Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
Статья посвящена функционально-семантическому анализу и описанию русских заимствований в текстах хакасских героических сказаний. Не претендуя на всеобщий охват анализируемого материала, на примере 18 лексем мы установили, что тексты героических сказаний, в силу традиционности жанра, являются относительно закрытыми для иноязычных новшеств. Гораздо больше русизмов встречается в произведениях малых фольклорных жанров, поскольку они передаются в произвольной повествовательной форме. Процесс проникновения заимствований в данную сферу зависит от их фонетической и лексико-грамматической адаптации в языке-реципиенте. Почти все рассмотренные нами заимствования видоизменены в соответствии с нормами хакасского языка. В лексико-семантическом плане все они распределены на три типа: а) не имеющие аналогов в хакасском языке заимствованные слова, зафиксированные в лексикографических источниках; б) имеющие аналоги в хакасском языке заимствованные слова, зафиксированные в лексикографических источниках; в) разовые, эпизодичные использования русизмов. Данную категорию слов составляют в основном существительные, за исключением глаголов просай 'прощай', че[е]сте- 'чествовать' и междометной конструкции какой чорт. Обсуждение фактического материала в нашей работе происходит в рамках нашего понимания терминов «русское заимствование», выражающего частотное и, как правило, лексикографически зафиксированное слово, и «русизм» как русского слова, эпизодически используемого в повседневной речи билингва. В перспективе дальнейшее углубленное изучение данной категории слов на материале хакасских героических сказаний раскроет их новые скрытые особенности и закономерности. The article is devoted to the functional-semantic analysis and description of Russian borrowings in the texts of Khakass heroic tales. Without claiming universal coverage of the analyzed material, using the example of 18 lexemes, we established that the texts of heroic tales, due to the traditional nature of the genre, are relatively closed to foreign language innovations. Much more Russianisms are found in works of small folklore genres, since they are conveyed in an arbitrary narrative form. The process of borrowings penetration into this area depends on their phonetic and lexico-grammatical adaptation in the recipient language. Almost all of the borrowings we examined are modified in accordance with the norms of the Khakass language. In lexical-semantic terms, they are all divided into three types: a) borrowed words that have no analogues in the Khakass language and are recorded in lexicographical sources; b) borrowed words that have analogues in the Khakass language and are recorded in lexicographic sources; c) one-time, episodic use of Russianisms. This category of words consists mainly of nouns, with the exception of the verbs prosai 'farewell', che[е]ste- 'honor' and the interjectional construction kakoichort. The discussion of factual material in our work takes place within the framework of our concepts of the terms "Russian borrowing", which expresses a frequency and, as a rule, lexicographically fixed word, and "Russianism", as a Russian word occasionally used in a bilingual's everyday speech. In the future, further in-depth study of this category of words based on the material of Khakass heroic tales will reveal their new hidden features and patterns.
The article examines idioms related to folk customs and rituals in the Polish and Ukrainian languages as a key element of intercultural dialogue between the two nations. It is studied how these phraseological units reflect the cultural, historical and social aspects of Polish and Ukrainian folk life. Particular attention is paid to common and distinctive features in the phraseological systems of both languages, which allows for a deeper understanding of the national identities and cultural features of Poles and Ukrainians. The article analyzes the role of phraseology in the preservation and transmission of cultural heritage, as well as in the formation of modern intercultural dialogue between Poland and Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to research and analyze phraseology related to folk customs and rituals in the Polish and Ukrainian languages in the context of intercultural dialogue between the two nations. Phraseologisms are an integral part of any language, reflecting not only lexical features, but also deep cultural and social structures inherent in one or another nation. Through these language constructions, it is possible to trace how two close, but at the same time unique cultures reflect their worldview, beliefs and social norms. Religion occupies an important place in the lives of both Ukrainians and Poles, which is clearly reflected in the phraseology of both languages. One of the most striking examples is the Christmas and Easter holidays, the rites and rituals of which are reflected in phraseology. The analysis of phraseological units associated with religious holidays allows us to better understand how religious traditions shape the linguistic picture of the world. The article examines phraseological units related to wedding and funeral rites in the Polish and Ukrainian languages. It was found that they have both common features and certain differences. The article examines folk customs and everyday life, which also found a place in phraseology. The study showed that the Polish and Ukrainian phraseological systems contain both common elements that reflect similar cultural practices and unique phraseological units that emphasize the national specificity of each nation.
Formulaic language contributes to demonstrating membership in a specific discourse community. However, the norms of a specific language community tend to change over time, which adds to the complexity of academic writing. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to explore the changes in the usage of lexical bundles in scientific papers in the field of education over the last 20 years. The focus is on lexical bundles, multi word sequences that recur frequently and are distributed widely across different texts. As a prominent feature of any text, exploring their usage and change over time brings insight into the changes which occur in the academic writing style. The results showed a decrease in the usage of lexical bundles over time. Statistically significant differences were found in the structural and functional usage of lexical bundle tokens for both groups and subgroups. This indicates that the concrete bundles used over time have not significantly changed but only the frequency of their usage.
The article talks about the linguistic and stylistic features of works of art, about language norms manifested at the level of phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, stylistic possibilities of the literary language, and literature in general is interpreted as the art of words.The textbooks "Azerbaijani Language" of the 10th grade discuss lyrical texts, linguistic aspects that appear in the process of their assimilation, the meaning of artistic language, the role of artistic description and means of expression in lyrical poems.The influence of these issues on student speech and the artistic and aesthetic world is explored.The structure, form, lexical-semantic and stylisticgrammatical landscape of literary texts are analyzed from the point of view of both artistic and didactic requirements.Metaphor, metonymy, exaggeration, irony, litatoty, etc. Visual means are considered as material for a deep understanding of artistic material and the formation of artistic imagination.In general, a search is underway for effective methods and means of mastering language, stylistic features, and the poetic landscape of works of art.
The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities and translation transformations application while rendering psychologism from English into Ukrainian. The main scientific results are obtained applying a set of general scientific and special methods of research, namely: analysis and generalization of scientific literature on the problems of psychologism rendering in the process of translation; theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis; holistic and integral approaches to the study of translation transformations; comparative, descriptive and analytical methods. Psychologism is an important element of a literary work that allows the reader to understand the inner world of the characters, their thoughts, feelings and experiences. When psychologism rendering, linguists often apply the following techniques to reproduce the psychological state of a character: using an internal monologue, dialogues, descriptions of appearance or the environment; using stylistic devices: metaphors, epithets, hyperbole and similes to enhance the psychological effect; taking into account cultural peculiarities. The author highlights that to achieve adequate translation the translator uses transformations to ensure that the translation text conveys all the information contained in the source text to the fullest extent possible, strictly adhering to the norms of the target language. The most frequently used translation transformations in the reproduction of psychologism are lexical transformations that adequately convey the semantic, stylistic and pragmatic features of the lexical unit, taking into account the norms of the target language. The main transformations in this group are semantic development, conceptual substitution, decompression and compression. As the analysed examples show, these transformations are often combined with each other and acquire the character of complex translation transformations, which is a necessary tool for preserving the specificity of psychologism in the English literary discourse text translation into Ukrainian.
