Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
BACKGROUND: Emerging research suggests that behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) involves distinct deficits in processing social concepts -units that denote interpersonal traits, events, and circumstances. Recent findings indicate that assessments of these domains could contribute to differential diagnosis and predict syndrome-specific neural alterations. However, unlike other semantic categories, social concepts lack normative datasets for under-represented languages, which hinders strategic stimulus selection for much-needed experiments on under-served populations. To tackle this gap, we created a normative psycholinguistic database of social and non-social concepts for Spanish-speaking Latinos, aimed to fuel groundbreaking research on this population. METHODS: Healthy subjects over 18 years old completed an online form, rating 600 Spanish words (nouns, verbs, adjectives) in terms of their meanings' social relevance. Subsets of 100 words with high and low sociality (e.g., "friendship" and "button", respectively) were randomly presented. After rating their comprehension of the instructions, participants assessed the sociality of each word using a Likert scale (1 = no sociality, 7 = high sociality). Stimuli selection was made based on Diveica et al. (Behav Res Methods 2023, 54:461-73), who achieved strong validity in categorizing social and non-social English words, and socialness-driven variance in lexical tasks. Participants were recruited through flyers in online educational platforms and social media. RESULT: Socialness ratings averaged 5.997 (SD = 0.873) for social words and 1.75 (SD = 0.909) for non-social words. Participants provided more consistent responses at the extremes of the scale. These findings suggest strong face validity and a clear distinction between categories. CONCLUSIONS: Focusing on linguistic tools, we aim for a comprehensive study of social concepts and their potential as markers of cerebral dysfunction. In particular, we hope to enhance clinical investigation and diagnoses for populations with bvFTD, while fostering a fertile ground for novel translational research. This Spanish database is crucial for data collection in underrepresented populations and contributes to equity in dementia research and, more broadly, in behavioral neurology, by incorporating the Latin American perspective.
Abstract Cartographic maps aim to identify the order of generation and understand, by explaining in terms of syntactic strategies, the derived orders. In this work, we focus on the order of core verbal arguments and how the PP-NP order is derived from a basic NP-PP order. We test three models of syntactic operations (criterial model, meaningless movement, and external merge) and their predictions using quantitative and computational tools. Specifically, we implement two studies across nineteen treebanks in sixteen languages (four treebanks for Italian and Hebrew in Study 1; fifteen parallel treebanks in Study 2) to test the predictions in terms of locality for the different models. Our results show that the criterial model better predicts the data.
Emotion polyregulation involves employing multiple strategies to manage stress, with effectiveness depending on their alignment with personal and situational contexts. The ideal sequence of strategies to reduce negative affect remains unclear. This study aimed to compare sequences of attention deployment and cognitive reappraisal tactics (i.e., reinterpretation and psychological distancing), while also examining contextual factors like image intensity. Seventy participants (n = 66, Age = 22.04 ± 5.8; 19% Male; 48% White) completed a negative image rating task across four blocks of 24 trials: look neutral, look negative, and regulate negative. In regulate trials, participants switched regulation strategies at 5 s and rating their negative affect at 5 and 10 s. Blocks varied by cue sequence: reengage (attention deployment first) or unburden (cognitive reappraisal tactic first). In a linear mixed model, the unburden condition led to lower negative affect ratings compared to the reengage condition t(1157) = -5.12, p <.001, and showed a unique, significant decrease in negative affect from cue 1 to cue 2, t(1157) = 6.05, p <.001, indicating a synergistic effect. While cognitive reappraisal tactics did not benefit from the reengage condition, it remained an effective means of reducing negative affect in either sequence position. High-intensity images predicted higher negative affect ratings overall (p <.001), and the synergistic effects were heightened during high-intensity images. This study highlights the potential of sequential emotion regulation strategies—particularly using attention deployment as relief after cognitive reappraisal—to improve emotional outcomes, with promising implications for clinical therapy.
This study is concerned with the English neologisms of Generation Z Language users (popularly called Gen-Z), whose linguistic norm is gaining entry into the English language used in social media, thus influencing the language of four generations which are categorised based on birth years and shared cultural experiences. The four generations include Generation X, Millennials, Generation Z and Generation Alpha, and these categories of people form a set of active users of English Language, especially on social media. This language norm makes a remarkable impression on the vocabulary of English with the existence of social media since there is often an explosion in the frequency with which speakers make use of such innovation or construction in the target language. What is unique about the neologisms of the Generation Z English users is first, the pace with which they are formed and used and second, the ease with which they gain traction among diverse users. Although this speed is an unusual feature of language change which its process is measured, it is imperative to note that language innovation is ceaseless and remorseless. Every language that is spoken continues to change, not just century by century, but day by day. The aim of this study is to examine the neologisms formed by Generation Z users of English and establish the morphosemantic features peculiar to the formation of those words. The objectives are to i. identify Gen-Z neologisms, ii. analyse the possible sources and morphological processes used in the formation, and iii. ascertain the relationship between the new words and the corresponding old words (if any). In this study, some of the neologisms formulated in the last 15 years were accessed, the sources and origins of the words were investigated and finally the morphological processes used to achieve the words and their attendant meanings as well were examined. This study acknowledges the existence of Generation Z who exhibit unique characteristics that distinguish them from other past generations. Their distinctiveness is a product of their childhood and life in the technological, culturally diverse, digitally connected and socially conscious world. Being the core of the active population in this age, they influence various aspects of the society from technology and media to business, fashion and learning which indeed cause fundamental changes in the present world and initiate future directions. The evident rapid and profound changes in the English lexis in the last few decades require systematic linguistic investigation.
The subject of the study is the lexical means of expressing the emotions of courage and fear in A. S. Pushkin’s cycle "The Tales of Ivan Belkin". The semantics and functioning of these lexical units in the artistic text are analyzed, based on 93 identified contexts. Particular attention is paid to identifying the connection between lexical choice (courage, timidity, fearing) and the social status of characters (nobility and "the little people"), gender characteristics (cheerful courage for men, fainting for women), and situational factors. The role of context in the formation of emotional meanings and their classification into 7 functional-semantic groups according to L. G. Babenko (emotional state, emotional quality, external expression of emotion, etc.) is investigated, encompassing both direct emotion nominations (courage, timidity) and indirect markers manifested through physiological reactions (trembling, turning pale, with bated breath). The methods of contextual and statistical analysis, and functional-semantic classification are used. The methodological basis is the system of L. G. Babenko (7 groups of emotional vocabulary) and the principles of lexicography. The scientific novelty lies in the first systematic analysis of the opposition "courage" – "fear" in A. S. Pushkin through the prism of lexical semantics. It has been established that the dominance of the vocabulary of cowardice (79 cases, e.g., fearing, becoming timid) over that of boldness (14 cases, e.g., bravery, cheerful courage) reflects the author's understanding of human weaknesses as deviations from the norm. Gender asymmetry has been identified: men express their courage through direct nominations (heroic, hero), while women express it contextually through physiological reactions (turning pale, trembling). Social specificity has been discovered: fear of the upper classes is encoded by the verbs to be afraid and not to dare. It has been proven that fear is situational (e.g., timidity acts as a "floating emotion" dependent on context), while courage transforms (physical &#8594; moral). These findings are significant for psycholinguistics and the interpretation of Russian classics.
