corpus of 673 (for now) ancient Chinese sentences paired with syntactic analyses, covering from 700s B.C.E. to 1900s C.E.The corpus can be utilised as a guideline for future large-scale TreeBanking.
Abstract The present study analyzes the transformation of the vowel system and especially the process of vowel mergers based on the Latin inscriptions of the Danubian provinces. With the help of the Computerized Historical Linguistic Database of the Latin Inscriptions of the Imperial Age ( http://lldb.elte.hu/ ), it tries to draw and then compare the phonological profiles of the selected provinces and to describe the dialectal position of the Danubian provinces regarding vocalism in the first four centuries AD. The analysis, which also covers comparisons with certain provinces of Italy and Dalmatia, is carried out considering four aspects: the ratio of vocalic versus consonantal changes, the ratio of vowel mergers compared to vocalic changes, the ratio of e-i and o-u mergers compared to each other, and the ratio of vowel mergers by stressed and unstressed syllable. As a result of the present study, it was revealed that Danubian provinces cannot be treated as a unit or as clearly separate from the other areas studied according to either aspect of the study. The Dacian development, which can only be observed in the 2 nd –3 rd century, can easily be placed among the Danubian provinces, so it is not necessary to connect it with the developmental trends in southern Italy. The present study, which continued József Herman's research, managed to explore the hitherto little-known linguistic and dialectological features of Latin in the Danubian provinces.
This paper addresses the challenges of managing and processing unstructured or semi-structured text, particularly in the context of increasing data volumes that traditional linguistic databases and algorithms struggle to handle in real-time scenarios. While humans can easily navigate linguistic complexities, computational systems face significant difficulties due to algorithmic limitations and the shortcomings of Large Language Models (LLMs). These challenges often result in issues such as a lack of standardized formats, malformed expressions, semantic and lexical ambiguities, hallucinations, and failures to produce outputs aligned with the intricate meaning layers present in human language. As for the automatic analysis of linguistic data, is well known that Natural Language Processing (NLP) uses two different approaches, coming from diverse cultural and experiential backgrounds. The first approach is based on probabilistic computational statistics (PCS), which underpins most Machine Learning (ML), LLMs, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques. The second approach is based, for each specific language, on the formalization of morpho-syntactic features and constraints used by humans in ordinary communication activities. At first glance, the second approach appears more effective in addressing linguistic phenomena such as polysemy and the formation of meaningful distributional sequences or, more precisely, acceptable and grammatical morpho-syntactic contexts. In this paper, we initiate a scientific discussion on the differences between these two approaches, aiming to shed light on their respective advantages and limitations.
BACKGROUND The consistency of pancreatic apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) parameter values across different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices significantly impacts the patient’s diagnosis and treatment. AIM To explore consistency in image quality, ADC values, and IVIM parameter values among different MRI devices in pancreatic examinations. METHODS This retrospective study was approved by the local ethics committee, and informed consent was obtained from all participants. In total, 22 healthy volunteers (10 males and 12 females) aged 24-61 years (mean, 28.9 ± 2.3 years) underwent pancreatic diffusion-weighted imaging using 3.0T MRI equipment from three vendors. Two independent observers subjectively scored image quality and measured the pancreas’s overall ADC values and signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Subsequently, regions of interest (ROIs) were delineated for the IVIM parameters (true diffusion coefficient, pseudo-diffusion coefficient, and perfusion fraction) using post-processing software. These ROIs were on the head, body, and tail of the pancrease. The subjective image ratings were assessed using the kappa consistency test. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and mixed linear models were used to evaluate each device’s quantitative parameter values. Finally, a pairwise analysis of IVIM parameter values across each device was performed using Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS The Kappa value for the subjective ratings of the different observers was 0.776 (P < 0.05). The ICC values for inter-observer and intra-observer agreements for the quantitative parameters were 0.803 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.684-0.880] and 0.883 (95%CI: 0.760-0.945), respectively (P < 0.05). The ICCs for the SNR between different devices was comparable (P > 0.05), and the ICCs for the ADC values from different devices were 0.870, 0.707, and 0.808, respectively (P < 0.05). Notably, only a few statistically significant inter-device agreements were observed for different IVIM parameters, and among those, the ICC values were generally low. The mixed linear model results indicated differences (P < 0.05) in the f -value for the pancreas head, D -value for the pancreas body, and D -value for the pancreas tail obtained using different MRI machines. The Bland-Altman plots showed significant variability at some data points. CONCLUSION ADC values are consistent among different devices, but the IVIM parameters’ repeatability is moderate. Therefore, the variability in the IVIM parameter values may be associated with using different MRI machines. Thus, caution should be exercised when using IVIM parameter values to assess the pancreas.
