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16504 papers
Abstract: This study examines the transformations in communication and language under the influence of artificial intelligence (AI), with a focus on large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT. Through multiple sessions between the author and AI, changes in communication patterns, personalization of interaction, and the formation of new normative frameworks – linguistic, ethical, social, and aesthetic – are observed. The analysis also covers phenomena from digital culture, such as Italian brainrot, internet slang (“6-7/67”), and the concept of “parasociality,” which function as cultural viruses eliciting emotional and social responses without traditional narratives. The study highlights how these trends reshape language formation, social interactions, and identity, demonstrating a shift from conveying meaning to stimulating sensations and social exposure. It is anticipated that these processes will continue to influence linguistic practices and communication in the globalized digital context in 2026. Keywords: artificial intelligence, digital culture, Italian brainrot, “6-7/67,” parasociality, communication transformations, linguistic norms. Rhetoric and Communications Journal, issue 66, January 2026 Read the Original in Bulgarian
AI-mediated communication refers to communicative processes in which artificial intelligence systems actively generate, interpret, modify, or facilitate language. With the rapid advancement of language technologies such as large language models, conversational agents, speech recognition systems and machine translation tools, AI has evolved from a supportive tool into an active mediator of human communication. This paper conceptualizes AI-mediated communication as a form of language technology that reshapes traditional models of interaction, meaning-making and authorship. The study examines the technological foundations of AI-driven language processing and their broader socio-cultural, pedagogical and ethical implications. It explores how AI mediation influences linguistic norms, accessibility and power relations, while also raising critical concerns related to bias, surveillance and linguistic homogenization. By situating AI-mediated communication within contemporary digital culture, the paper argues that understanding AI as a language technology is essential for critically engaging with evolving communicative practices and for developing responsible, inclusive and ethically grounded AI-driven communication systems.
We revisit punctuation-aware tree binarization for constituency parsing and ask whether dependency-induced headedness improves binary parser supervision. Although learned heads substantially outperform rule-based heads in intrinsic head prediction, they do not yield consistent parsing gains after debinarization. In particular, punctuation-conditioned evaluation shows that learned headedness underperforms rule-based binarization in macro-average punctuation-sensitive $F_1$, despite a small overall gain on CTB. Similar instability appears under cross-treebank transfer. These results suggest that \ycc{linguistically grounded} headedness is not necessarily parser-optimal when used as a binarization control signal. The paper presents a negative result: better head prediction does not imply better punctuation-sensitive constituency parsing.
This study explores Australian language teachers’ familiarity with and attitudes towards gender-inclusive language (GIL) in the classroom. Through a mixed-methods approach combining survey data from 51 teachers and interviews with 6 participants, the research examines teachers’ understanding of GIL, their views on its implementation and perceived challenges. Findings reveal that while most teachers are familiar with GIL, this knowledge often comes from informal sources rather than teacher education. Most teachers express positive attitudes towards incorporating GIL, viewing it as important for student inclusivity and identity affirmation. However, a spectrum of perspectives emerges, ranging from enthusiastic adoption to resistance based on ideological and/or pedagogical concerns. Key challenges identified include a lack of standardisation, limited resources and training and tensions between inclusive practices and assessment requirements. The study highlights the complex interplay between teachers’ personal beliefs, pedagogical challenges and evolving linguistic norms in shaping GIL implementation, emphasising the need for targeted professional development, clearer curriculum guidance and ongoing dialogue to support teachers in navigating gender-expansive practices.
This study examines how linguistic adaptation, inclusion, and student diversity are constructed in the Swedish national curriculum from 2025 for upper secondary education (Gy25), with a particular focus on the subject syllabus for Swedish. The aim is to analyse the assumptions about language, learning, and student roles embedded in the curriculum text. The analysis is based on a qualitative text analysis with elements of critical discourse analysis. Selected sections of the curriculum, including the general aims and the subject syllabus for Swedish, constitute the primary material. The analysis focuses on key concepts, modal expressions, and how students and language are represented in the policy text. The results indicate that language is constructed as a central, norm-governed competence that students are expected to develop through education. At the same time, the curriculum emphasises inclusion and the need to adapt teaching to students’ different conditions. The analysis suggests that the curriculum contains a tension between inclusive ideals and established linguistic norms that students are expected to meet. The study highlights how curriculum texts contribute to shaping assumptions about language, participation, and student roles in the Swedish subject.
This study investigates the linguistic and communicative functions of abbreviations in English and Karakalpak advertising discourse, focusing on how these compressed forms contribute to message efficiency, stylistic expression, and cultural positioning. Although abbreviations are widely used across global advertising, their structural patterns and pragmatic roles vary according to linguistic norms and audience expectations. Therefore, the research employs a mixed qualitative methodology integrating structural analysis, discourse interpretation, and comparative linguistics. The results demonstrate that English advertising makes extensive and creative use of acronyms, initialisms, blends, and hybrid forms to construct modern, technologically oriented, and globally recognizable brand identities. In contrast, Karakalpak advertising relies more on functional initialisms and borrowed English abbreviations, reflecting both local communicative preferences and growing global influence. The discussion interprets these findings within broader socio-cultural and economic contexts, revealing that abbreviation usage serves as a marker of globalization, cultural continuity, and linguistic innovation. Ultimately, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of how abbreviated forms shape contemporary advertising communication in multilingual environments.
