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In recent papers (e.g., 2020a, b, 2021, 2022a, b) Bateman explores his vision for multimodality as an empirical discipline. In doing so he draws on sociological studies of knowledge structure, including work by Bernstein (2000) and Maton (2011, 2014, 2016, Maton & Chen 2016, Maton & Howard 2016, Maton et al. 2016). As part of this projection he warns against falling foul of "various flavours and variations of Saussure's well-known proposal of language (or any other system) as a 'master template' for semiotics as such" (Bateman 2022: 47) and what he calls 'linguistic imperialism' (Bateman 2022b: 63). In addition he notes that 'predatory' interdisciplinarity "will be rejected from the start" (Bateman 2021: 308).Read in tandem with Kress's many declarations of a new age of meaning making called 'Multimodality' (e.g., Kress 2003Kress, 2010Kress, 2015)), superseding language and the discipline of linguistics, serious questions have to be raised about work on multimodality informed by a theory of language such as Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) -work evolving into something we might call Systemic Functional Semiotics (SFS) via publications such as Kress & van Leeuwen's Reading Images (1990 and Accordingly in this paper I will draw on the sociological studies referred to above to explore the nature of SFL and SFS as knowledge structures, compare them with the model of empirical multimodality envisioned by Bateman and make some suggestions about how his ambitions for the field might be most effectively accommodated. I write as an SFL linguist (discourse analyst in particular), who has been drawn into work on multimodality by research students and colleagues over the past two and a half decades. As such, given the misgivings about the contribution of linguistics noted above, I should perhaps request readers' indulgence -as I suggest that an SFL/SFS perspective need not be read as the foul and predatory one that some of the more logophobic multimodalists apparently fear.In discussions of this kind it is important to distinguish multimodality as a field of research and multimodality as its object of study. Multimodalists (like psychologists) unfortunately tend to use the same term for both phenomena (cf., language and linguistics for linguists). Where confusion might arise I will refer to the field of research as Multimodal Studies below.By way of framing the discussion let's begin with Bernstein's (1996: 23) distinction between singulars and regions. For Bernstein a singular is "a discourse which has appropriated a space to give itself a unique name", for example, "physics, chemistry, sociology, psychology" and which "created the field of the production of knowledge". These he contrasts with regions, "a recontextualising of singulars", for example, "medicine, architecture, engineering, information science", noting that "any regionalisation of knowledge implies a recontextualising principle: which singulars are to be selected, what knowledge within the singular is to be introduced and related." Importantly he goes on to comment that "regions are the interface between the field of the production of knowledge and any field of practice." Had Bernstein's vision extended into the 21st century, he might well have added multimodality as an emerging region to his list, with media and communications as its field of practice.Seen in these terms SFL is a canonical singular (Martin 2014(Martin, 2016) ) and contrasts with its regionalisation in the Sydney School's well-known genre-based literacy programs (Rose & Martin 2012) -which tend to draw on a range of relevant singulars (including for example Bernstein and Maton's sociology of knowledge, neo/Vygotskyan social psychology and strands of Critical Discourse Analysis). One possible reading of Bateman's vision would entail, via design and/or evolution, the transformation of Multimodal Studies into a singularwith its own distinctive knowledge structure deploying an empirical methodology grounding theory and description.Bernstein's perspective is further elaborated in the distinction he draws between horizontal and vertical discourse (an opposition between what he earlier on referred to as common and uncommon sense). A horizontal discourse involves "a set of strategies which are local, segmentally organised, context specific and dependent, for maximising encounters with persons and habitats....This form has a group of well-known features: it is likely to be oral, local, context dependent and specific, tacit, multi-layered and contradictory across but not within contexts" (Bernstein 2000: 157). A vertical discourse on the other hand "takes the form of a coherent, explicit and systematically principled structure, hierarchically organised as in the sciences, or it takes the form of a series of specialised languages with specialised modes of interrogation and specialised criteria for the production and circulation of texts as in the social sciences and humanities" (Bernstein 2000: 157).In addition two forms of vertical discourse are distinguished -hierarchical knowledge structures vs horizontal ones. A hierarchical knowledge structure is "a coherent, explicit and systematically principled structure, hierarchically organised" which "attempts to create very general propositions and theories, which integrate knowledge at lower levels, and in this way shows underlying uniformities across an expanding range of apparently different phenomena" (Bernstein 1999: 161-162) -e.g., physics, chemistry or biology. A horizontal knowledge structure on the other hand is defined as "a series of specialised languages with specialised modes of interrogation and criteria for the construction and circulation of texts" (Bernstein 1999: 162) -e.g., linguistic theories which position themselves as functional, arguably West Coast Functionalism, Lexical Functional Grammar, Functional Grammar, Discourse Functional Grammar, Role and Reference Grammar or Systemic Functional Linguistics. Bernstein uses a triangle to symbolise hierarchical knowledge structures, since they attempt to create ever more general propositions which account for an expanding range of phenomena (e.g., Newtonian physics, superseded by Einstein's relativity, superseded by string theory and so on). Horizontal knowledge structures on the other hand are visualised by succession of 'Ls' since what counts as development is the introduction of a new perspective, typically by junior speakers who challenge the power and legitimacy of more senior ones (e.g., marxist history, feminist history, post-colonial history and so on). A synoptic overview of these distinctions is offered in Figure 1.Figure 1: Discourse and knowledge structure (after Bernstein 1999Bernstein, 2000) ) As exemplified above, in Bernstein's terms SFL is a canonical member of a horizontal knowledge structure comprising many different theories. Bateman's vision for Multimodal Studies is perhaps a more ambitious one, leaning towards the design and evolution of a hierarchical knowledge structure. This is a trajectory that linguistic theories have embraced, without success, since the modern discipline was founded by Saussure (1916). Wignell (2007a, b) examines the history of social science, focusing on the emergence of economics, political economy and sociology as "a hybrid of the language of the physical sciences and the language of the humanities" (Wignell 2007a: 202) -suggesting that the stronger the boundaries around one of these disciplines, the more it will evolve the characteristics of a hierarchical knowledge structure. In his 2004 conference presentation of Wignell (2007a) he in fact refers to social science knowledge structures as 'warring triangles', since they in general aspire to be recognised as hierarchical knowledge structures (viz linguists' claims for their discipline as the 'science of language'). What happens in practice however is that one or another linguistic theory gains institutional rather than intellectual control of the discipline, for a specific period of time, in a specific place (e.g., Chomskyan linguistics' supremacist control of American linguistics and its intellectual dominions in the 1960s, waning not long thereafter). Seen in these terms, Bateman's vision involves strengthening boundaries around what counts as empirical Multimodal Studies, thereby fostering its development as a hierarchical knowledge structure -occluding more 'weakly bounded' competing triangles as it does so and enjoying globalised longevity. Bernstein (2000: 132-134) probes more deeply into the characteristics of hierarchical and horizontal knowledge structures in his recognition of internal and external languages of description (which he labels L 1 and L 2 respectively). L 1 "refers to the syntax whereby a conceptual language is created" or how constituent concepts of a theory are interrelated; and L 2 "refers to the syntax whereby the internal language can describe something other than itself " (2000: or how a concepts are to structures with a internal 1 ) have concepts that are interrelated; in hierarchical knowledge structures this the of a external 2 ) whereby concepts are to in these focusing on how knowledge structures the term to on how internal ever more general propositions for a range of or the addition of new languages of description he the term L 1 L 2 L L to on how knowledge structures about a set of or via of a set of that are to of these is as Figure including a of canonical knowledge structures a knowledge structure Seen in these terms Bateman's ambitions for Multimodal Studies strengthening internal and external of description so that the field can via what refers to as on As as as is Bateman draws to Maton & discussion and of languages of description and external ones and L 2 respectively). languages are to be more general and specific than external In for example, languages what are referred to as and general such as or as such as or These a linguist the description of the of a language with into a more specific description of the to What as L 1, L and L 2 is itself a over time, as L and are to L 1 or L 1 concepts are to L language (or perhaps to L 2 external more on this we the evolution of SFS from SFL itself a of different languages of as in the and & et al. we will the model by Martin and his colleagues and his colleagues, and his colleagues, which is the one that has most Bateman (e.g., (e.g.,, (e.g.,, Saussure it language as a of (e.g., it takes the of and as it this over structure (e.g., This language in external which in of in structure. internal has to the of of of and of has the as in in to the of the the or meaning and of or structure and the of and discourse A synoptic overview of these Martin is in Figure an to both and are with and for 2 an perspective, for some languages is need to distinguish and is structure of more than one make for this at the of the in Figure this I will which on the form vs