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18265 papers
Affective inertia – the extent to which changes in one’s affective state persist over time – isan important feature of affect dynamics. It is often examined using experience sampling studies thatcapture momentary affect multiple times per day for multiple consecutive days. Intensity profiledrawings were recently introduced as a continuous measure of affect in everyday life. While addingcontinuous intensity profile drawings to discrete, momentary affect ratings offers detailed insightsinto temporal affect trajectories in between beeps, it is not clear how a meaningful and informativemeasure of affect dynamics like inertia can be derived from it. In a secondary analysis, we comparedseveral operationalisations of affective inertia on two criteria: (1) how stable these estimates areover time, and (2) how effectively they capture individual differences that relate to depressionbeyond what can be explained by momentary affect ratings. Drawing-based estimates weregenerally more stable than those based on beeps but still failed to reach acceptable split-halfcorrelations. Moreover, they did not robustly explain additional variance in depressive symptomsbeyond beep-based metrics. Together, our results do not support the incremental validity ofintensity profile drawings compared to momentary assessments of affect in capturing affectiveinertia and its relationship with depression.
Modern lifestyles demonstrably influence language as a social construct. The Russian language is not exempt from the constant evolution of its lexical units; some terms lose their original meanings and acquire new ones, while others become obsolete, replaced by newer vocabulary. Certain situations may necessitate deviations from established linguistic conventions, potentially creating legal grounds for subsequent litigation. The purpose of the study is to analyze some challenging issues of spelling and using words in the Russian language that are reflected in judicial practice. The present study was carried out based on traditional general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, etc.) and methods of legal science (system analysis, formal-legal, etc.). Analysis of regular and irregular spelling and using words, including foreign ones, in the Russian language tellingly reveals the complexity of linguistic issues facing courts. Notably, challenges arise from the lack of a unified legal and linguistic definition of the word “obscene”, hindering its subsequent legislative consolidation, and from misuse of technology in drafting court documents, leading to repeated mistakes. It is concluded that it is necessary to expand the List of grammars, dictionaries and reference books approved by Order of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation No. 195 dated 8 June 2009, containing the norms of the modern Russian literary language when used as the state language of the Russian Federation, including because of the need to legislatively consolidate the new vocabulary appearing in the reference literature.
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This chapter examines the relationship between language use and hegemonic masculinity, a theory that sees masculinity as a kind of pyramid with different kinds of men at different levels. The chapter considers how idealised hegemonic men are represented in fictional contexts, such as James Bond novels and John Wayne films, and looks at examples of how powerful men use language in real contexts by examining the language of political leaders. Such men can display dominance over others through the use of silence, nonverbal language (e.g., strong handshakes, gaze, invading space) or by breaking linguistic norms and conventions. The chapter then considers the ways that hegemonic masculinity is enshrined both in language ideologies or beliefs about language that are represented as common-sense and how language systems themselves are structured in order to enable male power. Finally, the authors consider criticisms of the concept of hegemonic masculinity, the difficulties in defining it, its changing nature and alternative understandings, such as a masculine bloc.
status: Published
In recent papers (e.g., 2020a, b, 2021, 2022a, b) Bateman explores his vision for multimodality as an empirical discipline. In doing so he draws on sociological studies of knowledge structure, including work by Bernstein (2000) and Maton (2011, 2014, 2016, Maton & Chen 2016, Maton & Howard 2016, Maton et al. 2016). As part of this projection he warns against falling foul of "various flavours and variations of Saussure's well-known proposal of language (or any other system) as a 'master template' for semiotics as such" (Bateman 2022: 47) and what he calls 'linguistic imperialism' (Bateman 2022b: 63). In addition he notes that 'predatory' interdisciplinarity "will be rejected from the start" (Bateman 2021: 308).Read in tandem with Kress's many declarations of a new age of meaning making called 'Multimodality' (e.g., Kress 2003Kress, 2010Kress, 2015)), superseding language and the discipline of linguistics, serious questions have to be raised about work on multimodality informed by a theory of language such as Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) -work evolving into something we might call Systemic Functional Semiotics (SFS) via publications such as Kress & van Leeuwen's Reading Images (1990 and Accordingly in this paper I will draw on the sociological studies referred to above to explore the nature of SFL and SFS as knowledge structures, compare them with the model of empirical multimodality envisioned by Bateman and make some suggestions about how his ambitions for the field might be most effectively accommodated. I write as an SFL linguist (discourse analyst in particular), who has been drawn into work on multimodality by research students and colleagues over the past two and a half decades. As such, given the misgivings about the contribution of linguistics noted above, I should perhaps request readers' indulgence -as I suggest that an SFL/SFS perspective need not be read as the foul and predatory one that some of the more logophobic multimodalists apparently fear.In discussions of this kind it is important to distinguish multimodality as a field of research and multimodality as its object of study. Multimodalists (like psychologists) unfortunately tend to use the same term for both phenomena (cf., language and linguistics for linguists). Where confusion might arise I will refer to the field of research as Multimodal Studies below.By way of framing the discussion let's begin with Bernstein's (1996: 23) distinction between singulars and regions. For Bernstein a singular is "a discourse which has appropriated a space to give itself a unique name", for example, "physics, chemistry, sociology, psychology" and which "created the field of the production of knowledge". These he contrasts with regions, "a recontextualising of singulars", for example, "medicine, architecture, engineering, information science", noting that "any regionalisation of knowledge implies a recontextualising principle: which singulars are to be selected, what knowledge within the singular is to be introduced and related." Importantly he goes on to comment that "regions are the interface between the field of the production of knowledge and any field of practice." Had Bernstein's vision extended into the 21st century, he might well have added multimodality as an emerging region to his list, with media and communications as its field of practice.Seen in these terms SFL is a canonical singular (Martin 2014(Martin, 2016) ) and contrasts with its regionalisation in the Sydney School's well-known genre-based literacy programs (Rose & Martin 2012) -which tend to draw on a range of relevant singulars (including for example Bernstein and Maton's sociology of knowledge, neo/Vygotskyan social psychology and strands of Critical Discourse Analysis). One possible reading of Bateman's vision would entail, via design and/or evolution, the transformation of Multimodal Studies into a singularwith its own distinctive knowledge structure deploying an empirical methodology grounding theory and description.Bernstein's perspective is further elaborated in the distinction he draws between horizontal and vertical discourse (an opposition between what he earlier on referred to as common and uncommon sense). A horizontal discourse involves "a set of strategies which are local, segmentally organised, context specific and dependent, for maximising encounters with persons and habitats....This form has a group of well-known features: it is likely to be oral, local, context dependent and specific, tacit, multi-layered and contradictory across but not within contexts" (Bernstein 2000: 157). A vertical discourse on the other hand "takes the form of a coherent, explicit and systematically principled structure, hierarchically organised as in the sciences, or it takes the form of a series of specialised languages with specialised modes of interrogation and specialised criteria for the production and circulation of texts as in the social sciences and humanities" (Bernstein 2000: 157).In addition two forms of vertical discourse are distinguished -hierarchical knowledge structures vs horizontal ones. A hierarchical knowledge structure is "a coherent, explicit and systematically principled structure, hierarchically organised" which "attempts to create very general propositions and theories, which integrate knowledge at lower levels, and in this way shows underlying uniformities across an expanding range of apparently different phenomena" (Bernstein 1999: 161-162) -e.g., physics, chemistry or biology. A horizontal knowledge structure on the other hand is defined as "a series of specialised languages with specialised modes of interrogation and criteria for the construction and circulation of texts" (Bernstein 1999: 162) -e.g., linguistic theories which position themselves as functional, arguably West Coast Functionalism, Lexical Functional Grammar, Functional Grammar, Discourse Functional Grammar, Role and Reference Grammar or Systemic Functional Linguistics. Bernstein uses a triangle to symbolise hierarchical knowledge structures, since they attempt to create ever more general propositions which account for an expanding range of phenomena (e.g., Newtonian physics, superseded by Einstein's relativity, superseded by string theory and so on). Horizontal knowledge structures on the other hand are visualised by succession of 'Ls' since what counts as development is the introduction of a new perspective, typically by junior speakers who challenge the power and legitimacy of more senior ones (e.g., marxist history, feminist history, post-colonial history and so on). A synoptic overview of these distinctions is offered in Figure 1.Figure 1: Discourse and knowledge structure (after Bernstein 1999Bernstein, 2000) ) As exemplified above, in Bernstein's terms SFL is a canonical member of a horizontal knowledge structure comprising many different theories. Bateman's vision for Multimodal Studies is perhaps a more ambitious one, leaning towards the design and evolution of a hierarchical knowledge structure. This is a trajectory that linguistic theories have embraced, without success, since the modern discipline was founded by Saussure (1916). Wignell (2007a, b) examines the history of social science, focusing on the emergence of economics, political economy and sociology as "a hybrid of the language of the physical sciences and the language of the humanities" (Wignell 2007a: 202) -suggesting that the stronger the boundaries around one of these disciplines, the more it will evolve the