Headedness is widely used as an organizing device in syntactic analysis, yet constituency treebanks rarely encode it explicitly and most processing pipelines recover it procedurally via percolation rules. We treat this notion of constituent headedness as an explicit representational layer and learn it as a supervised prediction task over aligned constituency and dependency annotations, inducing supervision by defining each constituent head as the dependency span head. On aligned English and Chinese data, the resulting models achieve near-ceiling intrinsic accuracy and substantially outperform Collins-style rule-based percolation. Predicted heads yield comparable parsing accuracy under head-driven binarization, consistent with the induced binary training targets being largely equivalent across head choices, while increasing the fidelity of deterministic constituency-to-dependency conversion and transferring across resources and languages under simple label-mapping interfaces.
Headedness is widely used as an organizing device in syntactic analysis, yet constituency treebanks rarely encode it explicitly and most processing pipelines recover it procedurally via percolation rules. We treat this notion of constituent headedness as an explicit representational layer and learn it as a supervised prediction task over aligned constituency and dependency annotations, inducing supervision by defining each constituent head as the dependency span head. On aligned English and Chinese data, the resulting models achieve near-ceiling intrinsic accuracy and substantially outperform Collins-style rule-based percolation. Predicted heads yield comparable parsing accuracy under head-driven binarization, consistent with the induced binary training targets being largely equivalent across head choices, while increasing the fidelity of deterministic constituency-to-dependency conversion and transferring across resources and languages under simple label-mapping interfaces.
This study aimed to enhance the practical utility, in real operating contexts, of warning sounds designed to prevent declines in train drivers’ arousal. We analyzed subjective ratings of audibility and arousal for warning sounds presented at 75 dB under varying running noise levels (from 65 dB to 85 dB), considering age as the grouping factor. Experiment 1 (general participants, five noise levels × five warning types (four arousal-designed, one monotone)) showed that increasing noise decreased audibility and, in turn, arousal ratings; moreover, the ≥40s group reported higher arousal than the 20s–30s group. Under high-noise conditions, lower-frequency arousal-designed warning sounds were rated lower than the monotone, such that ratings could fall to levels at which neither audibility nor perceived arousal was attained. Experiment 2 (train drivers, two noise levels × three warning types showed the same qualitative tendency, providing ecologically relevant support for the Experiment 1 finding that low-frequency arousal-designed warnings perform poorly under high noise; no clear age-group difference was observed. Experiment 3 (in-service vehicles) lends support to the findings of Experiments 1 and 2. Overall, under high running noise, warning sound effectiveness depends on frequency, suggesting that designing accordingly can improve practicality even for arousal-designed sounds.
Replication package for "CEI: A Benchmark for Evaluating Pragmatic Reasoning in Language Models" (DMLR 2026). The Contextual Emotional Inference (CEI) Benchmark is a dataset of 300 expert-authored scenarios for evaluating how well language models interpret pragmatically complex utterances in social contexts. Each scenario presents a communicative exchange involving indirect speech (sarcasm, mixed signals, strategic politeness, passive aggression, or deflection) where the speaker's literal words diverge from their actual emotional state. Three trained annotators independently labeled every scenario using Plutchik's 8 basic emotions and Valence-Arousal-Dominance ratings. This archive contains: • data/human-gold/ — 5 merged annotation CSVs (300 scenarios, 3 annotators each) • scripts/ — Pipeline, analysis, and HuggingFace upload scripts • config/ — Model definitions and pricing configuration • papers/dmlr2026/ — Paper source (LaTeX), bibliography, and figures • reports/dmlr2026/ — Baseline results (JSON) and LaTeX tables • LICENSE (MIT for code) and README.md The dataset is released under CC-BY-4.0. Code is released under MIT. GitHub: https://github.com/jon-chun/cei-tom-dataset-base HuggingFace: https://huggingface.co/datasets/jonc/cei-benchmark
Mental imagery is often assumed to support vocabulary learning by enriching semantic representations, yet hybrid accounts of embodied cognition leave open the possibility that limited imagery, and the resulting reliance on verbal-analytic strategies, may ultimately support larger vocabularies. We tested whether imagery vividness predicts vocabulary knowledge and whether any relation depends on word concreteness. After collecting concreteness ratings for Vocabulary Size Test (VST) items, a separate group completed the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ) and VST. At the person level, VVIQ was not significantly correlated with total vocabulary score. However, item-level mixed-effects regression revealed a significant VVIQ×concretenessinteraction: higher imagery was associated with lower accuracy for highly concrete words. These findings suggest that vivid imagery does not confer an advantage in definition-matching tasks and may, for concrete words, subtly interfere with performance, consistent with compensatory verbal-analytic strategies in low-imagery individuals.
Mental imagery is often assumed to support vocabulary learning by enriching semantic representations, yet hybrid accounts of embodied cognition leave open the possibility that limited imagery, and the resulting reliance on verbal-analytic strategies, may ultimately support larger vocabularies. We tested whether imagery vividness predicts vocabulary knowledge and whether any relation depends on word concreteness. After collecting concreteness ratings for Vocabulary Size Test (VST) items, a separate group completed the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ) and VST. At the person level, VVIQ was not significantly correlated with total vocabulary score. However, item-level mixed-effects regression revealed a significant VVIQ×concretenessinteraction: higher imagery was associated with lower accuracy for highly concrete words. These findings suggest that vivid imagery does not confer an advantage in definition-matching tasks and may, for concrete words, subtly interfere with performance, consistent with compensatory verbal-analytic strategies in low-imagery individuals.