Over the past decades the term compliance has become increasingly widely used globally, making its way into national languages. The same is true for Russian academic discourse were compliance (or its Russian analogue “комплаенс”) has become common in a number of areas ranging from business and law to healthcare. This trend as well as cultural practices of revitalizing the social role of religion, which can also be viewed as a form of compliance, substantiate the relevance of this study. The word compliance with the meaning of agreement, accordance and self-restriction has been known in the English language since the 13th century. During the Reformation it notably referred to agreement with people of other beliefs. The purpose of this study is to trace the use of the term and describe its functioning today by analyzing forms corresponding to compliance, especially those with religious connotations. The following goals are set: 1) to describe the linguistic and etymological peculiarities of compliance in various cultural contexts and to specify the grounds for its understanding as a broader concept; 2) to trace the transformation of the concept from religious to secular and to compare personal and group identity markers; 3) to identify the specifics of the cultural practice of compliance as voluntary consent of group and personal religiosity on the example of creative writing; 4) based on texts by A. P. Chekhov to establish the features of the modern cultural optics of compliance in relation to the cultural phenomena of the past; 5) to highlight the key features of reading the works of A. P. Chekhov from the perspective of compliance. The research materials include data from dictionaries and encyclopedias, the linguistic database National Corpus of the Russian Language and selected works by A. P. Chekhov. The work, based on anthropological, axiological, and hermeneutic approaches, uses the methods of discourse analysis and narrative analysis, as well as the biographical method. The return to the broader meaning of the concept of compliance is associated with the peculiarities of the current cultural situation, requiring special attention to the coordination of both secular and religious aspects at group and personal levels. Firstly, in Russian this is fixed by referring to the English term compliance, which goes back to the Latin word complere. Secondly, the conceptual apparatus for describing and understanding religion has been historically developed as a series of forms representing normative aspects of the religious (confessional) identity of the elites of a particular historical period in a particular geographic region. Folk and authored interpretations have been relegated to the realm of marginal superstitions and heresies for thousands of years. Thirdly, the so-called Age of Magazines and Writers opened up new possibilities and ways of representing the deepest experiences of an individual author in literary work that connects the individual with the universal, the intimate with the public, and the instantaneous with the eternal, sometimes giving rise to works that receive worldwide recognition (A. P. Chekhov). However, reflection on this process has become possible relatively recently; Finally, by using the example of the works of A. P. Chekhov, to review compliance of literature and religion in a writer’s work, it has allowed us to highlight the specifics of his artistic realism, based on the techniques of mirror image, and inscribing the conventional magic of personal writing in the time of the religious understanding of culture. As a result, the conclusion is substantiated that the globally recognized work of A. P. Chekhov can be interpreted as an example of the presentation of religion as living religiosity, i.e. the universal social and personal phenomenon of constructing successful practices of supervising the unknown (N. Luhmann), forming historically special institutional and vernacular forms of their unique personal experience.
Starting Sign Language Research from Scratch Rachel I. Mayberry (bio) Perhaps the best way to illustrate the environment of sign language research when I began my graduate studies at McGill University is to note the physical labor involved. There were no internet or digital archives, and I spent a lot of time in the library searching for books and journals after first figuring out which floor and shelf the item's Dewey Decimal number pointed to. Journals could not be checked out, so notes had to be taken by hand, or exact change was required for xeroxing, if you could locate a machine. Statistical data analysis by computer was possible, but only by mainframe because desktops hadn't been invented yet. Videotaping of sign language was possible using huge reel-to-reel and then cassette recorders on large carts with heavy TVs and only somewhat less-bulky cameras and recording equipment. My first sign language experiment was for a course titled Language and Thought with Professor John Macnamara (1977). I compared concreteness ratings for English words with iconicity ratings for their ASL translations, which I gathered from sign-naïve undergraduate students. To create the experiment, I spliced reel-to-reel black-and-white videotape by hand with a razor blade and then used special tape to rearrange the segments for the experiment. I analyzed the data with paper, pencil, and a calculator. Manuscript preparation was tedious too, requiring typing everything out on paper, including tables, and making figures by hand with graph paper and either drawing them or using press-on symbols and letters. I have wondered how many [End Page 263] potential researchers might have gotten lost along this trail of work. But my father always said that I was stubborn, so I slogged through. More important than the labor, however, were the teachers and scholars who helped me along the way. Before attending McGill University, I had attended Washington University, where I came across the dictionary of signs with black-and-white photographs that Stokoe, Casterline, and Croneberg (1976/1965) had compiled using a coding system they had devised to represent sign structure. This was the only research I located in the library to help me explain sign language to the then-director of the Central Institute for the Deaf (CID), Richard Silverman (of Davis and Silverman 1978), who had asked me to teach him sign language once a week and made me promise not to tell a soul because sign language was forbidden. The institute included an oral school for deaf children, a speech and hearing clinic, graduate programs in deaf education, audiology, speech pathology, and research programs and faculty who primarily studied the sensory, perceptual, and motor mechanisms underlying speech and hearing. I have little memory of our meetings, except that he encouraged me to pursue sign language research by saying, "If we were to use sign language tomorrow, what should we expect from our students, from our teachers? You could study that." The idea was as intriguing as it was daunting. As a child, I hated questions about sign language and my parents' deafness from hearing adults, because I didn't know how to answer them. I worked as a dormitory assistant at CID while doing my master's degree. The experience reminded me daily of how imperative sign language was. Meals in the dining room were family style, and I was responsible for a table of eight students ranging in age from five to sixteen, all of whom were deaf and none of whom knew any sign language, and it was forbidden to sign to them. Some of the students could speak intelligibly and understood speech, but many others could not. There was a lot of gesturing and exaggerated oral gesticulation, and the students were good at helping one another understand what was being said among themselves and the staff. Saturday mornings, I was responsible for doing arts and crafts projects with the older students, some of whom spoke intelligibly and some who could not. Sunday afternoons, I was responsible for the "baby boys," the youngest [End Page 264] boys in the dorm, ages four to five. Another graduate student and I...
Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are classical models for processing sequential data, demonstrating excellent performance in tasks such as natural language processing and time series prediction. However, during the training of RNNs, the issues of vanishing and exploding gradients often arise, significantly impacting the model’s performance and efficiency. In this paper, we investigate why RNNs are more prone to gradient problems compared to other common sequential networks. To address this issue and enhance network performance, we propose a method for gradient normalization of network weights. This method suppresses the occurrence of gradient problems by altering the statistical properties of RNN weights, thereby improving training effectiveness. Additionally, we analyze the impact of weight gradient normalization on the probability-distribution characteristics of model weights and validate the sensitivity of this method to hyperparameters such as learning rate. The experimental results demonstrate that gradient normalization enhances the stability of model training and reduces the frequency of gradient issues. On the Penn Treebank dataset, this method achieves a perplexity level of 110.89, representing an 11.48% improvement over conventional gradient descent methods. For prediction lengths of 24 and 96 on the ETTm1 dataset, Mean Absolute Error (MAE) values of 0.778 and 0.592 are attained, respectively, resulting in 3.00% and 6.77% improvement over conventional gradient descent methods. Moreover, selected subsets of the UCR dataset show an increase in accuracy ranging from 0.4% to 6.0%. The gradient normalization method enhances the ability of RNNs to learn from sequential and causal data, thereby holding significant implications for optimizing the training effectiveness of RNN-based models.
The article examines the use of a linguistic corpus for the analysis of the lexical conjugation of relative adjectives with nouns within the framework of the development of a linguistic and informational toolkit for a multi-parameter description of the lexical semantics of relative adjectives of the Ukrainian language in an electronic explanatory dictionary. The aim of the study: to demonstrate the possibility and expediency of using the corpus of Ukrainian texts in modern semantic research, in particular for the analysis of the lexical compatibility of relative adjectives with nouns. An analysis of the lexical compatibility of relative adjectives with nouns was carried out on the material of the Ukrainian National Linguistic Corpus. Based on the results of the analysis, the types of semantic classes of nouns syntactically related to relative adjectives were identified as a tool for introducing the sign of semantic valence to describe the lexical meaning of relative adjectives, the interpretation of which was given according to the strong non-explicit interpretation formulas «Adjective to...» and «In relation to...» in the electronic version of the explanatory dictionary of the Ukrainian language in 20 volumes. On the basis of the compatibility of relative adjectives with nouns, the types of semantic classes are distinguished, the broadest of which are: «man», «animal», «plant», «building/facility/institution/structure», «substances and materials», «result of creative/scientific activity», «time», «space», «action», «transport», «furniture», «equipment/ equipment/appliance/device», «clothing/shoes», «miscellaneous material items», «fabric», «dishes», «decoration», «natural phenomena», «food/drinks», «term». The results of the analysis are included in the linguistic database «Semantics of relative adjectives», developed to solve the problem of explicit presentation of information in electronic explanatory dictionaries, which will contribute to the further implementation of computer technologies in research on lexical semantics, focused on the creation of natural language processing systems.
This study explores somatotype-based differences in body image awareness among 18–23-year-old Mesomorphs, Ectomorphs, and Endomorphs from Mysore University-affiliated colleges in Karnataka, India. Stratified sampling chose 150 male college students to test body image awareness using the Body Self-Image Questionnaire (Short Form). The three somatotype groups had significantly different body image awareness scores. Endomorphs had the most body image awareness, followed by Ectomorphs and Mesomorphs. After descriptive data, Mesomorphs had the lowest mean body image ratings (85.52) and Endomorphs the highest (98.98). A one-way ANOVA showed significant differences across groups (F = 111.31, p < 0.001). Tukey's HSD test post-hoc analysis showed significant pairwise differences, with Endomorphs scoring higher than Ectomorphs and Mesomorphs and Mesomorphs scoring lower than Ectomorphs. These findings imply that societal and cultural body type beliefs affect body image awareness as well as physical appearance. The findings emphasize the need of somatotype-specific body image therapies for young adults' body satisfaction and mental health.
Diffusion models (DMs) have achieved significant success in generating imaginative images given textual descriptions. However, they are likely to fall short when it comes to real-life scenarios with intricate details. The low-quality, unrealistic human faces in text-to-image generation are one of the most prominent issues, hindering the wide application of DMs in practice. Targeting addressing such an issue, we first assess the face quality of generations from popular pre-trained DMs with the aid of human annotators and then evaluate the alignment between existing metrics with human judgments. Observing that existing metrics can be unsatisfactory for quantifying face quality, we develop a novel metric named FaceScore (FS) by fine-tuning the widely used ImageReward on a dataset of (win, loss) face pairs cheaply crafted by an inpainting pipeline of DMs. Extensive studies reveal FS enjoys a superior alignment with humans. On the other hand, FS opens up the door for enhancing DMs for better face generation. With FS offering image ratings, we can easily perform preference learning algorithms to refine DMs like SDXL. Comprehensive experiments verify the efficacy of our approach for improving face quality. The code is released at https://github.com/OPPO-Mente-Lab/FaceScore.
