Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
This paper introduces and demonstrates MWE-Finder, an application to search for flexible multiword expressions (MWEs) in Dutch text corpora, starting from an example. If the example is in canonical form, the application automatically generates three queries to search for sentences that contain an occurrence of the MWE and thus enables efficient analysis of its properties. The application offers canonical forms for more than 11k MWEs. Searching is done in treebanks, so the grammatical structure of the sentences is taken into account.
Music is often regarded as the 'language of the emotions' (Cooke, 1995), and since the early 20th century, empirical research into musical emotions has been conducted to explore the mystery of how they are evoked by music. In this context, Frank et al. presented an experimental study that examined the scarcely researched field of historical listening. Their study aimed to investigate the question, "Do modern listeners hear the emotional content in Baroque music that the composer intended to portray?". The results indicated that modern listeners placed the three modern excerpts in the expected quadrants of the valence-arousal space. However, there were significantly different valence and arousal ratings among the Baroque examples and the modern excerpts, and significant differences between paired examples (where Baroque and modern examples were expected to fall into the same quadrants) occurred. This commentary summarizes Frank et al.'s experimental study, discusses methodological considerations, and suggests possible refinements for future (experimental) studies on historical listening.
The article is devoted to the analysis of simple sentences’ structure of Russian and Uzbek languages. We propose an algorithm that solves crucial problem for machine translation of these unrelated languages, and the linguistic database that gives the possibility to implement the process of machine translation.
This paper proposes incorporating linguistic semantic information into discourse relation recognition and constructing a Semantic Augmented Chinese Discourse Corpus (SACA) comprising 9546 adversative complex sentences. In adversative complex sentences, we suggest a quadruple (P, Q, R, Qβ) representing internal semantic elements, where the semantic opposition between Q and Qβ forms the basis of the adversative relationship. P denotes the premise, and R represents the adversative reason. The overall annotation approach of this corpus follows the Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB), except for the classification of senses. We combined insights from the Chinese Discourse Treebank (CDTB) and obtained eight sense categories for Chinese adversative complex sentences. Based on this corpus, we explore the relationship between sense classification and internal semantic elements within our newly proposed Chinese Adversative Discourse Relation Recognition (CADRR) task. Leveraging deep learning techniques, we constructed various classification models and the model that utilizes internal semantic element features, demonstrating their effectiveness and the applicability of our SACA corpus. Compared with pre-trained models, our model incorporates internal semantic element information to achieve state-of-the-art performance.
Abstract This chapter offers a survey of some key moments when external factors such as language contact, civil wars, conquests, political changes, and large-scale colonization played a major role in the evolution of the French language. It focuses on pivotal moments such as the hypothetical birth of an oral koine in Paris during the twelfth century that may, for the first time, be deemed ‘French’, or the gradual increase in the number of French-speaking people in France during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries due to the effects of education and the mass media. The chapter also deals with the growing emergence of a linguistic norm during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which leads to the reallocation of a large set of variants which had been in widespread use until they became stigmatized at this point.
Languange holds a significant role in facilitating human thinking, serving as a foundation for understanding and accessing knowledge. However, the development of Indonesian language is currently experiencing a decline, mainly due to the widespread influence of social media. Social media users, often referred to as netizens, often use terms or vocabulary that are not in line with linguistic norms. This results in the communication patterns of Indonesian people in daily life, both in oral and written forms. This study uses an observation method with reading and note-taking techniques to describe the development of slang used by millennial teenagers on various social media platforms. The research findings show that the slang used by millennial teenagers comes from various sources, including regional languages, Indonesian, foreign languages, and a combination of Indonesian and foreign languages. Therefore, the use of slang by millennial teenagers is interpreted as a form of self-expression when building friendships and fostering close relationships between fellow teenagers
The article examines the linguistic aspects of a language culture. It describes the study of norms, standards and variations in speech communication. The relevance of this study originates from the fact that today, speech communication plays a significant role as intercultural communication intensifies. Hence, people living in the globalized world should be able to use their language to express themselves as a person. At the same time, learning norms and standards is a complex and continuous process. Moreover, the presence of variations in speech communication requires not only theoretical but also practical knowledge of the language culture. This study aims to determine some linguistic aspects of the language culture regarding learning norms, standards and variations in speech communication. The subject of the study is speech communication as an element of the language culture. The following research methods were used in this paper: description, analysis and synthesis, comparison, generalization, and linguistic analysis. The article is devoted to researching linguistic aspects of the language culture in terms of studying norms, standards and variations in speech communication. The authors defined the essence of the "language culture" concept and its main aspects. In particular, the basic linguistic norms of linguistic culture are described. These norms include the rules of quantity, quality, modality, precision, orientation, and word standardization. The article explored the peculiarities of applying linguistic norms. The specificity of using exoticisms, barbarisms, and borrowings in speech was also determined. The authors revealed linguistic standards of the language culture.
Abstract: The article starts with a characterization of Israeli Hebrew, and its development from a conglomeration of written sources going back to classical Hebrew, including ones from about 17 centuries when it was not spoken. As a result, what became accepted as Israeli Hebrew is a merged grammatical (and lexical) system, built upon written sources regarded as the normative standard that should dictate speech norms as well, and that any deviation from it would be detrimental. Some Hebraists question whether a language that was not spoken for so long can still be regarded as "Hebrew," or even as a Semitic language. The average Israeli fails to recognize the inevitability of change in language development through history, and the existence of multiple levels of language uses (registers) side-by-side, each of which is just as legitimate as the other. We follow with illustrations of the expansion of new word formation from existing bases through linear derivation by means of suffixes, a most transparent process, alongside discontinuous (root+pattern) derivation. We will also explore the changing treatment of possessive and existential sentences, the neutralization of numeral gender, the maintenance of fixed stress in certain classes of words, and a certain tendency towards rhythmic alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables. Some of these have precedents in earlier stages of Hebrew, and demonstrate that change is a natural result of Israeli Hebrew's being a living language, and should not be regarded as evidence of its deterioration, becoming non-Semitic, an artificial hybrid language, or creole.
The study aims to investigate the slang usage habits of young people native in Hungarian in Transylvania. The research analyses to which extent high school and university students claim to use slang depending on the speech situation, as well as the primary motivations for slang usage. This question is examined by means of two research methods: analysis of questionnaire surveys and focus group interviews. The questionnaire data collection took place in five different linguistically diverse cities for high school students in Transylvania (Gheorgheni, Harghita country; Alba Iulia, Alba country; Cluj-Napoca, Cluj county; Târgu Mureș; Mureș county; Oradea, Bihor county) and three cities for university students (Cluj-Napoca, Cluj county; Târgu Mureș; Mureș country; Oradea, Bihor county), resulting in 384 completed questionnaires. The focus group interviews were conducted in groups of 3–5 participants, with 32 Hungarian-speaking young people studying in Cluj-Napoca participating in one of the eight groups.The questionnaire survey provided an opportunity to examine whether there are statistically significant correlations when comparing the results with the respondents’sociological variables, language proficiency, evaluation of languages, as well as their use of Hungarian and Romanian. The main benefit of the focus group interviews was gaining insight into the respondents’thought processes and underlying thoughts.Keywords:slang, language usage habits, linguistic norm, questionnaire, focus group interviews. Keywords: slang, language usage habits, linguistic norm, questionnaire, focus group interviews.