The article deals with the peculiarities of using, comparing and translating borrowings in the technical and physical terminology of the French language. The object of research is borrowings from Greek, Latin and English. The subject of the research is the peculiarities of their formation, use and translation. It has been revealed that the lexical composition of technical and physical terminology formed in the early stages is balanced by words of Latin and Greek origin. This is due to the fact that a significant number of scientific treatises were written in Latin, which served as a source for the nomination of many new concepts. The process of borrowing from Latin was carried out by lexical units that were assimilated in accordance with the orthographic and phonetic norms of the French language. Borrowings from Greek into the technical and physical terminology are represented by the elements auto-, photo-, micro-, nano-, mono-. They were combined with the lexemes of the French language to form term elements that acquired a new lexical meaning. The post-industrial and information periods are characterised by an intensive growth of English borrowings in the technical and physical terminology of the French language. Denotative borrowings that arise due to the need to nominate new concepts, processes or phenomena are analyzed. Connotative borrowings denote concepts that already have their own name in French. Such terms are characterised by a narrowed semantics in the recipient language, so their use is limited to the physical, technical and related term systems. The classification of borrowings by the degree of assimilation and productivity, changes that English borrowings have undergone in the French language are considered. On the basis of professional texts, it is presented that borrowed neologisms can be combined with abbreviated symbols. Such word forms are resistant to assimilation processes due to their conciseness, informativeness and prevalence among scientists in leading research centres.
The article deals with the study of terms and terminology in the modern linguistics. The process of terms studying is now in the stage of active development, since the integration processes in the world directly affect the penetration of lexical units from one language into another. The realization of the intellectual potential of the people in the field of industrial and professional communication is inextricably linked with the improvement of engineering and design thought. The study of specialized terminology, processes of scientific nomination in the engineering and technical sphere, reproduction of scientific and technical achievements by own word-forming resources will certainly contribute to the formation and maintenance of modern high-tech processes. Scientific and technical texts relate to the scientific style and find application in the fields of scientific activity, scientific and technological progress of society, education and training. The study is based on the use of materials of scientific and technical literature specialized in certain fields of science and technology. Terminology units are the object of study of terminology as a field of knowledge. In general, they can be described from three points of view. In terms of linguistics, terms are lexical units of language that carry specialized information when used in certain pragmatic and discursive contexts. This specialized information ensures the transmission of an accurate value that is generally accepted among a particular community of professionals in each industry. From the point of view of cognitive science, terms are conceptual units that represent the necessary and relevant nodes of knowledge in the content structure of a particular field, which are transmitted at the linguistic level by lexical units. The totality of all conceptual spheres forms the conceptual structure of the industry. For specialists, the concept is a starting point in terminological work, while for translators it is only an intermediate instance between the original term and its equivalent in the target language. Thus, the first function of terms is the representation of specialized knowledge. Linguistic, cognitive and communicative dimensions are inseparable in a holistic, holistic description of terms. At the present stage, it is possible to trace five approaches (formal; ethnographic; conservative; international; measured) to solving one of the key problems for the formation of Ukrainian terminology - the problem of classifying terminology. Terms should be marked by accuracy, motivation, uniformity, compliance with the rules and norms of a particular language etc. Each scientific term has a definition that clearly outlines, limits its meaning. Among the lexical transformations used in the translation of terms, it can also be effective to use the following methods: transcoding comprising transcription, transliteration, mixed transcoding, adaptive transcoding; compression; loan translation; explications i.e. descriptive translation; concretization or specification and generalization. Terminology should not be confused with translation studies; terminology work consists in establishing terminology equivalents, that is, lexical units, which are used by specialists, communicating in the target language; the essence of translation studies is the most accurate reproduction of the original units of text by means of the target language. The essence of translation studies is the most accurate reproduction of the original units of text by means of the target language. The term has its own "proper" invariant meaning and performs the function of a semantic differential in various terms. This function should be preserved and accurately transferred to the target language by using the translation tools and own creative initiative and ability of the translator.
PURPOSE: Prior work has identified weaknesses in commonly used indices of lexical diversity in spoken language samples, such as type-token ratio (TTR) due to sample size and elicitation variation, we explored whether TTR and other diversity measures, such as number of different words/100 (NDW), vocabulary diversity (VocD), and the moving average TTR would be more sensitive to child age and clinical status (typically developing [TD] or developmental language disorder [DLD]) if samples were obtained from standardized prompts. METHOD: We utilized archival data from the norming samples of the Test of Narrative Language and the Edmonton Narrative Norms Instrument. We examined lexical diversity and other linguistic properties of the samples, from a total of 1,048 children, ages 4-11 years; 798 of these were considered TD, whereas 250 were categorized as having a language learning disorder. RESULTS: TTR was the least sensitive to child age or diagnostic group, with good potential to misidentify children with DLD as TD and TD children as having DLD. Growth slopes of NDW were shallow and not very sensitive to diagnostic grouping. The strongest performing measure was VocD. Mean length of utterance, TNW, and verbs/utterance did show both good growth trajectories and ability to distinguish between clinical and typical samples. CONCLUSIONS: This study, the largest and best controlled to date, re-affirms that TTR should not be used in clinical decision making with children. A second popular measure, NDW, is not measurably stronger in terms of its psychometric properties. Because the most sensitive measure of lexical diversity, VocD, is unlikely to gain popularity because of reliance on computer-assisted analysis, we suggest alternatives for the appraisal of children's expressive vocabulary skill.
On behalf of the President of the Russian Federation, we have started working on the creation of the National Dictionary Fund (NDF). NDF is a digital resource that contains electronically recorded data on the functioning of the norms of the Russian language from various dictionaries. The development of NDF is due to the need to create a single, complete body of scientific knowledge, reliable and objective information about the norms of the Russian language in their current state and historical dynamics in a certain era of its development, as well as the history of the vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language from the time of its appearance to the present day. The system of Russian dictionaries will be integrated into a single network operating in a continuous development mode and representing an interactive dynamic model of the lexical system of the modern Russian language. It is supposed to have open access to information through a convenient digital tool with simple navigation. The NDF will be equipped with linguistic markup and an online search system for necessary information. NDF will offer the user not only the opportunity to see the information from a particular dictionary, but will also provide an expertly developed tool for extracting various types of language information from dictionaries.
The paper aims at identifying the key features of the Russia-centered discourse both on surface and deep levels. The empirical basis for the research is comprised by the Rossica-T corpus of book titles, encompassing data for 18-21 centuries. Titles are viewed as the most distinguished parts of texts, to which the most significant information is promoted, thus forming the quintessence of the discourse they represent. The research is based on three datasets – the English, Finnish and Japanese subcorpora totaling 590 titles. The data was subject to analysis with the help of the AntConc corpus manager toolkit and deep discourse analysis underlying the manual annotation of the corpus along seven groups of parameters. The surface level analysis focuses on three aspects: syntactic, lexical, and stylistic. The syntactic analysis revealed a spectrum of structural patterns whose frequency is largely conditioned by the requirements of the title genre; yet, being genre-conditioned, they are also partly discourse-conditioned, serving to verbalize key concepts of the Russia-centered discourse and to expand the structure of the title so as to maximize its expressive capacity. The stylistic analysis allowed us to identify a restricted set of stylistic means, partly correlating with the genre canon (e.g. alliteration), and partly – with the discourse canon (e.g. metaphors, intertextual links). The lexical analysis helped determine two markers – a genre-specific (naming the genre of the book the title represents) and a discourse-specific (xenonymic Russianisms). Cross-linguistic comparison of strategies introducing Russianisms into texts describing Russia in different languages revealed the greatest degree of specificity of the Japanese-language discourse where the method of introducing and marking Russianisms is predetermined by their “gairaigo” status. Yet, this specificity does not go contrary to the norms and regularities of the language of secondary cultural orientation, which allows for the conclusion of a universal mechanism of a language cultural reorientation. The task of identifying the conceptual mainstays of the discourse was approached in two ways: (1) categorization of the subcorpora keywords and (2) interpretation of the subcorpora semantic annotation results. Both approaches allow for the conclusion of a partial overlap in conceptual mainstays for the three discourse types, with a noticeable variation in the choice of the key concepts’ representants.