characteristics of a hierarchical knowledge structure. In his 2004 conference presentation of Wignell (2007a) he in fact refers to social science knowledge structures as 'warring triangles', since they in general aspire to be recognised as hierarchical knowledge structures (viz linguists' claims for their discipline as the 'science of language'). What happens in practice however is that one or another linguistic theory gains institutional rather than intellectual control of the discipline, for a specific period of time, in a specific place (e.g., Chomskyan linguistics' supremacist control of American linguistics and its intellectual dominions in the 1960s, waning not long thereafter). Seen in these terms, Bateman's vision involves strengthening boundaries around what counts as empirical Multimodal Studies, thereby fostering its development as a hierarchical knowledge structure -occluding more 'weakly bounded' competing triangles as it does so and enjoying globalised longevity. Bernstein (2000: 132-134) probes more deeply into the characteristics of hierarchical and horizontal knowledge structures in his recognition of internal and external languages of description (which he labels L 1 and L 2 respectively). L 1 "refers to the syntax whereby a conceptual language is created" or how constituent concepts of a theory are interrelated; and L 2 "refers to the syntax whereby the internal language can describe something other than itself " (2000: or how a concepts are to structures with a internal 1 ) have concepts that are interrelated; in hierarchical knowledge structures this the of a external 2 ) whereby concepts are to in these focusing on how knowledge structures the term to on how internal ever more general propositions for a range of or the addition of new languages of description he the term L 1 L 2 L L to on how knowledge structures about a set of or via of a set of that are to of these is as Figure including a of canonical knowledge structures a knowledge structure Seen in these terms Bateman's ambitions for Multimodal Studies strengthening internal and external of description so that the field can via what refers to as on As as as is Bateman draws to Maton & discussion and of languages of description and external ones and L 2 respectively). languages are to be more general and specific than external In for example, languages what are referred to as and general such as or as such as or These a linguist the description of the of a language with into a more specific description of the to What as L 1, L and L 2 is itself a over time, as L and are to L 1 or L 1 concepts are to L language (or perhaps to L 2 external more on this we the evolution of SFS from SFL itself a of different languages of as in the and & et al. we will the model by Martin and his colleagues and his colleagues, and his colleagues, which is the one that has most Bateman (e.g., (e.g.,, (e.g.,, Saussure it language as a of (e.g., it takes the of and as it this over structure (e.g., This language in external which in of in structure. internal has to the of of of and of has the as in in to the of the the or meaning and of or structure and the of and discourse A synoptic overview of these Martin is in Figure an to both and are with and for 2 an perspective, for some languages is need to distinguish and is structure of more than one make for this at the of the in Figure this I will which on the form vs As in Martin et al. the of SFL at Saussure and in language as form not This that is not as a of language in its own it is a region in Bernstein's terms with such as recognition or on and deploying a set of internal and external very different to by linguistics in This is not to the of and to one another students are in but to the very different knowledge structures in the description of form as to structure and As as the description of is SFL does not its description to what called or of of or In to SFL is by of and (e.g., distinction between and in can be to this the perspective of make a distinction between and of group can be by the same a distinction can be by the in the relevant is or are are not very Accordingly the same is different structures, as in and SFL in other are not a of they structures on of in to the at This for example in to an SFS description of that an information can be set by the structure without making the that in fact this are extended from Kress & van in Figure of the is it is an the is selected, the and are in the by to the and to the This claims about it ones as a structure by a in that this is perhaps a reading of Kress Leeuwen's account of information structure in but is that SFS need not foul of their This to the of need to be set to the for structures in a given for example to and to ones. This be important are to different structures different for a given to and to vertical or horizontal are of that arguably need in such terms are to or for example to the specific uses of in Figure and can in linguists' or in for example to specific such as that which at the of in Martin & this in their work on science on work by and colleagues et al. Martin and for is in Figure a in 2 and a a a and a of and for the we have the of including a or and we to we can a or an or to one in the we it can be more or vertical or or both the we with a this is an to such of form can be (e.g.,, on for and some kind of of and can be into the description in work on is in the knowledge structure of as informed by of this about knowledge structure and SFS can be in to and As van, ) shows his work on for and can be to which the which of structures and of the kind introduced I would to refer to these as a of language or any other since other than internal and external their in terms we are with not As above in to and this is not to suggest that work on is not relevant to is to to we have of at different of a of referred to by as of to is not a of this In SFL other of internal are in to concepts of and in other are on of with to of meaning or of respectively). has to with the of in and the of as over -as texts as speakers or as languages evolve has to with the of to of a and their use of to in social over (e.g., and arguably be with one kind of theory or but not Systemic As in Martin in studies which as it is not to make a about how will into with one on the in kind of meaning and of structure and of external 2 but across the SFS studies in the L 1 is Accordingly in SFS and are as L the description 2 of languages of description with it the that the between L 1 and L 2 can be as a to is well to a of this kind since are from more general to more specific a referred to as in Figure for example are more general than which are in more general than ones and so This it possible to be more and specific about what as L 1, L and L 2 the opposition as L, but about more construction of L 2 a specific of is important to in in to this that more or general as L can be without making any claims at about how such are in structure. to of to be for L 2, since structures across languages (Martin Martin et al. and In SFL context is as form not in In the model of SFL context is as and (Martin Martin & and is in to its in language field is to as is to as is to This context to be as for making meaning and to language ones & Martin 2021, et al. These context of L 1 are well and more than language of their of and as of language in addition to a of in as as the distinction between and is are in a position to compare SFS with Bateman's for the L 1 of what he refers to as a in In doing so we need to in the of L 1 in to of modes 2 2 ) can be and in that not call for or of L 1 or L in other are more serious than -as we model of language and as in Figure a of for with Bateman's of his of Bateman et al. the in Figure of or the organised of as and the of discourse to SFS this the of as a and it with the of form two discourse As noted above, the term is for a in so the term is to in are by the of the discourse of the as an example, the of set in Kress might as of their as from the perspective of the this two of the at which of and and the discourse at it be possible to that the is a in other it not modes is as discourse and it is this that a to any of meaning making in modes is in Bateman in to model of discourse Seen in SFS terms Bateman's discourse is on in this perspective meaning is ever something that can be in to and context as texts meaning a of as they what Bateman as a called discourse SFS would from the of not discourse with and would be as form in Bateman's organised of Bateman et al. of structure (e.g., Martin to Bateman's of discourse structures discourse a of of as texts of discourse would have to be in Bateman's as for the of that can be so In at one of Bateman's model (Bateman & discourse as well as form is as of and structure. This Bateman's work on between in and & Bateman's description of to be In perhaps of about the nature of to be for the of In its at the of discourse of elaborated from & (e.g., as of meaning to be (e.g., Bateman in to is to a in Martin on on Martin on and et al. on and Martin & on Martin on Martin & on context as vs and Martin & on of referred to as in Martin & of these the of and work by Bateman and his colleagues (e.g., Bateman & as it is by & work on the of (e.g., This conceptual is one SFL and SFS are to be by Bateman's of multimodality (discourse in addition to the in Figure L 1 of Bateman's model a more comprising social & (Bateman & or (Bateman 2022b: in work (e.g., Bateman, 2016) ) the of is into the This work with SFL work on context as and and is for in this one of some SFS work on such as that noted in 1 is the of and for by Kress & van Leeuwen's (1990 and of on the to field and in work on and or to field in work on chemistry is in in Maton's to be from the of knowledge and Accordingly referred to as takes into account both knowledge and what it and social knowledge and who is on the of and social a of with for which legitimacy on what what is who it both what and who and which and knowledge is This is exemplified in Figure with to in about a who a by to and an who into the and a and are to in Figure it is who to we of evolution, perhaps with who the of in the at a of the in the a about evolution in the 21st to we might position Bateman as by a knowledge van and by an by a and by a Kress's would have to be a more one, the of Reading Images but towards publications such as in the and a social to which his draw on any at from Reading Images and his his in the field of multimodality its most This is a region into a singular with a internal and external a range of (including via a knowledge is what Bateman have in into Maton between knowledge and the part of the they are to and between knowledge and a which both the object of and how it is but a which a of of but is the as as I who has been called on to give a publications are I should perhaps that not to speakers in different they the that a given way of but for a whereby a specific object of is in but it can be from of (or as Maton knowledge at and a which is with to both what is and As in Figure a of this kind would position SFL as it studies language from one SFS as it studies any but from the perspective of Semiotics Kress & van as it the of multimodality from different of and something information as it on of by a Seen in these terms one of Bateman's is to the trajectory of Multimodal Studies, which at some to towards ever and he to its trajectory towards stronger its object of we might falling foul of the linguistic and predatory interdisciplinarity that might be to from Maton's work on and is that both knowledge and internal and external for Studies is not a given field as In this SFS has the of to both knowledge and from since in practice SFL informed