As in Martin et al. the of SFL at Saussure and in language as form not This that is not as a of language in its own it is a region in Bernstein's terms with such as recognition or on and deploying a set of internal and external very different to by linguistics in This is not to the of and to one another students are in but to the very different knowledge structures in the description of form as to structure and As as the description of is SFL does not its description to what called or of of or In to SFL is by of and (e.g., distinction between and in can be to this the perspective of make a distinction between and of group can be by the same a distinction can be by the in the relevant is or are are not very Accordingly the same is different structures, as in and SFL in other are not a of they structures on of in to the at This for example in to an SFS description of that an information can be set by the structure without making the that in fact this are extended from Kress & van in Figure of the is it is an the is selected, the and are in the by to the and to the This claims about it ones as a structure by a in that this is perhaps a reading of Kress Leeuwen's account of information structure in but is that SFS need not foul of their This to the of need to be set to the for structures in a given for example to and to ones. This be important are to different structures different for a given to and to vertical or horizontal are of that arguably need in such terms are to or for example to the specific uses of in Figure and can in linguists' or in for example to specific such as that which at the of in Martin & this in their work on science on work by and colleagues et al. 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These context of L 1 are well and more than language of their of and as of language in addition to a of in as as the distinction between and is are in a position to compare SFS with Bateman's for the L 1 of what he refers to as a in In doing so we need to in the of L 1 in to of modes 2 2 ) can be and in that not call for or of L 1 or L in other are more serious than -as we model of language and as in Figure a of for with Bateman's of his of Bateman et al. the in Figure of or the organised of as and the of discourse to SFS this the of as a and it with the of form two discourse As noted above, the term is for a in so the term is to in are by the of the discourse of the as an example, the of set in Kress might as of their as from the perspective of the this two of the at which of and and the discourse at it be possible to that the is a in other it not modes is as discourse and it is this that a to any of meaning making in modes is in Bateman in to model of discourse Seen in SFS terms Bateman's discourse is on in this perspective meaning is ever something that can be in to and context as texts meaning a of as they what Bateman as a called discourse SFS would from the of not discourse with and would be as form in Bateman's organised of Bateman et al. of structure (e.g., Martin to Bateman's of discourse structures discourse a of of as texts of discourse would have to be in Bateman's as for the of that can be so In at one of Bateman's model (Bateman & discourse as well as form is as of and structure. 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This research focuses on the veiled economic priorities woven into the climate change rhetoric at the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26), convened in Glasgow, Scotland, from October 31 to November 13, 2021. Drawing on 130 English-language addresses by national delegates, obtained from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) official repository, the study employs Arran Stibbe’s Ecological Discourse Analysis and his Eight Story Framework as its analytical foundation. It examines linguistic elements such as evocative terms, affirmative expressions, lexical selections, modal verbs, patterns of assertion, and pronoun use to expose underlying ideological currents. The results indicate that orations from 20 nations overtly prioritize profit-driven motives and national self-interest. These narratives reposition climate change as a platform for economic gain, with policy proposals highlighting growth and technological advancement over authentic ecological stewardship. Amazingly, 11 of these 20 nations rank among the top 25 global carbon dioxide emitters (per 2020 data), tying their rhetorical strategies to significant environmental consequences. The analysis reveals a consistent disparity between the declared commitments of developed nations to provide climate funding and their actual contributions to at-risk countries. Using COP26 as a focal point, this study illustrates how international climate platforms are frequently leveraged to continue economic norms, highlighting how linguistic choices advance broader ideological and geopolitical objectives.
Interactive internet platforms allow speakers to comment on linguistic variation in utterances from around the world to which they are exposed. Digital platforms thus function not only as spaces for discussing linguistic usage but also as arenas for negotiating language norms. Participants in these discussions often adopt strongly asserted normative positions. In this context, a project developed at the University of Kiel is presented in the article. It aims to analyse such normative discourses from a comparative perspective, with the goal of highlighting the specificities of different linguistic cultures. The article draws attention to a gradual shift in the conception of linguistic norms: traditional regulatory institutions increasingly see their authority challenged by a significant portion of language users, who formulate normative claims grounded in social arguments. This shift reflects a normativisation process that is now shaped by more participatory and transnational dynamics.
Abstract: This article reports on a corpus-based study of the pronoun “se” in Brazilian Portuguese aimed at developing a proposal for annotating the different uses of the pronoun in corpora to be leveraged in Natural Language Processing (NLP). We analyzed 732 occurrences of “se” retrieved from Porttinari-base, a treebank annotated following the Universal Dependency guidelines. The results allowed us to develop a proposal for syntactic and morphosyntactic annotation, which is expected to make human annotation simpler and more consistent as well as aid supplementary annotation, as in thematic role annotation, and enhance the performance of NLP tasks, as in automatic extraction of information.
Статья рассматривает лингводидактический потенциал паремиологического фонда с гастрономической семантикой в формировании межкультурной компетенции студентов университета на материале английской и русской лингвокультур. Межкультурная компетентность интерпретируется как интегративная способность, включающая когнитивный, аффективный и поведенческий компоненты, а пословицы о еде осмысляются как компактный носитель аксиологических установок, исторически закреплённых норм поведения и моделей категоризации опыта. Показано, что глюттоническая картина мира выступает устойчивой семиотической системой: витальная потребность в пище переходит в культурный код, позволяющий реконструировать особенности мировосприятия и снижать риск коммуникативных неудач в межкультурном взаимодействии. Теоретическое сопоставление паремий осуществляется с опорой на сплошную выборку из лексикографических источников и комплекс методов, включающий сравнительно-сопоставительный, компонентный, лингвокультурологический, герменевтический и концептуальный анализ; реконструируются концепты Еда, Хлеб, Голод, Гостеприимство и выявляются их ядерные и периферийные зоны. Установлены как универсальные смысловые инварианты (нормы умеренности, порицание излишеств, оценка труда и достатка), так и национально-специфические различия в ценностном статусе пищи: в русской традиции заметна сакрализация еды, прежде всего образа хлеба, связанная с опытом дефицита и рискованного земледелия, тогда как в английской паремиологии доминирует прагматическое осмысление bread как средства к существованию и компонента социально-экономической стабильности. Анализ тематик гостеприимства, метафоризации продуктов для характеристики личности и гендерно маркированных стереотипов демонстрирует необходимость отказа от буквального перевода в пользу функциональных соответствий и культурного комментария. Представленный подход позволяет переводить усвоение лексико-грамматического материала в плоскость концептуального понимания языка как культурного кода, развивать критическое мышление, эмпатию, толерантность и навыки интерпретации, значимые для профессиональной коммуникации в поликультурной среде. The article examines the linguodidactic potential of the paremiological corpus with gastronomic semantics in the formation of intercultural competence of university students based on English and Russian linguocultures. Intercultural competence is interpreted as an integrative ability that includes cognitive, affective, and behavioral components, while food-related proverbs are conceptualized as a compact carrier of axiological attitudes, historically entrenched norms of behavior, and models of experience categorization. It is shown that the gluttonic worldview functions as a stable semiotic system: the vital need for food is transformed into a cultural code that makes it possible to reconstruct specific features of worldview and to reduce the risk of communicative failures in intercultural interaction. The theoretical comparison of paremias is carried out on the basis of a continuous sampling from lexicographic sources and a set of methods including comparative, componential, linguocultural, hermeneutic, and conceptual analysis; the concepts Food, Bread, Hunger, and Hospitality are reconstructed, and their core and peripheral zones are identified. Both universal semantic invariants (norms of moderation, condemnation of excess, evaluation of labor and prosperity) and nationally specific differences in the value status of food are established: in the Russian tradition, the sacralization of food is evident, primarily the image of bread, associated with experiences of scarcity and risky agriculture, whereas in English paremiology a pragmatic interpretation of bread as a means of subsistence and a component of socio-economic stability predominates. The analysis of hospitality themes, the metaphorization of food products for characterizing personality, and gender-marked stereotypes demonstrates the necessity of abandoning literal translation in favor of functional equivalents and cultural commentary. The proposed approach makes it possible to shift the acquisition of lexical and grammatical material toward a conceptual understanding of language as a cultural code and to develop critical thinking, empathy, tolerance, and interpretative skills that are significant for professional communication in a multicultural environment.