In a multilingual and multicultural society like Malaysia, the spelling of names serves as a personal identifier and as a reflection of sociocultural and linguistic norms. While prior studies have examined spelling variation in educational and digital contexts, less is known about public perceptions of spelling variations of names. Against this backdrop, this study investigates how Malaysians perceive the acceptability of spelling variations. Using a mixed-methods design, 355 participants responded to a questionnaire comprising Likert-scale evaluations of ten real names, along with open-ended questions. Quantitative analysis revealed significant variability in participants’ acceptability ratings, though names that retained phonological clarity (e.g., Adrianah) were generally more accepted than others (e.g., Frrdy). No significant differences were found across gender, age, ethnicity, or professional background. Thematic analysis of qualitative responses highlighted two key influences on naming decisions: individual sociocultural factors (e.g., religious beliefs, family tradition) and sociolinguistic-aesthetic factors (e.g., pronunciation, trends, media influence). These findings suggest a growing tolerance towards spelling variations, possibly indicative the value of distinguishing one’s identity through names.
The correct use of Standard Albanian in public administration is vital for effective governance, accurate communication, and the maintenance of public trust. This study explores the extent to which standard language is used in Albanian state institutions through questionnaires and interviews with employees of the Ministries of Education, Defense, and Justice. The results indicate that official documents often contain linguistic errors and inconsistencies, reflecting shortcomings in language precision. These issues are largely caused by the absence of standardized document templates, insufficient attention to linguistic norms, and limited opportunities for staff training. Nearly one-third of respondents reported that errors frequently occur in emails and reports addressed to citizens.To address these challenges, the study emphasizes the importance of digital technologies, standardized communication models, and institutional reforms. The use of digital platforms with grammar-checking tools and shared templates can improve consistency and accuracy in official documents. In addition, promoting lifelong learning through continuous professional development and linguistic training can strengthen institutional efficiency, accountability, and public trust in public administration. Received: 06 October 2025 / Accepted: 12 December 2025 / Published: January 2026
Background: Aging is characterized by a decrease in olfactory, attentional, memory, language, and visuospatial/executive abilities. In this context, our study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) and Carum carvi L. (caraway) essential oils (EOs) on aging. First, we assessed, in 402 participants, the age-related changes in olfactory functions (odor threshold, discrimination, and identification), gustatory perceptions (sweet, sour, salty, and bitter taste), cognitive functions (focusing on attention, memory, language, and visuospatial/executive functions), and their possible correlations with aging. To achieve this, olfactory function, gustatory perception, and cognitive abilities were evaluated in healthy participants across different age groups. Then, to evaluate the age-related decrease in trigeminal function (59 participants), we used rosemary and caraway EOs that contain carvone, limonene, and 1,8-cineole, all of which are considered typical trigeminal stimuli. Methods: Olfactory function was assessed with the Sniffin’ Sticks test, gustatory function by the Taste Strips test, and rosemary and caraway EOs by the ratings of odor pleasantness, intensity, and familiarity using a labeled hedonic Likert-type scale. Results: Olfactory function could be a potential early indicator of attentional, memory, language, and visuospatial/executive dysfunctions. Our data indicated that rosemary and caraway EOs were perceived without any significant decrease in odor pleasantness, intensity, and familiarity ratings in relation to aging. Conclusion: Our results suggest the potential bioactive effects of rosemary and caraway natural EOs as a new strategy to promote healthy aging.
This research explores the historical emergence of linguistic terminology in three languages—English, Uzbek, and Karakalpak—with special attention to the role of Latin, Greek, and Arabic heritage. It traces how borrowed concepts were nativized and localized in each linguistic setting. By juxtaposing five evolutionary stages in English with analogous processes in Uzbek and Karakalpak, the paper illustrates the interplay between international scholarly traditions and indigenous linguistic norms. The conclusions highlight both universal tendencies and language-specific particularities in the growth of terminological systems.
This paper presents new resources and baselines for Dependency Parsing in Pomak, an endangered Eastern South Slavic language with substantial dialectal variation and no widely adopted standard. We focus on the variety spoken in Turkey (Uzunköprü) and ask how well a dependency parser trained on the existing Pomak Universal Dependencies treebank, which was built primarily from the variety that is spoken in Greece, transfers across dialects. We run two experimental phases. First, we train a parser on the Greek-variety UD data and evaluate zero-shot transfer to Turkish-variety Pomak, quantifying the impact of phonological and morphosyntactic differences. Second, we introduce a new manually annotated Turkish-variety Pomak corpus of 650 sentences and show that, despite its small size, targeted fine-tuning substantially improves accuracy; performance is further boosted by cross-variety transfer learning that combines the two dialects.
CHILDES is a paramount resource for language acquisition studies -- yet computational tools for analyzing its syntactic structure remain limited. Leveraging the recent release of the UD-English-CHILDES treebank with gold-standard Universal Dependencies (UD) annotations, we train a state-of-the-art dependency parser specifically tailored to CHILDES. The parser more accurately captures syntactic patterns in child--adult interactions, outperforming widely used off-the-shelf English parsers, including SpaCy and Stanza. Alongside the parser, we also release a Part-of-Speech tagger and an utterance-level construction tagger, which together form the open-source Syntactic Parsing Toolkit for Child--Adult InTeractions (CAIT). Through a detailed error analysis and a case study tracking the distribution of syntactic constructions across developmental time in CHILDES, we demonstrate the practical utility of the toolkit for large-scale, reproducible research on language acquisition.
The paper presents a prototype of a web-app designed to automatically generate verb valency lexica based on the Universal Dependencies (UD) treebanks.It offers an overview of the structure of the app, its core functionality, and functional extensions designed to handle treebank-specific features.Besides, the paper highlights the limitations of the prototype and the potential of its further development.