The article is dedicated to the study of pragmatic presuppositions in the headlines of English-language business media and their role as an element of manipulative rhetoric. The aim of the research is to identify and systematize the types of pragmatic presuppositions used in these headlines, as well as to analyze their impact on audience perception. To reach this aim, the authors conducted a content analysis of 200 headlines from leading business publications. The analysis identified three types of pragmatic presuppositions: factive, evaluative, and axiological. Factive presuppositions (n=85) create an illusion of factual objectivity, evaluative presuppositions (n=73) influence emotional perception through implicit judgments, and axiological presuppositions (n=42) appeal to cultural and social values, guiding the reader toward specific moral and ethical conclusions. Factive presuppositions imply the existence of certain facts or events that are presented as indisputable, although they may actually be subject to interpretation. Evaluative presuppositions elicit emotional responses from the reader by employing lexical means with strong evaluative connotations. Axiological presuppositions appeal to sociocultural norms and values, shaping the reader’s moral and ethical judgments. One of the key aspects of the study is the emphasis on the fact that while lexical means can play a significant role in the realization of pragmatic presuppositions, they do not serve as its only source. Pragmatic presuppositions are also formed based on a broader context, which includes the common background knowledge, social norms, and expectations of the participants in communication. This means that presuppositions can be either strengthened or weakened depending on how information is presented in the headline and what cultural and social expectations it engages. The authors also emphasize that pragmatic presuppositions play an important role in shaping the cognitive frameworks through which readers perceive information. These frameworks guide the interpretation of the text, creating conditions where the information is perceived as obvious or inevitable, which in turn reduces the likelihood of critical analysis. The findings of the study demonstrate that English-language business media headlines actively use pragmatic presuppositions to manipulate audience perception. This makes them a powerful tool for influence, capable of shaping biased attitudes and supporting certain social and political narratives. The authors conclude that further study of pragmatic presuppositions in media texts, particularly in the context of their manipulative potential, is essential. The research opens up new perspectives for analyzing how media rhetoric can covertly influence public opinion and shape the perception of information, which calls for more in-depth and systematic exploration in the future. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.
Humans are remarkably good at understanding spoken language, despite the huge variability of the signal as a function of the talker, the situation, and the environment. This success relies on having access to stable representations based on years of speech input, coupled with the ability to adapt to short-term deviations from these norms, e.g. accented speech or speech altered by ambient noise. In the last two decades, there has been a robust research effort focused on a possible mechanism for adjusting to accented speech. In these studies, listeners typically hear 15 - 20 words in which a speech sound has been altered, creating a short-term deviation from its longer-term representation. After exposure to these items, listeners demonstrate "lexically driven phonetic recalibration"-they alter their categorization of speech sounds, expanding a speech category to take into account the recently heard deviations from their long-term representations. In the current study, we investigate such adjustments by bilingual listeners. French-English bilinguals were first exposed to nonstandard pronunciations of a sound (/s/ or /f/) in one language and tested for recalibration in both languages. Then, the exposure continued with both the original type of mispronunciation in the same language, plus mispronunciations in the other language, in the opposite direction. In a final test, we found simultaneous recalibration in opposite directions for the two languages-listeners shifted their French perception in one direction and their English in the other: Bilinguals can maintain separate adjustments, for the same sounds, when a talker's speech differs across two languages.
While variation in the southern Peninsular Spanish affricate /tʃ/ has been considered in the context of deaffrication to [ʃ], this study examines an emergent variant [ts] in the context of sociolinguistic identity and style in political speech. Based on a corpus of public speech from Madrid and Andalusia, Spain, this study examines the phonetic and sociolinguistic characteristics of the affricate, finding variation in the quality of the frication portion of the segment through an analysis of segment duration (ms), the center of gravity (Hz), and a categorical identification of realization type. The results suggest that both linguistic variables, like phonetic environment, stress, lexical frequency, and following vowel formant height, as well as extralinguistic variables, like speaker city, gender, political affiliation, and speech context, condition use. Based on these findings, it appears that production of the alveolar affricate [ts] is an incipient sociolinguistic marker in the process of acquiring social meaning. It is particularly associated with female speech and prestige norms that transcend regional identification. This alveolar variant serves as an additional sociolinguistic resource accessible for identity development among politicians and offers insight into ongoing change in the affricate inventory of southern and northern-central Peninsular Spanish.
The paper presents a study of dialect speakers’ lexicon excerpt correlated with the sphere of traditional spiritual culture. A classification of an extensive array of facts recorded whilst surveying the informants in the points of mixed residence in Volgograd region is proposed. The research is carried out in line with the established methodological principles of linguistic units interpretation, and is based on the material extracted from the speech recordings of native speakers of the Don and Ukrainian dialects. The study focused on the key concepts in the spiritual culture of the Russian-Ukrainian population of the region. The concepts are verbalized in the speech of dialect speakers, whose way of life, traditions and customs reflect the life of a nationally heterogeneous continuum. The lexical units relevant for the transition of culturally significant information are defined. It is revealed regarding the content-and-semantic principle of detailing information in the text (within the framework of themes and microthemes) and the semantic-and-categorical means of representing ethnocultural meanings in context (within situations and micro-situations). For residents of mixed settlements, the topics “Ethnic identification of dialect speakers”, “Kinship. Family. Kinship and family relations, traditions”, “Calendar and folk rituals, customs and beliefs”, “Leisure amusements, folk games, fun”, “Nature in traditional spiritual culture”, “Folk medicine, healing”, “Folk etiquette, moral norms of behavior in society, community” are noted to be significant. The article describes the procedure for segmenting an excerpt of dialect speakers’ lexicon into individual topics that reflect traditional culture in its spiritual component; it shows the lexical content of microthemes recorded in the stories of Russian- and Ukrainian-speaking informants; and provides the description of lexical means significant for the realization of these ethno-cultural meanings.
The purpose of this article is to identify the basic linguistic markers of text authenticity, which is important when studying dialects and literary language. The content and form of the authentic text is determined by the narrator’s dialect transmission and the collector’s recording process. When a text is realized through language, differences appear in the lexical composition of the version of the source epic and the literary form of the language of the person recording it. As part of the observation, it was established that there is a connection between the authenticity of the text and the choice of lexical means, language norms, meaning, and function of the original source. Lexical units show differences in semantics and material sound shell.