The objective of this study was to create graph embedding vectors using Korean WordNet (KorLex) and apply them to neural network word-embedding models. Semantic knowledge, especially lexical semantic knowledge in a language, can be represented by word-embedding vectors or graph structures of lexical databases, such as WordNet. Both representations capture common semantics; however, some semantic knowledge is only captured in a specific way or not at all. In a previous study, Path2vec mapped WordNet graphs to graph-embedding vectors using similarity scores between two words. In this study, we propose two main approaches. First, we mapped the knowledge in the Korean lexical database KorLex onto graph-embedding vectors. We then applied these embedding vectors to deep neural network word embeddings to capture additional semantic knowledge in the Korean language. On a custom test set, the proposed approach improved performance by capturing additional semantic knowledge in similarity and analogy analyses. We plan to apply a variant of this to other deep neural embedding models.
The modern marketing communication space needs, firstly, a profound study of the established techniques and, secondly, an adjustment of these techniques in the context of linguoecological ideas based not only on the interests of consumers, but also on the civilizational values of society as a whole. The aim of the article is to analyze one of the types of marketing communication - a promotional text in book publishing. This material, in contrast to the commercial advertising and even social advertising, has been studied insufficiently. Meanwhile, it has its own specifics and differs in many ways from standard commercial advertising. In modern conditions of book publishing commercialization, paratext becomes an integral component of book production. Based on the material of the paratext in book publishing, the article shows both optimal ways to present commercial information fully meeting the ecological criteria of communication and destructive phenomena in this area contradicting ethical and linguistic norms. The main purpose of publishing discourse is to attract attention to the publication, which can be achieved in different ways and with the help of different genres. The problem is that publishing discourse commercialization does not conflict with the linguoecological parameters of communication. Cultivation of marketing discursive practices in which commercialization does not contradict ethical and linguistic norms is one of the most urgent tasks. The emphasis on these parameters of marketing discourse will contribute to increasing the general linguoecological awareness of all the participants in the communicative process. Paratext is axiologically deterministic, which means that in some sense it educates readers, fixes certain value attitudes. The integration of linguoecological and communicative approaches to the analysis of the specifics of the promoting text in a particular linguaculture or its possible transformation in another linguaculture seems to be promising. On the basis of the combination of inductive and hypothetical-deductive methods, the article analyzes different forms of paratext, that is, promoting text in the book publishing system. The sociolinguistic analysis based on the method of correlation of social and linguistic phenomena is used to characterize it. At the same time, a pragmalinguistic study of the material is carried out in the parameters of the linguoecological approach, which assumes, primarily, compliance with ethical and linguistic norms of communication. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.
We present new supertaggers trained on English grammar-based treebanks and test the effects of the best tagger on parsing speed and accuracy.The treebanks are produced automatically by large manually built grammars and feature high-quality annotation based on a well-developed linguistic theory (HPSG).The English Resource Grammar treebanks include diverse and challenging test datasets, beyond the usual WSJ section 23 and Wikipedia data.HPSG supertagging has previously relied on MaxEnt-based models.We use SVM and neural CRF-and BERT-based methods and show that both SVM and neural supertaggers achieve considerably higher accuracy compared to the baseline and lead to an increase not only in the parsing speed but also the parser accuracy with respect to gold dependency structures.Our fine-tuned BERT-based tagger achieves 97.26% accuracy on 950 sentences from WSJ23 and 93.88% on the out-of-domain technical essay The Cathedral and the Bazaar (cb)).We present experiments with integrating the best supertagger into an HPSG parser and observe a speedup of a factor of 3 with respect to the system which uses no tagging at all, as well as large recall gains and an overall precision gain.We also compare our system to an existing integrated tagger and show that although the well-integrated tagger remains the fastest, our experimental system can be more accurate.Finally, we hope that the diverse and difficult datasets we used for evaluation will gain more popularity in the field: we show that results can differ depending on the dataset, even if it is an in-domain one.We contribute the complete datasets reformatted for Huggingface token classification.
Abnormal Collocations, a significant aspect of the network Micro-language, challenge the traditional linguistic norms while embodying the creativity and vitality of internet culture. Utilizing a robust semantic knowledge base, this study conducts a systematic analysis of abnormal Collocations in online micro-language, identifying their formation mechanisms and manifestations. Based on this analysis, this paper proposes a targeted approach for the identification and handling of abnormal collocations. The experiments have shown that the construction of relevant knowledge bases and the classification processing of abnormal collocations can significantly improve the accuracy of identifying abnormal collocations. The research offers novel perspectives and insights into the field of network linguistics.
The article deals with linguo-cultural and linguo-pragmatic characteristics of the substandard based on the material of artistic works of the mid XX - early XXI centuries. Substandard units (jargonisms, slangisms) are a necessary part of artistic space, without using them it is impossible to realistically recreate the signs of the time, describe the inner feelings of characters, verbalize the picture of the world. Lexical units of substandard express the intentions of the authors of artistic texts, their use allows to recreate the linguistic and conceptual picture of the world not only of the characters of the work, the system of their norms and values, but also to rise to the generalization and comprehension of the real reality. The main functions of substandard units are ideological and emotional-evaluative, as well as cognitive and, less often, nominative. The use of substandard units allows writers to express an implicit evaluation and at the same time to draw a conclusion about the worldview basis of Russian society in difficult periods of Russian history.
Summary. Introduction. The formation of Ukraine as an independent state is associated with the sea and the maritime industry, and therefore the study of the maritime terminology system, its compliance with international terminological norms, acquires state significance. In this regard, the problem of a deep and comprehensive study of the term system of the maritime industry is not only an urgent and demanded scientific direction, but also a necessary condition for its development. Purpose. Substantiate certain processes of terminology of verbal and non-verbal parameters in Ukrainian maritime terminology. Methods. In order to comprehensively study the Ukrainian maritime terminology used: 1) the method of continuous sampling; 2) the method of component analysis, which is aimed at improving and refining vocabulary definitions of marine terms; 3) structural method, in combination with distributive analysis (used to define and describe the semantic structure of marine terms); 4) the method of word-formation analysis (used to establish the mechanism of word formation and its place in the vocabulary of the language); 5) structural-morphological approach (used to clarify the structure of derivative terms and to determine the basic models of term formation); 6) modeling method (used to determine the term formation of various structural models); 7) comparative method, which is based on the identification of common and distinctive features of verbal and nonverbal dimensions in the term formation of Ukrainian maritime terminology; 8) comparative-historical method, which is based on the history of the Ukrainian language and the development and formation of Ukrainian maritime terminology, determines the linguistic and cultural specifics of its formation; 9) general scientific methods are also used: observation, generalization, classification. Results. The study analyzes the functioning of the Ukrainian maritime terminology in terms of origin and use; the semantic meaning of the terms is highlighted; the semantic method of terminology is considered, in particular, the semantic transformations of metaphor and metonymy, as well as the processes of terminology, reterminology and determinology; the importance of the morphemic way of forming the term is noted; highlighted the structural features of the formation of one-component and multicomponent terms; substantiates the meaning of abbreviated processes in the functioning of terms; the terminological components of verbal and non-verbal components in the Ukrainian maritime terminology are considered. Originality. The novelty of the study is that for the first time the processes of creation of Ukrainian maritime terms are characterized at the structural and functional level; their verbal and nonverbal dimensions are thoroughly considered. Conclusion. Ukrainian maritime terminology is an integral part of the Ukrainian lexical system, and it is characterized by the same processes that occur in the literary language: some terms go out of use, new ones appear, some are radically changed, rethought. The maritime industry in Ukraine is constantly and dynamically developing, a large number of new maritime terms appear. Understanding the processes of formation of terms in Ukrainian maritime terminology is an indicator of the socio-economic, cultural and scientific development of society and indicates a high level of its development, its mobility and consistency.