The Icelandic Morphosyntactic Ontology (IMO) defines a formal, AI-compatible representation of Icelandic morphosyntax, including closed morphological feature inventories, a typed dependency-style relation system, and a constraint-based validation layer. Version v0.1 establishes an architectural specification rather than a complete lexical or descriptive grammar. It introduces a formal morphosyntactic model designed for computational compatibility (e.g., NLP validation, dependency parsing alignment), while explicitly separating a derived human learnability projection layer. The document includes:(1) Morphological entity system,(2) Syntactic relation graph layer,(3) Constraint architecture (agreement, governance, default case assignment),(4) Dependency matrices,(5) A structured human learnability projection blueprint. IMO does not replace existing Icelandic lexical databases or parsing systems (e.g., BÍN, Greynir), but operates at a formal abstraction layer intended for structural modeling and constraint-based validation.
Emotional memories persist within individuals and over generations. Past research has examined functions of parent-child memory sharing, but little work has assessed how the emotional qualities of memories are transmitted from parent to child and whether emotion transmission relates to memory content transmission. An understanding of how emotional memories are transmitted may be particularly important during adolescence, a developmental period marked by heightened sensitivity to emotional information, increasing independence from caregivers, and the emergence of mental health symptoms. The current study investigated the intergenerational transmission of parents’ autobiographical emotional memories to their teen offspring in healthy dyads using behavioral measures and natural language processing tools. We found that emotional valence and arousal linked to parents’ memories are transmitted from parent to teen. Greater parent-teen agreement in valence ratings was associated with greater parent-teen overlap in both subjective vividness ratings and objective memory content of individual memories. Subjective memory transmission was modestly related to lower mental health symptoms in teens after accounting for parent symptoms. These findings demonstrate that parents’ emotional memories are transmitted to their teens and provide preliminary evidence that autobiographical emotional memory transmission from parents could be a protective factor for mental health in adolescence.
Abstract In addition to arguments, adverbs and non-arguments are considered potential candidates to occupy left peripheral positions. Following standard assumptions in syntactic locality, adverbs, non-arguments and arguments elicit distinct effects in terms of intervention locality if moved. Such an asymmetry is not expected if these elements are generated in the syntactic position they are spelt-out. In this study, we employ quantitative and computational methods to compare cartographic models differing in the merge nature and explore, as a diagnostic, the intervention effects (or the lack of intervention effects) predicted by these models. Specifically, we compare the observed counts in large-scale datasets to imputed expected frequencies on the basis of the models under investigation. To reach this goal, we extract grammatical clauses from morpho-syntactically annotated treebanks of Chinese, English, French, German, Hebrew, Italian and Swedish. Our findings reveal cross-linguistic levels of complexity and typological variability, consistent with the predictions of featural Relativized Minimality.
Short-form video platforms have become central to multimedia information dissemination, where comments play a critical role in driving engagement, propagation, and algorithmic feedback. However, existing approaches -- including video summarization and live-streaming danmaku generation -- fail to produce authentic comments that conform to platform-specific cultural and linguistic norms. In this paper, we present LOLGORITHM, a novel modular multi-agent framework for stylized short-form video comment generation. LOLGORITHM supports six controllable comment styles and comprises three core modules: video content summarization, video classification, and comment generation with semantic retrieval and hot meme augmentation. We further construct a bilingual dataset of 3,267 videos and 16,335 comments spanning five high-engagement categories across YouTube and Douyin. Evaluation combining automatic scoring and large-scale human preference analysis demonstrates that LOLGORITHM consistently outperforms baseline methods, achieving human preference selection rates of 80.46\% on YouTube and 84.29\% on Douyin across 107 respondents. Ablation studies confirm that these gains are attributable to the framework architecture rather than the choice of backbone LLM, underscoring the robustness and generalizability of our approach.
This paper examines the growing ideological dissonance between the contemporary political left and the working-class constituencies it historically claimed to represent. Drawing on sociological and political science literature alongside comparative evidence from Brazil, the United States, France, and the United Kingdom, we argue that the left’s progressive drift toward university-incubated identity politics—including debates over linguistic norms, gender categories, and minority group identity—has produced a profound semantic and cultural rupture with lower-income voters whose priorities remain rooted in economic security, family cohesion, and social conservatism. Simultaneously, right-wing and populist movements have strategically occupied the abandoned terrain of class-based discourse, reframing their appeal in the language of workers, families, and everyday material hardship. We analyze the semantic transformation of the terms left and right, the phenomenon of cancel culture as a mechanism of epistemic coercion, the paradox of conservative sociality among the poor, and the structural conditions that produce what we term displacement populism—the rightward migration of voters who were once natural constituents of progressive politics. We conclude with reflections on the prospects for political realignment and the conditions under which left-wing movements might recover their original social mandate.