To examine contrasting predictions between fuzzy trace theory (FTT) and activation monitoring theory (AMT), the current study examined the proportion of DRM false memories produced by children vs adults. In contrast to previous studies, backward associative strength (BAS) was well controlled, and the method ensured that subjects' attention was focused on lexical/semantic information. Specifically, DRM lists for children were constructed from child norms, and DRM lists for adults were based on adult norms. In addition, to ensure that attention was focused on lexical/semantic information, lists were read aloud to the subjects, and responses were made verbally. Children produced more false memories than adults, supporting AMT. Response modality was varied in a second Experiment. Children recalled more items when responding orally than when writing responses. Adults showed no effect of response modality. These results indicate that when BAS is controlled, and both children's and adults' attention is focused on semantic information, false memory occurs more frequently in children than adults. We propose that this pattern is indicative of a less developed attentional system in children, is consistent with activation monitoring theory, and suggests important boundary conditions for the occurrence of developmental reversals.
About the Linguistic Analysis of Text Summary The article considers the problem of linguistic analysis of text. There are two directions in the study of text linguistics. One of the directions studies the relationship between the text system and the language system in order to verify and clarify general conclusions concerning the language system. The other direction aims to study the features of the text itself as a spe¬cial system. A linguistic norm has the force of law and is characterized by certain features. The norm expresses the necessary connections found in the text, without which its functioning is impossible. The most important feature of a linguistic norm as a law is the expression of general connections. This feature receives a clarifying characteristic in linguistics: language norm − speech norm − text norm. The most promising is the information-structural theory of the text-system. This theory is based on the definition of language in all its manifestations and abstractions as the most important means of communication. Such factors as content and form, structure and system interact in the text. Keywords: text, linguistic norm, language means, communication, information, methods of analysis, content, form, structure, system
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM) is thought to process emotions via memory reactivation. Such REM reactivation can be triggered by presenting a tone associated with the target memory. This reduces subjective arousal ratings for negative stimuli. Here, we measure arousal objectively in brain and autonomic system. Participants rated negative image-sound pairs, half of which were then re-presented during subsequent REM. All images were re-rated in a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner with pulse oximetry 48 h after encoding. Reactivation in REM reduced responses in the brain's Salience Network (SN), including Anterior Insula and dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC), and associated emotion-processing regions: orbitofrontal cortex, subgenual cingulate, and left amygdala. Memory reactivation in REM reduced heart rate deceleration (HRD). Subjective arousal ratings were reduced for more upsetting images and increased for less upsetting images. Our findings have implications for the use of memory reactivation to treat depression and anxiety disorders.
This article explores the nature, functions, and significance of discursive formulas in academic writing, with a focus on comparing their usage in English and Uzbek academic articles. The study highlights the similarities and differences shaped by linguistic norms and rhetorical traditions.
This article presents a comparative analysis of figurative language in Italian and Azerbaijani, arguing that idioms operate as semio-cognitive devices linking embodied experience to cultural-historical norms. Integrating conceptual metaphor theory, mental spaces and blending, frame semantics, and semiotics, the study models cross-linguistic mappings across FIRE / HEAT, CONTAINER, JOURNEY, VERTICALITY, and ENERGY. The aim of the study is to identify the semio-cognitive models of figurative language and to determine their similarities and differences within a cultural-historical context, to establish how these models are shaped by the typological structures of both languages, and, ultimately, to develop new theoretical generalizations. The study is based on the synthesis of cognitive-semantic, semiotic, and comparative-historical methods. The corpus concentrates on canonical texts (Dante, Petrarch, Ariosto, Manzoni; Nasimi, Fuzuli, Vagif, Zakir) and on established Azerbaijani phraseology. Methodologically, idioms are treated as stabilized sign- packages with layered denotative, connotative, and symbolic values; each item is mapped from source to target domains and situated in discourse frames that mediate social roles and ethical normativity. Findings reveal robust universals alongside salient local filters. Universally, emotional and evalua- tive meanings recruit shared schemas—ANGER IS FIRE / HEAT, MIND / SELF IS A CONTAINER, LIFE / LOVE IS A JOURNEY, SOCIAL POWER IS UP / SUBMISSION IS DOWN, LOVE IS ENERGY / FORCE—realized through language-specific resources: graded thermal lexicons (Italian caldo→bollente→rovente; Azerbaijani isti→qızmar→ yandırıcı→büryan), container states and overflow, and vertical-motion patterns. Locally, Italian discourse foregrounds visual-theatrical staging and intratextual legitimization of folk wisdom as pro- verbio (e.g., Ariosto’s “cader de la padella ne le brage”; Manzoni’s “Ambasciator non porta pena”), encod- ing institutional and juridical norms. Azerbaijani classics privilege mystical-soteriological semantics around can / od / könül and exploit agglutinative morphology to fine-grade intensity (e.g., sinə büryan olmaq, içi yanmaq, can vermək, ayağına düşmək – En.literal “to have one’s breast burned,” “to burn inside,” “to give one’s soul / life,” “to fall at someone’s feet”). Parallel readings align Petrarch’s “picciol foco” with Fuzu- li’s “eşq atəşi,” (the fire of love) and Manzoni’s fuori di sé (to be outside oneself) with Azerbaijani özündən çıxmaq (to go out of oneself). Analytically, idioms function on two interconnected planes. At the psychosemantic level, they crys- tallize embodied experience into portable mappings; at the socio-discursive level, they normalize roles and values, turning proverbs and fixed epithets into interpretive institutions. The proposed three-axis frame- work — (i) source→target mapping, (ii) semiotic stratification, (iii) discursive-cultural embedding—yields a reproducible procedure for comparison. Practical implications span didactics (model-based teaching of idioms), translation (equivalence by mapping rather than lexical parity), lexicography (dictionary fields for conceptual model, discourse function, scalar degree), and NLP (annotation layers such as THERMAL_ SCALE, CONTAINER_STATE, VERTICAL_MOVE, INSTITUTION_ROLE). Limitations include a classical-text fo- cus and the absence of psycholinguistic testing; future work will expand to modern media, broaden Ro- mance/Turkic coverage, and evaluate model-guided annotation in multilingual transformer pipelines. In sum, figurative language in both traditions emerges as a semio-cognitive nexus: universals provide the skeleton (FIRE / HEAT, CONTAINER, JOURNEY, VERTICALITY, ENERGY), while local codes dress it in culturally spe- cific forms. Idioms and metaphors thus act not as ornament but as operational mechanisms that bridge cogni- tion and cultural order, offering a unified account of how poetic form encodes social and ethical meaning. In addition, the article operationalizes its claims with a replicable annotation scheme that links idi- om tokens to explicit source–target mappings, scalar degrees, and discourse functions, enabling quantita- tive corpus work and explainable NLP. By aligning parallel examples (e.g., Petrarch—Fuzuli; Ariosto—Zakir; Manzoni—Vaqif), the study demonstrates how identical conceptual skeletons yield distinct stylistic realiza- tions under divergent cultural constraints. This dual lens—universal templates filtered by local codes—of- fers practical guidance for curriculum design, translator training, and culturally aware language technolo- gies. As such, the framework advances an integrated, testable agenda for future research at the intersec- tion of cognitive linguistics, semiotics, and comparative philology.
This entry presents a comprehensive overview of the computational study of Old English that surveys the evolution from early digital corpora to recent artificial intelligence applications. Six interconnected domains are examined: textual resources (including the Helsinki Corpus, the Dictionary of Old English Corpus, and the York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus), lexicographical resources (analysing approaches from Bosworth–Toller to the Dictionary of Old English), corpus lemmatisation (covering both prose and poetic texts), treebanks (particularly Universal Dependencies frameworks), and artificial intelligence applications. The paper shows that computational methodologies have transformed Old English studies because they facilitate large-scale analyses of morphology, syntax, and semantics previously impossible through traditional philological methods. Recent innovations are highlighted, including the development of lexical databases like Nerthusv5, dependency parsing methods, and the application of transformer models and NLP libraries to historical language processing. In spite of these remarkable advances, problems persist, including limited corpus size, orthographic inconsistency, and methodological difficulties in applying modern computational techniques to historical languages. The conclusion is reached that the future of computational Old English studies lies in the integration of AI capabilities with traditional philological expertise, an approach that enhances traditional scholarship and opens new avenues for understanding Anglo-Saxon language and culture.