This paper investigates how linguistic norms are negotiated in German-speaking localities in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The aim of the article is to find out whether linguistic norms still play a role in a heterogeneous multilingual context in which German ceased to be used as a written language while still being transferred to children in spoken varieties. The data is based on 58 semi-structured interviews from ten locations. The analyses take their starting point in language labels, providing key words for identifying and contrasting varieties. The results show that different varieties of German are still clearly perceived and labeled, and that they are evaluated according to the vertical dimension. Norms are negotiated displaying an ideology of linguistic homogeneity and relating to speaker age, the value of written language, and norm instances like schools. Comparing the older and the younger generations, a tendency of norm varieties being less associated with written language and more and more based on surrounding spoken German varieties is perceived, with West Central German (Hunsrückisch) showing some dominance.
The paper presents and comments on different opinions and views on the activity of cultivating the Hungarian standard language, also with regard to the relationship between linguistics and speech culture in the Hungarian linguistic and educational tradition. Disagreements over the place of language culture in linguistic research, the role of linguists in language cultivation, the cult of the exemplary standard language, the evaluаtion of linguistic innovations, the unity of the literary-linguistic norm across the entire Hungarian linguistic territory, etc. reveal the complexity and intricacy of the issues related to language culture activity and codification practice, as well as the influence of political, ideological and cultural-historical factors. These discussion questions shed light on current problems concerning changes in the speech practice of the contemporary Hungarian language community, the state of the Hungarian national language and literary-linguistic norms, the need to introduce new methods and techniques into the education system, etc. in order to conduct an adequate and effective language policy. The success of the country’s overall language strategy depends on the correct formulation and solution of the outlined problems
ввиду высокой пластичности языковой нормы вопрос о способах перевода фразеологических, стилистически окрашенных и лексически сниженных речевых выражений всегда остаётся актуальным. Истоки таких средств языка находятся в области гносеологии, когда говорящему не только необходимо найти наименование вещи, но и выразить своё эмоционально-оценочное суждение. В процессе этого акта происходит образное переосмысление, т.е. отход от буквального значения в ходе семантического сдвига. Просторечные глагольные фразеологические единицы, образованные от нейтральных лексем литературного стандарта, обычно принадлежат к просторечной лексике. Зачастую имея аналог в литературном стандарте, они характеризуются стилистической сниженностью. Определение стилистической сниженности может быть осуществлено посредством комплексного метода стилистической идентификации. Также просторечные глагольные фразеологизмы могут обозначать процессы и действия, которые не имеют обозначения в литературном стандарте. Их можно квалифицировать как окказиональные, так как они не зафиксированы лексикографически и являются индивидуальными речевыми комплексами, образованными по тем же лексико-семантическим моделям, что и фразеологизмы, зафиксированные в словаре. Фразеологизмы субстандартного слоя лексики в качестве основной имеют экспрессивную функцию, а номинативная функция вторична. Окказиональные просторечные глагольные фразеологические единицы являются экспрессивным средством и отличаются более высокой степенью экспрессивности, чем узуальные. due to the high plasticity of the linguistic norm, the question of how to translate phraseological, stylistically colored and lexically reduced speech expressions always remains relevant. The origins of such means of language are in the field of epistemology, when the speaker not only needs to find the name of a thing, but also express his emotional and evaluative judgment. In the process of this act, there is a figurative reinterpretation, i.e. a departure from the literal meaning in the course of a semantic shift. Colloquial verbal phraseological units formed from neutral lexemes of the literary standard usually belong to the colloquial vocabulary. Often having an analogue in the literary standard, they are characterized by stylistic leniency. The definition of stylistic reduction can be carried out through a comprehensive method of stylistic identification. Also, colloquial verbal phraseological units can denote processes and actions that do not have a designation in the literary standard. They can be qualified as occasional, since they are not fixed lexicographically and are individual speech complexes formed according to the same lexico-semantic models as the phraseological units recorded in the dictionary. Phraseological units of the substandard vocabulary layer have an expressive function as the main one, and the nominative function is secondary. Occasional colloquial verbal phraseological units are an expressive means and have a higher degree of expressiveness than conventional ones.
This study introduces a pretrained large language model-based annotation methodology for the first de dency treebank in Ottoman Turkish. Our experimental results show that, iteratively, i) pseudo-annotating data using a multilingual BERT-based parsing model, ii) manually correcting the pseudo-annotations, and iii) fine-tuning the parsing model with the corrected annotations, we speed up and simplify the challenging dependency annotation process. The resulting treebank, that will be a part of the Universal Dependencies (UD) project, will facilitate automated analysis of Ottoman Turkish documents, unlocking the linguistic richness embedded in this historical heritage.
This is a morpho-sociolinguistic article that adopts a qualitative approach to investigate the attachment of the morpheme /-ng∼-eng/ to Sesotho parts of speech and to determine the validity of the justifications provided for this type of suffixation. The study employs the integrated frameworks of item-and-process and variationist sociolinguistics. It is a known fact that human language is inherently a culturally evolving system. That is, it is not monolithic, but instead, is dynamic or variable. Among the social dynamics stimulating language variability is age. In our everyday experience, we witness a generational gap between youngsters and adults in terms of communication. Adults tend to be conservative, while the youth are innovative in their language use. Through their peer groups, the youth are able to establish new linguistic norms which may diffuse into the wider community. In Sesotho, one such linguistic norm is the current suffixation of /-ng∼-eng/ to some parts of speech to which traditionally it was not suffixed. The article further discusses the semantic implications of the attachment of this suffix and the reaction of the elderly towards it.
The comparability of morphological and syntactic annotations of multilingual corpora is a crucial aspect of Natural Language Processing (NLP). The Universal Dependencies (UD) platform, which aims to identify the universal features of languages by identifying dependencies, serves this purpose and has become one of the largest and continuously growing collections of such corpora, especially in the last decade. The UD framework has become a platform for building the UD_Armenian-ArmTDP and UD_Armenian-BSUT treebanks for modern Eastern Armenian. This article presents the types of syntactic relations selected for parsing verb complements in these treebanks from the cross-linguistically applicable set of relations in UD, together with their equivalents in Armenian grammar. Furthermore, we present some challenges associated with parsing Armenian verb complements and possible solutions within the UD taxonomy.