1 IntroductionFacial expressions play a critical role in intra-individual emotional functions (Finzi & Rosenthal, 2016) as well as inter-individual social functions (Keltner & Kring, 1998). Facial expressions have been proposed to be more important in late adulthood, given the increased value placed on intimate social relationships (Carstensen, 2006, 2021; Carstensen et al., 1999). In studies examining changes in emotional functioning over the course of adulthood¸ older adults’ facial expressions in response to emotional stimuli have mainly been examined through comparison with those of young adults (e.g., Levenson et al., 1991).Consistent with the notion of emotional functions of facial expressions, several studies in young adults have reported that the production of facial expressions showed coherence with the subjective experience of emotional feeling (e.g., Mauss et al., 2005; Evers et al., 2014; Sato et al., 2020, 2021; Sato & Kochiyama, 2022). For example, a study measured dynamic ratings of subjective emotional valence (i.e., hedonic tone ranting from positive to negative; Barrett, 2006) and facial electromyography (EMG) activity of the corrugator supercilii (i.e., brow lowering muscle) and zygomatic major (i.e., lip corner-pulling muscle) while participants watched emotional films (Sato et al., 2020). The results showed that the EMG activity of the corrugator supercilii and zygomatic major muscles was negatively and positively associated with the dynamic valence ratings, respectively. These findings are theoretically important because they empirically support the long-lasting idea that subjective emotional experience depends on the perception of bodily responses (James, 1884; Friedman, 2010; Lang, 1994). Furthermore, this issue could be practically important, because a previous study showed that the coherence between subjective emotional experience and bodily responses to emotional stimuli is associated with psychological well-being (Brown et al., 2020).However, the coherence between emotional experience and facial expressions has not been fully examined in older adults. This issue could be interesting because several studies have suggested that older, compared with young, adults have improved emotional well-being (Carstensen, 2006, 2021; Charles, 2010; Carstensen et al., 1999; Charles & Piazza, 2023). One may expect that older adults would have stronger subjective–facial emotional coherence than young adults. This paper reviews the research conducted to date on this topic and describes our speculative hypotheses (cf. Currie, 2023).2 Coherence between facial expressions and subjective emotional experience in older adultsSeveral previous studies have examined either the production of facial expressions or subjective emotional experience in older adults and reported mixed findings (Supplementary Table 1). Specifically, a substantial number of studies showed no age-related differences in facial expression production (Emery & Hess, 2011; Kunz et al., 2008; Lohani & Isaacowitz, 2014; Malatesta et al., 1987; Nangle et al., 2018; Saito et al., 2022; Seider et al., 2011; Tsai et al., 2000; van Reekum et al., 2011), although some studies reported less intense (Kunzmann et al., 2017; Labuschagne et al., 2020; Levenson et al., 1991; Magai et al., 2006; Pedder et al., 2016; Rohr et al., 2017; Saito et al., 2023) or more intense (Magai et al., 2006; Malatesta-Magai et al., 1992; Phillips et al., 2008; Zempelin et al., 2021) facial expressions in older than young adults. Fölster et al. (2014) reviewed the literature and concluded that there are no age-related differences in spontaneous facial expressions. Likewise, studies have reported different results with respect to subjective emotional experience, including comparable (Emery & Hess, 2011; Kunz et al., 2008; Malatesta et al., 1987; Nangle et al., 2018; van Reekum et al., 2011), weaker (Kunzmann. et al., 2017; Labuschagne et al., 2020; Levenson et al., 1991; Malatesta-Magai et al., 1992; Saito et al., 2022, 2023; Tsai et al., 2000), or stronger (Labuschagne et al., 2020; Lohani & Isaacowitz, 2014; Magai et al., 2006; Pedder et al., 2016; Phillips et al., 2008; Rohr et al., 2017; Saito et al., 2023; Seider et al., 2011; Zempelin et al., 2021) subjective emotional responses in older adults relative to young adults. In short, the data do not consistently suggest alteration in either facial expressions or subjective emotional experience in older adults. Furthermore, the studies were not specifically concerned with coherence between these emotional responses.Few studies have compared the coherence of facial expressions with subjective emotional experience between older adults and their young counterparts (Lohani et al., 2017; Saito et al., 2022, 2023) according to our computer-based search of abstract and citation databases of the literature. In Lohani et al. (2018), the researchers presented film clips to induce sad feelings as emotion-eliciting stimuli and measured the dynamic ratings of arousal (i.e., the feeling of activation; Barrett, 2006) and facial EMG of the corrugator supercilii in older and young participants. The results showed no significant age differences in the correlations between the subjective ratings and facial EMG. However, the null finding may be at least partially explained by the ratings measured in the study. Previous studies testing young adults and reported subjective–facial emotional coherence reported the links between the ratings of valence, but not arousal, and facial expressions (Bradley & Lang, 2000).In Saito et al. (2023), five film clips that were categorically labeled as anger, sadness, neutral, contentment, and amusement, were used, and the coherence between dynamic valence ratings and facial EMG of the corrugator supercilia and zygomatic major muscles was assessed by adopting the procedures used in a previous study that demonstrated emotional coherence in young adults (Sato et al., 2020). The researchers compared correlation coefficients between older and young adults and found that the negative correlation between valence ratings and corrugator EMG activity was weaker in older adults (Figure 1a). More specifically, lower valence ratings (i.e., greater unpleasantness) were associated with greater corrugator EMG activity, and the association between brow activity (i.e., frowning, which reflects unpleasant feelings) and unpleasant emotions was weaker in older adults than in young