Abstract Ever wider spread of the Latin language in Europe during the Renaissance period resulted in de facto bilingual society. Latin grew into a cultural code to understanding the ancient high culture heritage though in everyday life people kept using local dialects. Classical Latin was also used as the language of education and by the 15th century, most of the aristocratic elites had achieved a high-level proficiency in Latin. The desire to become a part of the elite class pushed artists, their customers, friends or relatives to place Latin inscriptions on works of fine art. Occasionally they even hired experts to create the text for the inscriptions. However, they were not always well-educated humanists and connoisseurs of the classical Latin, therefore the inscriptions contain numerous errors both in the original, custom-made texts and in quotations from ancient works. The analysis of the Latin inscriptions on paintings, frescoes and engravings of the Renaissance period shows that the most common errors are phonetic and orthographic. This reflects the peculiarities of the pronunciation of Latin letters and letter combinations in this period: use of digraphs ( ae, ое ), alternation of letters е-а, oe, o-u, а-о, replacement of y with i, simplification in writing doubled consonants, interchange of ti and ci, parallel use of letters k and c, substitution of Greek aspirates with single-grapheme counterparts etc. Fewer are the errors of the morphological (declension) and syntactic (use of syntactic constructions, agreement, etc.) levels. Even rarer are the lexical deviations from the norms of classical Latin: most of the vocabulary of the inscriptions comes from the classical period. The desire to avoid incorrect use of certain forms often led to hypercorrection. In some cases, the errors were made because the artists did not understand the meaning of the inscription.
The purpose of the study was to identify the role of editing official business style texts by linguists in overcoming the consequences of Russian-Ukrainian bilingualism. The methodology included methods for analysing official business texts of different periods using content analysis, expert evaluation, and comparison methods. Special attention was paid to identifying errors caused by bilingualism and establishing changes in texts before and after 2014. The results of the study showed that the impact of bilingualism on official business texts is substantial, especially in documents created before 2014. Errors related to calque in Russian constructions, incorrect use of case forms, and lexical borrowings reduce the quality of documents and violate language norms. After 2014, the number of such errors decreased due to the active introduction of Ukrainian-language standards in official records, which allowed improving the grammatical and stylistic accuracy of texts. Overcoming bilingualism is a necessary task in the context of forming a linguistic identity since it can lead to inconsistencies in official documents, which reduces their legal force and clarity. Preserving linguistic identity through the correct use of the Ukrainian language in an official business style is important for the formation of national identity and improving communication in the legal and administrative spheres. In the course of the study, linguists determined that most errors in official business texts were caused by the influence of bilingualism, in particular, calque, the use of improper vocabulary, and the violation of syntactic norms. Editing texts allowed increasing their compliance with Ukrainian language standards, eliminating lexical borrowings, and improving stylistic clarity. The practical importance of this paper is to improve the quality of the language of documents, which affects the effectiveness of communication in public and private institutions, contributes to the implementation of language identity, and ensures legal accuracy
This study set out to investigate instances of foregrounded computer lexical items in discourse, with the aim to examine their underlying contextual usage among some youth in Nigeria. The pragmatic dynamics of such foregrounded lexical items constitute the focus of the analysis. The pragmatic approach of conversational implicature was adopted as the theoretical framework for this study. The methodology adopted for this research was the qualitative approach. The research findings revealed that the conceptual meanings of the foregrounded computer lexical items were shifted to transcend their denotations such as to generate dependence on contextual forces for appropriate interpretation. Furthermore, it was observed that contextual factors triggered both the encoding and decoding of the deviation-type foregrounded computer lexical items. Propitiously, the notion of conversational implicature provides us with an explanation of utterance interpretation, in consonance with pragmatic norms, and consequently prevent breakdown in communication, which could be caused by deviation-type foregrounding. Based on the findings of this research, further studies on foregrounding as it relates to transfer of registers and their contextual implications are strongly recommended.
Grammars of old Romanian described various types of “double subject” constructions, explained from two sources: an internal one (spoken language structures, in the case of original texts), and an external one (imitations from original texts of various foreign origins). In a discourse analysis perspective, the present article challenges the “double subject” interpretation and argues that the subject is only apparently double. The constructions under scrutiny show a canonic subject and some additional discursive phenomena that result in an opaque linearization, which is misleading due to the lack of prosodic markers in written texts. The apparent “double subject” results from two interrelated phenomena: (a) the transfer of spoken language disfluencies to written texts (in a period when writers were not fully aware of register differences, and register differentiation was not the norm, especially in Romanian culture, but in other cultures too) and (b) various lexical-syntactic topic – focus management strategies (some of them specific to all discourse configurational languages, Latin included, others specific to Romanian, with some of them possibly emerging in the translation process from other languages). Hence, the syntactic subject is attracted in various discursive phenomena which result in the following categories: (i) discontinuous subject, a strategy of topic confirmation; (ii) recurrent subject, a focus confirmation strategy used as affective stance marker; (iii) hanging topic, anaphorically resumed as syntactic subject, which is a strategy of information structure management common to discourse configurational languages, as well as to spoken varieties of configurational languages; (iv) verum focus operator, a strategy specific to Romanian, which varies cross-linguistically; (v) appositive subject with clarification function; (vi) additive focal adverbial, a pronominal device alternative to the focal adverbial și; (vii) continuity marking relator, with a conjunction-like status, syntactically not integrated in the sentence it heads as apparent subject; (viii) focal particle marking affective stance. All these discursive configurations were transmitted to present-day Romanian. What makes the difference is the degree of tolerance for spoken language structures in the written register and speakers’/writers’ higher degree of awareness regarding written language norms. They are all part of information packaging strategies in discourse.
Lexical association data is a valuable resource in psycholinguistics, providing researchers with empirical insights into which words are perceived as 'belonging together'.One of the largest such datasets for English, the University of South Florida Free Association Norms database, is available freely online.The raw data format however requires some technical steps to tap into the potential it offers for network science, which can present a barrier for some researchers.This paper introduces a userfriendly command-line tool, fan_xplorr, that addresses this issue by providing linguists with access to the data.With the proposed tool, researchers can interactively display portions of the semantic network dataset in the form of interactive network graphs.The design of the tool enables linguists to access the dataset without advanced technical skills and promotes exploration within the dataset for psycholinguistic studies.
Introduction. Russian as a foreign language (RKI) is a basic element of the formation of linguistic and cultural competence of foreign language students and contributes to the improvement of their speech skills and the expansion of ideas about Russian culture, which determines the relevance of the undertaken research. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the importance of a linguocultural approach in the methodology of teaching Lankan students the Russian language by reading the works of Russian writers, in this case – on the example of the work of M.A. Bulgakov "Towel with a Rooster", as well as in the development of linguistic didactic material for teachers of the Russian Language in preparing students for the exam at the A2-B1 level of proficiency in Russian. Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, the authors use the following methods: the method of analyzing the collected data, the method of testing, the method of comparative analysis and systematization, the method of observation. The approbation of the developed linguistic didactic material based on artistic works was carried out on 150 Lankan students of the Gampaha Vikramarachchi University of Folk Medicine of the Republic of Sri Lanka, who took offline courses on learning the Russian language of the I.Ya. Yakovlev Chuvash State Pedagogical University (I.Ya. Yakovlev CHSPU). The effectiveness of taking courses using the developed linguodidactic material was proved by comparing the test results before and after the training courses. Results. The methodological development consists in the fact that on the basis of the adapted text of the work of art, exercises and test tasks have been compiled, focused both on analyzing the content of the work of art and on improving the skills of using linguistic units in speech. The exercises are accompanied by the necessary theoretical material (materials for reference) for both the student and the teacher. The system of exercises pays attention to the most common communicative situations in order to develop active Russian language skills in accordance with its norms. In addition to the linguistic material contained in the literary text, the exercises also use words and expressions related to the lexical and grammatical theme of the text, which contributes to an active increase in the lexical stock and understanding of the grammatical features of the Russian language. This method of writing assignments based on works of art allowed students to increase their interest in new vocabulary, develop their skills in using explanatory dictionaries, and also contributed to the development of studied grammatical rules not on artificially composed sentences, but through real text and communicative situations. The effectiveness of this technique is confirmed by the high results of passing the certification exam: out of 150 people who completed the training, 100 people successfully passed the exam and received state-issued certificates. Conclusion. The conducted research contributes to the teaching methodology of RKI. The developed didactic materials, taking into account the linguistic and cultural approach, have applied significance and can be used in teaching foreign language students the Russian language and in the system of their comprehensive preparation for the A2-B1 certification exam.