The research focuses on exploring the structural and compositional features of blogs as a genre of professional Internet communication in the course of «Language of business communication». The tasks are outlined as follows: 1) to reveal the linguistic characteristics, functions, classification principles, and formatting rules of blogs; 2) to analyze blogs as a genre of professional Internet communication. The descriptive method and various types of linguistic analysis are applied. To develop students’ practical skills in professional blogging, analysis, and critical evaluation of posts by scientists, educators, and well-known public figures on the websites of reputable platforms in Ukraine, theoretical familiarization with linguistic features (stylistic, lexical, grammatical), functions (communicative, psychotherapeutic, educational, self-presentation, socialization, and others), classification principles (in particular, by authorship, by type of multimedia, by topic), and blog formatting rules (structural and compositional elements: profile, main page, individual entry/post page, friends’ feed), as well as practical analysis of the themes and structural and compositional features of the blogs by Oleksandr Ponomariv, Iryna Farion, and Taras Kremin are proposed. Posts by Oleksandr Ponomarev are grouped mainly with regard to the recommendations on language culture, discussing cases of violations of certain norms of literary language. Posts related to the history of language, sociolinguistics are also singled out. The posts demonstrate a combination of features from various functional styles of the Ukrainian language – scientific, journalistic, and colloquial. Posts by Iryna Farion are grouped in terms of the themes of the titles: about political life, problems of language policy; about prominent Ukrainians; letters, appeals; about scientific and teaching life, international relations. Such genre features of the posts as stylistic syncretism (features of journalistic, scientific, official-business, artistic, and colloquial styles), blurring the boundaries of taboo vocabulary, the use of stylistically reduced, jargon, and emotionally marked vocabulary, colloquial idioms, self-presentation (in particular, adherence to the orthographic norms of the Ukrainian spelling of 1928) are evidenced. Posts by Taras Kremin are proposed to be divided into three thematic groups: about the linguicide of the Ukrainian language by the Russian Federation, Russian aggression and propaganda, and counteraction to them; issues of the internal language situation and policy; international support for Ukraine, the Ukrainian language, and the status of the Ukrainian language in the world. The structural and compositional features of the posts, which demonstrate the important role of titles as external indicators of the text, a developed system of hyperlinks in the main body of the text, the accumulation of emotionally marked, evaluative vocabulary, grammatical and graphic markers, and the use of dialogization tools, are analyzed. Key words: «Language of Business Communication», b
Abstract Introduction Dream reports provide unique insights into emotional processing during sleep. While self-reports are the gold standard for assessing dream affect, natural language processing (NLP) tools like ChatGPT may offer scalable alternatives. This study evaluated ChatGPT’s ability to estimate positive and negative affect from dream reports, comparing its performance against self-reported ratings. Methods A total of 136 participants provided one dream report each. Participants rated their positive and negative dream affect on a 0–10 scale. ChatGPT 3.5 Turbo was accessed via the OpenAI API using Python, where each dream report was analyzed and rated on identical scales. The model’s outputs were programmatically appended to a CSV file for further analysis. Agreement between ChatGPT and self-reports was assessed using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC3k) for consistency, mean absolute error (MAE) for deviation, and Bland-Altman plots for visual inspection of agreement. Results For positive affect ratings, ChatGPT demonstrated excellent agreement with self-reports (ICC3k = 0.844, 95% CI [0.781, 0.889], p <.001), with an MAE of 1.778. Negative affect ratings similarly showed excellent agreement (ICC3k = 0.857, 95% CI [0.799, 0.898], p <.001), with an MAE of 1.681. Bland-Altman plots for both affective dimensions indicated no systematic bias and acceptable limits of agreement upon visual inspection. Conclusion ChatGPT demonstrated strong agreement with self-reported dream affect ratings, supporting its potential as a scalable tool for analyzing emotional content in dream reports. These findings suggest that large language models can provide valid and reliable estimates of dream affect, which may advance sleep and affective science. Support (if any)
This paper addresses the syntactic annotation of the verbs ER and BOL in copular constructions in Turkic-language treebanks in Universal Dependencies. ER is a defective verb, which has semantically empty content linking subjects to non-verbal predicates. BOL is a full verb with copula and semi-copula uses. The paper proposes a refined annotation strategy that treats ER consistently as an auxiliary copula and BOL variably as either an auxiliary copula or a lexical verb, depending on its semantic contribution in context. The aim of this proposal is to improve the consistency and cross-linguistic comparability of Turkic language annotations in UD.
We present a family of encodings for sequence labeling dependency parsing, based on the concept of hierarchical bracketing. We prove that the existing 4-bit projective encoding belongs to this family, but it is suboptimal in the number of labels used to encode a tree. We derive an optimal hierarchical bracketing, which minimizes the number of symbols used and encodes projective trees using only 12 distinct labels (vs. 16 for the 4-bit encoding). We also extend optimal hierarchical bracketing to support arbitrary non-projectivity in a more compact way than previous encodings. Our new encodings yield competitive accuracy on a diverse set of treebanks.
В статье проводится лексический анализ тувинских названий пыток, которые известны в истории Тувы как тос эрии ‘букв. девять пыток’. Тос эрии относится к периоду маньчжуро-китайского господства, времени Циньской династии в Туве и Монголии (XVIII в. – до начала XX в.). Однако их правление Тувой осуществлялась через местных правителей, которые подчинялись в свою очередь монгольским. Исторические данные свидетельствуют о том, что китайская администрация управляла Монголией и Тувой по специально созданному документу «Уложение Китайской Палаты внешних сношений». И согласно его нормам были разработаны около 40 видов пыток для проведения следственных действий. Из них в Туве и Монголии применяли девять. Отсюда и происходят тувинские и монгольские названия пыток – тув. тос эрии/эрээ и монг. есөн эрүү ‘букв. девять пыток’. В статье впервые выявляются структурные и семантические особенности семантики названий «девяти пыток» в тувинском языке в сопоставлении с монгольскими. Тувинские и монгольские источники показывают наличие определенных расхождений в перечне видов пыток в разных работах. Анализ материала позволил установить семь соответствий в названиях «девяти пыток». В трех описываемых случаях имеются полные структурные и семантические соответствия в названиях: 1) тув. шаагайтаары/монг. шаахайдах ‘бить шаагаем по лицу’, 2) тув. маңзылаары/монг. банздах или чавчирга ‘бить по бедрам ног доской’, 3) тув. кулузуннар кадаары/монг. хулсан хадаас ‘вбивание острой тонкой щепки под ногти’. В этих случаях мы имеем дело с прямыми заимствованиями из монгольского языка. Остальные четыре параллели – это семантические соответствия, при которых один и тот же вид пыток называется в тувинском и монгольском языках разными лексическими средствами: в тувинском языке преимущественно описательно – словосочетаниями, в монгольском – специальными лексемами (тув. ооргага хаг кыпсыры ‘зажигание трута на спине’/монг. төөнүүр ‘подпаливание спины’, тув. хаак-биле кагар/монг. туйван ‘бить тонкими ветками ивы или другого дерева’, тув. ийи холунуң улуг-эргээнден азар/монг. дүүжин ‘подвешивание за большие пальцы рук’, тув. саактаары/монг. хавчуур ‘сжимание тисками голеней мужчин и рук женщин’). Проведенное лингвистическое исследование названий «девяти пыток» показало явное монгольское влияние. Тувинская лексика этой группы сформировалась в результате прямых заимствований из монгольского языка, а также описательной передачи значений монгольских лексем. Последнее может указывать на сравнительно меньшую распространенность (или частотность применения) видов пыток. В исследовании применялись сравнительно-сопоставительный метод, метод компонентного анализа и описание. Материалом исследования послужили данные тувинских и монгольских словарей, научных работ по тувинской истории, этнографии и истории права, а также работ монгольских исследователей, рассматривавших монг. есөн эрүү ‘букв. девять пыток’ с исторической точки зрения. Иллюстративный материал был извлечен из произведений тувинской художественной литературы и этнографических описаний. The article offers a lexical analysis of the Tuvan names of tortures known in Tuvan history as тос эрии ‘nine tortures.’ Тос эрии refers to the period of Manchu Chinese rule, the time of the Qin dynasty in Tuva and Mongolia (XVIII to early XX century). However, their rule in Tuva was exercised by local rulers, who, in turn, were subordinate to the Mongols. Historical data indicate that the Chinese administration ruled Mongolia and Tuva according to a specially created document, “The Code of the Chinese Chamber of Foreign Relations.” According to the norms contained in it, about 40 types of torture were developed for investigative measures. Of these, nine were applied in Tuva and Mongolia. Hence, the Tuvan and Mongolian names for torture – tuv. тос эрии / эрээ and mong. есөн эрүү ‘nine tortures’. The article shows for the first time the structural and semantic features of the semantics of the names of the ‘nine tortures’ in the Tuvan language compared with the Mongolian language. The Tuvan and Mongolian sources show that there are certain discrepancies in listing the types of torture in different works. The analysis of the material allowed us to identify seven matches in the names of the ‘nine tortures.’ In the three cases described, there are complete structural and semantic correspondences in the names – tuv. шаагайтаары / mong. шаахайдах ‘to strike the Shaagai in the face,’ 2) tuv. маңзылаары / mong. банздах or чавчирга ‘to hit the hips with a board,’ 3) tuv. кулузуннар кадаары / mong. хулсан хадаас ‘to drive a sharp thin splinter under the nails.’ In these cases, we are dealing with direct borrowings from the Mongolian language. The other four parallels are semantic equivalents in which the same type of torture is denoted in Tuvan and Mongolian with different lexical means: in Tuvan, mainly with descriptive phrases, in Mongolian with special lexemes (tuv. ооргага хаг кыпсыры ‘to light tinder on the back’ / mong. төөнүүр ‘to light the tinder on the back,’ tuv. хаак-биле кагар / mong. туйван ‘to beat with thin branches of a willow or other tree,’ tuv. ийи холунуң улуг-эргээнден азар / mong. дүүжин ‘to hang by the thumbs,’ tuv. саактаары / mong. хавчуур ‘squeeze the shins of men and the hands of women with a vice’). A linguistic study of the ‘nine tortures’ names has shown a clear Mongolian influence. This group’s Tuvan vocabulary arose through direct borrowings from the Mongolian language and through the descriptive transfer of the meanings of Mongolian lexemes. The latter could indicate a relatively lower prevalence (or frequency of use) of types of torture. The comparative method, the component analysis method, and the descriptive method were used in the study. Data from Tuvan and Mongolian dictionaries, scholarly works on Tuvan history, ethnography, and legal history, as well as works by Mongolian researchers who have studied the Mongolian есөн эрүү ‘nine tortures’ from a historical perspective, were used as research material. The illustrative material was taken from works of Tuvan fiction and ethnographic descriptions
This article is dedicated to analyzing the contemporary significance of sociolinguistics and issues related to the development of language in social networks. In today’s era of globalization, social networks have become one of the primary platforms for communication, where new forms and styles of language are emerging. The study examines the dynamics of language in social networks, the emergence of new lexical units and their application in society, the impact on language norms, and changes in language at an international level. The article also analyzes the linguistic features developing in social networks and their sociolinguistic aspects. This research aims to deepen the understanding of the interrelationship between social network language and sociolinguistics and to identify their future developmental directions.