discourse into texts and the of internal and external is in vision for Multimodal Studies, from Semiotics is perhaps more of a challenge since its internal and external and its make stronger a which draws on & to the of discourse to of well In this paper I have drawn Bernstein and Maton's sociology of knowledge to explore SFL and SFS in to Bateman's vision for empirical multimodality is of more to In is the of which is as For SFL/SFS this is other of the including on a specific of and by ones. For Bateman the is further as form and discourse SFL/SFS from on the of to of in a Bateman's vision and in recent work uses to one of these to this is Bateman's of as a in the model of SFL/SFS it would be as and knowledge structures which have for the of physical and to which have for of and perhaps most from Bateman's perspective, discourse is from a perspective by Bateman and his colleagues form with meaning a of as texts This is with to in and its of structure. as noted above, SFL/SFS description 2 ) has not with theory 1 ) as as is Bateman's misgivings about many notes in this are on in SFL/SFS concepts are across One is and are and of of and This for a specific to how many how many and which are as L 1, as L or as L 2 Bateman's model is more in with internal and external for for context it would we his of work on by Bateman and his colleagues their of contrasts with the of their of & of the of be it is to that such an the of what is on in as as the of meaning is but I about how it this for or we and the of discourse as of the This be a of and the challenge it on as it be more than As I research students they are by the phenomena they are is a between and of internal and external in any discipline is to not discussion of this to another another who can to in this comment would be that internal is by and with Bateman's its external in so as of one or another are This is since SFL has on Bateman's Where I that by and the can from other for are on one knowledge structure to position two as I have is a it has the of to the of to with the of L 1 -which can be given the of and the challenge of which for what to This takes to which in on what it takes to to with an L 1 and the L 2 it the term linguistics' for the of description and practice his linguistic of this perspective is in Figure for the of a of singulars a given region of This to linguistics was an one in the century, the and his a theory that would one to the with the same one uses challenge for SFS and Bateman's Multimodal Studies, as I in of semiotics which a of description and is in these knowledge a in to a specific that the challenge of can be This theory and description on the same I not in other about interdisciplinarity but rather about is how I how about the same from a different of with a challenge in theories can from one another they can make explicit what another theory is in of very different from ones and/or draw to another has (Martin Maton at al. 2016, is for this that I have what I can to the evolution of SFS of SFL it can into of this between SFS and Bateman's for an empirical multimodality is likely to be more than one SFL rather than SFS and Multimodal Studies can on the same from of For it is important to in which on language and multimodalists with Multimodal discourse to be the of in the this I I about linguistic and have a than predatory vision of SFS and One I have is the by multimodality their by rather of a new multimodality age and the of any language to of in and
As Chinese film and television productions increasingly gain international exposure, subtitle translation—an essential medium for cross-cultural communication—has attracted growing scholarly attention regarding its strategies and theoretical foundations. Chang An, a domestically produced animated film rich in cultural connotations, demonstrates a wide range of linguistic shifts in its English subtitles as it seeks to convey the original meaning and cultural essence. Grounded in Catford’s translation shift theory, this study explores subtitle translation strategies from two dimensions: level shifts and category shifts. By analyzing representative examples from the film, the paper examines the practical application of structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts. The findings reveal that the translator’s flexible use of various types of shifts effectively achieves semantic equivalence and facilitates the transmission of cultural information. This reflects a multifaceted consideration of linguistic norms, audience reception, and cultural adaptation in subtitle translation. Through detailed case analysis, the study aims to enrich the application of translation shift theory in subtitle translation practice and provide theoretical and practical references for future subtitle translation of Chinese animated films.
This chapter examines the relationship between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Contextual responsiveness in language learning for the sake of meeting increasing demand for flexible, inclusive and morally sound educational technology. It explores how AI can either help or hinder intercultural communication competence. As a researcher and educator who works with multilingual and multicultural students, I argue that AI systems must take into account a variety of linguistic norms, contextual values, and communication styles. This chapter provides solutions that could be used to improve contextual responsiveness through inclusive data practices, adaptive learning systems, teacher preparation, and community-driven design in addition to identifying cultural bias in training data and the danger of linguistic imperialism. The effects of AI contextual responsiveness on learner engagement, performance, and identity formation are illustrated empirically
This study aims to demonstrate that the lexical repertoires of the Proyecto de la norma culta hispánica “Juan M. Lope Blanch” are a fundamental resource for the teaching of linguistic variation within the framework of the “specific notions” established by the Plan curricular del Instituto Cervantes (PCIC), and, by extension, for the teaching of Spanish as a foreign language. As a case study, we focus on the semantic field of food—specifically, lexical items related to legumes—in order to illustrate how these lexicons can contribute to expanding the lexical inventory associated with the PCIC’s specific notions. More importantly, this expansion should reflect the full linguistic diversity of the Spanish-speaking world, taking into account widespread forms (panhispanicisms), regionally specific terms used in Latin America (Americanisms), and those exclusive to Spain (Spanishisms). Moreover, since this lexicon stems from the educated urban norm, it is particularly suitable for integration into ELE classrooms, ensuring both communicative relevance and pedagogical coherence.
The article provides a systemic analysis of Kayum Nasyri’s contribution to the historical and linguistic evolution of the Tatar literary language in the second half of the 19 th century, focusing on its importance in the processes of lexical normalization and semantic expansion of Tatar vocabulary, including the formation and transformation of the terminological fund of the Tatar language in this period. The study revealed that Kayum Nasyri’s lexicographic publications played a multidimensional role that went beyond the traditional functions of reference and information resources. They functioned as comprehensive educational and methodological tools designed to systematize and facilitate the assimilation of Russian-language scientific terminology in a Tatar-speaking communicative and educational environment. These publications contributed not only to the lexical adaptation of terms, but also to their semantic transformation in accordance with the cultural and linguistic norms of the Tatar language. K. Nasyri’s dictionaries are considered to be important means of cognitive and linguistic integration, playing a key role in the process of linguistic modernism and the formation of Tatar-language scientific discourse. Special attention in the study is paid to the importance of Kayum Nasyri’s lexicographic works as a key factor in the transformation and standardization of the literary Tatar language norms. The article highlights their role in the formation of stable linguistic norms that contribute to the unification and systematization of the lexical and terminological composition of the language. In addition, we reveal the importance of these publications in the process of consolidating Tatar national culture, which acts as a dynamic system integrating both traditional linguistic and cultural practices and innovative linguistic processes. Thus, lexicographic monuments are considered to be an organizational tool that ensures the interaction of historical and cultural heritage with modern trends in the linguistic development and cultural identity.
The article provides a detailed morphological analysis of pejorative vocabulary used in the novel MUR (“A Small Ukrainian Novel”) by contemporary Ukrainian writer Andriy Lyubka. Pejoratives, as emotionally charged linguistic units, play an important role in creating a sarcastic, ironic, or negatively toned text. The study examines their function in artistic discourse, which helps to underscore the specificity of the characters, their emotional states, and the sociocultural context. The analysis covers 340 lexical units, of which 303 are classified as pejoratives and 37 as invectives. Pejoratives are divided into five main morphological categories: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and participles. The largest portion consists of nouns and verbs, which are used to characterize characters and describe actions. For instance, nouns “fifa”, “hutsul”, and “khakhal” (e.g., фіфа, гуцулик, хахаль) emphasize the social or gender affiliation of the characters, while verbs like “nalysiatysia” (to get drunk), “vydudlyty” (to drink up), and “potykatysia” (to poke around) (e.g., нализатися, видудлити, потикатися) create the dynamics of comedic or ironic situations. It is also noted that the novel’s text contains a number of noun phrases that denote characters or serve to describe and characterize people, characters, and situations. The verbs and verbal phrases of the pejorative lexicon denote processes of consumption, speech, spatial movement, thought, and the emotional state of a person, as well as the negatively evaluative connotation of certain actions – particularly those of an intimate nature and related to human physiology. In terms of frequency, the most common are the verbs and verbal phrases indicating processes of consumption, speech, and spatial movement; a total of 113 such verbs and verbal phrases have been analysed. Adjectives, adverbs, and participles in the novel characterize individuals through the prism of animal traits, physical appearance, and derogatory evaluative norms of behaviour. The study emphasizes the importance of context in determining the function of pejoratives in the text. A contextual approach allows for accounting the interdependence between linguistic units and their emotional connotations. The use of pejorative and invective lexicon adds expression, realism, and a satirical nuance to the text. Special attention is paid to classification by morphological features, thereby broadening the understanding of the functionality of pejoratives in literature. The relevance of this study is underscored by the growing interest in emotionally charged lexicon and its role in literary discourse. The practical value of the work lies in the potential application of its findings in linguistic and literary research, as well as in language instruction.