The article is dedicated to the study of the interaction of norms and values of social morality and law as normative and regulatory mechanisms since their requirements are understandable for representatives of a particular society. It is shown that social morality and law are entrusted with the performance of a common function – the stabilization of social relations, which they perform by various means. It is noted that in modern times, the relationship between morality and law is represented by two trends: the stability of society can be ensured by 1) legal registration of norms and values of social morality and 2) legal protection of norms and values of social morality. The place and role of social morality in the cultural code of society are revealed. The question of the formation of morality and law in the early modern cultural and historical period is highlighted. It is proved that the formation of the modern theory of positive law and basic ethical theories (particularly, the theory of social morality) goes back to early modern times. Changes in social life in the sphere of science, production, trade, and religion, and the formation of the bourgeoisie as a class influenced the formation of the basic norms and values of social morality in the specified cultural and historical period. It is proved that within the boundaries of early modern everyday life, the formation of a new type of social morality took place. Lexical and terminological searches in the ethical sphere are characteristic of social science research of the specified period, and the formation of the modern concept of “morality” took place. Attention is focused on the fact that the modern understanding of law is derived from its modernist interpretation (law is recognized as a contract, law is the sphere of secular human activity, law is autonomous from morality and religion (the latter are relegated to the sub-legal domain), recognition of the priority of law-making and law-making activity of the state, the state is given special legal personality). The article considers morality and rights through their rationality and artificiality within the mechanistic picture of the world. Considerable attention is paid in the article to the peculiarities of the formation of individualism as a mental trait of a European and its influence on the formation of law and morality in the new era.
The article studies regularities determining lexical and grammatical transformations involved in translating noun phrases in Russian and English. The regularities were revealed while translating official Russian and English texts and comparing Russian and English noun phrases demonstrating equivalent meaning alongside with different lexical and grammatical forms. Translating such language units means having to search for adequate translation correspondences to adapt the translated text to the target language norms. The recurrence of a certain correspondence allows assuming its systemic nature and regularity. The revealed regularities are based on three contrasting characteristics of Russian and English noun phrases and formulated in the form of interlanguage oppositions. The study was conducted on the basis of empirical data and constitutes an inductive analysis. The methodological basis of the study was the translation theory by V.N. Komissarov, which substantiates the need for establishing adequate translation methods for certain linguistic units. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the attempt to systematize the essential differences between Russian and English noun phrases, which require adapting the translated text to the norms of the target language according to certain translation correspondences through appropriate translation transformations. It was found out that Russian demonstrates syntactic explicitness, whereas English syntax is implicit, which entails the need to reduce the Russian phrase and extensify the English one through translation transformations of omission and compensation. It was also discovered that unlike Russian, English displays a freguent use of verbal forms as noun phrase components, so there is a need to carry out part-of-speech transformations. Finally, Russian shows a tendency towards postposition, English towards preposition of the attributive noun phrase component what demands the syntactic structure of a noun phrase to adapt.
This article investigates the semantic evolution of the lexeme CHILD in British newspaper discourse from the 18th to the 21st centuries, employing a diachronic approach and cognitive semantics framework. The study utilizes lexical analysis and frame modelling methodologies to trace changes in the lexical meaning of the lexeme CHILD during the mentioned period, drawing on dictionaries and newspaper archives. Findings reveal a dynamic semantic structure characterized by the emergence of new meanings and the persistence of core components like 'person' and 'juvenile'. The analysis identifies shifts influenced by societal, cultural, and ideological factors, reflecting changes in societal perceptions and linguistic representations over time. This research contributes to understanding how a language mirrors and shapes societal attitudes towards childhood across centuries, emphasizing the role of newspaper discourse in framing cultural norms and perceptions.
The paper examines the translation of the English lexeme “pirate” into Croatian using the lexemes “pirat” and “gusar”. More precisely, it examines how the “Pirates of the Caribbean” film franchise brought about a change from the previous textual-linguistic norm in which “gusar” was the single dominant lexeme. The research focuses on printed texts translated from English into Croatian and divides them into two groups: those published before and after the release of the series in 2003. The results show that the works translated before 2003 used “gusar” as the preferred translation solution for “pirate”, whereas “pirat” became more frequent in post-2003 translations, suggesting that the franchise brought about changes in textual-linguistic translation norms.
The French word, like the word in general, has a large series of characteristics starting with the phonetic word, graphic word, syntactic word, senseless word. Then follow the phonic qualities of the word: aesthetics, expressiveness, volume of word: long words and short words, brief/isolated words, the exploited length of the word, denotativeconnotative word. In short,,,the quality of the word is a function of its form and its nature”. The poetic language has its laws, its rules and its code. The poetic norms play a large part in this. Among its laws, there is one that is essential: words must be monosyllabic and polysyllabic, but their length should not in principle exceed three or four syllables. Those that have an exaggerated length are to be avoided especially in poetics and their names have a depreciative connotation: nested word, centaur word, ghost word, overflowing word, ultra-wild word, portmanteau word. The latter already has the appearance of a term and it is fixed and defined by lexicographic sources (Rheims, 1969; Manoli, 2022). Ultimately, the nested word (chemin de ferresque - Léon-Paul Fargue; abracadabrantesque (A. Rimbaud), or the overcompound (just-to-see-her-passing-we-were-telling-her-thank-you – H. Bazin) appears as a specific type of interaction, and its management in various registers remains to be always rare and delicate: their translation and interpretation require prudence, philological taste and experience.