The current study aimed to explore the lexical differences between texts authored by native and non-native English professional architects submitted to ArchDaily, the world’s most visited architecture website. The study focused on lexical diversity and sophistication indices, proved to be theoretically and operationally pertinent to L1 and L2 writing discriminations. The corpus of the study comprised randomly selected texts in the category of residential architecture as the commonest instances of architecture projects written by Iranian and British architects. As stated in the website, the texts are authored and revised by the architects themselves and are strongly advised to undergo thorough review and verification for accuracy and quality. The data underwent analysis using Cohmetrix Core Desktop Beta (2023) package, with the results subsequently input into SPSS for further analysis. Preliminary analysis revealed statistical variances between most of the diversity and sophistication indices with supplementary analysis indicating that lexical indices such as word frequency, familiarity, hypernymy, and diversity significantly contributed to discerning between native speaker (NS) and non-native speaker (NNS) compositions. The study concluded that the writing norms of NS and NNS authors within distinct professional communities may not align with the conventional proficient and non-proficient standards typically observed in language studies. The results highlight the significance of adhering to the target community's stylistic conventions, which carries important implications for instructional approaches in ESP and academic writing programs.
As it is well known, sociolinguistics is based on the idea that language is a social institution and an acquired phenomenon, established by members of society through mutual agreement to fulfill their needs and desires. Ibn Jinni defines language as "sounds through which each group expresses its purposes." One of the main reasons for the emergence of Arabic grammar was the social motivation of pride in the Arabic language and the need to preserve it from those who entered Islam, as they required learning Arabic to study and memorize the Qur’an. Since this interaction had an impact on the language, I found it necessary to explore this interdisciplinary sociolinguistic approach in the phenomenon of lahn (linguistic errors). The study is structured into an introduction, two main sections, a conclusion, and a bibliography. The introduction discusses the interdisciplinary study within sociolinguistics. The first section examines the impact of societies during the Islamic conquests on the Arabic language. The second section addresses the dangers of lahn and its effects on Arabic linguistic norms. The conclusion summarizes the key findings of the study.
The article is devoted to the process of acquisition of a linguistic norm. This newly introduced notion is verified empirically in the scope of contemporary Polish – its partial norms: vocabulary and lexical norms. Conclusions arising from analyses of the material of spoken Polish and from the so-called ‘youngest Polish’ in comparison with data contained in studies on general Polish show that the phenomenon of acquisition of the linguistic norm occurs. Questions have also been posed, which have so far remained unanswered scientifically, concerning the limits of acquisition in terms of the age of the persons acquiring it, as well as the acquisition of other partial language norms. I also postulate a new ontology of normative competence to complement the dual arrangement of linguistic competence and communicative competence.
This article is dedicated to the description of the morphological features of the Romanian language of the 16th-17th centuries, using the manuscript Codex Neagoeanus as an example. The subject of the research is a comprehensive morphological analysis of the manuscript monument "Codex Neagoeanus" (ms. rom. 3821, Romanian Academy Library), dated to the beginning of the 17th century. This codex represents a characteristic collection of religious and folk texts (cărți populare) typical for Romanian culture of the 16th-17th centuries, including translations of a popular romance, a didactic treatise, a brief nomocanon, and works of astrological literature. The study focuses on a systematic description and classification of archaic and variable morphological features of the Romanian language recorded in the texts of the codex. Special attention is given to those features that demonstrate the transitional nature of the language of this era, which is at the intersection of the old Latin tradition and the active influence of Slavic languages, as well as the process of establishing future literary norms. The analysis is conducted using material from all significant parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, verbs, pronouns, and adverbs. The main research method is a comprehensive morphological analysis aimed at identifying and classifying characteristic archaic and innovative elements in the morphological system of the writing monument. Paleographic analysis methods are also employed. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the first detailed and systematic linguistic analysis of Codex Neagoeanus, which introduces new factual material into scientific circulation. Key conclusions include the following: the morphological system of the codex is characterized by extreme variability and the absence of a stable norm, which is manifested in the coexistence of archaic (ending -u for masculine nouns, obsolete forms of the perfect tense) and innovative (periphrastic conditional) forms. It has been established that phonetic processes (e.g., diphthong contraction ea) directly influenced verb conjugation paradigms. An important conclusion is the demonstration of the deep integral influence of Slavic languages, expressed not only in lexical borrowings but also in the active use of Slavic word formation models (suffixes -enie, -nie, prefix ne-) to create new words based on Latin and Greek roots. Thus, the codex serves as a vivid testimony to the complex and multifaceted state of the Romanian language in the early period.
Language plays a crucial role in intercultural communication, especially when it comes to nationally marked vocabulary and phraseology. These linguistic elements often contain meanings that are difficult to fully translate, yet they provide valuable insights into a nation’s cultural and historical background. Like a mirror, they reflect the history, settlement, and development of a people, making them an essential area of study not only for linguists but also for historians, ethnographers, and geographers. Idioms, as a fundamental part of any language, also serve as a rich repository of cultural heritage, encapsulating centuries of traditions and ways of life. Their study helps deepen our understanding of both language and culture. The concept of "realities"—words that convey tangible and culturally specific elements—emerged in linguistic discussions around the 1950s. These terms capture unique aspects of a nation’s material culture, historical events, governmental institutions, folklore figures, and mythological beings. Similarly, non-equivalent words refer to concepts that do not exist in other languages and therefore lack direct translations. These words highlight the uniqueness of each culture’s worldview and emphasize the importance of studying language as a bridge to understanding different societies and their distinct identities.
Advertisements serve as pivotal cultural tools that shape consumer perceptions, influence purchasing behavior and construct social meanings. In the context of beauty and cosmetics, their persuasive force is particularly directed toward women, often reinforcing the long-standing association between fair skin and desirability. This study examines the semiotic strategies employed in fairness cream advertisements to demonstrate how they commodify the female body and reproduce normative beauty standards among Indian women. Drawing on multimodal semiotic theories from Structuralist Model of Signification of Saussure, Barthes (1972) and Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) the analysis explores how signs, symbols, color schemes, narrative structures and ideological mythologies collectively sustain the notion that fairness signifies beauty, confidence, success and social approval. The study focuses on both lexical and visual semiotics, analyzing linguistic choices, metaphors, presuppositions and transformation narratives that implicitly encode colorist ideologies. Complemented by feminist theory and postcolonial perspectives, the analysis further interrogates the gendered pressures, patriarchal expectations and colonial residues embedded within fairness discourse. Findings reveal that fairness cream advertisements systematically normalize colorism by idealizing lighter skin tones while marginalizing darker complexions. These representational patterns shape self-perceptions of women, contributing to internalized bias, diminished self-esteem, and aspirational conformity to Eurocentric beauty norms. The study highlights the urgent need for inclusive media practices that challenge discriminatory beauty narratives and support diverse representations. By examining the intersections of semiotics, gender and postcolonial identity, this research contributes to broader discussions on beauty, power and inequality in contemporary Indian society.
The article examines the evolution of Judaeo-Arabic translations, ranging from early biblical renditions to modern adaptations of European literature. Early pre-Saadian translations, written in a phonetic transcription, preceded Saʿadya Gaon’s Tafsīr (Bible translation), which adhered to ‘classical’ linguistic norms and became the authoritative translation for centuries. However, later translations introduced local dialectal features to meet the needs of diverse Jewish communities. The theoretical framework of ‘centre versus periphery’ is employed to analyse the dynamics of translation traditions, highlighting the interaction between cultural centres like Meknes, Morocco, and Constantine, Algeria, and their peripheries. By the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Judaeo-Arabic translations extended to Haskala novels and French and English classics such as Robinson Crusoe, demonstrating the influence of global cultural trends. The study emphasises the dual role of these translations in preserving Jewish identity and adapting to contemporary linguistic and cultural shifts.
We investigate the performance of state-ofthe-art (SotA) neural grammar induction (GI) models on a morphemically tokenised English dataset based on the CHILDES treebank (Pearl and Sprouse, 2013).Using implementations from Yang et al. (2021b), we train models and evaluate them with the standard F1 score.We introduce novel evaluation metrics-depth-ofmorpheme and sibling-of-morpheme-which measure phenomena around bound morpheme attachment.Our results reveal that models with the highest F1 scores do not necessarily induce linguistically plausible structures for bound morpheme attachment, highlighting a key challenge for cognitively plausible GI.