Le French Treebank: une ressource lexicale et syntaxique richement annotée (et validée manuellement) pour les linguistes, utilisable en TAL, dans sa version 2.0 Projet initié en 1997, avec le soutien de l'IUF, du CNRS et du CNRTL21 550 phrases (environ 664 500 tokens) du journal Le Monde (1990-1993)Métadonnées: auteur, date, domaine (par article)Annotations lexicales (catégories, sous-catégories, flexion, mots composés avec composants) et syntaxiques (constituants majeurs, fonctions grammaticales) validéesPlusieurs formats disponibles: XML, PTB, CoNLL, codage UTF-8 (ligature œ notée oe)Nouveautés de la version 2.0: plusieurs erreurs d'annotation ont été corrigées depuis la publication en 2016 de la version 1.0
Misconceptions in physics are persistent explanatory frameworks that develop in early infancy and continue throughout primary, secondary, and university education, even among pre-service educators. Instead of being eradicated through formal education, these intuitive notions often coexist with scientific principles, resulting in a disjointed or contextually dependent comprehension. This review consolidates recent studies on the origin, endurance, and alteration of misunderstandings across several educational stages and physics disciplines, encompassing mechanics, thermal phenomena, energy, and electromagnetism. It emphasizes that misconceptions are influenced by perceptual experiences, linguistic norms, and evaluative methods that favour procedural fluency over explanatory reasoning. The paper analyzes instructional methods that facilitate conceptual change, highlighting hands-on and virtual experimentation, guided inquiry, diagnostic evaluation, and innovative digital and AI-driven technologies. The research identifies cross-cutting themes that emphasize the significance of cognitive conflict, explicit interaction with learners' concepts, and coherent conceptual advancement in curriculum. Significant study deficiencies encompass the necessity for longitudinal studies, examinations of transfer and durability, and a more profound inquiry into teacher education as a domain for conceptual advancement. The findings emphasize the importance of intentional conceptual education and comprehensive teacher preparation to foster lasting and significant comprehension in physics.
Multisensory virtual nature immersion is emerging as a tool for supporting mental health management. In this study, we evaluate the effectiveness of two types of multisensory immersion systems for patients diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: (1) a PORTABLE system, which delivers olfactory stimulation directly through a head-mounted display (HMD), and (2) a POD system, in which participants are seated in a multisensory pod that augments HMD audio-visual content with synchronized olfactory cues and haptic feedback (wind and vibration). Beyond comparing the two modalities, this work focuses on how neural activity changes throughout the experience. Specifically, we analyze electroencephalography (EEG) responses in relation to participants’ subjective affective ratings, clinical questionnaires, and cognitive faculties.
Surzhyk, as a Ukrainian–Russian mixed subcode, has long been a subject of extensive research. Despite this, it remains an ambiguous phenomenon that elicits diverse assessments and attitudes. Within Ukrainian academic circles, a tradition has emerged of evaluating this communicative subcode through the prism of linguistic norms, predominantly characterising it as a negative phenomenon. However, in everyday communication, Surzhyk functions dynamically, reflecting the varied attitudes of its speakers. Significant shifts in its perception became particularly evident following the Russian Federation's full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Consequently, Russian-speaking individuals have increasingly adopted Surzhyk as a means of distancing themselves from the Russian language, which is widely perceived as the language of the aggressor. This article presents the results of a sociolinguistic study conducted in 2020–2021 and 2023–2024 among residents of the Odesa and Mykolaiv regions. The study examines the evolution of attitudes towards Surzhyk in the wake of the invasion, with particular attention given to the role of mass media discourse in shaping these perceptions. The analysis reveals a growing tendency towards a more favourable view of mixed speech; in the context of war, Surzhyk has come to symbolise solidarity and serves as an informal linguistic bridge for transitioning from Russian-dominant to Ukrainian-speaking communication.
This repository contains anonymized behavioral data, analysis scripts, and experimental code for a virtual reality (VR) study investigating affective modulation of route-based spatial navigation. The paradigm combines immersive navigation in a controlled urban VR environment with an instructed threat-of-shock (ToS) manipulation and systematically varies locomotion modes (continuous vs. stepwise movement). The dataset includes navigation performance measures (accuracy, decision times), questionnaire data (e.g., trait anxiety, presence, affective ratings), and preprocessing/analysis pipelines implemented in R. The VR experiment was developed for a head-mounted display (Meta Quest 3), and the provided scripts allow reconstruction of the experimental logic. Due to copyright restrictions, the full digital object library (e.g., 3D assets, textures) is not included.
Racialized language ideologies continue to shape the educational trajectories of students of color, yet the experiences of South Asian American students remain largely invisible in this discourse. Grounded in a raciolinguistic perspective and the concept of double linguistic consciousness, this article examines how Indian American undergraduate students navigate raciolinguistic ideologies in the U.S. education system and beyond. Raciolinguistic ideologies, which construct the language practices of communities of color as a deficit, play a central role in shaping the educational and social experiences of students of color, including those from immigrant and multilingual backgrounds. This qualitative study, based on in-depth interviews, was conducted with five Indian American undergraduate students studying at a large Midwestern university in the United States. The findings highlight how Indian American students actively engage in self-reflection, question dominant linguistic norms, and strategically use language and accent to resist marginalization and affirm their cultural identities. Rather than passively accepting racialized linguistic expectations, students assert agency in both subtle and overt ways, across educational and everyday contexts and relationships. This research contributes to a more nuanced understanding of racialized linguistic identities and highlights the complex, agentive ways Indian American students navigate and resist raciolinguistic oppression.
Short-form video platforms have become central to multimedia information dissemination, where comments play a critical role in driving engagement, propagation, and algorithmic feedback. However, existing approaches -- including video summarization and live-streaming danmaku generation -- fail to produce authentic comments that conform to platform-specific cultural and linguistic norms. In this paper, we present LOLGORITHM, a novel modular multi-agent framework for stylized short-form video comment generation. LOLGORITHM supports six controllable comment styles and comprises three core modules: video content summarization, video classification, and comment generation with semantic retrieval and hot meme augmentation. We further construct a bilingual dataset of 3,267 videos and 16,335 comments spanning five high-engagement categories across YouTube and Douyin. Evaluation combining automatic scoring and large-scale human preference analysis demonstrates that LOLGORITHM consistently outperforms baseline methods, achieving human preference selection rates of 80.46\% on YouTube and 84.29\% on Douyin across 107 respondents. Ablation studies confirm that these gains are attributable to the framework architecture rather than the choice of backbone LLM, underscoring the robustness and generalizability of our approach.