The article is devoted to the analysis of discursive specifity of mental verbs in the deontic utterance in two types of institutional discourse in German — scientific and political, which regulate social relations of a certain type, differing in its object. It describes its differences in basic discursive parameters (goal, addressee, forms of persuasion, temporal organization, expressed norms), which determine the specifics of the deontic utterance and its usage. It establishes the quantitative representation of deontic utterances in scientific and political discourse, as well as the quantitative representation of certain types of semantic verbs (behavioral, communicative, mental) in deontic constructions, which is determined by the peculiarities of each social practice. The study identified the set of mental verbs in deontic structures in the studied types of institutional discourse. The discursive set of mental verbs is determined by the subject areas of the social practice, served by scientific and political discourse. It reveals the aspects of mental activity brought into the focus of the deontic modality; it determines the dominance of certain lexical-semantic groups of mental verbs in scientific and political discourse. The research evolves the type of the deontic subject of modal utterances with mental verbs — the generalized subject: it has an indefinite referential scope in scientific discourse; it is an inclusive “we”-subject in political discourse. It finds out the pragmasemantic characteristics of deontic constructions with mental verbs in two discourses that differ in pragmatic goals. It is noted that it is quite difficult in scientific discourse to differentiate distinctly the illocutionary characteristics (directiveness or representativeness) of the deontic utterance with a mental verb due to the uncertainty of the referential scope of the deontic subject. Modal utterances with mental verbs realize in political discourse either directive illocution, implying a call for joint action, or interrogative illocution. The research establishes the semantic diffuseness of mental verbs in the deontic utterance in political discourse; it detects their semantic enrichment determined by the subject area of political discourse.
the article is devoted to the variation of graphics and orthography of the Sosva dialect of the modern Mansi language, which is part of the Northern dialect and is the basis of the written and literary language. Objective: identification and description of the graphic and orthographic variation of the modern Mansi literary language (Sosva dialect). Research materials: lexical units of the Sosva dialect of the Northern dialect of the Mansi language that have more than one spelling variant. Results and novelty of the research: the article for the first time in modern Mansi linguistics considers the issue of graphic and orthographic variation. The relevance of the research is due to the specifics of graphic and orthographic norms and difficulties that arise in choosing variant spellings. The article examines the linguistic content of variation and the norm related to spelling; provides examples of variant spellings, on the basis of which zones of orthography instability are identified. It has been revealed that graphic variation currently consists solely in spelling words with allophones c’ – sch. In realization of the orthography norms, the most significant contradictions are presented in choosing of the variants of the joined-up, separate or hyphenated spelling of words, phonetic and morphological variants, uppercase or lowercase letters in complex and compound anthroponyms, spelling of borrowed words. The practical significance of the discussion of this issue lies in the fact that its results will contribute to the development of linguistic variability and normative studies and can be used in the development of a typology of the orthographic variants, a new set of rules for graphics and orthography of the Mansi language based on unified norms, in compiling dictionaries of the Mansi language.
The purpose of the study is to determine the lexical features and main differences with the literary Kabardian language in the speech of the indigenous inhabitants of the villages of Batekh and Etoko in the lower part of the village of Malka (Hajihable) Zolsky district of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time since the 50s of the twentieth century, the lexical features of the Malkin dialect of the Kabardian language have been comprehensively studied and characterized. The article analyzes the main differences in the vocabulary of the Malkin dialect in the context of the data of the literary language, reveals the lexical differences themselves, when identical concepts in the literary language and dialect are expressed in different lexical units, traces some differences in the design of the form of words that are common to the Malkin dialect and the literary language. The article also describes some inconsistencies in the semantics of lexemes in the studied dialect with the norms of the literary language. The obtained results show that the main lexical differences in the structure of the dialect and the literary language at the present stage can be divided into conditional groups: lexical ones, when the same concepts in the literary language and dialect are designated by different lexical units; discrepancies in the form of words that are common to the Malkin dialect and the literary language.
The present study delves into code-switching among young Algerian English as a foreign language Facebook users, aiming to elucidate its functions and motives and thereby contributing to the sociolinguistic discourse on online communities. To achieve this, 917 posts and comments from 42 second-year English-major students aged 19-22 at Batna 2 University were analyzed for code-switching instances. These participants were selected through convenience sampling. Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 randomly selected members of the sample to gain further insights. The findings illuminate code-switching as a strategic tool rather than a random choice, serving various linguistic and social functions such as using habitual expressions, filling lexical gaps, economizing words, clarifying, emphasizing, showing affection, addressing specific audiences, and avoiding taboos. Motivations behind code-switching were diverse, including low English language proficiency, linguistic limitations, facilitation of communication, novelty-seeking, emotional expression, and politeness. Overall, the research underscores code-switching as a purposeful linguistic strategy that transcends norms to fulfill communicative intentions and enhance stylistic expression. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding code-switching motivations in online communities, offering valuable insights into language dynamics in digital environments.
The beginning of the preschool period (4-5 years) is a time of active formation and improvement of the neuropsychological mechanisms of the main linguistic levels of spoken language (phonological, lexical-semantic and grammatical) in their two main aspects - receptive (perception and processing of verbal information ) and expressive (language encoding and generation of independent utterances). However, the existing diagnostic procedures, both in Bulgaria and worldwide, mainly focus on the state of children‘s expressive language skills. The processes related to the perception and processing of linguistic information often remain outside the attention of specialists. The probable reason for this fact is that in the development of children‘s language, perception and understanding precede expressive abilities. This unproven claim directs researchers‘ attention to the realization of children‘s language skills at the expense of the state of impressive language. It is known that there are variants in which children remember and use „ pattern expressions“ without a sufficient degree of understanding. Incomplete decoding of grammatical forms is most fully highlighted in the process of speech therapy diagnostics and has a high prognostic value regarding both the oral and written language of children. In the literacy period, similar type of deficits have a negative impact on reading skills related to decoding and understanding of written texts. The difficulties multiply as the volume and complexity of the learning texts increase during the different stages of schooling. The diagnostic tools available in our country for assessing early language development mainly focus on the state of children‘s expressive language ability (as in Diagnostics and prevention of language 3 – 4, D.P.E. 3 – 4, Stoyanova, Yosifova, Poppandova, Netsova, 2010; VERBA-2, Andonova 2022a, 2022b). This explains the need to develop and test a detailed diagnostic model for evaluating receptive language abilities at the main levels of the language system – lexical, morphological and syntactic. The material presents the conceptual framework of the first in our country hierarchically structured Model for the evaluation of receptive language in children with typical development at the age of 4 – 5 years. The purpose of the model is to derive age norms for decoding and understanding the Bulgarian language, which have a high prognostic value for the early diagnosis and prevention of children at risk of future learning difficulties.
This paper describes the effects of hyponymy and emotion on the comprehension and production of compound words. The research subjects are over 2000 concatenated compounds of English taken from the LADEC database (Gagné et al. 2019). The study builds on the research carried out in Charitonidis (2022), according to which context concreteness for the second constituent was a significant positive predictor of lexical decision and naming times from the English Lexicon Project (ELP) and the British Lexicon Project (BLP). In the present paper, the hyponymy norms from Gagné et al. (2020) were added in the analysis. The results show that both hyponymy and context concreteness for the second constituent are relevant. In addition, all models including both variables have a better fit than nested models omitting one of these variables. There is thus strong evidence that both hyponymy and context concreteness for the second constituent are obligatory parameters in compound word processing.
This paper is on the keywords embedded within English textbooks through a corpus-based Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA).With globalization facilitating the dissemination of English language education worldwide, textbooks serve as crucial vehicles for transmitting cultural values and norms alongside linguistic proficiency.The study employs lexical analysis techniques to scrutinize the representation and implications of keywords within English textbooks published under the guidelines of Single National Curriculum (SNC) taught in 9 th and 10 th grade.Drawing on theories of critical discourse analysis, the research investigates how these textbooks construct and perpetuate particular cultural ideologies, power structures, and identities.The methodology involves compiling a corpus of English textbooks.The study follows a mixed method.Qualitative analysis is employed through content analysis by contextualizing these findings within broader socio-political and educational frameworks.Additionally, through systematic sampling of concordance analysis, the study identifies recurring ideological keywords and traces their usage patterns in textbooks.This research shed light on how certain ideologies are encoded and transmitted through textbooks.Moreover, the study highlights the potential implications of these representations on learners' cultural awareness, identity formation, and intercultural competence.This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the intersection between language, culture, and power in educational contexts by critically examining the discursive construction of the keywords in English textbooks.The findings of the study indicate the predominance of religious and moral teachings in the textbooks.The portrayal of moral and religious ideologies in these textbooks raise concerns about balance as these books predominantly feature one religious' perspective by excluding others inadvertently.It also offers insights for curriculum developers, educators, and policymakers to foster more inclusive and culturally sensitive approaches to English language education.Ultimately, the study underscores the importance of critically engaging with linguistic and cultural materials to pursue equitable and transformative education.