The article considers lexical and grammatical features of the translation of English-language tourist texts into Ukrainian. A tourist text is a form of advertising discourse aimed at getting potential consumers interested in tourist services and encouraging them to order a tour. This requires the creation of an emotionally positive image of the destination. A translator of tourist texts should take into account the main characteristics of tourist language, namely: extensive use of imperatives and adjectives, commonly used phrases to meet the personal and cultural expectations of potential customers focusing on the service and its benefits, repetition of words, adherence to a special rhythm, selection of vocabulary with an exclusively positive connotation. The analysis of tourist texts from the English-language website World Travel Guide allowed us to identify lexical and grammatical features of their translation into Ukrainian. In terms of vocabulary, tourist texts include commonly used words, tourist terms, proper and geographical names, names of cultural realia and stylistic expressive means, which cause the greatest difficulties in translation. The reproduction of such vocabulary in Ukrainian is complicated by the difference in language norms and the lack of direct counterparts for figurative vocabulary, different stylistic traditions of English and Ukrainian, the need to preserve the emotional effect when adapting to the Ukrainian language context. Equivalent translation and the use of lexical translation transformations (modulation, adaptation, use of analogues, compensation, descriptive and synonymous translation, alliteration) are the main ways to ensure the stylistic expressiveness when rendering English language texts into Ukrainian. The grammatical correspondence of the Ukrainian text to its English-language original is ensured by grammatical translation transformations: substitution, addition, omission, integration and partitioning of sentences.
The influence of lyrics on music aesthetics has long been a prominent research topic in the fields of aesthetics, musicology, and psychology.However, empirical studies have yielded inconsistent findings concerning the effects of lyrics.Accordingly, the present study examines the effect of lyrics on music aesthetics across historical periods.We selected representative popular music from the late 20th century, known as "era music", and representative popular music from the contemporary period, known as "modern music", both with and without lyrics, as materials.After listening to each music clip, participants sequentially completed aesthetic rating, preference rating, and familiarity rating tasks.We found that the aesthetic rating and its inter-subject correlation for era music with lyrics were significantly higher than those for the version without lyrics, while no significant difference was observed between the two versions of modern music.These results illustrate the era-dissociation effect of lyrics in music aesthetic ratings, suggesting the era-dissociation characteristics of lyrics and the difference in individual subjective aesthetic standards.
OBJECTIVE: This study adapted the Definition-based Naming Test (DDQ-30) into Turkish (DDQ-30 TR) and assessed its psychometric properties. METHOD: The adaptation process included translation, cultural and linguistic modifications, expert review, and pilot testing. Normative data were collected from 357 cognitively healthy Turkish adults aged 50-79. Known-group discriminant validity was examined in 150 participants, including healthy controls (n = 50), individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n = 60), and Alzheimer's disease (ad; n = 40). RESULTS: DDQ-30 TR performance declined with age and improved with education. Norms were stratified by age, education, and sex. The test showed strong group validity (HC > MCI > ad) and acceptable reliability (α = 0.758). CONCLUSIONS: The DDQ-30 TR is a reliable, culturally adapted auditory naming tool that enables lexical-semantic assessment in Turkish-speaking older adults, particularly those with visual limitations. The DDQ-30 TR can be used as a supportive instrument within broader clinical screening protocols for neurocognitive disorders, especially among individuals with visual limitations.
Violation of lexical norms in primary school textbooks is a serious problem and negatively affects the development of students' language skills. Also, violations of lexical norms in textbooks weaken children's thinking and communication skills. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the lexical norms of the language when preparing textbooks, and each word and expression should be selected purposefully. Teachers should be provided with methodological support and their language teaching skills should be improved. By taking these steps, correct language habits can be formed at the primary education level and support can be provided for the development of literary language in the future.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the English language proficiency of Sayed Jamaluddin Afghani University students enrolled in the English Department. It primarily looks at the grammatical mistakes that impede kids' language development and how they affect their ability to communicate. A structured questionnaire was used in a quantitative survey with a sample of 120 students in order to collect data. The results show that improper application of linguistic norms, infrequent practice, and the effect of students' native language, which frequently interferes with English usage, are the primary causes of grammatical errors. The efficacy and clarity of students' speech are greatly impacted by these errors. According to the study's findings, English professors should implement specialized courses that emphasize communicative grammar instruction. It also recommends giving students regular chances to practice active language usage, which can improve their overall communication skills and grammatical precision, ultimately increasing their English proficiency.
Our project is a replication of the second Pennycook et al. (2018) study that focused on determining whether prior exposure to fake news headlines will influence people's perceived accuracy of later-appearing news headlines. The original study found that a single prior exposure is enough to increase perceived accuracy of both fake and real news. Our goal, via replication, is to determine whether or not these results can be confirmed. The study will be dispersed using an online survey on Qualtrics to participants who will most likely range between the ages of 18 to 22 years-old, all being students at Missouri State University. The particular survey we are using is borrowed from the University of Alabama team's replication. Just as the original study used, we will have a 2x2x2 mixed design ANOVA, looking at familiarity ratings as well as participants' perceived accuracy. There should be little to no risk for participating in the experiment-- there are a few images that will be displayed that can be upsetting; however, participants will be debriefed prior to beginning the study and will have the option to opt out.
The future of healthcare delivery across the cancer continuum holds great promise and challenge. U.S. cancer mortality across all cancers combined decreased ~2% annually from 2015 to 2019 thanks to a range of factors including clinical and delivery innovations in cancer prevention, control, treatment, supportive care, and efforts to improve clinical trial access [1]. However, long-standing cancer health disparities remain. Accelerated progress is vital to reduce cancer deaths for all Americans and achieve National Cancer Plan goals [2-4]. Additionally, COVID-19 impacts on cancer are still emerging [5, 6] and the long-term cancer survivor population is growing—increasing sustained surveillance for recurrence, new cancers, late effects, and other long-term health concerns [7]. These and other individual, institutional, and societal trends are shaping cancer care delivery, treatment, and research. Cancer health services research has a role in tracking and understanding how such trends influence health service design, delivery, and outcomes, to inform care approaches, health system decisions, and policy innovation across the cancer continuum. Such trends also beg the question, what measurement and methodological innovations are needed for timely, valid evaluation of their impact on cancer-related health services and outcomes important to patients, caregivers, healthcare professionals, payers, and policy makers? Continued measurement and methodological development only stand to improve scientific quality, reproducibility, and practical impact. Therefore, in this commentary, we briefly summarize 10 trends in cancer care delivery, treatment, and research and explore potential implications for health services research measurement and methods. Our intent is not to comprehensively address all possible opportunities or ideas presented here, but to highlight pressing, foundational needs and promising directions for measurement and methods focused science. Our focus is cancer health services research. However, the challenges and opportunities discussed clearly have broader implications. Rededication to strengthening our research methods and measures is an investment in the foundational T0 basic science [8] of cancer health services research and, therefore, essential to generating and translating future evidence into practice and policy. A universe of trends influences health services at-large at any given moment, however, we highlight 10 trends elevating the necessity of methods and measures research in cancer-focused health services research, including: (1) precision oncology; (2) whole-person perspectives; (3) health technologies (e.g., artificial intelligence (AI), mobile health, telehealth); (4) expanding in-home and community-based services; (5) health system integration and efforts addressing care fragmentation; (6) workforce capacity and evolving roles; (7) population aging; (8) improving safety, quality, value and access while controlling costs and addressing financial toxicity; (9) addressing social drivers of health; and (10) leveraging data oceans with unstructured, semi-structured, and structured elements. Deep discussion of each is beyond our scope, but we discuss several of these trends with examples and then give focused attention to measurement and methodological implications. One trend with significant measurement and methodological implications is the rapid advancement of precision oncology paradigms. Precision paradigms are fundamentally changing the understanding of cancer risk, diagnosis, disease profiling, treatment monitoring, therapeutic development, trial eligibility, and have birthed new health services (e.g., genetic counseling, in-house molecular pathology) [9-11]. Precision approaches highlight potential pitfalls of analyses by organ site (e.g., lung, breast) that lump together variations in genetic or social risks, different genomic signatures, treatments, and implications for prognosis and quality of life (QOL) [12-14]. Population aging and movement toward whole-person health similarly underscore opportunities to assess and model a broader constellation of factors (e.g., multiple chronic conditions, functional status, degrees of caregiver support) and understand the effects of incentivizing wholistic care approaches on cancer-related outcomes [15, 16]. Paralleling rapid clinical advancements is increasing attention on controlling costs, including addressing financial toxicity and financial distress [17, 18]. Cancer care costs increasingly outpace other areas; for example, they comprised 43% of 2020 Medicare Part B spending [19]. Additionally, recent analyses found cancer survivors were nearly 4 times more likely to declare bankruptcy and experienced credit score declines persisting up to nearly 10 years post-diagnosis [20]. Financial distress is associated with higher symptom burden, worse QOL, and lower adherence to recommended care [21-23]. Challenges quantifying costs or balancing cost with access to high-quality care and clinical innovations are certainly not new [24]. However, the scope and duration of cancer care costs at individual, family, and population levels beget opportunities for multilevel measure development, innovative modeling approaches, and data linkages, as well as interventions that integrate financial considerations into goals of care discussions and financial navigation [25-27]. The speed of cancer care innovation is also matched by rapid transformations in the healthcare system landscape across the cancer continuum. For