This study assesses community-based tourism as an innovation mechanism for protected areas by examining Agdal commons, traditional seasonal resource-closure systems, in Oukaimden (Toubkal National Park) and Tiout (Argan Grove Biosphere Reserve), Morocco. Through exploratory fieldwork comprising eleven semi-structured interviews with forest rights holders, cooperative members, and local governance councils (Jmaa), complemented by correspondence factor analysis, hierarchical classification, and lexical visualization techniques, the research identifies three organizing dimensions of stakeholder discourse: ecological stewardship anchored in Agdal practices, territorial relationships linking place-people-resources, and institutional coordination through cooperatives and associations. Findings reveal that while Agdal terminology pervades local narratives as shorthand for intergenerational ecological knowledge and adaptive regulation, tourism-driven livelihood diversification risks fragmenting external tourism expertise from indigenous governance norms unless deliberately integrated through certified agro-sylvo-pastoral value chains such as cooperative-marketed argan oil. Oukaimden demonstrates underutilized ecotourism capacity beyond its winter-sports focus, whereas Tiout exhibits more mature community tourism adoption. The study proposes actionable policy frameworks that couple community-based tourism development with product certification, cooperative strengthening, and environmental safeguards to prevent resource degradation and social displacement, thereby advancing equitable transitions toward locally controlled, low-impact tourism models within Morocco's biosphere reserves. Although tourism and natural resource management are often perceived as distinct areas, they are interconnected and have significant implications for local populations. Tourism in Oukaimden and Tiout can provide development opportunities but can also put pressure on natural resources. The paper highlights the community approach through a significant observation and interviews carried in both communes. Developing a system of measures and policies to promote the adoption of community tourism, along with implementation mechanisms, positioning it as a key strategy for ensuring a successful transition.
Dependency parsing is a fundamental task in natural language processing that involves identifying the grammatical relationships between words in a sentence. One promising approach for performing this task in languages lacking annotated treebanks is treebank translation, which utilizes word alignments to map dependencies from a source treebank to the corresponding target translation. However, due to language differences and the limitations of word alignment tools, this method would inevitably generate noise during mapping. To reduce the effect of noise, we first exploit MetaNet to compute quality scores for each dependency and identify low-score ones as noise. MetaNet is a fake teacher that learns to score homework (dependencies) by comparing answers from the top student (strong parser) and the regular student (weak parser) without knowing the correct answer (gold-standard). With the scoring capability of MetaNet, we design an iterative algorithm to boost the target treebank quality, which trains with high-quality dependencies and relabels the low-quality dependencies. Our method achieves better results than the originally translated treebanks and shows highly competitive performances with prior methods on the Universal Dependency Treebanks v2.2. We also provide detailed analysis and discussions.
This dissertation examines the multifaceted role of pitch by focusing on two central issues. First, it investigates whether lexical tones in Standard Chinese exhibit affective iconicity—that is, to what extent their pitch characteristics (e.g., height, range, slope, and contour direction) systematically aid to signal human emotional expression (e.g., arousal and valence). Notably, while arousal appears to be driven by inherent physiological responses, valence is more influenced by lexical meaning and cultural conventions. Analyses of bi-syllabic and monosyllabic words reveal that higher pitch, wider pitch range, and steeper pitch slopes are linked to higher arousal, whereas lower pitch and falling contours are associated with negative valence. In addition, monosyllabic tonemes more strongly predict emotional arousal ratings than consonants, and emotional valence ratings than vowels. Furthermore, lexical tones show adaptive significance for both arousal and valence, suggesting a potential mechanism of affective iconicity. <br> Second, the dissertation explores the developmental hemispheric lateralization of pitch processing in infants learning different languages. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, cross-linguistic comparisons between Dutch (a stress-accent language) and Japanese (a pitch-accent language) infants reveal distinct lateralization patterns. Japanese infants, whose language uses pitch to signal lexical contrasts, exhibit early left-hemispheric specialization for speech stimuli, while Dutch infants exhibit a bilateral response. Together, these studies suggest that pitch perception in language and emotion is shaped by an interplay between the perceptual properties of pitch and linguistic, experiential, and contextual influences.
Abstract: The Hebrew language and its rapid development played a crucial role in modern Jewish history. However, scholarship on Modern Hebrew has not sufficiently explained how its abstract status as a national language was translated into the practical promotion of a Modern Hebrew–speaking community. The path of Hebrew and its advocates was neither simple nor serene and was accompanied by a lively public discussion across the multilingual Jewish press. By examining key press debates that occurred between 1875 and the outbreak of World War I, this article traces the formation of new linguistic norms. It shows how conventions concerning the national status of Hebrew, its prospect as a modern language, and its potential to serve as the basis of a new Jewish society were crystallized and laid the foundations that enabled it to become, eventually, a modern national language.
In recent years, small Large Language Models (sLLMs) have increasingly been recognized for their utility due to their cost-effective performance in generating high-quality responses without relying on cloud APIs that may pose privacy concerns. This study conducts a comparative ablation analysis to evaluate the hedonic valence rating capabilities of three distinct models: Llama3.2, Phi-4, and nomic-embed-text-v1.5. The investigation involves assigning valence ratings on a 9-point scale to 140 words sampled from an extensive human-rated dataset, a subset of which was used in a previous study. The chatbot models, Llama3.2 and Phi-4, were employed via ollama using prompts specifically engineered to solicit emojis and numerical valence ratings. Nomic embeddings were used in a linear regression between the word embeddings and the human ratings. Statistical analysis revealed significant correlations between the models’ outputs and human ratings (p-value ≤ 0.001). Despite limitations, these results underscore the potential of sLLMs and embedding models in enhancing sentiment analysis. This study shows how sLLMs can effectively approximate word valence and may help in linguistic research.
The development of lexicalized grammars, particularly Tree-Adjoining Grammar (TAG), has significantly advanced our understanding of syntax and semantics in natural language processing (NLP). While existing syntactic resources like the Penn Treebank and Universal Dependencies offer extensive annotations for phrase-structure and dependency parsing, there is a lack of large-scale corpora grounded in lexicalized grammar formalisms. To address this gap, we introduce TAGbank, a corpus of TAG derivations automatically extracted from existing syntactic treebanks. This paper outlines a methodology for mapping phrase-structure annotations to TAG derivations, leveraging the generative power of TAG to support parsing, grammar induction, and semantic analysis. Our approach builds on the work of CCGbank, extending it to incorporate the unique structural properties of TAG, including its transparent derivation trees and its ability to capture long-distance dependencies. We also discuss the challenges involved in the extraction process, including ensuring consistency across treebank schemes and dealing with language-specific syntactic idiosyncrasies. Finally, we propose the future extension of TAGbank to include multilingual corpora, focusing on the Penn Korean and Penn Chinese Treebanks, to explore the cross-linguistic application of TAG's formalism. By providing a robust, derivation-based resource, TAGbank aims to support a wide range of computational tasks and contribute to the theoretical understanding of TAG's generative capacity.