adults, indicating less emotional coherence between subjective experience and brow activity in the former group.Saito et al. (2022) used food to elicit emotions similarly showed age-related differences in the coherence between facial expressions and subjective experience. In that study, various subjective ratings and facial EMG activity of the corrugator supercilia, zygomatic major, masseter (i.e., chewing muscle), and suprahyoid (i.e., swallowing muscle) were assessed in older adults while they consumed the flavored gel-type foods. Compared with young adults, the coherence of valence and wanting ratings with masseter EMG activity was lower in older adults (Figure 1b).Taken together, among three studies that tested this topic, the two recent ones (Saito et al., 2022, 2023) suggested that the degree of coherence between subjective experience, specifically its qualitative aspects, and the production of facial expressions in response to emotional stimuli (film clips and food) differs according to age, i.e., is weaker in older adults. As described above, weaker subjective–facial emotional coherence in older adults appears not to be explained by their impairments in subjective emotional experiences or the production of facial expressions.3 DiscussionGiven that the mind–body coherence and well-being are related (Brown et al., 2020; Mauss et al., 2011), and that older adults tend to report higher levels of well-being than people in other stages of life (Carstensen et al., 1999; Carstensen, 2006; 2021), why is it that the coherence between subjective experience and facial expressions is weak in older adults?We hypothesize that the coherence between the subjective experience and facial expressions may weaken with age as an emotional coping. It has been reported that older adults are better able to cope with emotions (Burr et al., 2020; Charles & Carstensen, 2008; Eldesouky & English, 2018; Scheibe & Blanchard-Fields, 2009; Neubauer et al., 2018; Lohani & Isaacowitz, 2014; Sims et al., 2015; Shiota & Levenson, 2009; however, see Isaacowitz, 2022) and use more emotional coping than young adults (Puente-Martínez et al., 2020). For instance, older adults were more successful than younger adults in terms of both deploying attentional resources (Sheibe et al., 2015; Mikkelsen et al., 2021) and positive reappraisal (Lohani & Isaacowitz, 2014; Shiota & Levenson, 2009). It has also been demonstrated that, rather than implementing response-focused coping, older adults are likely to use antecedent emotional coping (i.e., situation selection) in their daily lives, which is assumed to contribute to their ability to cope with emotions (Sims et al., 2015). Interestingly, several studies have reported that a repressive emotional coping style (Weinberger et al., 1979), which can induce low mind–body coherence (Schwerdtfeger & Kohlmann, 2004) and is traditionally regarded as maladaptive coping (Schwartz, 1990), sometimes serves adaptive functions, such as promoting resilience following extremely aversive events (e.g., Coifman et al., 2007; for a review, see Bonanno, 2005). Likewise, it may be possible that low subjective–facial emotional coherence in older adults has adaptive benefits on their emotional well-being.However, there are several limitations in our speculation. First, few studies have investigated the coherence between facial expressions and subjective emotions in older adults, and those that did used limited methodologies compared with studies that were not specifically concerned with coherence. Thus, future research is warranted to confirm the robustness of the findings. Second, even assuming that older adults have weak subjective–facial emotional coherence, different factors may account for their high levels of well-being. The empirical evidence is needed to test the relationship between the subjective–facial emotional coherence and well-being in older adults. In conclusion, studies examining the degree of coherence between subjective experience and facial expressions have demonstrated that older adults showed less coherence of subjective experience with corrugator and masseter EMG activity in response to emotional stimuli (films and food). We speculated that the weak coherence between subjective experience and facial expressions may serve as an emotional coping that is seemingly functionally adaptive for people in late adulthood.
Abstract Gideon Toury, a leading theorist in linguistics and translation, contested the source-oriented approach to translation and introduced a target-oriented model that includes three categories of norms: initial, preliminary, and operational. This methodology was a crucial advancement in the standardization of translation. This study intends to apply this model by employing a descriptive-analytical approach and consulting library resources to evaluate and analyze the Persian translation of Naguib Mahfouz's novel "Zuqaq al-Midaq," translated by Mohammad Reza Marashi-Pour. This study's findings indicate that, regarding the initial norm, the translator emphasizes the linguistic standards of the target language, guaranteeing that the translated text operates efficiently and is well received within the cultural and linguistic framework of the target audience. The translator follows operational standards, adhering to structural norms like the insertion or exclusion of words, sentences, and footnotes, while also integrating linguistic norms, such as equivalence and stylistic elements. The translator has effectively produced a fluent and clear interpretation of the content.IntroductionHistorically, diverse civilizations and cultures have utilized writing and storytelling to articulate their situations and experiences. Stories, owing to their narrative characteristics and imaginative features, significantly contribute to the communication of written truths, realities, and cultural aspects. In this context, the art of translation is crucial for conveying fundamental facts and cultural features to other cultures. Translation facilitates the dissemination of a nation's culture. Nevertheless, due to the distinct cultural foundations inherent in each language, translation encounters specific problems. As a result, translation theorists have suggested multiple theories to address these issues. Among these theorists are Even-Zohar and Gideon Toury, who, adhering to the principles of formalism and the target-oriented approach, posited that translation cannot