Am 5. und 6. Dezember fand der "22. International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories" statt, auf welchem auch das SUB-Kooperationsprojekt "Edition des Ugaritischen Poetischen Textkorpus" (EUPT) vorgestellt wurde. Doch was sind "Treebanks" (z. Dt. "Baumbanken") überhaupt und welchen Nutzen haben sie für die Forschung und Entwicklung?
In many fields, such as language acquisition, neuropsychology of language, the study of aging, and historical linguistics, corpora are used for estimating the diversity of grammatical structures that are produced during a period by an individual, community, or type of speakers. In these cases, treebanks are taken as representative samples of the syntactic structures that might be encountered. Generalizing the potential syntactic diversity from the structures documented in a small corpus requires careful extrapolation whose accuracy is constrained by the limited size of representative sub-corpora. In this article, I demonstrate -- theoretically, and empirically -- that a grammar's derivational entropy and the mean length of the utterances (MLU) it generates are fundamentally linked, giving rise to a new measure, the derivational entropy rate. The mean length of utterances becomes the most practical index of syntactic complexity; I demonstrate that MLU is not a mere proxy, but a fundamental measure of syntactic diversity. In combination with the new derivational entropy rate measure, it provides a theory-free assessment of grammatical complexity. The derivational entropy rate indexes the rate at which different grammatical annotation frameworks determine the grammatical complexity of treebanks. I introduce the Smoothed Induced Treebank Entropy (SITE) as a tool for estimating these measures accurately, even from very small treebanks. I conclude by discussing important implications of these results for both NLP and human language processing.
Background Many anti-obesity health promotion campaigns focus on physical activity as a means to lose weight. Organizations have created positive images of people living with obesity being physically active with the intention of normalizing people in larger bodies being active. However, it is not clear if using the images when taking a weight-neutral (compared to a weight-centric) approach will be more positively received, and thus more effective, in promoting physical activity to people living in larger bodies.Aims The primary purpose of the present research was to examine whether people in larger bodies preferred messages that featured images of people in larger bodies being active with weight-neutral (i.e., no mention of weight loss) compared to weight-centric (i.e., weight loss-focused) physical activity messages. Secondary purposes were to examine between condition differences on internalized weight bias and whether message ratings or internalized weight bias mediated effects of message type on objectively measured physical activity.Methods Adults of any self-identified gender who also self-identified as living in larger bodies were recruited through a variety of Obesity Canada channels including their newsletter and social media. The data from 54 adults (Mage = 49.9 years; 90.7% women) were analyzed. Participants completed pre-test measures (demographics and internalized weight bias), wore an accelerometer for one week then viewed eight images with condition-specific messages. This was followed with post-test measures (image ratings, thought listing, internalized weight bias) and one more week of accelerometer wear.Results The weight-neutral messages were rated more positively than the weight-centric messages but there were no between group differences in internalized weight bias nor in sedentary behavior, light physical activity, or moderate to vigorous physical activity.Discussion It is possible that participants were already interested in the topic of weight bias and possibly aware of the images used in this study, limiting the generalizability of the study. However, the results of this research, considered with the findings of other researchers who report health messages to be more motivating, indicate that focusing on weight is not recommended when promoting physical activity to people in larger bodies. Rather other benefits of being active should be highlighted.
Implementation intentions are if-then plans that create a mental link between a situational cue and a goal-directed response that people can form to help them achieve emotion regulation goals more effectively. The main goal of this study was to determine if forming the goal intention to not get disgusted together with a perspective taking implementation intention is more effective than forming the goal intention to not get disgusted that spells out the same perspective taking strategy but without linking it to the cue. Eighty-six female participants viewed disgusting, neutral, and pleasant pictures under four instructions: no emotion regulation instructions (CG), the goal intention to not get disgusted (GI), this goal intention furnished with the perspective taking regulation strategy (GI-PT), and this goal intention in tandem with the perspective taking implementation intention (PT-II). Compared with CG, GI, and GI-PT participants, PT-II participants showed a significantly larger decrease in disgust when seeing the disgusting pictures. This effect remained constant across repeated exposure to the critical contents and was larger among individuals who did not consciously try to reappraise the disgusting pictures than among individuals who consciously tried to reappraise them. Valence rating, arousal rating, and sympathetic activity did not significantly differ between conditions. We conclude that it is the if(situational cue)-then(goal-directed response) link created by forming the perspective taking implementation intention that accounts for the positive effect on disgust and not simply the information about the perspective taking behavior to adopt.
This study introduces a pretrained large language model-based annotation methodology for the first dependency treebank in Ottoman Turkish.Our experimental results show that, iteratively, i) pseudo-annotating data using a multilingual BERT-based parsing model, ii) manually correcting the pseudo-annotations, and iii) fine-tuning the parsing model with the corrected annotations, we speed up and simplify the challenging dependency annotation process.The resulting treebank, that will be a part of the Universal Dependencies (UD) project, will facilitate automated analysis of Ottoman Turkish documents, unlocking the linguistic richness embedded in this historical heritage.
Using non-words in psycholinguistic research allows for a high level of control over experimental stimuli.However, this relies on the assumption that they reflect natural language.Eliciting acceptability judgements from L1 speakers of the target language is one approach to ensuring the relative authenticity of non-words.For tonal languages, it is as yet unclear whether tone interacts with the perceived acceptability of non-words.In this between-participant Mandarin non-word norming study, 72 L1 Mandarin listeners judged 750 syllables across five tones: tones 1-4 and the neutral tone (NT).Syllables were analysed as systematic gaps, which do not appear in the lexicon because they violate phonotactic constraints, and accidental gaps, which are phonotactically sound but are absent from the lexicon.Real words and malformed syllables acted as maximally and minimally acceptable controls, respectively.Linear mixed effects models indicate that tones 1-4 do not modulate acceptability judgements.NT had a significant negative effect, but this likely arises from exposure to excised neutral tone syllables out of context rather than ungrammaticality.We suggest that Mandarin non-words can be associated with any lexical tone without concern for its effect on acceptability but that neutral tone stimuli should be presented in context to preserve authenticity.
To investigate the benefits of utilising an AI system to enhance the efficiency of obstetric scan training. A randomised controlled study was conducted at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. Residents were recruited and randomly assigned to either a AI-assisted training group or a conventional training group from September 2022 to April 2023. Each participant underwent a four-cycle practice scan training program, performing scans on 20 pregnant volunteers at gestational weeks 18-32 in each cycle, focusing on acquiring and interpreting specific standard views. At the end of each cycle, a test evaluated trainees' ability to obtain standard views without AI assistance, and image quality was rated by both trainees themselves and an expert (in a blind manner) based on local expert consensus. The primary outcome measured the number of cycles required for each trainee to meet standards (expert ratings of image quality ≥80%). Secondary outcomes included expert rating of image quality, disparity between trainees and expert ratings. A total of 32 residents with no prior obstetric ultrasound experience and 2720 pregnant volunteers were recruited. The AI-assisted group required significantly fewer training cycles than the non-AI-assisted group to meet quality requirements (p = 0.037). When comparing mean score differences, the AI-assisted training group exhibited superior ability in acquiring standard views compared to the conventional training group in the third (p = 0.012) and fourth (p < 0.001) stages. The disparity between trainees' self-acquired image ratings and expert ratings decreased with increasing training time. There was a significant difference in total rating disparity between trainees and expert between the two groups from the first to the fourth stage (p < 0.05). The utilisation of an AI-assisted system has the potential to improve training effectiveness, particularly for trainees without prior experience in acquiring and interpreting standard views during obstetric scans.