В статье исследуются различные семиотические средства трансляции ценностей, норм и установок в процессе осмысления коллективного прошлого в дискурсивном городском пространстве. Предметом исследования выступают принципы вербального и невербального кодирования информации об объекте коммеморации в текстах мемориальных досок. Статья представляет собой попытку изучить национальное коммуникативное пространство коммеморации в теоретической рамке лингвоурбанистики, нового исследовательского направления на стыке лингвистики и урбанистики. Впервые в лингвистическом исследовании выделены национальные особенности коммеморации в городской среде, репрезентирующие стратегии формирования согласованных ценностей, на основе представлений о коллективном прошлом. Цель исследования заключается в изучении механизмов сопряжения семантических компонентов, обеспечивающих коммуникативное единство вербально-визуального комплекса мемориальной доски и его воздействие на массового адресата в городском пространстве. Иконические средства репрезентации представляют особый интерес для исследования, так как через выбор в качестве объекта коммеморации определенного культурного символа или иконического знака транслируются ценностные установки исторического периода. Эмпирической базой исследования послужил корпус коммеморативных текстов, представляющих собой надписи на мемориальных досках города Москвы. Источником формирования исследовательского корпуса послужили сведения, представленные на открытом портале данных Правительства Москвы в сети Интернет. В статье представлена методика контент-анализа отобранного языкового материала с помощью корпусного менеджера AntConc, что позволило получить данные о частотности лексических единиц и содержании контекстов их употребления. Выделена корреляция между языковыми и иконическими средствами, которые акцентируют определенные атрибутивные характеристики объекта коммеморации, нацеленные на аксиологическую сферу адресата. The article explores ways in which semiotic means communicate national values, norms and expectations to city residents. The subject of the study is to identify the principles of verbal and non-verbal coding the information about the object of commemoration in the texts of memorial plaques. The article is an attempt to study the national communicative space of commemoration in the theoretical framework of linguo-urbanism, a new research area between linguistics and urbanism. For the first time, the linguistic study highlights the national features of commemoration in the urban environment reflecting the strategies to form the agreed values, based on ideas about the collective past. The research objective is to focus on mechanisms that ensure the communicative unity of the verbal-visual complex of the memorial plaque and its impact on the mass addressee in the urban space. The paper analyzes iconic means since the choice of a certain cultural symbol or iconic sign reveals what values and expectations are communicated and which models of social behavior are promoted by social agents. The empirical data for the study comes from the official text corpus of memorial plaques available on the Moscow government open data portal. The research techniques involve content analysis of the memorial plaques texts with the AntConc software to calculate word frequencies and analyze their contexts. In order to translate certain values specific lexical and iconic markers that describe attributive characteristics of the object of commemoration were outlined in accordance with the obtained data on the thematic and conceptual dominants of the typical commemorative texts. The paper suggests arguments for correlation between verbal and non-verbal means not only addressing the axiological sphere of the addressee, but also representing national commemorative cognitive scheme.
The study explores the linguistic patterns in Pakistani TEDx Talks. It is based on gender-based language use. It consists of ten talks selected from YouTube and applies both quantitative analysis with the help of AntConc 3.4.4w and qualitative interpretations by researchers. Based on modern professional speaking contexts, this study examines two models including Lakoff’s Deficit Model (1975) and Tannen’s Difference Model (1990). Findings demonstrate that Lakoff’s model presents a more simplified gendered language and inadequately explain power relations in formal speech. Tannen’s model is more flexible but limited by binary gender assumptions. It fails to capture situational variation in speaking strategies. This research examines how cultural and contextual factors, along with global conditions, influence the use of the Pakistani language in TEDx Talks. Professional interaction requires speakers to use language strategically, rather than adhering to rules defined by gender norms. 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Studies on trust have traditionally focused on its categories and scope, or the role of institutions, cultures, and norms in shaping trust dynamics. These conceptualizations of trust have been widely employed in cross-cultural studies while limited attention has been given to the linguistic aspects of trust realization in different languages. This study, therefore, employs a multifaceted methodology to explore the linguistic realization of trust in Arabic. Root-and-pattern morphology in Arabic generates a rich trust-related vocabulary, revealing two central themes: trust as bolstering, reflecting an evaluation of strength and measured reliance, and trust as peace and tranquillity, embodying inner calm and emotional security. Through an analysis of these themes and examples from various Arabic corpora and dictionaries, the study underscores the importance of integrating language-specific factors into cross-cultural trust research.
This paper investigates semantic extension models and evaluative potential development of the Russian adjective zdorovyj as a linguistic representation of the HEALTH concept within contemporary Russian media discourse practices. The study is based on an analysis of 400 word occurrences extracted from the newspaper corpus of the Russian National Corpus. Eleven basic lexical meanings are identified through lexicographic definitions. Features of non-standard meaning or evaluative transformations of dictionary-based values for the adjective zdorovyj are examined. It is demonstrated that metonymic and metaphorical extensions activate implicatures such as ‘beneficial to health > leading to health > intended for healthy lifestyle or healing’, ‘not spoiled, not decayed; normal > functioning appropriately without violation of relevant requirements and norms, having growth and development potential’. The evaluative capacity of the lexeme zdorovyj expands due to contexts where different types of partial evaluation emerge, including qualitative assessment (zdorovyj = complete), normative judgment (zdorovyj = correct), intellectual appraisal (zdorovyj = reasonable), and utilitarian valuation (zdorovyj = useful).
本研究通过实地调查，广泛收集了净月潭国家森林公园中的语言景观，采用定量分析法进行研究。通过对采集到的语料从语码种类、优势语码和语码标牌类型三个方面进行分析，研究发现，景区内语言景观具有综合性、多模态、双/多语性的主要特征；在语码种类方面，汉语占据主导地位，英语作为强势外语次之，语言模式以双语模式为主；从能见性和凸显性两个方面分析，汉语均为第一优势语码；按功能类型划分，说明介绍标识数量最多，服务设施标识次之，且每种功能类型的标牌都以双语模式为主。然而，景区中语言景观仍存在不少语言文字运用失范和语言标牌信息量不对等等问题。因此，相关部门需要加强对净月潭国家森林公园语言景观的规范建设与监督管理，必要时出台相应的法律法规，以确保语言景观的有效性和规范性。In this study, language landscapes in Jingyuetan National Forest Park are extensively collected through field surveys and studied by quantitative analysis method. It is found that, based on the analysis of the collected corpus in terms of three aspects: code type, dominant code and code sign type, the linguistic landscape in the scenic spot is featured by comprehensive, multimodal and bilingual/multilingual characteristics. In terms of code type, Chinese takes the dominant position, and English, as a powerful foreign language, ranks second. The language mode is mainly bilingual. Analyzed from the two aspects of visibility and salience, Chinese is the primary advantageous code. Divided by functional types, the number of signs for explanation and introduction is the largest, followed by those for service facilities. Moreover, signs of each functional type are mainly in the bilingual mode. However, there are still many problems in the linguistic landscape of the scenic spot, such as linguistic norm violations and informational asymmetry in code signs. Therefore, relevant departments need to strengthen the standardized construction, supervision and management of the linguistic landscapes in Jingyuetan National Forest Park and introduce relevant laws and regulations when necessary to ensure the effectiveness and standardization of the linguistic landscape.
This study examines how religious minorities are represented and made intelligible within platform-native journalism, with particular attention to the discursive strategies employed by Indonesian digital news media on YouTube. The purpose of the study is to critically explore how intercultural meanings, inclusivity, and social legitimacy are constructed through audiovisual news content featuring minority religious groups, and how such representations operate within broader social and ideological contexts. Using a qualitative research design, the study applies Critical Discourse Analysis based on Teun A. van Dijk’s three-dimensional framework, encompassing textual structures, social cognition, and social context. The primary data consist of selected special-feature videos produced by Kumparan’s YouTube channel that focus on Sikh and Orthodox Christian communities in Indonesia, supported by secondary data from relevant literature and institutional documents. The findings reveal that platform-native journalism does not merely report on religious diversity but actively performs discursive inclusion through careful lexical choices, narrative framing, visual composition, and dialogic presentation. These strategies position minority religions as legitimate social actors while simultaneously aligning journalistic narratives with dominant norms of tolerance, harmony, and national pluralism. At the level of social cognition, the media organization demonstrates an awareness of its influential role in shaping public understanding of religious difference, while at the level of social context, the discourse reflects broader efforts to manage religious diversity within a multicultural society. The significance of this study lies in its contribution to religious and media studies by highlighting how digital journalism platforms function as sites where inclusion is not only articulated but enacted discursively. By foregrounding platform-native news practices, this research offers a nuanced understanding of religion, media power, and intercultural communication in contemporary society, making it relevant to international discussions on religion in the digital public sphere.