completely correspond to the original text, nor can equivalences be accurately determined. Such an outcome is due to the distinct textual, literary, and linguistic frameworks inherent to each language, rendering perfect translation unattainable in the target language. Their thesis posits that languages are distinct, with each writing style differing both structurally and culturally, hence complicating the attainment of universal acceptability (Gentzler, 2014: 163). Gideon Toury proposed a model based on translation norms. He said that a translator must follow standards that make the translation acceptable, lively, and alive in the target language. This promotes cultural growth and the development of language and literature (Toury, 2014: 85). Consequently, it can be asserted that a primary method for enhancing concept transmission and ensuring the fluency of a translated text is to focus on the structure and linguistic conventions of the target text, which should take precedence over the source text for the translator.Naguib Mahfouz is an Egyptian author who has portrayed the reality of Egyptian society across several epochs in his writings. His works have been translated into other languages, including Persian. Mohammad Reza Marashi Pour is an Iranian translator known for translating the works of authors including Naguib Mahfouz. He has translated significant works such as Palace of Desire, Sugar Street, The Beggar, and "Zuqaq al-Midaq" into Persian, therefore successfully presenting Mahfouz's literature to Persian-speaking audiences. Assessing the Persian translation of the novel "Zuqaq al-Midaq" with Toury's normative paradigm can significantly contribute to evaluating the quality of this translation. It is essential to formulate a thorough inquiry in this context:How is the Persian translation of the novel "Zuqaq al-Midaq" assessed according to Tory's normative model concerning initial, preliminary, and operational norms?Literature ReviewNumerous research studies have examined the applicability of Toury's normative paradigm to Arabic and Persian literary texts, a selection of which is succinctly summarized below: Afzali and Madani's article "The Application of Gideon Toury's Norms Theory in Evaluating the Quality of the Arabic Translation of Forough Farrokhzad's Poems" was published in the Journal of Comparative Studies of Persian and Arabic Literature in 2020. It looked at the Arabic translation of Farrokhzad's poems using Toury's notion of norms.Fazel Abbaszadeh (2021), in an article entitled "Critique of Shourabi's Poetic Translation of the First and Third Ghazals of Hafez Based on Gideon Toury's Model," published in the Journal of Criticism, Analysis, and Aesthetics, examined the translation of Hafez's first and third ghazals through the lens of Toury's target-oriented model."Examining Toury's Initial Norms in Audiovisual Translation (Case Study: Specific Cultural Elements in the Animation 'Prince of Rome')" was Mahdieh Alizadeh Ghouzzani's master's thesis from 2022. It looked at the audiovisual translation of the animation Prince of Rome using Toury's normative framework.Recently, numerous research studies have been undertaken on the novel Midaq Alley, including the following: Hassan Abdollahi and Omid Izanloo (2012), in their essay "Sociological Analysis of Naguib Mahfouz's Novel Midaq Alley," published in the Journal of Arabic Literary Criticism, examined the characters, socio-cultural framework, and realistic methodology of the narrative.Yahya Ma'ruf and Moslem Khazli (2016), in their article "Psychological Analysis of Naguib Mahfouz's Novel 'Zuqaq al-Midaq,'" published in the Journal of Contemporary Arabic Literary Criticism, analyzed the characters through a psychological lens, exploring the personality types within the novel and the motivations behind Mahfouz's character development.Jahanbakht and Parmas (2020), in their article "The Function of Non-Verbal Actions in Naguib Mahfouz's Novel 'Zuqaq al-Midaq,'" published in the Journal of the Iranian Association of Arabic Language and Literature, examined non-verbal behaviors and their roles in character development within the narrative.According to these studies, "Zuqaq al-Midaq" has mostly been looked at through the lens of narrative, with no research being done on the Persian translation or how it relates to Gideon Toury's normative paradigm. Consequently, analyzing the Persian translation of this novel according to the previously specified framework constitutes a significant contribution to the discipline.Research MethodologyWe employed a descriptive-analytical strategy to achieve the primary goal of this study. This task entailed the selection of Toury's normative paradigm and the examination of pertinent literature regarding this model. The subject of analysis is the Persian translation of the novel "Zuqaq al-Midaq." We examined both the Arabic and Persian versions of the work, extracting and evaluating instances using Gideon Toury's normative paradigm.ConclusionIn translating literary texts, especially novels, the translator must not only convey content and concepts but also consider cultural nuances and literary subtleties, ensuring fidelity to the original while presenting the literary language optimally. This is the essential understanding obtained from Gideon Toury's normative model. The assessment of the Persian translation of "Zuqaq al-Midaq" indicated, according to this model, that the translator employed a target-oriented strategy, prioritizing the Persian-speaking audience as the principal beneficiaries. The examination of the examples revealed that, in alignment with the original standard, the translator delivered a translation that is satisfactory in the target language. According to the first standard of translation policy, the Persian translation of "Zuqaq al-Midaq" was executed due to the cultural affinity between Iran and the Arab world, along with the imperative to familiarize Persian speakers with significant works from the Arab region. The translator, while conforming to structural and grammatical norms, integrated aspects such as the addition and exclusion of words and phrases, sentence restructuring, footnotes, transference, equivalence identification, and stylistic features into the translation. In conclusion, the translator effectively identified suitable replacements for terms and, while ensuring maximum fidelity, accurately communicated the material to the audience.