example, in 2017 more oncology physician practices (50%–55%) reported vertical integration with a hospital or health system compared with any other specialty, up from ~20% in 2007 [28, 29]. Trends toward greater health system integration, new affiliation models, expansion of non-traditional players into the care delivery sector, and pervasive care fragmentation underscore opportunities to develop and adopt richer measures of organizational structure, functioning, policies, norms, and coordination across the cancer continuum [30]. Similarly, evolving roles and approaches to care are arising from clinical innovation (e.g., home-based screening, oral anti-cancer agents) paired with patient volumes rapidly outpacing oncology workforce capacity. For example, some care delivery models, state policies, and billing guidelines are enabling Advanced Practice Professionals, community health workers, patient navigators, home care, and other care team members to practice at the top of their license or certification [16]. These trends challenge future research to more precisely assess where and who is delivering care and to advance methods suitable for evaluating contributions of a growing constellation of collaborators and settings to cancer-related outcomes of interest. Additionally, the field has seen increased focus on understanding and addressing adverse social drivers of health, financial hardship, and social risks (e.g., transportation, food, housing instability) and their influence on persistent cancer health disparities [31]. For example, eliminating cancer health disparities was one of eight goals in the 2024 National Cancer Plan [32, 33]. NCI has a long history of supporting efforts to improve cancer health disparity measurement [34] given quantifying heterogeneity in cancer incidence and mortality is part of the Annual Report to the Nation on Cancer. However, efforts to address social risks and drivers of health via the healthcare system—as well as related measures and approaches for tracing impact on cancer outcomes—are still nascent. Collectively, these trends and others noted at the opening of this section underscore numerous opportunities for cancer health services scientists to address persistent and emerging measurement and methodological challenges. We highlight several opportunities for future measurement and methods development or refinement below. We simultaneously encourage the field to identify and pursue numerous others not discussed here. Many trends above may necessitate new measurement paradigms (e.g., whole-person cancer care, measurement-based care). Others underscore the need for dedicated attention toward solving persistent, yet fundamental measurement challenges (e.g., evolving care delivery settings, usual care, organizational characteristics). Given these trends, we discuss five example areas for measurement-focused research attention below. Evidence exists for the benefit of whole-person care models, yet defining components of whole-person cancer care requires conceptual elaboration, refinement, and standardization [35]. Both new measures and novel person-centered methods are essential to designing and optimizing whole-person focused systems of cancer care. In 2024, building from work in primary care, the Integrative Oncology Leadership Collaborative (IOLC) defined whole-person cancer care as an approach that integrates conventional cancer treatments with evidence-based complementary therapies and/or lifestyle interventions, addresses the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual aspects of a person's life, and focuses on what matters most to the patient [36, 37]. The IOLC definition and related minimal-required elements are based on the Two-Circle Model of Whole-Person Care [38], which reframes current disease-focused approaches toward one that is person-centered, relationship-based, and recovery and health-promotion focused. An emphasis on person-centered care, coordination, continuity and integration, and relationships are distinguishing characteristics of the whole-person paradigm and are conceptualized as features most likely to improve population health, access, quality, and lower costs. The Two-Circle framework also highlights roles, services, and workforce changes needed to implement, scale up, and sustain this type of care. New payment models are also important to support and incentivize a transition to whole-person care. Many health services measurement and methodological approaches developed or operationalized around a single disease, organ system, specific health care setting, or payer will continue to be useful in evaluating models of whole-person cancer care (e.g., cancer registries, Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers & Systems [CAHPS]) [39-41]. However, person-centered measures of unmet needs, experiences of care involving larger care teams, well-being (physical, emotional, social), care costs, and medical financial hardship will require further conceptual, lexical, and methodologic development in the context of whole-person care [42]. Ensuring such measures are accessible and meaningful for all patients, and interpretable as predictors and moderators of whole-person health outcomes will require mixed methods studies that go beyond traditional psychometric approaches to establish validity and interpretation [43]. Measurement of whole-person outcomes also requires accommodating, sometimes simultaneously, for within-person and group-level change, and methods able to address differences between individuals on a collection of measures or scale dimensions (e.g., almost matching exactly methods) [44]. The NIH National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health's 2021 Workshop on Methodological Approaches for Whole Person Research discussed several such measurement and methodological opportunities [45]. Measurement-based care (MBC) is an emerging approach in chronic disease management, including cancer care [46], generally defined as “systematic evaluation of patient symptoms before or during an encounter to inform” [47](p324) care-related decisions. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) form MBC's foundation, providing critical tools for assessing targeted needs for distinct populations (e.g., older adults, adolescents), tumor and treatment types, and care phase [48]. Well-validated instruments essential for MBC in oncology exist (e.g., needs assessment, symptoms, functional status, social risks) [49-51]. However, some domains remain underdeveloped, including measurement of treatment burden, patient engagement, and care experiences. Both existing and newly developed measures also require adaptation and validation to meet accessibility needs of all patients, including groups understudied in measure development research such as older adults and people with differing degrees of English language proficiency. Additionally, integrating these measures into feasible, efficacious MBC interventions and coupling them with evidence-based decision support necessary to prioritize and comprehensively address the constellation of needs identified, requires further development. Alternative settings of care beyond traditional inpatient-outpatient distinctions are also rapidly arising, including: telehealth, remote patient monitoring, home-based care (e.g., hospital-in-the-home, self-management support), distributed clinical trials, and consumer-oriented platforms (e.g., Amazon Care, CVS MinuteClinic). These settings offer new opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration, improved efficiency, and access. However, the field lacks screening measures to match these settings to patient needs and resources, risk stratify, and predict clinical complications. Also needed are bespoke measures demonstrating solid measurement properties in these settings for care quality, safety, clinical outcomes, budget impact, costs, value, and experiences of patients, caregivers, and staff [52-54]. Measuring strategies and contextual factors contributing to the adoption and sustainment of delivery models employing alternative care settings are also important for dissemination and adaptation [54, 55]. 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The development of social media as a public communication space has had a significant impact on language use, particularly grammar. This article discusses the use of grammar on social media, which is often caused by the freedom of expression not being balanced with an awareness of proper and correct language. Through a qualitative approach with discourse analysis, this article highlights how deviations from grammatical rules in social media posts reflect a shift in societal attitudes towards linguistic norms. On one hand, linguistic freedom on social media is considered a form of creativity and self-expression. However, on the other hand, it has the potential to weaken language skills that adhere to rules, especially among the younger generation. This article will certainly provide a recommendation on the importance of language literacy as an effort to maintain the quality of public communication amidst the wave of digitalization and the expanding freedom of expression.
The article explores submissiveness as one of the key models of human behaviour and social interaction, affecting both the individual and the collective level of functioning an individual. Submissiveness is interpreted as an inherently human trait, as well as a set of social defensive strategies that indicate a person’s refusing power, status, autonomy or control. The article is aimed at identifying and analyzing the linguistic means by which submissiveness is expressed, as well as studying the influence of psychological and social factors on the formation of submissive behaviour in the context of interpersonal interaction. In a psychological context, a submissive personality is viewed as a complex result of the interaction between various factors, including ingenuity traits, social environment, and the individual’s personal experience. The formation of a submissive personality occurs under the influence of professional, social and cultural factors that reflect deeply rooted social norms and values. Submissive behaviour has been found to be typical of societies where there is a clear hierarchy, or where traditional gender roles are maintained. The analyzed sources of illustrative material demonstrate how submissiveness is realized through a variety of lexical, syntactic and stylistic means, in particular rhetorical questions, soft imperatives, negative constructions, etc. The context of uncertainty, external pressure, emotional tension affects the speech behaviour of the characters, forcing them to adapt to the situation by avoiding confrontation, reducing the categoricity of utterances and creating a trusting tone. All these elements together form a multifaceted image of a submissive personality, who acts within the limits imposed by both internal feelings and external circumstances.
The rapid advancement and adaptability of Large Language Models (LLMs) highlight the need for moral consistency, the capacity to maintain ethically coherent reasoning across varied contexts. Existing alignment frameworks, structured approaches designed to align model behavior with human ethical and social norms, often rely on static datasets and post-hoc evaluations, offering limited insight into how ethical reasoning may evolve across different contexts or temporal scales. This study presents the Moral Consistency Pipeline (MoCoP), a dataset-free, closed-loop framework for continuously evaluating and interpreting the moral stability of LLMs. MoCoP combines three supporting layers: (i) lexical integrity analysis, (ii) semantic risk estimation, and (iii) reasoning-based judgment modeling within a self-sustaining architecture that autonomously generates, evaluates, and refines ethical scenarios without external supervision. Our empirical results on GPT-4-Turbo and DeepSeek suggest that MoCoP effectively captures longitudinal ethical behavior, revealing a strong inverse relationship between ethical and toxicity dimensions (correlation rET = -0.81, p value less than 0.001) and a near-zero association with response latency (correlation rEL approximately equal to 0). These findings demonstrate that moral coherence and linguistic safety tend to emerge as stable and interpretable characteristics of model behavior rather than short-term fluctuations. Furthermore, by reframing ethical evaluation as a dynamic, model-agnostic form of moral introspection, MoCoP offers a reproducible foundation for scalable, continuous auditing and advances the study of computational morality in autonomous AI systems.