PURPOSE: Typically developing children assigned male at birth (AMAB) and children assigned female at birth (AFAB) produce the fricative /s/ differently: AFAB children produce /s/ with a higher spectral peak frequency. This study examined whether implicit knowledge of these differences affects speech-language pathologists'/speech and language therapists' (SLPs'/SLTs') ratings of /s/ accuracy, by comparing ratings made in conditions where SLPs/SLTs were blind to children's sex assigned at birth (SAB) to conditions in which they were told this information. METHODS: SLPs (n = 95) varying in clinical experience rated the accuracy of word-initial /s/ productions (n = 87) of eight children with speech sound disorder in one of four conditions: one in which no information about the children was revealed, one in which children's SAB was revealed, one in which children's age was revealed, and one in which both were revealed. RESULTS: Despite there being no statistically significant differences between AFAB and AMAB children's /s/ production in researcher-determined accuracy or in one acoustic characteristic, spectral centroid, SLPs in all four conditions judged the /s/ productions of AFAB children as more accurate than AMAB children. Listeners were significantly less likely to judge the productions of AMAB children to be inaccurate in the conditions in which age or age and SAB were revealed. These effects were consistent across SLPs with greatly varying levels of clinical experience. CONCLUSION: Knowing or imputing children's age and SAB can affect ratings of /s/ accuracy. Clinicians should be mindful of these potential effects. Future research should understand how expectations about sociolinguistic variation in speech affect appraisals of their speech and language. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject Adult men and women produce /s/ differently. A consensus is that these differences reflect sociolinguistic gender marking, rather than being the passive consequence of vocal-tract differences. Recent studies have shown that children assigned female at birth (AFAB) and those assigned male at birth (AMAB) produce /s/ differently in ways that mirror the differences between adult men and women, and which presumably reflect gender marking. What this paper adds to existing knowledge We asked whether US-based speech-language pathologists' (SLPs) ratings of the accuracy of /s/ differ depending on whether they are rating an AFAB or an AMAB child, and whether these differences are greater in conditions in which people are told the sex assigned at birth of the child being rated. We found that SLPs were more likely to judge AFAB children's /s/ productions to be more accurate than AMAB children's, even though the productions from the AMAB and AFAB children that were used as stimuli were matched for accuracy as determined by trained researchers. What are the clinical implications of this work? SLPs/speech-language therapists should be sensitive to the influence of social variables when assessing /s/. SLPs/speech-language therapists might rate children's productions differently depending on whether they believe they are rating an AFAB or an AMAB child.
Abstract Introduction Insomnia is commonly linked with mood and anxiety-related disorders characterized by disrupted emotional memory processing. However, much remains unknown about the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying emotional memory processing among patients with insomnia. The current study seeks to examine the temporal dynamics of emotional memory processing among both patients with insomnia and healthy sleepers. Methods Thirty-four patients with DSM-5 insomnia disorder (23 females; Mage = 24.94) and 35 healthy sleepers (23 females; Mage = 23.91) encoded 48 pairs of pseudo-words and negative/neutral scene pictures in the evening, followed by overnight EEG-recorded sleep. All participants completed cued-recall memory tasks and affective ratings at pre-sleep, post-sleep, and 7-day delayed sessions. Results From the post-sleep to 7-day delayed sessions, patients with insomnia showed greater preservation of pictorial memory (ps &lt; 0.001) and less dissipation of affective tone compared to the healthy sleepers (ps &lt; 0.016). Moreover, among healthy sleepers, the product of post-encoding slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep duration predicted greater over-time negative memory decay (b = -0.001, p = 0.035), whereas REM duration predicted the dissipation of negative arousal ratings over time (b = -0.03, p = 0.041). Notably, these associations were not observed in the insomnia group. Conclusion These findings provide insight into the fundamental irregularities in emotional memory processing among patients with insomnia. For healthy sleepers, the results suggest a joint engagement of SWS and REM in promoting negative memory decay, and an adaptive role of REM sleep in facilitating the attenuation of affective arousal over time. Support (if any)
This article explores the concept of immaginaire linguistique (IL), introduced in the 1970s by Anne-Marie Houdebine, to examine the acceptability judgments of counterfactual conditionals in Italian. Although largely overlooked in Italian sociolinguistics, this concept reflects the social perception of a language within a community and its impact on linguistic norms. The study combines the IL model with previous research on conditionals and the issue of standardization and normativity in historical Italian. Data were collected through an online questionnaire targeting native speakers and Italian teachers. The results reveal significant variability in the acceptance of hypothetical periods as standard, despite their historical attestation in Italian. Analyzed forms include the double imperfect indicative and combinations with the imperfect and pluperfect in the apodosis or protasis. The primary aim is to highlight how codified grammatical models fail to provide precise references for contemporary Italian speakers. The findings suggest that despite a tendency toward linguistic purism, there is a growing openness to grammatical variations. This study emphasizes the need for further research to understand how and why some linguistic norms are not integrated into the IL, demonstrating the persistence of a dichotomous right-wrong view among educators. This conservative approach contributes to the preservation of traditional norms and resistance to non-standard variants.
Relevance of research. In today’s world, where information spreads at an incredible speed, the role of opinion leaders, people who have a significant influence on the audience and can shape their thoughts and behavior, becomes especially important. Despite the increase in Ukrainian-language content in the Internet space after the start of a full-scale invasion, the problem of the spread of language errors and non-compliance with language norms in the Ukrainian language, in particular, in the blogosphere and social networks, is gaining relevance. Young people are particularly susceptible to the influence of opinion leaders. Violation of language norms by these people can lead to the fact that young people will consider these mistakes as the norm, which determines the relevance of our research. This article is aimed at solving the problem and provides practical recommendations for both opinion leaders and every Ukrainian to prevent violations of language norms in the media space. The purpose. Conducting an analysis of violations of language norms that occur in the Ukrainian-language media space under the influence of opinion leaders, in particular TikTok and YouTube bloggers. Research methodology. A number of scientific approaches and methods were used in the research process: content analysis – to study the influence of opinion leaders in the media space on the language culture of Ukrainian society through social media classification method – for systematization of identified violations of language norms, which helped to understand the main problems of language culture and identify the main directions for further analysis and development of recommendations; methods of comparative and logical analysis – to identify cause-and-effect relationships between language disorders and their impact on the speech environment. The scientific novelty. A study of the influence of opinion leaders in the modern media space. The article reveals both the side effects of such influence and emphasizes the possible lowering of the status of the language and the degradation of linguistic culture due to the spread of linguistic errors and non-compliance with linguistic norms. The article contains specific practical recommendations for opinion leaders and the general public to prevent violations of language norms in the media space, which can contribute to raising the level of speech culture and preserving the linguistic identity of Ukrainian society. The conclusions. Violation of the language norms of the Ukrainian language by opinion leaders in the media space, among bloggers on the TikTok and YouTube platforms, is a rather serious problem that has many negative consequences: it can lead to distortion of content, incorrect perception of information by the audience and a decrease in the general level of linguistic culture among users, especially among young people. The recommendations provided in the article are aimed at improving the quality of bloggers’ speech and increasing the level of language literacy in the media space. All these factors highlight the importance of drawing attention to the issue of language literacy and adherence to language norms among opinion leaders in the media space, which may become a relevant topic for further research. The obtained conclusions should become the basis for the development of specific recommendations aimed at increasing the level of language culture in the media space and avoiding the negative impact of social media on Ukrainian society.