Статья посвящена проблемам выявления эмоционально-чувственной составляющей семантики слов изучаемого языка в языковом сознании обучающихся билингвов – китайских студентов, изучающих русский язык в Китае. Предлагается психолингвистический подход к семантике слова как к достоянию индивида, языковому сознанию (ментальному лексикону) билингва как динамической, не разделенной на разные языки функциональной системе. Актуальность статьи заключается в разработке проблемы выявления способов формирования семантики в сознании индивидов и шире – внутреннего содержания языка и его знаков. В работе используется анализ результатов психолингвистического эксперимента, проведенного автором по методу семантического дифференциала, стимулами для которого выступают существительные, прилагательные, глаголы и наречия, актуальные для ядра языкового сознания русских. Автор приходит к выводам о формировании семантики знаков чужого языка в сознании обучающихся билингвов как образов, отличающихся эмоциональностью. Разные показатели интенсивности, зафиксированные по разным шкалам оценки слов, зависят не от части речи, а от семантики слов, частотности их употребления в учебных текстах, а также от культурных и фоновых знаний. The article deals with the problem of identifying the emotional and sensory components of a foreign language words semantics in the linguistic consciousness of educational bilinguals (bilingual mental lexicon) - Chinese students studying Russian in China. A psycholinguistic approach is proposed to the semantics of the word as the property of the individual, the linguistic consciousness of a bilingual as a dynamic functional system not divided into different languages. The relevance of the article lies in the development of the problem of identifying ways of forming semantics in the minds of individuals and, more broadly, the internal content of language and its signs. The work is based on the results of a psycholinguistic experiment conducted using the semantic differential method, the stimuli for which are nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs that are relevant to the core of the linguistic consciousness (the core of the mental lexicon) of Russians. The author comes to conclusions about the formation of the semantics of signs of a foreign language in the minds of educational bilinguals as images characterized by emotionality. Different intensity indicators recorded on different word rating scales depend not on the part of speech, but on the semantics of words, the frequency of their use in educational texts, cultural and background knowledge.
The article studies peculiarities of organization of teaching of theoretical linguistic disciplines in the context of informatization of education. It emphasizes the importance of using internet technologies in the system of higher education, reveals main theoretical groundings of their implementation into the educational process and training teachers of English as a foreign language. The author analyses didactic parameters of using web-resources in the process of teaching linguistic theoretical academic subjects, taking as an example Theoretical grammar of the English language. The article gives an overview and brief analysis of some on-line linguistic databases, resources, free language theory courses which are widely available. The author demonstrates various possibilities of using specialized on-line resources for teaching the theory of the English language and organizing research work of undergraduate and graduate students. Reform of higher education in Ukraine is caused the needs of today society due to the building of information society and integration in the global intellectual space dimension. Modification of the requirements of educational process in higher education, its quality and semantic parties should ensure the quality of training to world standards. That is one of the main vectors and targets of the improvement of higher education in Ukraine should create a system of quality assurance and professional development aimed at forming professional independence and acquire new knowledge and skills in the conditions of intensive informational society. In this context particularly urgent search for new and upgrade existing forms of educational process appears. Thus, approaches to teaching theoretical subjects in a foreign language must be updated in view of the need for a informative professional competence. The systematic use of the Internet for relevant practical, research, creative tasks will improve professional skills improvement, skills will form the search, selection and analysis of scientific material. Further research prospects seen in a detailed study of the experience of using online technology in teaching linguistic disciplines at leading universities abroad.
When different people view a scene, they attend to different things, and these differences in attention influence how much they like the scene. Patterns of attention may be highly individually specific. However, the effects of different patterns of attention on preferences may not be. Here we demonstrate this, using a new method of ‘attentional transplants’. We show that, if an observer likes an image, it is possible to transplant their viewing pattern into another observer—and that this causes the recipient to like the image better, compared with transplanting the viewing pattern of a donor who disliked the image. In Experiment 1, 50 observers viewed images of landscapes by using their cursor to move a small circular viewing window around each image for three seconds. After viewing each image, they rated how much they liked it. For each image, we identified two ‘attentional donors'—the Liked-it-Best observer who rated the image highest (relative to their other image ratings) across observers, as well as the Liked-it-Least observer who rated the image lowest across observers. Next, we recruited 100 new observers to serve as ‘attentional recipients’. These observers viewed each image, but now passively, through a moving window which reproduced the viewing pattern of either the previous observer who Liked it Best, or the observer who Liked it Least. Recipients gave substantially higher ratings to an image when they received the viewing pattern of the observer who Liked it Best, compared to when they received the viewing pattern of the observer who Liked it Least. In subsequent experiments, we replicated this effect, and found that Liked-it-Best attention patterns are more predictable. We conclude that individual differences in preferences for scenes are partly explained by differences in how we attend—but that attention drives preferences in similar ways across observers.
Here we propose a new design strategy for mixed and virtual reality designers, which we call ‘attentional transplants‘. The strategy is to direct a user's visual attention in a way which mirrors the attention of a previous user, in order to produce similar affective or cognitive responses in the second user. Attentional transplants may be useful across a wide range of design situations in which one's manner of attending reliably drives affective and cognitive outcomes. In order to test whether transplanting one participant's pattern of attention into another can produce similar downstream responses in the second participant, we ran two online experiments. In Experiment la, 50 observers viewed images of landscapes by using their cursor to move a small circular viewing window around each image for three seconds. After viewing an image, they rated how much they liked it. For each image, we identified two ‘attentional donors' - the Liked-it-Most observer who rated the image highest (standardized relative to their other image ratings) across observers, as well as the Liked-it-Least observer who rated the image lowest across observers. In Experiment 1b, we recruited 100 new observers to serve as ‘attentional recipients’. These observers viewed each image, but now passively, through a moving window which reproduced the viewing pattern of either the Experiment 1 observer who Liked it Most, or the observer who Liked it Least. Recipients gave substantially higher ratings to an image when they received the viewing pattern of the observer who Liked it Most, compared to when they received the viewing pattern of the observer who Liked it Least. Based on this success, we speculate about several additional ways in which attentional transplants could be used in virtual and mixed reality systems, in order to achieve desired cognitive and affective outcomes.