In Bangladesh, code-switching has become an increasingly natural and common part of communication among university students, reflecting their linguistic flexibility and social interaction patterns. Although the country is primarily monolingual, English has coexisted with Bangla since the British colonial era. However, empirical research examining students’ motivations and attitudes toward code-switching in public universities remains limited. This exploratory case study analyzes students' motivations and attitudes regarding code-switching at Jagannath University. A mixed-methods approach was employed, comprising a structured questionnaire (N = 25) and semi-structured interviews with 10 participants across five departments. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze survey responses, and thematic analysis was applied to interview data to identify recurring patterns and motivations. Quantitative results show that 80% of participants reported using code-switching to facilitate effective communication, and 36% cited lexical gaps as a key reason. Attitudinal data reveal that 60% of students perceived code-switching positively in academic contexts, while 36% expressed neutral views. Additionally, 68% of respondents believed that code-switching supports second or foreign language learning. Interview data further demonstrate that students employ code-switching to enhance clarity, express identity, and align with peer norms shaped by social media and popular culture. Attitudinal data indicate that students have a positive attitude toward code-switching, though some recognize potential difficulties in academic communication. Drawing on Myers-Scotton’s Markedness Model, Bangla emerges as the unmarked choice in informal interactions, whereas English functions as a marked choice to index prestige, competence, or modern identity. However, the findings are limited by the small sample size and focus on a single public university, which may constrain broader generalizability. Despite this limitation, the study offers empirical evidence from a Bangladeshi public university and highlights the need for longitudinal and comparative research. The study offers implications for language pedagogy in postcolonial contexts and advances our understanding of bilingual practices in higher education.
This study aims to examines the impact of television programs in developing children’s language skills, with a focus on the deficiencies in the language used in TV programming. To explore these issues, the authors conducted a comprehensive survey across all regions of Kazakhstan and analysed the findings. Based on respondents’ feedback, the study identified primary challenges and drew conclusions grounded in scholarly perspectives. The survey addressed several aspects, including the language of children's television programmes and its effect on linguistic development, children's fluency in Kazakh, the extent to which media language conforms to linguistic norms, common speech deficiencies among children, and the amount of time children spend watching television. The survey involved 407 participants. Lexical deviations in children's language were analysed using data from a social questionnaire completed by respondents. Conducted across diverse demographic and geographic regions, the survey results show the frequency and impact of various social factors contributing to lexical deviations, including children's exposure to television. The study also highlighted the role of parents in fostering native language development (Kazakh) and confirmed that the surrounding environment – especially television – affects children’s adherence to lexical norms. The questionnaire was administered in the state language, with respondents given the opportunity to provide additional comments. Based on the findings, the study assessed the impact of television on children's language development and proposed recommendations for linguistic, cultural, and social interventions.
The multilingual turn in second language acquisition (SLA) has propelled a critical stance on monoglossic language ideologies, advocating for a heteroglossic approach that values the dynamic language practices of multilingual learners (MLs) (May, 2013; Flores & Schissel, 2014). This article shifts the focus from a general exploration of language ideologies to a detailed examination of the nuanced interplay between monoglossic language ideologies, prioritizing an idealized linguistic norm, and heteroglossic language ideologies, validating linguistic diversity. By analyzing the enactment of a heteroglossic approach in an online practical English class, the study explores the complexities where monoglossic and heteroglossic language ideologies are not opposed but rather coexist in complex and potentially deceptive ways. Through semi-structured interviews that probe MLs’ beliefs about race and language, complemented by critical discourse analysis (Fairclough, 2013), this research investigates how MLs and their teacher articulate and navigate their language ideologies, revealing how monoglossic language ideologies, often aligned with ‘white’ norms, shape instructional choices and classroom dynamics. The findings reveal the nuanced interrelations between monoglossic and heteroglossic language ideologies, advocating for educational frameworks that proactively engage with and critically transform the hegemonic language ideologies for more equitable language education.
Abstract There is a widely held view that legislative intention determines the meaning of a statute. The focus of this article is meaning in the sense of full linguistic content, which may not be the same as legal content. Linguistic intentionalism appears to have its greatest appeal when a statute has a partly implied linguistic meaning. It seems natural to suppose that the part of the meaning that is implied by the explicit wording in the statute is determined by an intention of the legislature—roughly, what the legislature intended to imply. The purpose of this article is to present some new reasons to doubt linguistic intentionalism and to offer an alternative for a particular kind of implied statutory meaning that some philosophers of language call implicitures. Rather than legislative intention, the meaning of implicitures is metaphysically determined by intention-free pragmatic linguistic norms, the grasp of which is part of the language competence of ordinary law subjects. The use of these norms, in combination with certain facts about background social practices and other conventions, generates implicitures that may be inconsistent with actual communicative intentions. These intention-free pragmatic norms, and the implicitures they generate, are explanatorily prior to the fact—if there is such a fact—of what impliciture it is reasonable to infer that the enacting legislature (or the legislators collectively) intended. Reference to legislative linguistic intention (actual or reasonably imputed) is thus explanatorily inert.
Standard words are words that follow linguistic rules recognized in Indonesian. Spelling, conventional grammar, and common dictionary words are just some of the linguistic norms that can be found in standard words. This research aims to describe the level of students' ability to differentiate standard vocabulary from non-standard vocabulary in Indonesian. The population in this study were students in semester 1 (one) class F of the Veterinary Medicine Education Study Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mandalika Education University totaling 39 people. Data collection was carried out using test techniques, while data analysis was carried out using percentage techniques. Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, it is known that the level of student ability is adequate. This can be seen from the results of data analysis which shows that 74.36%Sample students who got a score of 6.5 and above, while students who got a score below 6.5 were 25.64%%.On this basis, it is hoped that in the learning process in class, lecturers who teach Indonesian language courses will intensively provide assignments or training to students, especially in terms of the differences between standard and non-standard vocabulary. So that in the end students are able to determine the differences between the two
In this study, we investigated whether pictures of natural hazards (i.e., climate change consequences) elicit automatic (negative) affective responses using a picture-word interference task. In picture-word interference tasks, affective pictures and words are paired such that picture valence and word valence match (congruent) or mismatch (incongruent). Participants classify the valence of words (or pictures; targets) via key presses. Corresponding congruency effects in response times or error rates thus indicate that pictures (or words; distractors) interfered with target processing, that is, distractors elicited an automatic affective response. Here, we assessed how 12 natural hazard (negative) and 12 intact landscape (positive) pictures (distractors) interfered with the classification of four affective words (targets) as negative or positive. The obtained congruency effects demonstrate that natural hazard pictures (showing landslides, hail, wildfires, or droughts) elicit automatic affective responses, even though their valence can only be inferred based on scene semantics. Further, this implicit affective response measure did not correlate with self-report valence or arousal ratings for corresponding affective pictures, suggesting differences in the affective processes underlying implicit and explicit affective response measures. We conclude that picture-word interference tasks are a suitable means for determining implicit affective responses to even complex pictures, here negative affective responses to natural hazard scenes. This method thus also lends itself to investigations of affective responses in the context of climate change.
When encountering a potential threat, humans and animals engage in different strategic behaviors, such as orienting and defense, depending on the perceived threat imminence. Orienting has been associated with attentional immobility and heightened 'stimulus intake,' while defense is linked to action preparation and 'sensory rejection'. First, we replicated previous findings showing that humans exhibit either heart rate (HR) acceleration or deceleration in response to the same threat-related picture content. Second, we provide direct evidence that orienting, as indexed by increased HR deceleration, leads to enhanced visuocortical processing of threat-related images, as measured by steady-state visual evoked potentials (ssVEPs). Excitation of motor-relevant cortical circuits, assessed by beta-band desynchronization, was reduced in relation to HR deceleration. Conversely, HR acceleration was associated with a reversed pattern: reduced visual processing and increased excitation of cortical motor circuits, as reflected in ssVEP and beta-band modulations. While self-reported measures of state and trait anxiety, along with valence, arousal, and dominance ratings, did not account for variations in HR response patterns, faster avoidance motor responses were linked to defensive HR changes, and longer avoidance latencies were associated with orienting-like HR changes.
The behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) includes symptoms that reflect altered pursuit of rewards, including food, alcohol, and money. Little is known, however, about how these reward changes relate to atrophy and functional connectivity within reward-related regions. The goal of this study was to examine the structural and functional correlates of valence perception for olfactory rewards in 24 patients with bvFTD. Regression analysis of resting-state brain functional connectivity indicated that more positive valence ratings of olfactory stimuli were predicted by ventral pallidum connectivity to other reward circuit regions, particularly functional connectivity between ventral pallidum and bilateral anterior cingulate cortex/ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Structural analysis showed that atrophy of the anterior cingulate cortex was also significantly associated with perceiving stimuli as more rewarding. Finally, there was a significant interaction between ventral pallidum connectivity and atrophy of the anterior cingulate cortex. More specifically, the ventral pallidum connectivity had a greater effect on the positive perception of olfactory stimuli in the setting of low anterior cingulate cortex volume. These findings indicate that atrophy and functional connectivity within reward-relevant regions exert independent and interacting effects on the perception of pleasantness in bvFTD, potentially due to changes in hedonic "liking" signals.