This article presents the De-Sign platform, a web-based psychometric tool specifically designed for screening dementia in Deaf older adults (50+) who use Austrian Sign Language and Greek Sign Language hereinafter ÖGS and GSL respectively.The limited access to dementia services for these populations is primarily attributed to a scarcity of healthcare professionals fluent in sign language.Hence, enhancing access to relevant diagnostic services has become a priority.Currently, there is a significant lack of screening tools specifically developed to identify early signs of dementia that are compatible with national sign languages.To address this issue, the De-Sign Erasmus+ (2022-2025) project has employed suitable psychometric instruments that are adapted to the cultural contexts and linguistic norms of Deaf communities in Austria and Greece.The only existing Cognitive Screening Test (CST) for British Sign Language (BSL), used for diagnosing dementia in Deaf older adults, was initially adapted from English by Atkinson et al. (2015).The De-Sign platform hosts a cognitive screening test in ÖGS and GSL.Both were linguistically and culturally adapted from the BSL-CST test, providing two web-based versions of a psychometric tool that enables dementia screening within these populations.
Swallowing is tightly coupled with emotion-autonomic states, while olfactory pathways project to limbic and hypothalamic hubs that can enhance parasympathetic activity and reduce stress. Whether a pleasant natural-wood odor can modulate swallowing-related brain activity and behavior remains unclear. To test whether Hinoki (Japanese cypress) inhalation improves affective ratings and increases the repetitive saliva swallowing test (RSST) difference (post-pre; swallows/30 s), and whether it suppresses swallowing-related activity in the premotor cortex (Brodman area 6 (BA6)) and the hypothalamus. The effects of exploratory whole-brain and interaction between Task and Odor were also evaluated. In a randomized within-subject crossover with a one-week interval, participants inhaled Hinoki essential oil or odorless rice-oil control. We assessed brain activity during voluntary saliva swallowing using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Outcomes included subjective ratings (odor intensity, preference, comfort, recollection) and RSST counts per 30 s; RSST difference was computed as post-pre inhalation. Hinoki improved affective ratings and increased RSST difference compared to control. The odor main effect showed reduced activation in three regions-bilateral BA6 and the hypothalamus. An interaction effect between Task (swallowing vs. rest) and Odor (Hinoki vs. control) was found in the right putamen. The pattern supports a model: odor-induced autonomic calming (lower heart rate, reduced hypothalamic activity) lowers premotor load and improves swallowing, reflected in RSST difference. These findings suggest that aromatherapy-assisted dysphagia rehabilitation using olfactory priming-particularly for patients with post-stroke sequelae or post-stroke depression with poor appetite-may help enhance training efficiency and recovery.
= 702), we examined whether the expectancy of an action effect shapes the affective evaluation of corresponding action-effect episodes. In each study, participants responded to stimuli by clicking on buttons that produced effects with either high (stimulus-congruent) or low (stimulus-incongruent) expectancy. Induced affect was assessed using both implicit (affective priming) and explicit (valence ratings) measures. Overall, high-expectancy episodes elicited relatively more positive affect than low-expectancy episodes. For our implicit measure, this effect persisted unless correspondence among all task events (stimulus, response, and effect) was simultaneously reduced (Experiments 2 + 3). Furthermore, this outcome could not be attributed to mere visual mismatch between stimulus and effect (Experiment 4) and was observed even when stimulus-congruent effects were less likely to occur than stimulus-incongruent ones (Experiments 5 + 6). These findings suggest that expected action outcomes elicit positive affect, thus offering a parsimonious explanation for performance advantages previously attributed to more complex mechanisms like ideomotor accounts or response monitoring. More broadly, we propose that affective evaluation of action-effect episodes represents a fundamental mechanism governing behavior across multiple psychological domains, from basic action control to complex behavior in various settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Everyday aversive experiences, such as a crying infant or the sound of construction, are not life-threatening, yet they can strongly shape affective experience and physiological state. While most affective imagery research has focused on fear and anxiety, the mechanisms underlying imagery of mild, everyday aversive events remain underexplored. Across five experiments, we systematically investigated behavioral and physiological responses to aversive and appetitive mental imagery. Experiment 1 revealed robust corrugator EMG potentiation but comparatively weaker autonomic responses during aversive imagery compared with audiovisual and auditory stimulation. Experiments 2 and 3 identified key methodological factors that determine imagery potency, including imagery duration, instructional focus, and prompt design. Using an optimized paradigm, Experiment 4 demonstrated coherent changes across subjective valence and arousal ratings, EMG corrugator potentiation, heart rate deceleration, and skin temperature decreases for aversive compared with appetitive imagery, with effects modulated by individual differences in imagery vividness. Experiment 5 confirmed that these effects reflected genuine affective experience rather than semantic knowledge of the prompts. Together, these findings establish baseline physiological and subjective markers of everyday aversive imagery in typical young adults and emphasize the critical role of paradigm optimization in eliciting reliable affective imagery responses. By shifting focus from extreme to everyday aversive experiences, this work provides a framework for studying heightened sensitivity to ordinary stimuli in both basic and clinical contexts.