In their most recent work, Judith Butler is interested in understanding Who’s Afraid of Gender? (2024). More specifically, this book undertakes a double task: first, Butler’s aim is to present a rebuttal to several arguments made against the destructive powers of “gender ideology;” second, and perhaps most crucially, Butler’s goal is to formulate ideas about the ways in which we may collectively resist – and organize against – the rising tide of fascist passions and authoritarianism that threaten our possibilities for “livable lives.” When it comes to performativity studies, Butler offers a significant contribution to scholarship with their work on (counter)imaginaries and phantasmatic syntax. Thus, it appears that Butler’s newest release is a departure from their earlier works on gender and performativity, insofar as it shifts focus from the ways in which ritualized performances constitute gender (Butler, 1990) within a largely heterosexual frame (Butler, 1993). In Who’s Afraid of Gender? they examine why and how “gender” becomes a nexus through which fear and anxiety about the future coalesce. To me, as both a queer scholar and a feminist who is interested in affect and the ways storytelling can shape our (relationship to) possible future(s), this book offers a needed perspective shift. In Gender Trouble (1990), Butler explored how “gender” and “sex” were made to seem normal and natural: how they operated within a coherent internal order – or a syntax – which structured and organized our sense of self. The “story” of gender (and sex), thus, could be taken apart – and it was – to reveal how even the “natural” is constantly (re)constructed. In a similar vein, Bodies that Matter (1993) explored the ways in which bodies were the “material reality” upon which heterosexual desires and scripts were inscribed and negotiated. In that sense, gender was what enabled us to think about our bodies: gender was the “constitutive constraint” against and through which we might make sense of how we moved, how we loved and how we lived. In Who’s Afraid of Gender? Butler considers the power of affect: how it sustains and animates stories about gender and the future. Instead of showing how stories come to “make sense,” Butler shows how, in fact, stories do not always need to make sense to work. What they can hinge on, instead, is how they make us feel. Therefore, in their latest release, Butler presents gender as a “phantasmatic scene”: a space where fear and anxiety weave (oftentimes contradictory) stories about bodies, sex and desire and the possibilities of life. It is their goal, then, to pull at the fabric of those stories, to unravel them and to suggest other stories for the future.From the outset, Butler identifies the ways in which “gender” is constructed as a phantasm. The term itself is a stand-in for a plethora of threats: the destruction of the traditional family, the indoctrination of children into homosexuality, pedophilia and other paraphilias, the end of “true masculinity”, just to name a few. It seems that the lexical, political and theoretical flexibility of the term serves – at least in an affective sense – to stoke the fires of “multitudes of modern panics” (p. 5). Furthermore, if “gender” becomes the figure through and against which most fears and anxieties are articulated, the actual myriads of reasons to be fearful and anxious become obscured: “those fears lose their names” (p. 6). This orchestrating of fear enables states and other sites of consolidated power to breed compliance and pull people “back into the fold,” as it were. Butler borrows the concept of “phantasmic scene” from the French psychoanalyst Jean Laplanche to engage with “anti-gender” (p. 10). In this context, fantasy is “an organization of desire and anxiety that follows certain structural and organizational rules, drawing on both conscious and unconscious material” (p. 10). Following this conceptual framework, fantasy has material bearing on the world – how it is made, unmade and inhabited.This articulation of gender is not completely removed from Butler’s previous works, especially when it comes to considering the ways in which it is imbued with certain structures of (heterosexual) desires for the future (1993). However, whereas Bodies that Matter may have been more concerned with understanding what specific desires, such as marriage and reproduction, structured gender and gendered life, Who’s Afraid of Gender (2024) seeks to understand how varied affects (fear, anxiety) themselves are focused contingently at the site of “gender” to influence what constitutes a “possible life.”It is worth mentioning that the anti-gender movement is not opposed to gender per se but has a vested interest in imposing a certain “gender order” (p. 18) on the world. Furthermore, their willingness to “eliminate gender” is born from a refusal to engage with scholarship that would enable them to enter public debate. In this sense, Butler argues that reading and sincerely engaging with what is at the heart of the debate is not merely a luxury or a hobby: it is the prerequisite for a productive democratic life. “Informed debate becomes impossible when some parties refuse to read the material under dispute” (p. 18). It seems that the anti-gender movement does not value having a shared understanding of “what” is at stake. For Butler, the work, then, is not to deconstruct an argument—or to construct an entirely new one. It is, rather, to neutralize a “gender-as-Hydra” – a collection of nightmare sequences that feed off fear – which seeks to destroy certain possibilities for queer, trans and feminist lives. Therefore, Butler is interested in constructing a counter-imaginary to oppose the ways in which the anti-gender movement acts “as a part of fascism” (p. 25).According to the “anti-gender” movement, the many faces of “gender” can be as terrifying as the Hitler Youth, nuclear warheads, or those who think they may usurp the power of God (chapter 1). When gender isn’t presented as the aforementioned threats, it can also take the form of indoctrination. The interesting thing, then, when it comes to performativity studies, is the way in which gender becomes a site for a variety of simultaneous embodiments – in which it is not the repetition of a variety of gender acts that coalesce into a coherent performance. How may we think about gender when the anti-gender movement has so clearly pushed aside any consideration of coherence and consistency?On the matter of “gender-as-harm,” Butler also explores the way in which the Vatican presents “gender” as a danger to the complementarity of man and woman, marriage, the family and children (chapter 2).It seems the Church is trying to make queer lives – or any type of lives that exist outside of heterosexual marriage – completely unthinkable and unsayable. In that sense, queer partnership or parenthood is presented as a threat to children both in terms of indoctrination and sexual abuse. In other words, the Vatican is trying to enact a form of effacement – or at the very least is trying to limit the conditions of possibility for different (queer) embodiments – by conjuring up a reversed fantasy where “gender ideology” is what lurks in the shadows, waiting for innocent and easily influenced children.More specifically, Butler explores how “anti-gender ideology” movement manifests itself in the United States. Chiefly, Butler analyses the ways in which “the deprivation of health care and the censorship of education” are disenfranchising LGBTQIA + communities and increasing their vulnerability (chapter 3). By multiplying the legislative bans and restrictions, the United States’ Right is effectively forming a “state-backed form of thought police” which seems to target the apparent corruptive and indoctrinating power of reading and books. It seems that not only do words such as “gender,” “gay” and “trans” have the power to indoctrinate whoever encounters them, but it also appears that the minds of children and young adults are “fully porous or helplessly responsive” in such scenarios. In Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative (1997), Butler had analyzed a similar dynamic when it came to the military and the “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” policy. By trying to fix the meaning of certain words as contagious and dangerous, the State and its various apparatuses were trying to make them unsayable in the context of self-declaration.The study of performativity – and much of the scholarship that has been developed in and around this concept – has to do with what is enacted and constructed through our practices and our speech. The “what” that is performed is often a semi-unified – and hopefully – coherent thing. What is interesting then is that in this case, the thing that “gender” performs, insofar as the Right is concerned, has less to do with one singular thing and more to do with an affective state of fear and anxiety. That affective state leads to policy and legislative action such as bans of healthcare and censorship in education, but seems secondary to the importance of the specific affective wavelength. If Butler is concerned with the “phantasmatic scene” and the imaginary that “gender” can conjure, there is something to be said about the different types of coherence that can be built upon. That is to say that the dream sequence – or nightmare sequence, more aptly – is not beholden to the same laws of coherence as that of the waking world. If the Right has tapped into our collective fears and anxieties, they are potentially operating on the level of the dream sequence, against which logic and rational argument seldom are enough to change paths.When it comes to fixing the meaning of certain terms, the Right and more specifically the Trump administration have taken it upon themselves to try to ensure that “sex” should be considered immutable (chapter 4). Aided by the Supreme Court, which has taken a particularly “literalist” approach to matters concerning human rights and personal freedom, any definition of “sex” that would allow for the evolution is presented as a threat to national order. For Butler, this visceral opposition to freedom is a matter of concern. “Why is freedom so frightening? Is that even the