Problem statement. Insufficient attention is paid to the problems of historical interpretation of the criminal law in the scientific literature. At the same time, the issues arising here of the grounds, sources, limits, forms of application and the meaning of the results of interpretation in their entirety constitute a significant component of criminal law theory, the improvement of which seems necessary in the interests of the development of both the science itself and the practice of applying criminal law. Aims and objectives of the research. The purpose of the work is to develop the theory of historical interpretation of the criminal law by clarifying ideas about its purpose, grounds, sources and limits. Methods. The work is based primarily on the use of a documentary method of researching materials of judicial practice and a critical analysis of scientific literature. Results. According to the results of the study, the differentiation of methods of historical interpretation and historical study of law was carried out; a differentiated range of sources of historical law enforcement interpretation of the criminal law was determined; the boundaries of historical interpretation and the grounds for its differentiation from evolutionary interpretation were established; the results of the analysis of the scope and features of the use of historical interpretation of the law in judicial practice were presented; typical situations of the use of historical interpretation to establish the meaning were identified and the content of the criminal law. Brief conclusions. The historical interpretation of the criminal law is, although auxiliary, but an independent way of clarifying the meaning of the legal norm to be applied. In judicial practice, the sources of historical interpretation are the materials of the legislative process objectified in the explanatory notes to the bills, the bills themselves and official responses to them, in the materials of the parliamentary discussion of bills. Referring to these sources, the court is able to clarify the content and meaning of the lexical constructions used in the law, as well as the purpose and intentions of the legislator, which he pursued when drafting the law. The use of historical interpretation is justified, as a rule, in two main situations: when clarifying the meaning of the newly adopted criminal law and when comparing the newly adopted law with the law repealed to resolve the issue of giving it retroactive effect. Since historical interpretation is limited to referring only to historical and legal documents, it is fundamentally different from the evolutionary interpretation, designed to analyze the text of the law in changing social conditions
Abstract Investigating how infants first establish relationships between words is a necessary step towards understanding how an interconnected network of semantic relationships develops in the adult lexical-semantic system. Stimuli selection for these child studies is critical since words must be both familiar and highly imageable. However, there has been a reliance on adult word association norms to inform stimuli selection in English infant studies to date, as no resource currently exists for child-specific word associations. We present three experiments that explore the strength of word–word relationships in 3-year-olds. Experiment 1 collected children’s word associations (WA) ( N = 150; female = 84, L1 = British English) and compared them to adult associative norms (Moss & Older, 1996; Nelson et al., 2004 ( Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(3), 402–407)). Experiment 2 replicated WAs from Experiment 1 in an online adaptation of the task ( N = 24: 13 female, L1 = British English). Both experiments indicated a high proportion of child-specific WAs not represented in adult norms (Moss & Older, 1996; Nelson et al., 2004 ( Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(3), 402–407)). Experiment 3 tested noun–noun WAs from these responses in an online semantic priming study ( N = 40: 19 female, L1 = British English) and found that association type modulated priming ( F (2.57, 100.1) = 13.13, p <. 0001, generalized η 2 =.19). This research presents a resource of child-specific imageable noun–noun word pair stimuli suitable for testing young children in word recognition and semantic priming studies.
The role of the amygdala in unconscious emotional processing remains a topic of debate. Past lesion studies have indicated that amygdala damage leads to impaired electrodermal activity in response to subliminally presented emotional stimuli. However, electrodermal activity can reflect both emotional and nonemotional processes. To provide behavioral evidence highlighting the critical role of the amygdala in unconscious emotional processing, we examined patients (n = 16) who had undergone unilateral resection of medial temporal lobe structures, including the amygdala. We utilized the subliminal affective priming paradigm in conjunction with unilateral visual presentation. Fearful or happy dynamic facial expressions were presented in unilateral visual fields for 30 ms, serving as negative or positive primes. Subsequently, neutral target faces were displayed, and participants were tasked with rating the valence of these targets. Positive primes, compared to negative ones, enhanced valence ratings of the target to a greater extent when they stimulated the intact hemisphere (i.e., were presented in the contralateral visual field of the intact hemisphere) than when they stimulated the resected hemisphere (i.e., were presented in the contralateral visual field of the resected hemisphere). These results suggest that the amygdala is causally involved in unconscious emotional processing.
This chapter is part of a broader research project that investigates the functions of codeswitching in the online community of Russian-speaking immigrants living in Italy. The focus of the current contribution is playful manipulations of code hereby analyzed under the framework of digital code play. This play includes various semiotic resources, such as grammatical and semantic variations deployed by the communicants on the Internet and the metalinguistic comments surrounding them. Digital code play often occurs in contexts where social and linguistic norms are negotiated. The material analyzed here comprises comments from forums and Facebook groups dedicated to the communication of Russian speakers. The chapter targets three discussion topics on the forum, Russianitaly, and one post on the Facebook group, Russkie v Italii ʻRussians in Italyʼ. These topics and posts focus on language elements and language use and attracted the attention of many users who reported unusual mixing of languages in a playful way. A qualitative analysis of the forms of the play and the surrounding comments shows that users position themselves as multicompetent speakers: creative individuals empowered by multilingual and sociocultural knowledge who are able to combine and recontextualise (linguistic) resources from different sociocultural spaces to create new meanings and values.
This journal, Global Business Languages, resides in the dynamic realm of Languages for Specific Purposes (LSP), a field that lies at the intersection of language use, cultural competence, and professional communication.Through a meticulous examination of three distinct, yet, on another level, interconnected studies, this volume illuminates the multifaceted dimensions of LSP and its pivotal role in fostering intercultural understanding and language proficiency within professional settings.The first article, "Exploring the Speech Act of Requesting by German-English Bilinguals in Workplace Scenarios," by Hyoun-A Joo, delves into the sociolinguistic intricacies of requestmaking within multinational workplaces.Drawing attention to the ever increasingly globalized workforce and crosscultural communicative competence in the workplace, Joo examines communication strategies used by proficient German-English bilinguals in the context of making requests, a recurrent feature in work-related contexts.The-scenario-based study measures the extent to which pragmatic factors motivate intercultural sensitivity involved in the choice of the request strategy when using English or German.It concludes that based on the studied German-English bilingual strategies for making work-related requests, a unique blend of "non-target-like communicative strategies" is at play.The findings not only highlight the blending of sociopragmatic norms, but also underscore the heightened awareness of intercultural nuances among bilingual professionals, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of effective communication strategies in diverse professional settings.Complementing this exploration, Alyssia Miller De Rutt's article, "High Frequency Medical Spanish Terminology: A Corpus-based Study of Textbooks and Reference Materials," offers valuable insights into the lexical landscape of Spanish in healthcare fields.Using a corpusbased analysis, Miller De Rutt analyzes the most frequently recurrent 3,000 words in medical Spanish textbooks, with respect to their semantic range and categorization in the medical field and dissects them according to the degree of specificity and generality of their semantic denotations.The assembled wordlists, she notes, should serve an aide or guide to curriculum developers who design medical Spanish courses, when considering which lexical items to include in their designed course or textbook.This comprehensive lexical analysis, thus, equips educators and curriculum designers with the tools needed to tailor medical Spanish courses to the specific linguistic needs of aspiring healthcare professionals, helping to bridge the gap between language proficiency and specialized discourse competence.The third contribution to volume 24, "Undergraduate Medical Spanish: The Role of Assessment in Teaching and Learning," by co-authors Andrea Nate, Diana Galarreta-Aima, and Alyssia Miller De Rutt, expands medical Spanish to assessment practices within undergraduate medical Spanish education.In the absence of a clear, agreed upon standard for learning and assessment of medical Spanish, varied approaches emerged in the field.Through interviews with instructors across the United States, the authors explore the multifaceted challenges and opportunities in assessing students' linguistic and cultural skills.Nate et al. present a study
The article deals with insufficiently studied academic prose by Russian writers who have been actively using English in academic settings only for the last fifteen years. To meet the requirements of international academia, Russian scholars need to have a good command of English for performing academic tasks, including publishing their research findings in international journals in order to get promoted in the field. The study has been inspired by the increasing interest in variations in the use of metadiscourse in English academic texts across disciplinary boundaries. Its main focus is on the repertoire and distribution of interactional metadiscourse markers in research article abstracts by nonnative English writers working in social sciences and engineering. In order to investigate metadiscourse in Russian-authored academic writing from a cross-disciplinary perspective, this study adopted a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Data collected from 240 research article abstracts was examined for cross-disciplinary differences in the use of metadiscourse. Hyland's taxonomy of interactional metadiscourse was adopted for the analysis. This study aimed to confirm the findings obtained by other researchers who claim that social science authors interact more with the audience than their counterparts in engineering and that differences in the deployment of metadiscourse are more influenced by the disciplinary or generic norms rather than cultural backgrounds of writers. To achieve this aim, the study analyses disciplinary preferences in shaping knowledge through the employment of metadiscourse seeking to identify (1) cross-disciplinary differences in the frequency of occurrence of metadiscourse markers; (2) cross-disciplinary differences in the frequency of the types of hedging, boosting, attitude, self-mention and engagement; (3) cross-disciplinary differences in the use of lexical units that serve metadiscourse functions. The results revealed that while research article abstracts derived from the social science journals included five categories of interactional metadiscourse (hedging, boosting, attitude, engagement, and self-mention), in engineering research article abstracts only four types (hedging, boosting, attitude, and self-mention) appeared. The frequency of occurrences of metadiscourse categories and types also varied across disciplines. The findings confirmed the assumption that metadiscourse is expressed in accordance with the accepted disciplinary and genre-specific norms rather than influenced by cultural backgrounds of L2 writers. Due to a small number of research article abstracts collected to build the corpus, the research results can be interpreted only as trends in the two disciplines. Through a study of interactional preferences of writers from a larger number of disciplines, we will learn more about rhetorical practices and values.