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are well established and strong risk factors for mental health challenges later in life, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. Associative learning, which shapes emotional and cognitive responses to environmental cues, may play a critical role in this relationship. However, the neural underpinnings linking ACEs and ACE load to alterations in associative threat and safety learning remain poorly understood. In this multimodal fMRI study, 171 participants (97 with ACEs, 74 without ACEs) underwent a one-day fear conditioning paradigm, which included fear acquisition, generalization, extinction, and a return of fear test (ROF) after reinstatement. During fear acquisition, generalization and the ROF test, higher ACE load was associated with reduced discrimination between threat and safety cues, primarily driven by blunted responses to the threat cue across arousal ratings and central nodes of the fear network key brain regions (striatal regions and the vmPFC). During fear generalization, individuals with ACEs showed reduced activation in key brain regions to the CS+ (and GS+) but no differences in generalization gradients. In contrast, ACEs were neither related to expectancy ratings for nor aversiveness ratings for the unconditioned aversive event. These findings indicate a striking dissociation between cognitive and affective threat processing - putatively originating from a reduced transfer of US-related arousal to the CS+ as a mechanistic pathway through which ACEs become physiologically and neurobiologically embedded, thereby increasing the risk for mental health challenges.
Language errors play a crucial role in language learning and teaching. Using Indonesian in ways that exceed its standard communicative and linguistic norms is considered improper. Such deviations indicate a misuse of the language, whether orally or in writing, as they do not adhere to the established communication parameters and grammatical structures. The objective of this investigation is to scrutinize linguistic inaccuracies present in in the book titled Kuliah Muhammadiyah Gerakan Tajdid. The book titled Kuliah Muhammadiyah Gerakan Tajdid: Pendekatan Ideologis, Historis, Organisatoris, dan Analisis was written by H. Anhar Anshori, M.S.I., Ph.D., and published by UAD Press. This book provides a comprehensive description of Muhammadiyah as an Islamic movement, the da'wah of enjoining good and forbidding evil, and tajdid (renewal). This book is often used as an important reference for the Muhammadiyah course at various Muhammadiyah universities. This research adopts a descriptive qualitative methodology, employing an observational approach. The findings indicate the presence of 12 distinct types of orthographic errors. These encompass issues related to letter usage (specifically, two errors involving capitalization), word formation (including four instances of non-standard or improperly formed words), and the incorrect application of punctuation marks (one error concerning the use of single quotation marks, three errors with hyphens, and one error in semicolon usage).
This article argues that in Amy Tan’s “Mother Tongue,” language functions not merely as a means of communication but as a site of symbolic power, social stratification, and identity formation within the framework of ethnic self-narration. The article demonstrates how the ideology of Standard English produces a hierarchy of linguistic legitimacy that systematically marginalizes speakers positioned outside its normative framework. Rather than treating Tan’s narrative as a purely individual memoir, this study reads it as a strategic articulation of collective ethnic experience. In this sense, “Mother Tongue” operates as a political act of self-narration that transforms private memory into a public critique of linguistic discrimination. By foregrounding her mother’s so-called “broken English,” Tan exposes the ideological construction of linguistic competence and the institutional inequalities embedded in the American educational system and public discourse. From this perspective, Tan’s narrative constitutes an aesthetic and political resistance that challenges the authority of standardized linguistic norms. Ultimately, “Mother Tongue” emerges as a counter-hegemonic intervention that reconfigures both individual and collective identity, recenters marginalized voices, and interrogates the symbolic mechanisms of power that operate through language. Existing scholarship has predominantly framed the essay as a narrative of identity reconciliation; this article, by contrast, argues that it stages a structural critique of linguistic authority.
Although it is widely accepted that the First Old Church Slavonic Life of Wenceslas (FSL) is a tenth-century Bohemian composition written in Old Church Slavonic (OCS), some scholars have hypothesized a Latin original and subsequent translation. This article evaluates that hypothesis by testing the FSL against features typically associated with Latin-to-OCS translation, including loanwords, hendiadys, and morphological patterns. It argues that the FSL lacks consistent evidence of translation from a Latin source. While most Latinisms attested in the text are more plausibly explained as the result of cultural and religious contact with communities under Roman jurisdiction, even those expressions that appear more suggestive fail to meet the criteria of reliable translation markers and are better interpreted as scribal interpolations introduced during the text’s exceptionally complex transmission. Similarly, the purported instances of hendiadys and Bohemian morphological features are too sporadic and contextually ambiguous to support the hypothesis of a Latin prototext. Cases of quasi-hendiadic synonymic reinforcement are more likely to reflect broader literary conventions, and what has been interpreted as Bohemization may instead result from local linguistic norms affecting the text at later stages of its transmission. The article therefore concludes that the FSL should be regarded as an original OCS composition with an unusually complex transmission history.
This paper presents a small-scale dependency treebank for Tunisian Arabic (TADT) developed within the Universal Dependencies framework, addressing the scarcity of linguistic resources for the Arabic varieties.The approach employs domain adaptation, leveraging a machine learning model (UDPipe 1.0) trained on Algerian Arabic data to annotate 100 Tunisian Arabic social media comments, followed by manual correction.This pilot study evaluates the feasibility of using machine learning-assisted annotation to scale resource development for spoken Arabic and identifies key challenges in cross-dialectal transfer for improving annotation quality and efficiency.This work contributes to more inclusive and fair representation of Arabic linguistic varieties in academic research and NLP applications.