Characterizing false information based on linguistic analysis is important to understand the factors that affect the proliferation of fake news in the media. Previous work has identified some linguistic regularities that suggest a trend towards decreased complexity, polarization and sentiment in false information. This study is aimed at identifying linguistic differences between real and fake news using a corpus of annotated media news in Spanish via the automatic analysis of linguistic cues using dictionaries of lexical norms. We focus on lexical aspects of complexity, familiarity and sentiment. Consistent with previous results, we found that fake news are associated with lower cognitive loads, reflected by reduced sentence complexity, and increased lexical familiarity and imaginability. Moreover, and consistently with previous results, the analysis revealed that fake news are associated with more polarized emotional content.
Abstract Combining research in developmental sociolinguistics and L1 acquisition, this study explores how caregivers may orient children towards (socio)linguistic norms through parental feedback. Based on self-recorded family interactions in the Belgian-Dutch setting, it applies a top-down quantitative perspective to examine feedback on non-conventional versus non-standard language use, alongside a bottom-up qualitative perspective highlighting factors that influence parental feedback occurrence. Findings reveal limited feedback on children’s non-standard language use, with participation frameworks and multiactivity contexts emerging as possible constraints. The combined approach also foregrounds possible tensions between researcher categorisations and participants’ perspectives. Overall, this study offers a first step in bridging research on parental feedback and sociolinguistic variation, identifying patterns that merit further investigation.
Kyrgyz remains a low-resource language with limited foundational NLP tools. To address this gap, we introduce KyrgyzBERT, the first publicly available monolingual BERT-based language model for Kyrgyz. The model has 35.9M parameters and uses a custom tokenizer designed for the language's morphological structure. To evaluate performance, we create kyrgyz-sst2, a sentiment analysis benchmark built by translating the Stanford Sentiment Treebank and manually annotating the full test set. KyrgyzBERT fine-tuned on this dataset achieves an F1-score of 0.8280, competitive with a fine-tuned mBERT model five times larger. All models, data, and code are released to support future research in Kyrgyz NLP.
The advent of ChatGPT has profoundly reshaped scientific research practices, particularly in academic writing, where non-native English-speakers (NNES) historically face linguistic barriers. This study investigates whether ChatGPT mitigates these barriers and fosters equity by analyzing lexical complexity shifts across 2.8 million articles from OpenAlex (2020-2024). Using the Measure of Textual Lexical Diversity (MTLD) to quantify vocabulary sophistication and a difference-in-differences (DID) design to identify causal effects, we demonstrate that ChatGPT significantly enhances lexical complexity in NNES-authored abstracts, even after controlling for article-level controls, authorship patterns, and venue norms. Notably, the impact is most pronounced in preprint papers, technology- and biology-related fields and lower-tier journals. These findings provide causal evidence that ChatGPT reduces linguistic disparities and promotes equity in global academia.
The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the impact of Internet memes and social media discourse on the evolution of contemporary English, focusing particularly on the processes of lexical innovation, semantic shift, and pragmatic adaptation of linguistic units.In the digital age, communication increasingly takes place through multimodal platforms such as TikTok, Twitter/X, Instagram, and Reddit, which serve as powerful instruments of sociolinguistic dynamics.These platforms not only facilitate the rapid dissemination of slang and emerging expressions but also create new contexts in which users engage in collective linguistic creativity.Internet memes are interpreted as cultural and semiotic units that combine text, imagery, audiovisual effects, and situational context, ensuring the effective circulation and consolidation of new linguistic forms within the global communication space.The article emphasizes that memes function as mechanisms of social identification and linguistic play, reflecting the values, moods, and trends of youth subcultures.The study demonstrates that memes are not merely reflections of linguistic change but active catalysts of language evolution, fostering the emergence of new lexical items, neologisms, and grammatical patterns.The growing influence of Internet culture is shown to shape new norms of speech behavior, where the boundaries between spoken and written, formal and informal language are increasingly blurred.The linguistic transformations driven by digital environments reveal a profound reconfiguration of English lexis, syntax, and pragmatics, as well as a reconsideration of the role of context in communication processes.The conclusion highlights the necessity of an interdisciplinary approach to this phenomenon,
This paper focuses on data-driven dependency parsing for Vedic Sanskrit.We propose and evaluate a transfer learning approach that benefits from syntactic analysis of typologically related languages, including Ancient Greek and Latin, and a descendant language -Classical Sanskrit.Experiments on the Vedic TreeBank demonstrate the effectiveness of cross-lingual transfer, demonstrating improvements from the biaffine baseline as well as outperforming the current state of the art benchmark, the deep contextualised self-training algorithm, across a wide range of experimental setups.
The purpose of the study is to investigate how the Turkish and Ukrainian university students cognitively and emotionally processed the COVID-19 pandemic by examining their verbal associations through a psycholinguistic perspective. Research methods and techniques. Grounded in schema theory and a socio-psycholinguistic approach, research employs the Free Association Test (FAT) to capture spontaneous lexical responses to four key stimuli in this area (quarantine, lockdown, social distance, and self-isolation) from 1,130 participants. Associative responses are analyzed thematically to explore semantic fields reflecting emotional, cultural, and social dimensions of pandemic experience. Results. Findings indicate that both Turkish and Ukrainian students primarily associated these terms with negative emotions, including depression, anxiety, and loneliness, highlighting the pandemic’s disruptive psychological impact. However, cross-cultural differences emerged: Turkish participants emphasized obligation, prohibition, and state-enforced restrictions, reflecting centralized governance and norm-enforcement narratives. Ukrainian students demonstrate wider semantic spectrum, combining expressions of emotional strain with pragmatic strategies such as self-development, defense, and references to digital learning tools, reflecting institutional fragmentation and adaptation under crisis. High rates of non-responses suggest emotional avoidance and trauma-related withdrawal. Conclusions. Results reinforce schema theory by showing how extreme situations disrupt and reshape cognitive-emotional frameworks, while underscoring the role of sociopolitical context in shaping linguistic consciousness. The study has implications for post-pandemic policymaking, particularly in designing culturally responsive strategies for student mental health and educational resilience.
The article is devoted to the manifestation, formation, ways of mastering and theoretical basis of free word combinations in English as a free field in the science of linguistics. One of the main communicative goals of foreign language acquisition and its teaching in higher education institution is to adopt the regularities of such word combinations and to instill lexical speaking habits to learners. Mastering the norms of combining words in linguistics with each other is of great importance and one of the most important and difficult factors in learning different foreign languages. Keywords: word combinations, syntax, free and fixed combinations, disobedience and subordination connections
This article examines the linguistic, cultural, and pragmatic features of euphemisms in English and Uzbek discourse. Euphemisms—lexical units used to soften or obscure potentially offensive, taboo, or socially sensitive concepts—play a significant role in interpersonal communication and cultural norms. The study provides a comparative analysis of the semantic domains in which euphemisms most frequently occur, including death, illness, bodily functions, age, appearance, and socio-political issues. It also highlights the structural and pragmatic mechanisms of euphemism formation such as metaphor, metonymy, generalization, borrowing, and periphrasis. The findings indicate that while both languages employ euphemisms to maintain politeness and preserve social harmony, English tends toward institutionalized formulaic expressions, whereas Uzbek euphemisms are more culturally loaded and value-oriented. The article concludes that euphemisms reflect national mentality, linguistic worldview, and social etiquette norms.
This paper proposes the S M Nazmuz Sakib Event–Nesting Hypothesis for Bangladiscourse and introduces two quantitative notions: the Sakib Cohesion Constantand the Sakib Bangla Narrative Cohesion Index (S–BNCI). The hypothesis statesthat, in Bangla narrative and expository prose, there is a systematic local trade–off between (i) event chaining realised by serial and conjunctive–participle verbsequences and (ii) propositional nesting realised by finite complement clauses introduced by the complementizer je. Building on resources such as the Bangla RSTDiscourse Treebank [1, 2], DiMLex–Bangla [3] and Universal Dependencies treebanks for Bengali [5, 6, 7], the paper formulates S–BNCI as a windowed indexcombining densities of serial verbs, je–complements, discourse particles, discourseconnectives and zero subjects. The Sakib Cohesion Constant is defined as the negative slope parameter linking event–chain density to the probability of embedded complement clauses in a logistic regression model over local windows. Using corpusstatistics reported for Bangla RST–DT, DiMLex–Bangla and UD_Bengali–BRU,we present fifteen genuinely data–based illustrations that anchor the ranges of theproposed parameters and show how Bangla grammar distributes resources betweenevent chaining and embedding. The proposal is positioned as a falsifiable, computationally testable hypothesis and is, to the best of current bibliographic knowledge,not explicitly formulated in prior work on Bangla cohesion, serial verb constructionsor complementizer placement [8, 9, 10, 11, 4].
Early word learning is a critical milestone for children, yet autistic children often experience delays in language development. Social communication differences are a core feature of autism and may contribute to variability in learning experiences. Prior research has shown that word-level features such as iconicity, concreteness, and input frequency shape the timing of word learning, but less is known about the role of social word features. This study examined whether social word ratings predict when words tend to be acquired by autistic and non-autistic children. Social word ratings were examined as a predictor of word-level autistic and non-autistic acquisition normative data, while accounting for word input frequency. Regression analyses demonstrated that social ratings significantly predicted vocabulary acquisition, even after controlling for word frequency. Additional analyses demonstrated that socialness ratings continued to be a unique predictor of word acquisition when other affective features of words were included in the model (i.e., arousal and valence); this was also the case when iconicity and concreteness were included. Importantly, differences in group and interactions with social ratings and group were not statistically significant in any of the models. Lastly, the pattern of highly social words being acquired later in vocabulary development was strongest for nouns; the association was non-significant when examining verbs separately. Thus, in addition to previously studied word features like concreteness, imageability, and iconicity, social word features are predictive of vocabulary acquisition. These findings highlight an overlap in word features that influence learning in autistic and non-autistic children.