question? Or is it rather: How has freedom been made to seem so frightening that people find themselves longing for authoritarian rule?” (p. 129). However, amongst those who insist that “sex” is/should be fixed, there is another notable group that finds itself aligned with the “anti-gender” movement. Indeed, “gender critical feminists” argue that bodies and “sex” produce hors tout a set of experiences – and ways of being read, signified, and interacted with – that have nothing to do with specific sociopolitical and historical context (chapter 5).A point of interest is the idea that there are categories – ways of approximating, naming and enacting lived gendered experiences with language – which “let many of us live” (p. 151). In this sense, gender and its ritualized performances are normative: they can be (and are) coercive and oppressive, but they may also be life-affirming. For some of us, thinking within and against the boundaries of gender is not only a question of what constraints “weigh” on life, but a question of the possibility of a life worth living. Naming our various gendered embodiments may very well be a practice of survival in the face of the organized violence of erasure and denial. If our understanding of “sex” is broadened when we consider that it is not a fixed and ahistorical feature of a person, does that mean the realities that “sex” articulates are therefore erased? For Butler, that is hardly a convincing argument.Furthering their argument, Butler challenges the assertion that feminists are denying the “facts” of sex (chapter 6). Namely, they call upon John Berger’s intervention to remind us that “what” we see is always conditioned by our ways of seeing, which are themselves “laden with presuppositions about the meaning of what there is to be known” (p. 181). How we understand “sex” – and where we are willing to look for it – is already saturated with ideas and political inclinations. Then, it stands to reason to say that neither nature nor the body reveals itself plainly, when they are always in the process of being constructed and captured.To enrich the articulation between “sex” and its imaginary, Butler examines the “corrective” surgeries performed on intersex children by John Money in the late sixties and seventies. Thus, Butler presents the ways in which fear is built into the practice of sex assignment (chapter 7). In this case, the fear of not living up to expectations of social normalcy overrode considerations about the self-determination and agency of intersex children. It can be said, then, that sex assignment summons an imaginary and a set of expectations for the future of children. The projected failure to live up to those expectations has compelled cruel and inhumane medical procedures, such as those conducted by Money. However, for Butler, Money’s contributions to gender studies – even as we may be required to think against his contributions – are still relevant. He identified a gap between bodies and the projected trajectories of a life, which remains a productive space for thought. “At every stage in this process of becoming gendered, a persistent incommensurability exists between the lived body and the category under which it is to be understood” (p. 201). However, that very space between the lived body and the category that aims to capture it is often eschewed in the name of what is considered “natural.” In that regard, Butler explores the ways in which the nature/culture dichotomy has influenced sex/gender binarism (chapter 8).In turn, for many proponents of “anti-gender” ideology, “sex” is the essential and “natural” fact of the material world, upon which we have imposed the fable of “gender.” Through a co-constitutive approach, which has come to be favored in many fields of science such as biology and immunology, we may understand the material reality of sex and its bearings on possible embodiments. Speaking of such varied embodiments, Butler explores “when and how gender was forcibly imposed” (p. 212), specifically focusing on how “colonial powers, imposed gender norms on Black and brown bodies that naturalized and idealized heteronormative white and (mainly) European norms” (p. 212). In fact, Black and brown bodies were considered the anomalous bodies against which “normal” (and desirable) femininity and masculinity could be defined (chapter 9). Thus, gender dimorphism was negatively constituted against Black and brown “flesh” – which was considered a site where beings became “ungendered” – and insofar as “gender” may be a framework through which we can try to understand the relations we form with each other and the world, it is of crucial importance to understand how specific (racist, colonial and imperial) practices of “gendering” were/are at work in our very understanding of “sex.” Moreover, in many (white) feminist works that sought to understand patriarchal gender arrangements in racialized and subalternized cultures, the prism of “gender” was applied without consideration for the ways in which it writes over structures of kinship and intelligibility that may have organized social relations before colonization. This is not to say that inequality, oppression or violence were absent prior to colonization, but rather, it is an invitation to turn towards non-Western epistemological foundations when it comes to understanding different gendered embodiments and collective life trajectories.To situate and contextualize the concept, Butler explores the ways in which “gender” has been presented as an imperialist intrusion in non-English-speaking countries (chapter 10). “Although the anti-gender ideology movement often opposes the foreignness of gender on nationalist grounds, it oscillates between figuring the foreign as an imperialist power and an unwanted migrant” (p. 230). In this sense, the phantasm of “gender” becomes a synecdoche for what is foreign—imperial or otherwise. Moreover, issues of translation seem to be at the heart of this question. “If no one language monopolizes a word or idea, if there are other words that try to get at the same or a similar phenomenon, then asking what we refer to with the term “gender” can initiate an extremely interesting conversation among users of different languages” (p. 234). Indeed, Butler suggests that through paying attention to a variety of languages and formulations of gendered life, we may become attuned to different possibilities for embodiment. In this sense, language does not co-constitute an easily translatable concept of universal “gender,” but rather, language points to a contingent dimension of gender and gendered life. It is then not enough to simply find an adequate translation for an English concept of “gender”: we must open the floor to a plurality of gendered experiences and ways to name them if we wish to find more possibilities for livable lives.In their closing remarks, Butler reminds the readers that the aim of the book has been to encourage and foster potential alliances between different marginalized groups, despite the struggles that come with forming coalitions to fight against the phantasm of “gender.” Although Butler seeks “neither to provide a new theory of gender nor to defend or reconsider the theory that (p. the interest of this book is the way in which it with In the face of material fear and anxiety about the future have been made to coalesce around the “gender” by proponents of an “anti-gender” In that sense, Who’s Afraid of Gender? does something different previous works by It is less concerned with itself within a – at this very – conversation on performativity and is more concerned with the ways in which logic and coherence may be eschewed in of political and Butler us to consider the ways in which we do with rational debate when we are and the people in a terrifying over Who’s Afraid of Gender? shows us how we come to the for the Although it may not be its this work may still performativity studies insofar as it us to consider how affect enables certain and how we might neutralize their Who’s Afraid of Gender? that we enter the of fantasy with our desires for the a queer and feminist scholar much of this process was in various states of and – at the one it is to be when think of the ways in which have be and made up into – Butler is one of them, but also thinking about a feminist and a who does reading with just to name those from of are people who are for to point the of oppression – for to work against the other it is also to read about how our lives are as as nuclear The are they often make to no sense, and we are to our and to and every It is work, and we are largely to people who not to us or who not engage in The of a book then, is that it offers another way to resist fascist In that we to we are being we are no simply to and increasing are not to – with its and are the we are our in the phantasmatic we are the of our collective
This study aims to analyze the interference of Indonesian in Arabic translation among students of the Arabic Language Education program, focusing on morphological, syntactic, and lexical errors. The research employed quantitative, qualitative, and descriptive approaches, with data collected through a document study of students’ theses translated from Indonesian into Arabic. The analysis was conducted to identify the types of errors, their frequency, and the underlying factors affecting translation quality. The findings indicate that Indonesian interference occurs at multiple linguistic levels, affecting the coherence, cohesion, and stylistic appropriateness (Uslub) of the translated texts. Morphological errors included word-for-word translation, incorrect verb conjugation, and gender disagreement; syntactic errors involved word order, misuse of conjunctions, and improper clause combination; while lexical errors consisted of inappropriate word choice, literal translation of idiomatic expressions, and inaccurate use of technical terms. These results underscore the need for targeted training in linguistic rules, stylistic norms, and discourse practice, alongside the development of cultural and pragmatic awareness. The study concludes that Indonesian interference significantly influences Arabic translation, manifesting at morphological, syntactic, and lexical levels.