Nigerian Pentecostalism has emerged as a significant social and cultural force, wielding substantial influence over many aspects of daily life, including language use. The movement has contributed not only to the rise of new lexical expressions that reinforce religious dogmatism in a restrictive sense, but also has fecundated their pervasive deployments in social discourse, in a non-restrictive sense. Through innovative media, Pentecostal ideology—particularly in warfare prayer forms and vernacular—has permeated society, allowing everyday people to adopt these expressions in popular culture to convey various ideologies and identities. This study examines how ordinary Nigerians use these expressions as tools of offense and defense against perceived threats to their progress as well as a means of engagement and socialization. Analytical in nature, the study employs Norman Fairclough’s (1995) Critical Discourse Analysis and draws on data from participant observations and unstructured interviews. The findings show that the adoption of Pentecostal language and expressions reflects the changing sociocultural landscape and the influence of religious movements on societal norms and values. Both language and religion are shown to be fundamental instruments in the development of human society.
The genre of ‘order’ is becoming more and more crucial in defining the intention of the addresser properly and comprehend the core meaning of the imperative constructions delivered by the addresser.Knowing the social,national and contextual differences in the usage of this genre in different spheres will make it more comprehensive and appropriate for both deliverers and receivers of the speech. The work intends to identify the lingua-pragmatic features of the given genre,its semantic and structural characteristics.The specific focus on the topics has increased the interest on the factor of human being in conveying a special meaning with proper words and combinations which is why the norms may differ in the use of ‘order’ within one or another social context.As this work intends to find the differences in the useof syntactical structure as well as linguistic means,it analyses discourse within context to find out the aims of the speaker behind his choices of words to deliver various meanings of order.At the end of the analysis,the article supposes to provide with some statistics in the frequency of different speech acts. The article managed to analyse the lingua-pragmatic features of the specific genre in communicative context.Moreover,establishes the significance of lexical-grammatical choice of the author in order to deliver the message in a proper way following pragmatic norms as well as semantic and syntactic characteristics mainly in the English language. The article defines the specific usage of the genre of ‘order’ in formal form as well as informal context;analyses the differences in its implication on both oral and written speech in social interaction.Even though the topic’s main scope was to consider the structural features within social communication,it also highlights the roles of the addressee and addresser and their intentions and perceptions respectively.
Along with the terms borrowed from English, grammatical elements and suffixes were also included, and as a morpheme could not be used independently in word creation, it acquired a new derivational feature in the composition of individual words. Since English and Azerbaijani are languages with different systems, the transfer of words from one language to another requires its adaptation to norm sources. Therefore, the borrowings that entered the lexical system of the Azerbaijani language through the English language are adapted to the historically formed literary language laws of the Azerbaijani language and were used in the Azerbaijani language in the form of the source language without undergoing any changes.
Previous models for learning the semantic vectors of items and their groups, such as words, sentences, nodes, and graphs, using distributed representation have been based on the assumption that the basic sense of an item corresponds to one vector composed of dimensions corresponding to hidden contexts in the target real world, from which multiple senses of the item are obtained by conforming to lexical databases or adapting to the context. However, there may be multiple senses of an item, which are hardly assimilated and change or evolve dynamically following the contextual shift even within a document or a restricted period. This is a process similar to the evolution or adaptation of a living entity with/to environmental shifts. Setting the scope of disambiguation of items for sensemaking, the author presents a method in which a word or item in the data embraces multiple semantic vectors that evolve via interaction with others, similar to a cell embracing chromosomes crossing over with each other. We obtained two preliminary results: (1) the role of a word that evolves to acquire the largest or lower-middle variance of semantic vectors tends to be explainable by the author of the text; (2) the epicenters of earthquakes that acquire larger variance via crossover, corresponding to the interaction with diverse areas of land crust, are likely to correspond to the epicenters of forthcoming large earthquakes.
Time of day can alter memory performance in general. Its influence on memory recognition performance for faces, which is important for daily encounters with new persons or testimonies, has not been investigated yet. Importantly, high levels of the stress hormone cortisol impair memory recognition, in particular for emotional material. However, some studies also reported high cortisol levels to enhance memory recognition. Since cortisol levels in the morning are usually higher than in the evening, time of day might also influence recognition performance. In this pre-registered study with a two-day design, 51 healthy men encoded pictures of male and female faces with distinct emotional expressions on day one around noon. Memory for the faces was retrieved two days later at two consecutive testing times either in the morning (high and moderately increased endogenous cortisol levels) or in the evening (low endogenous cortisol levels). Additionally, alertness as well as salivary cortisol levels at the different timepoints was assessed. Cortisol levels were significantly higher in the morning compared to the evening group as expected, while both groups did not differ in alertness. Familiarity ratings for female stimuli were significantly better when participants were tested during moderately increased endogenous cortisol levels in the morning than during low endogenous cortisol levels in the evening, a pattern which was previously also observed for stressed versus non-stressed participants. In addition, cortisol levels during that time in the morning were positively correlated with the recollection of face stimuli in general. Thus, recognition memory performance may depend on the time of day and as well as on stimulus type, such as the difference of male and female faces. Most importantly, the results suggest that cortisol may be meaningful and worth investigating when studying the effects of time of day on memory performance. This research offers both, insights into daily encounters as well as legally relevant domains as for instance testimonies.
Objectives: Individuals with hearing loss complain of perceiving the emotions conveyed in music. While many studies have examined this issue, the cortical mechanisms involved remain unclear. This study aims to investigate how audibility affects cortical activity during the emotional perception of music. Methods: Musical stimuli expressing happiness, sadness, and neutrality were filtered at 1kHz to simulate low-frequency (LFsim) or high-frequency (HFsim) hearing loss. Forty-eight healthy participants were randomly assigned to three groups: HFsim group, LFsim group, and normal hearing (NH) group. During 64-channel EEG recording, participants listened to these stimuli, followed by rating arousal and valence (dimensional model) and selecting emotions (discrete model). Each of the 15 stimuli was presented 20 times, resulting in a total of 300 trials. Results: The HFsim group exhibited significantly increased alpha power during the perception of all three emotions, particularly in the sad condition. Trials were selected based on normalized ratings of arousal and valence (high or positive >= 0.3, low or negative < -0.3, middle -0.3<= and < 0.3). In the sad condition, alpha power showed prolonged periods of significant differences among groups, especially in arousal while valence ratings displayed minimal variability. Alpha changes were more pronounced in the sad condition and more evident in arousal than in valence. Conclusions: These results suggest that the lack of high-frequency auditory information might require increased cognitive load during emotional perception. Additionally, audible spectral information, especially high-frequency audibility, significantly affects alpha activity during the perception of musical emotions.