The article drawed attention to the importance of studying euphemisms that are actively used in the production and processing of livestock products to conceal or mitigate information that may cause negative associations among consumers. The purpose of the study was to investigate the psychological and social aspects of the use of euphemisms in the field of production and consumption. The study used descriptive-analytical, comparative, lexical-semantic and discourse methods to analyse euphemisms in the context of their structural, functional, cultural and communicative features. The article focused on how euphemistic language influences consumers' perception of products, promotes the formation of positive associations and allows avoiding ethical and moral issues related to production processes. The mechanisms of influence of euphemisms on psychological comfort, risk perception and decision-making were described. The social factors that contribute to the spread of euphemisms in marketing communication, including social norms and the desire for emotional protection, were analysed. The article described approaches that include linguistic analysis, cognitive and socio-psychological methods that allow to study the role of euphemisms in shaping consumer perception and decision-making. Particular attention was paid to the methods of corpus analysis of texts, experimental surveys and analysis of consumer behavioural reactions to certain euphemistic expressions, such as “ecological”, “useful”, “recycling” and “premium”. The article highlighted the role of euphemisms as a tool for manipulating and influencing consumer decisions, as well as their impact on the ethical responsibility of producerswho are both directly and indirectly involved in concealing ethical and environmental problems related to production. An analysis of the effectiveness of these language strategies and their impact on consumer perceptions of food products is proposed, which is of practical importance for improving communications in the field of production and marketing
not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Emotional experiences involve dynamic multi-sensory perception, yet most EEG research uses unimodal stimuli such as photographs. However, a recent study found that realistic emotional videos reliably reduce the amplitude of a steady state visual evoked potential (ssVEP) elicited by a flickering border. It is unknown how the video-ssVEP measure compares to the well-established Late Positive Potential (LPP) that is reliably larger for emotional scenes. To address this question, 45 participants viewed 90 matched pairs of realistic videos and scenes. Replicating the previous study, emotional videos reduced ssVEP amplitude more than neutral videos. At the group level, the video-ssVEP and scene-LPP measures produced similarly large differences per category (pleasant, neutral, unpleasant), and both measures strongly correlated with arousal ratings. However, trial-based Bayesian multilevel models suggest that the group-level results mask important differences. Consistent with previous research, the scene-LPP was sensitive to specific emotional contents (erotica and gore) more than would be predicted by arousal ratings. In contrast, the video-ssVEP did not show this specific sensitivity, and was better explained by individual arousal ratings collected for each stimulus trial. These results suggest that the 2 measures index partially distinct aspects of emotional perception, with the LPP reflecting the discrimination of emotional features, while the ssVEP indexes emotional engagement. Taken together, the results suggest that a video-ssVEP paradigm has comparable single-trial reliability and may better reflect a more diverse range of experienced emotional states relative to scene-LPP paradigms.
يهدف هذا البحث إلى إلقاء الضوء على واحد من المؤلفات الجديرة بالدراسة ؛ لما فيه من مادة لغوية تستحق بحثها وسبر غورها، فكتاب العشرات لأبي عبد الله القيرواني (ت412ه) يجمع في طياته بين مجالين في علم اللغة هما فقه اللغة وعلم المعاجم، وهو إلى المعاجم أقرب؛ تبعا لترتيب مفرداته التي سارت على طريقة التأليف المعجمي عامة، إلا أنه قيدها بعشرة وهي عشرة معان لا الفاظ إذ تتعدد فيها الدلالات تبعا للفظ الواحد، وغاية البحث بيان التعالق الدلالي بين هذه العشرات المعنوية التي تبدو متباعدة دلالياّ عن طريق التوجيه الدلالي لهذا التعالق، ومن اهم نتائج البحث التوصل الى بيان سبب الإرباك المنهجي الذي اتهم به القيرواني في عرض المفردات وتبويبها والخروج عن المألوف في حصرها، إذ كان المسوغ الذي استند عليه في عمله مع لحاظ أن تضييق المجال الدلالي وحصره بعشرة معان في لغة لا تقبل القيود يعد جهداّ مائزاّ يحسب للمصنف كما يحسب لغيره. الكلمات الافتتاحية: العشرات، اللغة، القيرواني، دلالية Abstract: This research aims to shed light on one of the literature worthy of study; Because it contains linguistic material that deserves to be researched and explored. The Book of Tens by Abu Abdullah al-Qayrawani (d. 412 AH) combines two fields in linguistics, namely: Philology and lexicography; it is closer to the dictionaries; According to the arrangement of its vocabulary, which followed the method of lexical composition in general, but he restricted it to ten, which are ten meanings, not words, as there are many connotations in them according to one word. The purpose of the research is to show the semantic relationship between these dozens of meanings that seem semantically far apart through the semantic guidance of this relationship. One of the most important results of the research is to clarify the reason for the systematic confusion with which Al-Qayrawani was accused in presenting and categorizing the vocabulary and deviating from the norm in limiting them. The justification on which he relied on his work, with a note that narrowing the semantic field and limiting it to ten meanings in a language that does not accept restrictions is considered a distinct effort that is calculated for the work as it is calculated for others. Keywords: Tens, Language, Kairouan, Semantics
This paper aims to reflect the difficulties students have in spelling the vowels of the Albanian language. The unified spelling of a language, in our case the Albanian language, is an expression of the crystallization of the national literary norm in all the main links of the phonetic, grammatical, word-forming and lexical structure. It reflects the current state and general trends of the development of our literary language. Given that the basic principle of Albanian spelling is the phonetic principle and seeing the constant spelling errors of Albanian speakers in the use of vowels, we conducted research with primary school students in rural areas, to see the most common errors frequency in vowel spelling. Our goal was to see the differences between students whose parents have primary education and those with higher education. Through this research we have also seen the reasons that lead to the impossibility of writing correctly and how the vowels should be written in different words. Our hypothesis is that children of parents with primary education make more mistakes in vowel spelling than children of parents with high education. We have conducted the research through the theoretical, comparative method, distribution of questionnaires and data analysis. The results have shown that parents' education does not affect children's knowledge of spelling. Received: 27 August 2024 / Accepted: 28 October 2024 / Published: 05 November 2024
Abstract Purpose Previous discussions have characterized hookup culture as ambiguous by nature, but social psychological theory tells us people dislike ambiguity in practice. Meanwhile, a myriad of undefined relationship terms (e.g., talking to, hanging out, having a thing) arose and have remained in use. I examine (1) whether these different “situationship” labels have distinct affective meaning and (2) what that suggests for those occupying the concomitant identities (i.e., assess the behavioral and emotional consequences of being “someone in a _____ relationship”). Approach Using affect control theory and a sample of young adults in defined (N = 50) and undefined (N = 43) relationship types, I test if affective ratings of various relationship label identities are statistically distinct. I then computationally model social events with each relationship label as actor (X identity performs [behavior]), compare their differing levels of social discomfort, and empirically predict the emotions each identity would feel. Findings Undefined relationship labels are not synonymous. Correspondingly, the nature, emotions, and expected behaviors of the individuals with those labels' related relational identities are not equivalent. In cultural evaluation, all undefined relationship labels are lower than all defined relationship labels. In event simulations, predicted deflection levels and actor consequent emotions (how normative is it and how jarring does it feel) were patterned by the labels' cultural evaluation ratings, these correlate with relationship commitment level. Implications By interpersonal necessity, individuals make fine distinctions in shared meanings within a cultural context of constant redefinition. Physically and emotionally negative behaviors are culturally more expected and accepted in undefined contexts by the culturally-understood nature of – and shared perspectives of participants concerning – those relationships’ parameters.