In the growing domain of natural language processing, low-resourced languages like Northern Kurdish remain largely unexplored due to the lack of resources needed to be part of this growth. In particular, the tasks of part-of-speech tagging and tokenization for Northern Kurdish are still insufficiently addressed. In this study, we aim to bridge this gap by evaluating a range of statistical, neural, and fine-tuned-based models specifically tailored for Northern Kurdish. Leveraging limited but valuable datasets, including the Universal Dependency Kurmanji treebank and a novel manually annotated and tokenized gold-standard dataset consisting of 136 sentences (2, 937 tokens). We evaluate several POS tagging models and report that the fine-tuned transformer-based model outperforms others, achieving an accuracy of 0.87 and a macro-averaged F1 score of 0.77. Data and models are publicly available under an open license at https://github.com/peshmerge/northern-kurdish-pos-tagging.
The only (non-divisive) way to address the representation of linguistic gender identity is to attempt – albeit not without difficulty – a negotiation between the protection of the common linguistic norm and accommodating the progressive proliferation of identities. This process must begin from a specific point, one for which no general consensus yet exists. There is no grammatical sacrilege in feminizing terms such as sindaco or ministro: in Italian, masculine nouns ending in -o typically take -a in their feminine forms, leaving no structural reason to reject sindaca or ministra. However, inclusive forms such as direttorə and pittorə, autorə and lettorə, rather than challenging their masculine equivalents, risk stalling progress. In classical Latin, the feminine form of pictor (pictrix) did not exist; a woman engaged in painting in ancient Rome had to resort to circumlocutions like pingendi artifex («an artist in the field of painting»). It took centuries to “institutionalize” many feminine forms of professional titles, and we are still far from granting them full social recognition. The current wave of advocacy for a neutral gender risks relegating to obscurity precisely those feminine forms (such as direttrice and pittrice, autrice and lettrice) that we must instead promote – and encourage others to promote – without hesitation.
Орфография хакасского языка с момента становления хакасского литературного языка до сегодняшнего дня претерпевала определенные изменения. Последний выпуск свода орфографических правил, подготовленный Д. Ф. Патачаковой, был издан в 1988 году совместно с орфографическим словарем хакасского языка Д. И. Чанкова. С тех пор прошло 35 лет, за этот период произошли определенные изменения в лексике и структуре хакасского языка, назрела необходимость в выпуске обновленного свода правил и орфографического словаря. В связи с этим сотрудники сектора языка Хакасского научно-исследовательского института языка, литературы и истории в 2023 году разработали предложения по обновлению свода правил орфографии Д. Ф. Патачаковой, расширили словник орфографического словаря Д. И. Чанкова. В процессе работы сектор опирался на следующие принципы: орфография стабильна, консервативна, исторически обусловлена, объединяет весь народ, относится к каждому члену сообщества. По этим причинам были произведены минимальные изменения в правила. Орфографические нормы, наряду с орфоэпическими, акцентными, лексическими, морфологическими, синтаксическими, входят в нормы литературного языка, стабилизируя его. Цель данной статьи состоит в систематизированном представлении предложений и обновлений к правилам орфографии, выполненных сотрудниками сектора языка Хакасского научно-исследовательского института языка, литературы и истории. Ими были дополнены 10 правил, представленные в сборнике правил Д. Ф. Патачаковой, и разработано 1 новое (написание сокращенных слов). The orthography of the Khakass language has undergone certain changes since the formation of the Khakass standard language until today. The last issue of the Set of Spelling Rules, prepared by D. F. Patachakova, was published in 1988 along with the Spelling Dictionary of the Khakass Language by D. I. Chankov. 35 years have passed since then; during this period there have been certain changes in the vocabulary and structure of the Khakass language, there is a need to publish an updated set of rules and an orthographic dictionary. In this regard in 2023, the staff of the Department of Language of Khakass Research Institute for Language, Literature, and History (KhRILLH) developed proposals to update the Set of Spelling Rules of D. F. Patachakova, enriched the Spelling Dictionary of D. I. Chankov. In the course of work, the Department relied on the following principles: spelling is stable, conservative, historically conditioned, unites all the people, refers to each member of the community. For these reasons, minimal changes were made in the rules. Orthographic norms, along with ortho-epic, accentual, lexical, morphological, syntactic ones, are included in the norms of the standard language, stabilizing it. The purpose of this article is the systematized representation of suggestions and updates to the spelling rules made by the staff of the Department of Language of KhRILLH. They supplemented 10 rules, presented in the Set of Rules by D.F. Patachakova, and developed 1 new rule (spelling of abbreviated words).
This study explores the impact of social media on language development, focusing on the emergence of online slang. With the rapid expansion of social media platforms, the language used online has evolved significantly, giving rise to new linguistic patterns, abbreviations, and expressions. This research employs a qualitative approach through an extensive literature review to investigate how social media influences language acquisition, communication styles, and the creation of digital lexicons. By analyzing a range of scholarly articles, studies, and online discourse, the study examines how social media facilitates the evolution of informal language, particularly through the creation and adoption of slang. The research further explores the socio-cultural implications of online slang, discussing its role in shaping youth identity, group dynamics, and communication within digital communities. This paper also reflects on the implications of this language shift for formal language use, education, and communication in both digital and traditional contexts. The findings suggest that while online slang promotes creativity and inclusivity, it also poses challenges in maintaining linguistic norms and understanding across generations. The study contributes to the growing field of linguistic research by highlighting the dual nature of social media’s impact on language—both as a tool for innovation and as a source of linguistic fragmentation.
This research discusses the shift of the Tae' language through a case study of language attitudes and language usage in the city of Palopo, South Sulawesi. The Tae' language, as the identity of the Luwu people, in this case, the city of Palopo, is rarely used as the daily communication language of the people of Palopo. The use of the language in the family environment, which should be the closest domain to the regional language, has also been replaced. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method. This study uses the instrument Cohn et al. (2013) in the form of scoring and social factors that can contribute to attitudes. Data analysis of language attitude employing the concepts of Garvin and Mathiot which encompass characteristics such as language loyalty, language pride, and awareness of linguistic norms. Based on the analysis of the data, the researcher found that the Tae' language as the regional language of the people of Palopo or Luwu has experienced a shift. The people in the city of Palopo have a positive attitude towards the Tae' language, but its usage is still minimal, even within the family domain. The Indonesian language dominates the language usage among the people. The positive language attitude does not align with the positive language usage, and it can even be negative in its usage.
Статья посвящена анализу официально-делового стиля корейского языка, его синтаксических, лексических особенностей и особенностей использования уровней вежливости. Описание включает ключевые аспекты, характерные для этого стиля, который играет важную роль в деловой и официальной коммуникации в Корее. В первой части статьи рассматриваются синтаксические особенности, включая порядок слов в предложении и структуру предложений, которые в официально-деловом контексте обладают формальной структурой с акцентом на точность и нейтральность. Важное место уделено использованию простых предложений и специфических грамматических конструкций, таких как условные и причинно-следственные связи. Во второй части автор исследуют лексические особенности официально-делового стиля, включая использование профессиональных терминов, аббревиатур и устойчивых выражений. Особое внимание уделено замене разговорных форм на более вежливые, что придает речи формальность. Отмечается также влияние китайского языка, особенно китайских иероглифов, на корейский деловой стиль. В статье подчеркивается, что в официально-деловом стиле употребляются термины, отражающие профессиональные и правовые нормы, что позволяет избегать использования разговорных или жаргонных выражений. Заключение статьи акцентирует внимание на необходимости учета всех этих особенностей при общении с корейскими коллегами, партнерами или официальными структурами, что способствует эффективному и уважительному взаимодействию в различных сферах жизни и бизнеса. The article is devoted to the analysis of the official business style of the Korean language, its syntactic, lexical features and features of the use of levels of politeness. The description includes key aspects characteristic of this style, which plays an important role in business and official communication in Korea. The first part of the article discusses the syntactic features, including word order in a sentence and sentence structure, which in an official business context have a formal structure with an emphasis on accuracy and neutrality. An important place is given to the use of simple sentences and specific grammatical constructions, such as conditional and cause-and-effect relationships. In the second part, the author explores the lexical features of the official business style, including the use of professional terms, abbreviations and stable expressions. Special attention is paid to the replacement of colloquial forms with more polite ones, which gives speech formality. The influence of the Chinese language, especially Chinese characters, on the Korean business style is also noted. The article emphasizes that the official business style uses terms that reflect professional and legal norms, which avoids the use of colloquial or slang expressions. The conclusion of the article focuses on the need to take into account all these features when communicating with Korean colleagues, partners or official structures, which contributes to effective and respectful interaction in various spheres of life and business.