This article examines the linguistic practices of French-speaking drag queens on the television show Drag Race France (2022), focusing on the morphophonological integration of English borrowings, while also analysing how these borrowings may serve as resources in identity construction, social positioning and cultural commentary. Drawing on a corpus of spontaneous speech, this study provides a detailed linguistic analysis of borrowing types and of the prevalence of borrowings in different parts of the linguistic system, before moving on to examine how borrowings are used to demonstrate artistic authority, to mediate interactions with others, and in drag queens’ performances of self. These borrowings are examined not only as linguistic phenomena, but also as stylistic and strategic resources for identity construction and interactional positioning. Using Drag Race France as a case study, this article highlights the ways in which drag queen speech draws on exogenous anglophone norms to situate localised drag performance within the global drag culture popularised by RuPaul’s Drag Race and its franchises. The analysis of borrowings used in context sheds light on the social meanings associated with specific performative stances that use linguistic material from English in French.
Understanding how performance expression affects perceived emotion requires separating the effects of notated music from its interpretation by performers. Previous studies suggest that compositional cues (e.g., the pitches of a melody) primarily convey valence (negative–positive emotional quality), whereas performance cues (e.g., performance timing, intensity) convey arousal (low–high emotional intensity). However, these conclusions largely follow from simple single-line stimuli that lack the complexity of real-world music. To explore compositional and performance contributions to emotion in more complex works, we conducted experiments comparing participants’ ( N = 120) valence and arousal ratings of 48 recorded excerpts from a Grammy-winning pianist against parallel deadpan versions lacking emotionally expressive aspects. By comparing differences in ratings of stimuli presented in expressive and deadpan conditions, we corroborate past findings highlighting performance contributions to perceived emotion, while also providing novel insight into the relative importance of analyzed cues. Our findings reveal that removing expressive aspects (i.e., the deadpan condition) significantly affects arousal ratings of 21 excerpts, but valence ratings of only 4. Additionally, we highlight how cues differ in importance between expressive and deadpan conditions through a novel analytical approach employing elastic nets. Our analyses shed new light on how performance expression affects emotions communicated across complex musical works with different levels of compositional cues.
The author’s aim is to define the so-called linguistic norm of Middle Armenian using specially developed criteria and linguistic models, and to apply this framework to the study of Middle Armenian. This research presents a methodological and preliminary attempt to address this issue. The linguistic norm is considered essential for the Middle Armenian period, as this is the era in which various forms of Armenian emerge and gain broad usage. A linguistic norm represents the status of a language during a certain time – whether it is stable and systematic or unstable and disorganized. For this reason, the author proposes the following necessary criteria for defining the linguistic norm in Middle Armenian: a) absolute and relative, b) general (societal) and individual (private), c) written (literary) and oral (colloquial), d) comprehensive and segmented in time. The author concludes that it is impossible to define a single unified linguistic norm for the entire Middle Armenian period as one coherent system of rules. One must take into account its diversity and irregularities across centuries. Thus, it may be more appropriate to speak of a mixed type of linguistic norm - dominated by variations and inconsistencies - or to distinguish between multiple linguistic norms that together encompass all linguistic areas as a whole. The author also suggests adopting the regional linguistic feature as a criterion for the linguistic norm of Middle Armenian, which would clarify the localization of dialectal features according to specific regions.
The article is devoted to the study of the current topic of modern communication– virtual language personality, and the description of lexical and semantic features of virtual language personality in Internet communication. The issue of dynamic changes in the Kazakh vocabulary introduced through Internet communication has become especially relevant in recent years. The research work began with a review of the research of domestic and foreign scientists, the features and main trends were described. During the review of scientific papers analyzing the discourse of the social network and its text, the fundamental concepts were identified and the necessary conclusions were drawn, which guided us. The purpose of the study Is to consider the set of lexical and semantic properties of social network usages. The article notes that the main feature of communication in Kazakh-speaking social networks is the replacement of a real participant by a participant in virtual communication. We have done analysis of the structure, lexical and grammatical characteristics of Kazakh texts collected from social networks. The features of the texts of the discourse of social networks were described. It is mentioned that texts in social networks are not a source of knowledge, they are news or entertainment information, and accordingly they should have brief but rich information, the information in the text is transmitted not only by writing letters, but also by pictures, audio and video recordings. Examples from Facebook and WhatsApp networks were given as research materials. The study revealed the use of Facebook language terms in Kazakh texts, an increase in the activity of foreign words, a lexical-syntactic combination of foreign and native words, a combination of words without a lexical combination, etc. As a result, on the basis of the collected materials, grammatical (morphological, syntactic) features of Kazakh texts in the social network were divided into groups and a linguistic analysis was carried out. In modern public consciousness, linguistic research has become relevant, defining the linguistic image of a social network as a means of implementing linguistic communication. In this regard, it is very important to improve the language skills of network users.
The article discusses the process of compiling the first corpus of errors in contemporary Polish and its possible applications. The main goal of the corpus was to use it to train language models based on deep neural networks. However, during the annotation, several problems that may be of interest to linguists (especially those involved in prescriptive linguistics) were identified. Difficulties in annotation suggest that the very concept of error is unclear, as is categorization of language errors. Corpus statistics give an approximate picture of how well educated Poles know the linguistic norm and what types of errors most commonly appear in texts. Such information can be used for the purpose of language education at the school level and in Polish studies. Keywords Polish; language errors; typology of errors; corps; linguistic norm
This article explores gender-based language variation in English and Romanian through an analysis of two plays: Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and Frumoasa călătorie a urșilor panda povestită de un saxofonist care avea o iubită la Frankfurt by Matei Vișniec. The study investigates linguistic differences between men’s and women’s speech at the phonological, lexical, and grammatical levels while addressing broader sociolinguistic theories on gendered communication. The study concludes that women’s speech tends to be cooperative, marked by empathy and support, whereas men’s speech is often competitive, aiming to dominate conversations. Men’s interruptions and delayed minimal responses are used to control conversational topics, often leaving women silent. Notably, men’s use of repetitions reflects assertiveness in English but uncertainty in Romanian. This investigation highlights how gender-based language variation is influenced by social norms, cultural expectations, and contextual factors. By examining these distinctions, the study contributes to ongoing research in sociolinguistics, shedding light on how gender interacts with linguistic behavior across different languages and cultural contexts.
Ozymandias is one of Percy Bysshe Shelley’s most frequently anthologized texts in English school curricula. Owing to its lexical and syntactic clarity in addressing the theme of vanitas vanitatum, the sonnet would appear to pose no significant challenges for translators. Yet, this essay, by examining a range of translations that have shaped the Italian reception of Shelley, reveals how translation choices and strategies have resulted in markedly different texts. These variations often reflect the prevailing theories of translation and dominant poetic norms of a given period, or are deeply influenced by the translator’s individual poetics—who is, in some cases, a poet themselves. The essay focuses on a comparative analysis of four published versions of the sonnet (Carlo Faccioli 1902, Adolfo De Bosis 1928, Giuseppe Conte 1989, and Francesco Rognoni 2018), along with previously unpublished translations possibly attributable to canonical Italian authors such as Leopardi and Ungaretti. The essay concludes with reflections on literary translation in the age of artificial intelligence.
PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate lexical psycholinguistic properties (i.e. age of acquisition, concreteness, imageability, and familiarity) in English spoken discourse by persons with aphasia. It is hypothesised that persons with aphasia are more likely to use words with lower age of acquisition and higher concreteness, imageability and familiarity compared to the control group of neurologically intact adults, reflecting their lexical retrieval difficulties. METHOD: Language samples of picture descriptions, story narratives, and procedural discourse were extracted from AphasiaBank. Words in the samples were cross-referenced with lexical items in large-scale psycholinguistic norms. RESULT: Persons with aphasia tend to use words with lower age of acquisition in the story narrative task and higher familiarity in both the story narrative and procedural description task compared to the control group, demonstrating difficulties in retrieving later-acquired, and less familiar lexical items. Story narratives were particularly effective in distinguishing the two groups in terms of lexical psycholinguistic properties. CONCLUSION: Distinctive patterns of lexical psycholinguistic properties were found in persons with aphasia discourse production compared with the control groups. These findings hold significant clinical implications for speech-language pathologists, as they underscore the value of integrating psycholinguistic measures into assessment protocols to enhance diagnosis accuracy and inform targeted therapeutic interventions.
Violence has been a significant phenomenon throughout human history and has been studied across various disciplines. With the rise of interdisciplinary approaches, it has become a central issue in many fields. Adapting a psycholinguistic perspective, this study examines how films with violent content influence people’s perception of emotions. It was hypothesized that the violent content in film the participants saw would alter their perception of the emotional content of the words they were shown. To this end, they performed a rating task on a list of positive, negative, and neutral words before and after watching a violent film. A comparison of pre- and post-ratings revealed that valence ratings decreased for all word types after watching the film, while arousal ratings remained unchanged. These findings suggest that exposure to violent content can influence how emotional words are perceived. The results provide valuable insights into the impact of violence on emotional processing.
Image aesthetics assessment (IAA) has been traditionally addressed as a supervised learning problem, where the goal is to accurately predict information related to user opinions, such as the mean opinion score, image ratings, or a binary quality label, usually crafted by using a mean score threshold to label images as highly or lowly aesthetic. Supervised approaches fail to take into account the subjectiveness of this problem, as the idea of aesthetic pleasantness varies among different people and different cultures, thus making the labels extremely noisy. However, the existence of worldwide photographic contests, exhibitions and masters implies that, to a reasonable degree, there is a broader consensus about the quality of very high-quality images and photographs. Furthermore, labelling image data for IAA is a difficult process, as a large amount of non-trivial aesthetic judgements are required for obtaining a large-scale IAA dataset. Therefore, in this work we analyse the potential of positive-unlabelled techniques for solving IAA. We propose techniques for building PU datasets from traditional IAA datasets and from available reference datasets of high-quality images, and test several well-known PU algorithms on these. Our results highlight the potential of PU approaches for IAA, as we obtain results close to the state-of-the-art with much smaller sets of labelled data: in experiments with only 5% of labelled in AVA, we reach accuracy levels only 0.03 points below NIMA, and we reach competent balanced accuracy levels in settings with a very limited amount of labelled data and with very simple models. • We study solving image aesthetic assessment as a positive unlabelled problem. • We make positive unlabelled datasets from known image aesthetic assessment datasets. • We get a balanced accuracy 0.03 points below NIMA with 5% of labelled images in AVA.
The overall goal of this article is to contrast the different theorisations of norms in linguistics. Starting from the branches of structural linguistics, the article shows how linguistic norms are conceived in anthropological linguistics. Whereas the former separates linguistic usage from the speakers and tries to describe and analyse the linguistic structures which form different linguistic norms, the fields of anthropological linguistics as well as qualitative sociolinguistics and pragmatics focus on the contextually bound social functions and ideological implementations of the linguist signs that linguistic norms consist of. This way, linguistic norms can be understood more broadly as norms of conceiving and structuring social behaviour of which linguistic behaviour forms an integral part. Consequently, the social functionality of norms and the signs they consist of are theorised in this article. In order to demonstrate their social underpining, the example « J’aime right ton accent » in Acadian French will be analysed in more detail.
Abstract In many fields, such as language acquisition, neuropsychology of language, the study of aging, and historical linguistics, corpora are used for estimating the diversity of grammatical structures that are produced during a period by an individual, community, or type of speakers. In these cases, treebanks are taken as representative samples of the syntactic structures that might be encountered. Generalizing the potential syntactic diversity from the structures documented in a small corpus requires careful extrapolation whose accuracy is constrained by the limited size of representative sub-corpora. In this article, I demonstrate—both theoretically and empirically—that a grammar’s derivational entropy and the mean length of the utterances (MLU) it generates are fundamentally linked, giving rise to a new measure, the derivational entropy rate. The mean length of utterances becomes the most practical index of syntactic complexity; I demonstrate that MLU is not a mere proxy, but a fundamental measure of syntactic diversity. In combination with the new derivational entropy rate measure, it provides a theory-free assessment of grammatical complexity. The derivational entropy rate indexes the rate at which different grammatical annotation frameworks determine the grammatical complexity of treebanks. I evaluate the Smoothed Induced Treebank Entropy (SITE) as a tool for estimating these measures accurately, even from very small treebanks. I conclude by discussing important implications of these results for both NLP and human language processing.
Emotions dynamically unfold and are jointly constructed throughout social interactions between individuals. Yet, how exactly the experience and expression of emotions interact throughout such interactions remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the interplay between the experience and verbal expression of negative affect within and between romantic partners during negative interactions. We examined this interplay in terms of four possible relations: (a) how one's experienced negative affect predicts the verbal expression thereof, (b) how the verbal expression of negative affect predicts a subsequent change in one's own experienced affect, (c) how the verbal expression of negative affect predicts change in a partner's experienced affect, and (d) how one's experienced negative affect predicts the verbal expression of negative affect by a partner. We answered these questions by analyzing second-to-second data of self-reported affect ratings and verbatim transcripts of videotaped negative interactions between romantic partners. Our findings reveal inconsistent evidence for intraindividual relationships between the experience and verbal expression of negative affect. Yet, they demonstrate a consistent, though small, interpersonal relation with the expression of negative affect in one partner predicting the subsequent experience of negative affect in the other. These results suggest that verbal negative emotion expression may be more consistently related to others' experience than one's own, and highlight the role of emotion expression in interpersonal emotion regulation and the social construction of emotional experience, though the small effect sizes suggest this relationship may be subtle and that many other factors contribute to our emotional experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
Classical deviance theories about metaphor argue that the metaphorical sense of a word or expression, w, deviates from the sense of the word or expression interpreted literally. Developments in lexical pragmatics challenge these theories by claiming that deviance pervades (nearly) all aspects of linguistic communication. If deviance is the norm, then classical explanans offer little to no insight. In fact, many theorists have abandoned the idea of the literal-metaphorical distinction. This move carries significant consequences for theories of language and communication. We argue against this move and in favour of a linguistically robust literal-metaphorical distinction. We have three goals: The first is to argue that the literal-metaphorical distinction is important for theories of language and communication. The second is to assess Allott and Textor’s Non-Conformity View of deviance which gives up the idea that deviance is marked by a departure from conventional word meaning. Pace Allott and Textor, we claim that the literal-metaphorical distinction must ultimately be couched in some account of lexicalised meaning. Our third goal is to develop a form of qualified deviance that avoids what we take to be shortcomings of the Non-Conformity View.