This article explores the dynamic evolution of language within Generation Z, focusing particularly on the impact of social media and digital communication on linguistic practices among Polish youth. The study examines the morphological aspects of Gen Z slang, including acronyms, clippings, borrowings, derivations, and compound formations. Through a comprehensive analysis of linguistic data collected from online repositories, the study uncovers recurring morphological processes and sheds light on the underlying motivations and cultural influences driving language change within this demographic. Findings reveal Polish Generation Z’s creativity, and global connectivity in shaping linguistic norms and expressions. The study emphasizes the dynamic nature of language evolution within digital contexts, highlighting the role of younger generations as agents of linguistic innovation. This study contributes to the understanding of contemporary language dynamics and offers valuable insights into the evolving landscape of human communication in the digital age, specifically within Polish context.
Abstract This paper deals with a corpus study of event-based time concepts. Here we investigate their use in time reckoning practices in modern Polish culture and language. The results presented here are based on a cognitive-conceptual and linguistic analysis of the Polish National Linguistic Corpus (NKJP). These results suggest that Polish has rich inventories of lexical and phrasal expressions for event-based time intervals based on environmental and celestial indices and social norms that have not previously been described from a cognitive, anthropological, and cultural perspective. Event-based time intervals found in domains of times of day and night, are here presented. We hypothesize that even when the Polish language employs conventional metric (calendar and clock) time units, the hybrid blends of day/night cycle and cardinal directions (north, south, east, west) could reveal an emergent form of time conceptualization. This conceptual and cultural hybridization is still common among the users of the Polish language and is indicative of complexity and dynamism in body-environment interactions. This interaction is schematized in twofold conceptual constructions of event-based and metric time, blending processes that may generate more creative enactions as an alternative to the mechanical 24-hour system.
Objective This study aimed to assess the impact of the different concentrations of iodine contrast agents used on the quality of computed tomography (CT) images obtained intraindividually in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Methods In this retrospective study, data from a cohort of 29 patients diagnosed with primary hepatocellular carcinoma who had undergone two preoperative CT-enhanced examinations within a 3-month timeframe were analyzed. Each patient was randomly assigned to receive either a low-concentration contrast agent (300 mg I/mL iohexol) or a high-concentration contrast agent (350 mg I/mL iohexol) for the first scan and the alternative contrast agent for the second scan. CT images of different liver regions of each patient were compared between low-and high-concentration scans using their before-and-after control design. Subjective image quality scores for portal vein images were also assessed. Results The findings of this study indicate that patients in the high-concentration group presented significantly elevated CT values across various anatomical regions, including the liver parenchyma, abdominal aorta, and hepatic portal vein, compared to those in the low-concentration group ( p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the high-concentration group demonstrated superior subjective image ratings ( p &lt; 0.05). Nevertheless, there was no statistically significant difference in the CT values observed in liver cancer parenchyma scans at different phases between the two groups ( p &gt; 0.05). Conclusion In summary, using a high-concentration iodine contrast agent is efficient in enhancing the visual clarity of the liver parenchyma, the aorta, and the portal vein in individuals diagnosed with primary hepatocellular carcinoma.
Introduction Sleep loss is common during the perinatal period; however, few studies have assessed potential consequences of insufficient sleep for postnatal emotional responding, a key contributor to parenting behaviors with implications for parent-infant bonding and mental health. To generate hypotheses for future work assessing perinatal sleep and emotion-related outcomes, this pilot study explored whether prenatal sleep duration predicted postnatal emotional responding in a sample at risk for postpartum depression. Methods Participants were 9 birthing parents with a prior mood disorder who were not in a current episode at enrollment. We estimated sleep with actigraphy collected for one week at 33 weeks’ gestation and at 2 and 6 weeks postpartum. Following each week, participants completed an emotional evaluation task, rating the valence and arousal of standardized images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). We tested whether average prenatal (33 weeks) nighttime sleep duration predicted concurrent and future responsiveness to emotional images, quantified by participants’ reaction times and arousal/valence ratings. Results Shorter prenatal sleep duration predicted faster reaction times, both concurrently and at 2 weeks postpartum (ps≤.05), as well as lower arousal ratings for negative images at 2 and 6 weeks postpartum (ps≤.043). Conclusions In this small sample of birthing parents at risk for postpartum depression, shorter prenatal sleep duration predicted faster reactions to emotional stimuli and blunted arousal responses to negative images. Although preliminary, these findings justify further study of the role of prenatal sleep in postpartum emotional responses and how these factors may impact parent-infant outcomes.
The article focuses on orographic appellatives and oronyms derived from anatomical terms in the Yakut language through metaphorization. Given that the Yakut oronymy is endangered due to several sociolinguistic and socio-economic reasons, collecting, systematizing, studying, and preserving this specific layer of the Yakut toponymic lexicon in linguistic databases is relevant. We have identified more than 80 anatomical terms that contributed to the Yakut oronymy development. We divided the Yakut anatomical vocabulary used as orographic appellatives into two groups: 1) lexemes denoting the external parts of human and animal bodies and 2) lexemes denoting the internal organs of humans and animals. The comparative analysis covered the following anatomical terms: atax ‘leg’, bas ‘head’, sürex ‘heart’, tumus ‘nose; beak’, kulgaax ‘ear’, töbö ‘head’, meyii ‘brain’, emiy ‘udder’. The comparison has demonstrated a substantial similarity in the anatomical vocabulary used as orographic appellatives in the Turkic languages. However, some Turkic languages feature divergence in terms of content, possibly resulting from the influence of contact languages (related and unrelated). The abundance and variety of metaphorical anatomical terms in different Turkic languages may also be due to the physical and geographical features of the terrain on which they function. Given the above, the anatomical vocabulary can be considered an additional source for understanding the formation patterns and features of the Turkic-Mongolian geographical vocabulary of Siberia.