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, adopted in 2006, has highlighted the need to find ways of ensuring access to information and full communication for people who have difficulty reading and understanding “standard” literary texts. The authors of the convention highlight the use of specific languages and the development of new methods of presenting text and its formatting. Particular emphasis is placed on the availability of cultural information in appropriate formats. Indeed, this paves the way for a novel approach to language communication. The Convention has provided a catalyst for a new direction in linguistics, namely the comprehension and practical description of the communicative variant of a national language intended for certain groups of its speakers. Practical work has a long history and has undergone significant developments, whereas academic research is still in its infancy. Another parallel process is the general trend towards the need for simplified forms of language, caused by digitalization and the accelerated pace of life, which does not allow for extensive reading and in-depth understanding of texts. As a matter of fact, a revision of the criteria for linguistic norms in "standard" texts is currently being considered. However, it should be noted that the process does not only affect standard texts; the practice of translating complex cultural texts into more comprehensible forms is also on the rise. This encompasses both intralanguage transformations and interlingual translations. The objective of this paper is to elucidate the concepts of "plain" and "easy-to-read" languages, to examine the distinctive characteristics of their operational nuances, and to address the challenges associated with the translation of fictional texts into "easy-to-read language," with a particular focus on F.M. Dostoevsky's novel "The Brothers Karamazov", translated into Japanese.
Abstract Expressions in which the word for a body part is also used for objects can be found in many languages. Some languages use body part terms to refer to object parts, while others have only a few idiosyncratic examples in their vocabulary. Studying the word forms referring to body and object concepts, i.e., colexifications, across languages, offers insights into cognitive principles facilitating such usage. Previous studies focused on full colexifications in which the same word form expresses two distinct concepts. Here, we utilize a new approach that allows us to analyze partial colexifications in which a concept is built out of the word forms for two separate concepts, like river mouth. Based on a large lexical database, we identified body and object concepts and analyzed 39 colexifications across 329 languages. The results show that word forms for body concepts are used slightly more frequently as a source for object names. However, the detailed examination of directional tendencies and colexifications of word forms between body and object concepts reveals linguistic variation. The study sheds light on meaning extensions between two concrete domains and showcases the synergies that arise through the combination of existing data and methods.
In this paper we focus on a subclass of multi-word expressions, namely compound formation in German. The automatic detection of compounds is a known problem and we argue that its resolution should be given more urgency in light of a new role we uncovered with respect to ad hoc compound formation: the systematic expression of attitudinal meaning and its potential importance for the down-stream NLP task of stance detection. We demonstrate that ad hoc compounds in German indeed systematically express attitudinal meaning by adducing corpus linguistic and psycholinguistic experimental data. However, an investigation of state-of-the-art dependency parsers and Universal Dependency treebanks shows that German compounds are parsed and annotated very unevenly, so that currently one cannot reliably identify or access ad hoc compounds with attitudinal meaning in texts. Moreover, we report initial experiments with large language models underlining the challenges in capturing attitudinal meanings conveyed by ad hoc compounds. We consequently suggest a systematized way of annotating (and thereby also parsing) ad hoc compounds that is based on positive experiences from within the multilingual ParGram grammar development effort.
This article focuses on the field of Internet linguistics, addressing the challenges posed by the rapid increase in informational content across all spheres of life transitioning online.The dynamic nature of new technologies further complicates the study of electronic discourse, creating a landscape that is both broad and elusive.This article examines the difficulties associated with generalizing linguistic styles in elusive communication forms like emails, private chats, forums, webinars and text messages, which have predominantly been studied theoretically.Key factors such as age, gender, sociocultural level, and ethnicity play a crucial role in understanding linguistic patterns, yet the concealment of user identity poses a significant challenge.The work also examines the role of context in shaping the interpretation of online discourse, considering factors such as audience, medium, and purpose.The article aims to explore the intricacies of speech and writing in computer-mediated communication.The study highlights the dynamic nature of linguistic norms in online environments, as linguistic innovations rapidly propagate and evolve within digital communities.Despite the diversity of linguistic practices observed across different online platforms, the analysis identifies certain overarching trends, such as the compression of language and the proliferation of informal registers.This work contributes to our understanding of Internet linguistics by providing valuable insights into the complex interplay between language, technology, and culture in the digital age.By elucidating the distinctive features and patterns of electronic discourse, this study offers a foundation for future research in the field of online communication and linguistic analysis.
The perceptual representation of speaker gender in monolingual English listeners has been found to be gradient and 2-dimensional. However, both gender expression and listener attribution of a speaker’s gender are known to vary by cultural and linguistic norms. Thus, listeners’ attribution of a speaker’s gender is expected to vary based on the cultural and linguistic practices of their community. This study examined the perceptual representation of speaker gender in Spanish-English bilingual listeners at the U.S./Mexico border of El Paso, TX. Twenty-four Spanish-English bilingual speakers of diverse gender identities (e.g., cisgender men, cisgender women, and transgender women) were audio recorded reading sentences from the English and Spanish versions of the Hearing in Noise Test. Nineteen cisgender Spanish-English bilingual listeners completed an auditory free classification paradigm, in which they classified speakers by perceived general similarity and gender identity in both Spanish and English conditions. Multidimensional scaling of listeners’ classifications in each language revealed that listeners organized speakers in a more expansive perceptual space in English (3 dimensions) as compared to Spanish (2 dimensions). Dimension weightings indicated that, in Spanish, listeners placed more emphasis on Dimension 1 as compared to Dimension 2 when classifying speakers, while, in English, listeners equally weighted the 3 dimensions.
Dependency distance (DD) is a syntactic complexity measure proposed by Hudson (). With the development of annotated corpora, researchers have become able to examine the relation between DD and processing difficulty using large-scale data. Based on treebanks of twenty languages, Liu () identified the universal later called “dependency distance minimization”. While the mean DD of languages tends to be minimized as constrained by working memory, there also seem to be considerable differences among languages, particularly between Chinese and English (Hudson, ). To investigate whether this variation is induced by corpus-based factors (such as sentence length, genre and annotation scheme) or by deeper motivations (such as syntactic differences of languages), a series of studies were conducted. Their results indicate that while shorter sentences, informative and spoken texts, as well as annotations based on syntactic functions may contribute to shorter DDs, the DD variation between Chinese and English is more likely the result of different syntactic structures and processing mechanisms (such as the use of words rather than affixes to express tense in Chinese).
During the analysis of economic resilience of enterprises and industries within existing scientific approaches based on fuzzy sets and soft computing methodology, a number of problems have arisen that require solutions, namely: a) making adjustments to existing linguistic norms of resilience factors; b) incorporating mechanisms of intelligent filtering when forming industry indices; c) improving the accuracy of decision models embedded in the corresponding strategic map. This article describes a series of problematic cases that can be improved within the proposed approaches, including by: a) transitioning from interval membership functions in the classifier to trapezoidal ones; b) excluding noise-contaminated context from the sample that has been rejected based on formal criteria; c) phasifying decision parameters on the strategic map as part of a 4х6 matrix. In the latter case, the technology of pairwise comparison of fuzzy numbers is applied to assess the risk of inefficiency in the decision-making process. It can be formulated that in solving problems related to fuzzy descriptions, we have proposed a series of solutions using the same fuzzy descriptions, but in a more advanced version. In fact, we suggest upgrading a number of previously proven approaches for analyzing economic resilience within the fuzzy scientific paradigm.