лингвокультурный концепт «Благодарность» занимает важное место в русской культуре и языке. Он отражает ценности, нормы и традиции, характерные для русского общества, и проявляется в различных формах речевого и невербального поведения. Понимание этого концепта помогает глубже проникнуть в специфику русской культуры и межличностных отношений. В русском языке концепт «Благодарность» выражается через множество лексических средств и устойчивых выражений. Наиболее очевидными репрезентантами являются слова «спасибо», «благодарю», «весьма признателен» и их синонимы. Эти слова могут варьироваться в зависимости от ситуации и степени формальности общения. Например, «спасибо» используется в повседневной речи, в то время как «благодарю» и «весьма признателен» характерны для более официальных контекстов. Помимо лексических единиц, в русском языке существуют устойчивые выражения и фразеологизмы, которые служат для выражения благодарности. Фразы «от всего сердца», «большое спасибо», «не знаю, как вас благодарить» и подобные им позволяют говорящему подчеркнуть искренность и глубину своей признательности. Интересным аспектом является использование формул вежливости в русском языке. Например, при получении помощи или услуги часто говорят: «Благодарю за помощь», «Спасибо за поддержку». Невербальные способы выражения благодарности также играют важную роль в русской культуре. Улыбка, кивок головы, пожатие руки или объятия могут сопровождать вербальные выражения благодарности, усиливая их значение. Такие жесты помогают установить эмоциональный контакт и передать искренность чувств. Лингвокультурный концепт «Благодарность» в русском языке также находит отражение в литературе, фольклоре и пословицах. В русских сказках и рассказах герои часто выражают благодарность за оказанную помощь или добрые поступки, что подчеркивает важность этого концепта в культуре. Пословицы и поговорки, такие как «От благодарности не убудет» и «Доброе слово и кошке приятно», акцентируют внимание на значении благодарности в межличностных отношениях и важности доброго отношения к другим людям. the linguistic-cultural concept of “Gratitude” occupies an important place in Russian culture and language. It reflects the values, norms, and traditions characteristic of Russian society and manifests itself in various forms of verbal and non-verbal behavior. Understanding this concept helps to delve deeper into the specifics of Russian culture and interpersonal relationships. In the Russian language, the concept of “Gratitude” is expressed through a multitude of lexical means and idiomatic expressions. The most obvious representatives are the words “thank you,” “I thank you,” “very grateful,” and their synonyms. For example, “thank you” is used in everyday speech, while “I thank you” and “very grateful” are characteristic of more formal contexts. Phrases like “from the bottom of my heart,” “thank you very much,” “I don’t know how to thank you,” and similar ones allow the speaker to emphasize the sincerity and depth of their gratitude. Such expressions help to intensify the emotional coloration of the statement and make it warmer and more personal. An interesting aspect is the use of politeness formulas in the Russian language. For example, when receiving help or services, people often say, “Thank you for your help,” “Thank you for your support.” These expressions not only demonstrate gratitude but also contribute to maintaining positive communication and strengthening social ties. Non-verbal ways of expressing gratitude also play an important role in Russian culture. A smile, nodding, a handshake, or hugs can accompany verbal expressions of gratitude, enhancing their meaning. Such gestures help establish emotional contact and convey sincerity of feelings. The linguistic-cultural concept of “Gratitude” in the Russian language also finds reflection in literature, folklore, and proverbs. In Russian fairy tales and stories, characters often express gratitude for help or kind deeds, emphasizing the importance of this concept in culture. Proverbs and sayings, such as “Gratitude won’t diminish” and “A kind word is pleasant even to a cat,” draw attention to the significance of gratitude in interpersonal relationships and the importance of a kind attitude towards others.
Public discourse often excludes the erroneous speech of migratory subjects, thus foreclosing social and political rapprochement. This paper argues that the position outside of pregiven, linguistic norms provides migratory speech with an improvisatory quality that can serve as a catalyst for community formation. Simulating freestyle forms in writing, Feridun Zaimoğlu’s Kanak Sprak seeks to find a new language for the critique of xenophobia and to establish belonging based on precarious conditions. In a close reading of Fikret’s monologue “Pity is that true vitamin,” I show how improvisation disrupts established discourses and transforms the meaning of conventional hate speech tropes to forge transethnic alliances. The paper then turns to the subsequent volume Koppstoff and problematizes the commodification of Kanak speech in neoliberal pop culture. Çağıl’s monologue “If you’re smart, you take our side” hints at a different understanding of improvisation that reframes the relation between mainstream society and its others. Drawing on critical improvisation studies, the paper contributes to the understanding of linguistic interventions into social orders that determine who can say what, in which speech form, and according to which norms of belonging.
Abstract The wider availability of large-scale datasets and reproducible algorithms has boosted the application of NLP to living languages. On the other hand, dead languages benefit from the availability of curated resources both to offset the sparseness of available data and to make data accessible to researchers. We present here AGVaLex, a computational valency lexicon automatically extracted from the Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank. It contains quantitative corpus-driven morphological, syntactic and lexical information about verbs and their direct and indirect arguments and has a wide range of applications for the study of Ancient Greek. To illustrate these applications, we offer a case study that compares the semantic flexibility of transitive verb formulae in archaic Greek epic to a non-formulaic corpus, with the goal of detecting unique patterns of variation. We also illustrate the possibilities afforded by AGVaLex to scholars with a less extensive background in computational corpus-based research.
The article discusses major characteristics of Norwid’s language and style in light of the concept of “hyper-grammaticality” [po-nad-gramatyczność] developed by the poet himself. Considered as a descriptive category, it organizes and foregrounds certain properties of his syntax as well as other elements. The adjective “hyper-grammatical” can be understood in three ways: 1. failing to comply with rules; 2. departing from linguistic convention; hence unconventional; 3. derived from a different level of language than grammar.Norwid’s works can be shown to display hyper-grammaticality in all of the above senses. Discussion of constructions that violate linguistic norms accounts for the following: anacoluthon,homonymic structures, obscurities related to functions of anaphoric elements, and disruptions of coherence. Unconventional elements departing from the epoch’s standards include, among other things, innovations in collocability, complications of syntax, numerous parenthetical remarks, and the usage of archaic constructions. In Norwid’s texts an important place is held not only by mechanisms proper to syntactical or grammatical level of enunciation, but also by phenomena present on other levels:meta-textualityandthematic-rhematic structure.
The Yam languages of the southern New Guinea region are one of the world’s primary lan- guage families, i.e. not related to any other family in the world (Evans et al., 2017). They are the fourth-largest family in New Guinea by number of languages, after the Trans-New Guinea, Torricelli, and Sepik-Ramu families, but due to recent and intense documentation efforts, are the second-most documented. On the back of this field-work effort, we propose a fine-grained quantitatively-grounded phylogeny of these languages representing a history of the family. The major examples of documentation come in the form of three descriptive grammars (Car- roll, 2016; Döhler, 2018; Siegel, 2023) as well as a sketch grammar and language documentation project on the previously little-known Yei branch (Carroll, in press), as well as PhDs describing as- pects of Yam languages such as the grammar of Ranmo (Lee, 2016) and another on variation in Nmbo (Kashima, 2020). This is in addition to numerous papers on languages of the family, too numerous to mention here. The extended and rigorous documentation effort has created the space for developing new knowledge on the history of the family, of which we currently know very little. Preliminary results on historical reconstructions were published by Evans, et al., (2017), with updated results currently in press (Evans et al., in press). This paper develops these works and previous conference presentations (Evans et al., 2017b) to produce a high-definition phylogeny of the language family. The phylogeny is built using lexical data drawn from an expanded version of the Yamfinder lexical database (Carroll et al., online; yamfinder.com). This includes a list of 388 core vocabulary items chosen for relevance in the region taken from 26 Yam languages we have data for. This list has then been annotated for lexical cognates based on what we know regarding the historical reconstructions (Evans et al., 2017, 2017b, in press). This cognate data then serves as evidence for shared historical relatedness. We have provided a preliminary phylogeny in Figure 1 using these cognates. In this tree, the cognates were used to calculate symmetric generalized Robinson-Foulds Distances between languages using LingPy (List & Forkel, 2021). The tree was generated from these distances using a basic UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean) clustering algorithm. We extend from the automated approach presented in Figure 1 by building a Bayesian phy- logeny from the cognate data and providing a high resolution branching-tree model of the language family history (Bouckaert et al. 2019). We then use this model to calculate concordance factors for each cognate set (Minh et al. 2020). Concordance factors measure the extent a particular cognate set agrees with the branching model, and identifies cognates that present alternative branching histories within this complex linguistic region. The results are a significant step forward in models of history in Papuan languages. This represents arguably the most detailed and accurate phylogeny of any Papuan family to date, with potential exception of Trans-New Guinea (Greenhill, in press). This phylogeny also represents the next step in the long-term goal of unlocking potential deeper time-depth relationships in the region beyond what is possible given current comparative methods.
This paper examines the attitudes of Montenegrin students toward dialectal language forms in communication. An empirical study was conducted for this purpose, using a questionnaire with eight questions. The interpretation of the results provided important insights into the factors shaping the attitudes of Montenegrin students on this issue. The responses revealed value judgments indicating that, for a high percentage of the student population, it is important to prioritize forms from the standard language in almost all types of communication. The study found that most of the responses reflect attitudes shaped by a traditionalist approach to linguistic norms, where the linguistic standard is idealized as a model of cultural prestige. Considering the findings of this research, it is concluded that a potential measure to address this situation would involve systematically designed education programs developed through broad collaboration between institutions and non-governmental organizations, targeting young people and society as a whole. An important contribution to dispelling linguistic myths and unscientific attitudes regarding non-standard dialects is seen in the legal protection of Montenegrin language varieties as intangible cultural heritage.
Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia E-mail: sazin11@mail.ru Abstract. The article analyzes the development of applied linguistics within the framework of Bashkir linguistics, as well as the formation of this field. Most researchers working in the field of applied linguistics consider it to be a multidisciplinary field that encompasses all existing research. However, there is still no clear definition of what constitutes this term. In the article, applied linguistics is defined as referring to areas that involve the use of mathematical methods, computer-aided text processing, and the creation and analysis of linguistic databases. These areas have been active fields of research at the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences for over 30 years. The first steps towards this goal in the Bashkir linguistics were taken by the group “Automation of Lexicography”, which was founded in 1991. During its 11-year existence, the team developed frequency dictionaries for the language in the works of classical Bashkir literature by D. Yulty, as well as frequency dictionaries on different styles of Bashkir, primary school textbooks, and other materials. Due to the widespread adoption of computer technologies, which required the creation of standards for software, localization, support for operating systems, and promotion of the Bashkir language online, a laboratory for linguistics and information technology has been established on the basis of this group. The laboratory successfully completed these tasks: they presented standards for keyboard layouts and code tables; they participated in the localization of Lexicon, FineReader, Mozilla, Disco Commander and Chameleon programs; and they created national fonts and implemented language support for Windows and Linux operating systems. These works were the foundation for the full functionality of the language in the digital world. On their basis, the laboratory developed a terminological database operating on the internet, an information system for the Machine Fund of the Bashkir language, and corpus projects on prose, journalist and folklore texts in the Bashkir language. Based on these latter projects, certain issues regarding the syntactic structures of proverbs and sayings in the national language have been investigated. In order to continue dialectological research and to create a database of dialects of the national language, the laboratory was transformed into the Department of Applied Linguistics and Dialectology in 2022. Today, the department continues to work on corpus projects of the Bashkir language and collects expedition materials for a geographic information database on regional dialects. Based on these materials, a great deal of scientific work is carried out to clarify problems of the function of oral Bashkir speech within the media, as well as to determine phonetic and lexico-grammatical characteristics of the Northwest dialect.
This study is part of the bigger project OPTIMAX - Optimizing Outcomes in Psychotherapy for Anxiety Disorders (Müller-Bardorff et al., 2022, https://psyarxiv.com/yezaj/). Self-efficacy is a key construct in behavioral science impacting mental health and psychopathology. Here, we expand on previously demonstrated between-person self-efficacy effects. We prompted 66 patients five times daily for 14 days prior to starting cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to provide avoidance, hope, and perceived psychophysiological arousal ratings. Multilevel logistic regression analyses confirmed self-efficacy’s significant effects on avoidance in daily life (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.34–0.84, p =.008) and interaction effects with anxiety in predicting perceived psychophysiological arousal (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.62–1.00, p =.046) and hope (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.03–1.42, p =.02). More self-efficacious patients also reported greater anxiety symptom reduction early in treatment. Our findings assign a key role to self-efficacy for daily anxiety symptom experiences and for early CBT success. Self-efficacy interventions delivered in patients’ daily lives could help improve treatment outcome.
In the modern period social media has tremendously affected linguistic norms with the prevalent usage of Internet language, which has become an integral part of our digital interactions. From its modest beginnings in early chat rooms to its current ubiquitous presence across social media platforms, comprehending a new Internet term and delighting in its usage can open up an entirely new world of connections and expressions. This article explores the impact of internet language on daily communication. It analyses the main types of internet slang, highlighting the emergence of new linguistics strategies, including symbol graphics, emojis, numerical codes and abbreviated words. It also discusses the characteristics of internet slang and its impact on communication, emphasizing the numerous merits of internet languages, while acknowledging the challenges posed by their informal nature, such as the barriers to information dissemination. Additionally, the article underscores the need to adopt measures to improve the effectiveness of internet terminology in communication and manage its impact consciously and positively.
Introduction: In the absence of Barrett’s esophagus (BE), the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ), or z-line, is defined as the transition between the squamous mucosa of the esophagus and columnar mucosa of the gastric cardia. The z-line is considered ‘irregular’ when the SCJ extends proximally above the gastroesophageal junction by less than 1 centimeter (cm). The classification of the z-line is primarily performed by visual inspection and rarely by direct measurement. Gastroenterology society guidelines recommend against obtaining routine biopsies of an irregular z-line, in part, due to subjectivity of interpretation. This study aims to determine the interobserver variability in the rating of the z-line as ‘regular’ vs ‘irregular.’ Methods: The endoscopy video library of the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at Mayo Clinic, Rochester was reviewed for patients 18 years or older who underwent routine clinical esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) over the past 6 months. Exclusion criteria included the presence of Los Angeles (LA) grade C-D erosive esophagitis, BE, distal esophageal ring, esophageal cancer, or surgically altered esophagogastric anatomy. Videos were clipped to contain frames that clearly visualized the z-line. In addition, a representative single frame image was selected that included the entire z-line with the endoscope located approximately 2-3 above the SCJ. Five clinical gastroenterologists from Mayo Clinic, Rochester who perform greater > 100 EGDs per year were invited to participate in the study. Participants reviewed each video and corresponding single frame image and were asked to rate each z-line as ‘regular’ vs ‘irregular’ based the standard aforementioned definition. The interobserver variability was calculated using Fleiss’ kappa statistics for multiple raters. Results: The rating dataset consisted of 58 video and image pairs. Moderate agreement was observed between the 5 endoscopists (kappa 0.41) when rating the z-line as ‘regular’ vs ‘irregular’ using this dataset. Conclusion: Classification of the z-line as regular vs irregular by experienced endoscopists reached moderate agreement in a randomly selected dataset of high-quality videos with corresponding single frame images. Rating of the z-line was performed by visual interpretation, not by direct measurement, which is consistent with routine clinical practice. As next steps, we aim to explore factors associated with the visual classification of the z-line (i.e. SCJ shape) and establish methodology for standardization.
Abstract Understanding the somatovisceral responses to auditory affective imagery has important implications in disorders like misophonia. The current study compared physiological responses to aversive and nonaversive states across three modalities: audiovisual, auditory, and auditory imagery. Electromyographic activity over corrugator supercilii (EMGc) and zygomaticus major (EMGz), electrodermal activity (EDA), heart rate (HR), and finger skin temperature (SKT) were measured. There was significant differentiation in EMGc, EDA, and HR deceleration between aversive and nonaversive audiovisual stimuli. EMGc potentiation was the only physiological measure showing consistent differentiation across the three modalities. Cross-modal aversiveness classification results revealed a similar physiological response pattern between audiovisual and auditory modalities. The physiological response pattern during auditory affective imagery was useful for predicting the aversiveness in audiovisual modality but not the other way around. Vividness in auditory imagery correlated with subjective hedonic valence ratings, but not physiological responses. Taken together, the current data suggest that the aversiveness of auditory imagery is differentiable in subjective affective experience and facial muscle potentiation. These results of the physiological responses to imagined aversive sounds in nonclinical population would serve as a comparison baseline for the study of misophonia.
Jargon and slang are increasingly permeating the speech of modern students. This phenomenon is attributed not only to generational shifts but also to the changes occurring in society, the advancement of technology, and the proliferation of the Internet. Work on language norms is crucial in the education of secondary school students. Teaching the norms of literary language, or the linguistic norms of the Russian language, represents a complex process that engages various tools. Russian language textbooks and educational materials are essential components and tools through which knowledge about language norms is conveyed, as well as gaps in knowledge are addressed, and challenges faced by students are overcome. The task of educational institutions is to form students' solid knowledge of language norms and skills for their correct application. This necessitates a reassessment of approaches to the creation of textbooks and educational materials to ensure their relevance and effectiveness in the context of the modern information society. Training should not only incorporate traditional methods but also take into account the peculiarities of Internet communication in order to successfully overcome emerging language barriers. Thus, the article aims to address a pressing issue: increasing the level of comprehension of language norms among students through the revision of textbooks and educational materials, which is a significant step towards the preservation and development of the Russian language in the face of modern challenges.
This study explores the learnability of memory-less and memory-augmented RNNs, which are theoretically equivalent to Pushdown Automata. Empirical results show that these models often fail to generalize on longer sequences, relying more on precision than mastering symbolic grammar. Experiments on fully trained and component-frozen models reveal that freezing the memory component significantly improves performance, achieving state-of-the-art results on the Penn Treebank dataset (test perplexity reduced from 123.5 to 120.5). Models with frozen memory retained up to 90% of initial performance on longer sequences, compared to a 60% drop in standard models. Theoretical analysis suggests that freezing memory stabilizes temporal dependencies, leading to robust convergence. These findings stress the need for stable memory designs and long-sequence evaluations to understand RNNs true learnability limits.