The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of eight digital radiography systems and to optimise the dose-image quality relationship for digital pelvis radiography. The study involved eight digital radiography systems used for general examinations at Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos. An anthropomorphic pelvic phantom (CIRS, US) was used to simulate a patient undergoing clinical pelvis radiography. Dose quantities entrance surface dose, dose area product (DAP) and exposure parameters (kVp, mA, mAs) were measured and the effects on the images were evaluated, considering physical contrast to noise ratio (CNR) and observer-based evaluations as image quality metrics. Increasing the tube voltage by 5 kVp from standard protocol led to a reduction in radiation dose (DAP) by 12%-20% with a slight impact on image quality (CNR decreases by 2%-10%). There was an inter-observer variability in image rating across different equipment (kappa value between 0 and 0.3); however, both observers agreed that increasing kVp up to 85-90 kV had no effect on perceived image quality. The results indicate that optimisation strategies should be tailored specifically for each x-ray system since significant performance differences and wide variations in radiation dose exist across various digital radiography systems used in clinical settings. The use of high kVp can be used for dose optimisation in digital pelvis radiography without compromising image diagnostic accuracy.
Introduction: Gestalt perception refers to the cognitive ability to perceive various elements as a unified whole. In our study, we delve deeper into the phenomenon of Gestalt recognition in visual cubist art, a transformative process culminating in what is often described as an Aha moment. This Aha moment signifies a sudden understanding of what is seen, merging seemingly disparate elements into a coherent meaningful picture. The onset of this Aha moment can vary, either appearing almost instantaneously, which is in line with theories of hedonic fluency, or manifesting after a period of time, supporting the concept of delayed but more in-depth meaningful insight. Methods: We employed pupillometry to measure cognitive and affective shifts during art interaction, analyzing both maximum pupil dilation and average dilation across the trial. The study consisted of two parts: in the first, 84 participants identified faces in cubist paintings under various conditions, with Aha moments and pupil dilation measured. In part 2, the same 84 participants assessed the artworks through ratings in a no-task free-viewing condition. Results: Results of part 1 indicate a distinctive pattern of pupil dilation, with maximum dilation occurring at both trial onset and end. Longer response times were observed for high-fluent, face-present stimuli, aligning with a delayed but accurate Aha-moment through recognition. Additionally, the time of maximum pupil dilation, rather than average dilation, exhibited significant associations, being later for high-fluent, face-present stimuli and correct detections. In part 2, average, not the time of maximum pupil dilation emerged as the significant factor. Face-stimuli and highly accessible art evoked stronger dilations, also reflecting high clearness and negative valence ratings. Discussion: The study underscores a complex relationship between the timing of recognition and the Aha moment, suggesting nuanced differences in emotional and cognitive responses during art viewing. Pupil dilation measures offer insight into these processes especially for moments of recognition, though their application in evaluating emotional responses through artwork ratings warrants further exploration.
Homophony (i.e, multiple meanings expressed by the same form) is ubiquitous across the world’s languages. Despite its pervasiveness, not all instances of homophony are equally likely, which suggests that homophony is unlikely to be accidental. There is a growing body of literature which aims to thoroughly examine cross-linguistic regularities in patterns of homophony and explain these from constraints in language learning and use, both at the lexical and morphosyntactic levels. Here, we examine a specific case of homophony in pronominal paradigms, that is, the lack of a number distinction (singular vs plural) for a given person value (first, second and third), a phenomenon coined as horizontal homophony. Cysouw (2003) suggested that a lack of number distinction is more likely to be found in third person (i.e., 3SG=3PL) than in second (i.e., 2SG=2PL), and it is least frequently found in first person (i.e., 1SG=1PL). We refer to this generalisation as the Horizontal Homophony Hierarchy: 3 &gt; 2 &gt; 1 (where &gt; represents frequency inequality). This generalisation was nevertheless only made via qualitative description and by raw counts, and merely described without motivated explanation. In this study we take a step back and present additional evidence sup- porting the Horizontal Homophony Hierarchy. First, we as- certain the robustness of this typological tendency through a statistical analysis using the largest cross-linguistic database of pronominal paradigms to date (926 languages from 229 different families). Next, we explore whether the Horizontal Homophony Hierarchy has a corresponding learning cor- relate, which would indicate that this asymmetry is at least partly rooted in a cognitive bias. Specifically, we examine asymmetries in how easily adult humans learn different types of horizontal homophony in an artificial language learning experiment. The results from our typological analysis corroborate a hierarchy of horizontal homophony 3 &gt; 2 &gt; 1 in the world’s languages. However, our experimental results provide evidence against a learning bias underlying the hierarchy, thus suggesting that motivated explanations of the typology (if any) are more likely to be found in alternative pressures such as communicative need and efficiency.
Philosophy traditionally deals with such lexicalized concepts as WISDOM, VIRTUE, REASON, WORLD VIEW, INFINITE UNIVERSE, and PHILOSOPHY. They trigger interest in philosophy particularly because they are hard to understand and explain. It is all the more surprising that many contemporary philosophers focus on such concepts as DOG, CHAIR, and FLIGHT to build their theories and provide examples. The article argues that to preserve topical equilibrium and avoid methodological problems, both classes of concepts should be involved in philosophical theorization and exemplification. The first part critically discusses attempts at identifying these classes as ordinary vs. big (Gauker), empirical vs. pure (Kant), and concrete vs. abstract (contemporary psycholinguistics). It introduces the opposite pair simple empirical vs. complex demanding concepts as an alternative heuristic tool to evaluate concepts. The second part elaborates on the concept of concept and structural similarities between the two classes of concepts in semantic and 'onomantic' perspectives. The third part shows that despite structural similarities, such factors as the availability of empirical data, identification of the referent, historical and theoretical loadedness, complexity, and demandingness indicate that simple empirical and complex demanding concepts should be addressed in different ways. The final part elaborates on the notion of topical equilibrium as a philosophical method and norm and discusses two further examples (COW and ARTHRITIS) from contemporary debates in conceptual engineering.
The peculiarities of the Ukrainian translation of verbs that introduce direct speech in the texts of works of British fiction are clarified in the article. The texts of the Ukrainian translations of Jonathan Stroud’s «Lockwood & Co.» series of novels are analyzed by the author. It was found out that the problem of semantic and stylistic interpretation of direct speech and the selection of verbs that introduce direct speech when translating English works of fiction into Ukrainian is a constantly relevant one and causes active discussions among translation experts, linguists and critics. In particular, there are significant differences in the opinions of scientists regarding the expediency and legality of using lexical substitutions to specify verbs when translating into Ukrainian. While some researchers believe that translators do not sufficiently use the synonymous variety of the Ukrainian language in order to diversify it and emphasize the artistic text, other translation experts and critics are convinced that such translation substitutions are unacceptable changes to the original artistic text and demonstrate an incorrect the translator’s approach to their work. Thus, translation techniques, which some scholars consider to be successful and creative tools that help to align the original text with the norms of Ukrainian stylistics, others consider to be a serious violation and unlawful distortion of the original author’s artistic work. It has been proved that the second approach is typical for researchers from Western countries, which is largely caused by the peculiarities of cultures and, as a result, is reflected in the norms of western European languages.