We compare the performance of a transition-based parser in regards to different annotation schemes. We pro-pose to convert some specific syntactic constructions observed in the universal dependency treebanks into a so-called more standard representation and to evaluate parsing performances over all the languages of the project. We show that the ``standard'' constructions do not lead systematically to better parsing performance and that the scores vary considerably according to the languages.
The recent surge in the morphological awareness literature targeting ESL university students has two limitations: most studies come from Asia, and measures used lack validation within ESL university contexts. The present study expands ESL research towards Africa. We investigated whether linguistic measures of morphological knowledge, normed on monolingual American students, can produce reliable and valid scores when used among English second-language (ESL) students in Ghana. 454 ESL university students completed the Nonword Sentence Completion task (NWSC) and the Derivational Suffix Task (DST). Results show that the NWSC task, although relatively easy, proved a reliable and valid test for Ghanian ESL students. The DST was reliable, but not sufficiently valid. Additionally, morphosyntactic features of the test items were analysed in relation to the results. Our expectation that items with simple morphosyntactic characteristics are easier than those with complex morphosyntactic characteristics was not confirmed, suggesting that the effect of morphosyntactic variables on linguistic complexity in derived words (lexical density, word frequency, sentence length, levels of shift) may be due to the measurement tasks used in this study. The study proposes a framework as to how existing language tests (in any language), developed for L1 populations, can be normed in L2 regions.
La langue comme vecteur de responsabilisation Auteur: Camille Guerineau Affiliation: Chercheuse indépendante ORCID: 0009-0009-0364-6396 Description Mise en garde sur la sensibilité du sujet Ce projet aborde des dimensions linguistiques, culturelles et religieuses qui touchent à des identités fortes, notamment la langue arabe et la tradition islamique. L’objectif n’est en aucun cas d’essentialiser une langue ou une croyance, ni de les réduire à des mécanismes de déresponsabilisation. Il s’agit d’analyser, dans un cadre strictement scientifique, comment certaines structures discursives et représentations culturelles peuvent interagir avec les normes françaises de responsabilité individuelle, et parfois générer des malentendus. Cette recherche se veut descriptive et explicative, non normative. Elle vise à mettre en lumière des dynamiques linguistiques et socio culturelles dans un contexte migratoire précis, sans généralisation abusive ni jugement de valeur. En adoptant une approche comparative et en mobilisant la linguistique cognitive et la sociolinguistique, le projet entend contribuer à une meilleure compréhension interculturelle et à un dialogue constructif entre institutions et populations concernées. Plan détaillé de thèse Introduction Présentation du sujet: langue, responsabilité et intégration. Contexte migratoire en France (enjeux sociaux, culturels et institutionnels). Justification scientifique et sociale du projet. Problématique et hypothèses. Méthodologie générale. Chapitre 1: Cadre théorique 1.1 Linguistique cognitive et agentivité Hypothèse Sapir Whorf. Théories de l’agentivité (Talmy, Langacker). 1.2 Sociolinguistique et migration Langue et identité en contexte migratoire. Études sur la perception de la responsabilité dans différentes cultures. 1.3 Religion et destin Al qadar dans l’islam. Interaction entre croyance religieuse et représentations sociales. Chapitre 2: Structures linguistiques de l’arabe et du français 2.1 Tournures impersonnelles en arabe dialectal Exemples contrastifs: « le verre s’est cassé » « j’ai cassé le verre » 2.2 Comparaison avec le français Mise en avant du sujet agentif. 2.3 Effets cognitifs et discursifs Influence de la syntaxe sur la perception de l’action et de la responsabilité. Chapitre 3: Étude socio culturelle en contexte migratoire 3.1 Enquête de terrain Entretiens avec jeunes issus de l’immigration maghrébine. Observation des discours dans différents contextes (école, justice, institutions). 3.2 Analyse des représentations Explications des actes: destin, hasard, agentivité, responsabilité. 3.3 Confrontation avec la norme française Responsabilité individuelle et autonomie comme valeurs centrales. Chapitre 4: Résultats et discussion Impact des structures linguistiques sur la perception de la responsabilité. Rôle de la croyance religieuse dans l’externalisation de la responsabilité. Conflits et malentendus interculturels. Implications pour l’intégration sociale et institutionnelle. Conclusion Synthèse des résultats. Limites de l’étude. Perspectives: pédagogie interculturelle, sensibilisation institutionnelle, ouverture vers d’autres langues et contextes migratoires. Méthodologie Corpus linguistique bilingue (arabe dialectal / français). Analyse qualitative (discours, entretiens, observation). Approche comparative (structures linguistiques et représentations sociales). Outils: analyse du discours, linguistique cognitive, sociolinguistique. Introduction développée La langue n’est pas seulement un outil de communication: elle constitue une matrice cognitive et culturelle qui oriente notre rapport au monde. Selon l’hypothèse Sapir Whorf, les structures linguistiques influencent la manière dont les individus perçoivent, catégorisent et interprètent la réalité. Certaines langues mettent en avant l’agent de l’action (« j’ai cassé le verre »), tandis que d’autres privilégient des tournures impersonnelles (« le verre s’est cassé »), ce qui peut modifier la perception de la responsabilité. De nombreuses recherches ont montré que les différences lexicales et grammaticales façonnent la vision du monde des locuteurs: les Inuits distinguent des dizaines de nuances de neige, le breton possède le terme glaz pour désigner une couleur intermédiaire entre bleu et vert, certaines langues sans futur marqué influencent la manière dont leurs locuteurs envisagent la planification. Dans ce cadre, il est pertinent d’interroger la langue arabe, notamment dans ses formes dialectales, et son interaction avec la croyance religieuse au destin (al qadar), afin de comprendre comment ces représentations linguistiques et culturelles peuvent influencer la perception de la responsabilité individuelle en contexte migratoire en France. Bibliographie sélective Sapir, E. (1921). Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. Whorf, B. L. (1956). Language, Thought, and Reality. Duranti, A. (1997). Linguistic Anthropology. Hymes, D. (1972). On Communicative Competence. Bourdieu, P. (1982). Ce que parler veut dire. Bandura, A. (1997). Self efficacy: The Exercise of Control. Sayad, A. (1999). La double absence. Kerbrat Orecchioni, C. (2005). Le discours en interaction Guerineau, C. (2023). La langue comme vecteur de responsabilisation. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17706182
Abstract The N400 component of ERPs is modulated by how predictable a word is, but predictability is usually quantified with lexical cloze —the probability that readers supply that exact word in offline sentence completion tasks. This form-based metric is at odds with decades of evidence that the N400 is primarily sensitive to meaning. Here, we asked whether a measure of semantic feature predictability can better account for N400 amplitude modulation. We reanalysed two independent EEG datasets (N = 26 and N = 334), computing lexical and semantic cloze for each critical word. Across both datasets, semantic cloze emerged as a better predictor of the N400 data than lexical cloze. Using the same materials, we then compared semantic and lexical cloze with probabilities from four large language models (GPT-2, GPT-2.7b, RoBERTa, ALBERT). None of the LLM-derived predictors outperformed semantic cloze. Our findings support the view that the N400 primarily reflects semantic—not exact-word—processing. Methodologically, we argue that replacing lexical cloze with semantic cloze can substantially increase the explanatory power of N400 studies, and caution against substituting human norms with raw LLM probabilities.
The object of the study is the new poetics of French prose of the late 19th — first half of the 20th century and its functioning in the system of Russian translation. The focus is on texts in which the artistic effect is created not so much by the plot composition, but through the syntactic structure, rhythmic organization and intonational heterogeneity. The study is based on the works of such authors as Marcel Proust and André Gide, whose texts are dominated by extended periods, grammatical deviations from the norm, associative logic of the statement and elements of "inner speech". These features complicate translation from French into Russian, where the focus on logical completeness, clarity of syntax and normative design of the text traditionally prevails. In this regard, translation is considered as a form of secondary poetics, capable of both preserving and transforming the original structure. The methodological basis of the study is a linguistic and comparative translation analysis of the original and translation with an emphasis on syntactic-intonational transformations, as well as elements of the functional and rhythmic approaches. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the emphasis is not on the lexical-semantic, but on the rhythmic-syntactic aspects of translating a literary text. The main conclusions of the analysis are as follows: the structure of the utterance plays the role of a poetic category in modernist prose, and in Russian translation these elements are often simplified or leveled. A special contribution of the author is the identification of patterns of adaptation of intonational and rhythmic structures in interlingual translation. The main conclusions of the conducted analysis are the following: the structure of the utterance plays the role of a poetic category in modernist prose, while in Russian translation these elements are often simplified or leveled. The author's special contribution is the identification of patterns of adaptation of intonation and rhythmic structures in interlingual translation.