BACKGROUND: The present study examined, for the first time, the emotional burden of loneliness on dimensions of emotional valence and arousal, and its association with mental health outcomes. METHOD: A cross-sectional design was used, and data were collected from 503 adults across the UK with an online survey. Measures included socio-demographic characteristics, self-reported measures of loneliness and social isolation, affective ratings (i.e., valence and arousal) of loneliness experiences, and symptoms of depression and anxiety as mental health outcomes. RESULTS: The emotional burden of loneliness differed significantly across groups with differing loneliness experiences, and females scored significantly higher in the emotional burden of loneliness than males. The emotional burden of loneliness was associated with both depression and anxiety symptoms, and respectively added 4.7% and 6.2% of the variance, on top of measures of loneliness frequency and social isolation. CONCLUSIONS: Measuring the valence and arousal dimensions of loneliness experiences advances our understanding of loneliness experiences and its association with mental health outcomes. The theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of our study are discussed.
The Kyrgyz language, as a low-resource language, requires significant effort to create high-quality syntactic corpora. This study proposes an approach to simplify the development process of a syntactic corpus for Kyrgyz. We present a tool for transferring syntactic annotations from Turkish to Kyrgyz based on a treebank translation method. The effectiveness of the proposed tool was evaluated using the TueCL treebank. The results demonstrate that this approach achieves higher syntactic annotation accuracy compared to a monolingual model trained on the Kyrgyz KTMU treebank. Additionally, the study introduces a method for assessing the complexity of manual annotation for the resulting syntactic trees, contributing to further optimization of the annotation process.
Background Accurate assessment of self-perceived stress is crucial because perceived stress has been linked to post-stroke depression in persons with aphasia and may be related to linguistic performance. Measuring self-reported perceived stress can be difficult in persons with aphasia (PWA) due to linguistic impairments; therefore, using proxy ratings could be an alternative. The accuracy of proxy ratings of perceived stress may be influenced by the proxy’s familiarity with the person with aphasia and/or the condition of aphasia. Additionally, accuracy may be affected by genuine or mistaken signs of perceived stress in PWA due to linguistic behavioural markers common in both stress and aphasia. An observation of stress in a PWA may also trigger a stress response in the proxy. This physiological stress response, known as stress contagion, may be mediated by trait empathy and impact proxy ratings of perceived stress in PWA.Aims The current study investigates the accuracy of proxy ratings of perceived stress made by proxy reporters unfamiliar with PWA and unfamiliar with aphasia by exploring the agreement between PWA self- and unfamiliar proxy-reported stress ratings, the effect of aphasia severity on proxy ratings, stress contagion, and the contribution of trait empathy to proxy ratings.Methods & Procedures Fifty-five proxy reporters unfamiliar with aphasia self-reported their trait empathy and perceived stress, then watched two video cases of unfamiliar PWA and rated the stress of the PWA and their own stress level.Outcomes & Results No correlation was found between self-report and unfamiliar proxy report of PWA perceived stress. Aphasia severity did not affect proxy ratings. The proxy reporter’s self-reported stress matched the PWA’s stress level. Trait empathy did not predict proxy ratings.Conclusions The lack of association between PWA self-report and the ratings of proxy reporters unfamiliar with PWA and aphasia indicates that unfamiliar proxy ratings are not ideal for representing objective measures of perceived stress. While aphasia severity does not affect ratings by proxy reporters unfamiliar with PWA and aphasia, unfamiliar proxy reporters may overestimate perceived stress levels in PWA. The correlation between proxy reporter self-report and PWA self-report suggests that some aspect of stress contagion is present.
Purpose Music performance facilitates prosociality across many cultures and contexts. Interestingly, the relationship between prosociality and sensorimotor synchronization (SMS) has so far primarily been demonstrated in the context of in-phase synchrony with only a few mixed results for anti-phase coordination. In anti-phase coordination, participants move at the same rate, at opposite phases, which also requires high levels of coordination and attention. This case is particularly relevant for music and prosociality, as music regularly involves naturalistic anti-phase coordination. We thus tested whether anti-phase synchronization is as effective as in-phase synchronization at eliciting prosocial behavior. Methods Dyads ( N = 50 dyads) were randomly assigned to complete four trials of a drumming sensorimotor synchronization-continuation task (SCT) either alone, synchronously or in anti-phase. Before and after the drumming task, dyads completed a behavioral economics game involving trust. Additionally, a questionnaire about trust, cooperation, affect, and similarity was given after the drumming task. Results Cooperation rates in the stag-hunt game were near ceiling (~87%) across all conditions pre-SCT, with negligible change after the drumming task. Questionnaire items were analyzed using Bayesian probit mixed effects models to account for dyadic sampling and ordinal data, and to provide evidence in favor of the null hypothesis. Models provided moderate to extremely strong evidence that the anti-phase and in-phase coordination conditions rated their affect, trust, similarity, and cooperation more strongly than dyads in the alone condition (all BF 10 &gt; 3). When only comparing the anti-phase and in-phase conditions, moderate evidence in favor of the null (i.e., that phase does not affect ratings) was found for all questions (all BF 10 &lt; 0.3). Descriptions of the posterior, as well as leave-one-out cross validation (LOO) results, were in general accordance with the Bayes Factor results. Conclusion Evidence indicates anti-phase drumming coordination is as effective as in-phase in increasing perceived trust, cooperation, affect, and similarity. Future analyses will examine how other characteristics of the drumming coordination, such as the lag-1 autocorrelation and variability of the inter-tap interval time-series, relate to prosocial behavior and ratings of trust and cooperation.