Abstract Color-evasive language practices and ideologies are central to the creation of clinical spaces as white public spaces, which are inherently dangerous for non-white people. This chapter explores how race, language, and disability are shaped by the color-evasive logic taught to medical students through linguistic practices within autism diagnostic processes. In these color-evasive practices, culture can index race in a socially acceptable way, as it allows individuals to talk about race without talking about race. In this clinical vignette, a Black child’s use of Black linguistic norms is described by the white clinician as being “inappropriate, disruptive, and echolalic.” This is reinforced when the clinician tells his students that scoring an autism diagnostic test is “not about culture, it’s about the response.” The chapter explores how the scoring of the diagnostic test is grounded in the subjective assessment of the clinician administering the test and how they understand the patient’s behavior, which is shaped by underlying anti-Black logics about race, language, and disability. The clinician’s response shows us that despite his production of a color-evasive framework, he perceives and hears the patient as a racialized other. The chapter argues that color-evasive ideologies create white public space where clinicians police non-white bodies and conflate a Black child’s use of Black language with disability.
The film Panggil Aku Ayah (2025) is an Indonesian adaptation of the South Korean film Pawn (2020), which goes beyond mere narrative transfer by engaging in a process of transcreation to align the story with the socio-cultural context of Indonesian audiences. Rather than simply reproducing the original plot, the adaptation reinterprets cultural meanings, values, and social relations to ensure cultural relevance and emotional resonance within a different national setting. This research aims to compare the representation of cultural elements in Panggil Aku Ayah and Pawn using a comparative literature approach. The study employs a qualitative descriptive method, drawing on C. Kluckhohn’s theory of seven universal cultural categories as an analytical framework. The findings reveal significant transformations in five key cultural elements: the language system, which adapts dialogue and expressions to local linguistic norms; the livelihood system, which reflects differences in economic activities and social class structures; the religious system, which incorporates local beliefs and practices; the knowledge system, which reshapes moral education and life values; and social organization, which highlights distinct family structures and community relations. The study concludes that cross-cultural film adaptation functions as a creative strategy to embed local cultural identity, enabling global narratives to remain meaningful, accessible, and relevant to Indonesian audiences while preserving the emotional core of the original work.
This study examines the linguistic landscape (LL) of food stall signage in Ruteng by analyzing the linguistic forms, typologies, and communicative functions embedded within bottom-up commercial signs. Grounded in LL theory and enriched by geosemiotic, mobility, and language ideology perspectives, the research employed a descriptive qualitative design to explore how language operates symbolically and informationally in everyday public spaces. Thirty-six food stall signs were collected through field observation and analyzed for their linguistic composition, spatial emplacement, and semiotic features. The findings reveal that Indonesian overwhelmingly dominates monolingual signage, reflecting national language policy and shared linguistic norms, while bilingual and multilingual signs incorporate regional languages, Arabic, and English to index ethnic identity, religious affiliation, cultural heritage, or aspirations toward modernity. All signs constitute bottom-up signage, highlighting individual agency and cultural creativity in shaping the local LL. Functionally, the signs perform both informational roles—such as conveying menu offerings and halal status—and symbolic roles, expressing identity markers, migration histories, and ideological values. Overall, the study demonstrates that food stall signage in Ruteng functions as a meaningful semiotic artifact that materializes the intersection of language, identity, and mobility in the public sphere, offering valuable insights into the sociolinguistic dynamics of multilingual Indonesian communities.
This paper presents a direct framework for sequence models with hidden states on closed subgroups of U(d). We use a minimal axiomatic setup and derive recurrent and transformer templates from a shared skeleton in which subgroup choice acts as a drop-in replacement for state space, tangent projection, and update map. We then specialize to O(d) and evaluate orthogonal-state RNN and transformer models on Tiny Shakespeare and Penn Treebank under parameter-matched settings. We also report a general linear-mixing extension in tangent space, which applies across subgroup choices and improves finite-budget performance in the current O(d) experiments.
As language-based AI systems become more anthropomorphic, the question of whether they can have subjective experience is increasingly pressing. I focus here on the tractability of research questions in the space of AI consciousness. I argue that the fundamental problem of whether AI systems can be conscious is currently intractable in its direct form, given the absence of a universally accepted scientific theory of consciousness, as well as the historical open-endedness of the philosophical mind-body problem. In contrast, questions around the adjacent subject of perceived AI consciousness are tractable, timely, and highly consequential for society. The general public is increasingly open to the possibility of consciousness in AI systems and routinely adopts the vocabulary of human cognition and subjective experience to describe them. This phenomenon is already driving societal shifts across user experience, ethical standards, and linguistic norms. I therefore propose an increased research focus on uncovering the causes and effects of perceived AI consciousness, which ultimately shape how we see our own human subjective experience relative to artificial entities. To support this, I map the current landscape of AI consciousness perception and discuss its key potential drivers and societal consequences. Finally, I urge developers, decision-makers, and the broader scientific community to commit to clear and accurate communication regarding the topic of AI consciousness, explicitly acknowledging its inherent uncertainties.
The study is devoted to the analysis of the impact of globalization and digital technologies on the transformation of language norms in modern digital discourse. The relevance of the work is due to the growing role of digital communication, in which language becomes a key factor of cultural identity and social integration. The goal is to identify interdependencies between the level of digital maturity of states, the intensity of language hybridization and the dynamics of sociolinguistic variability. The object of the study is the digital language space of the global communication environment. The methodology is based on a combination of systemic, institutional, econometric and corpus-linguistic approaches using official statistical databases and corpora of digital texts for 2015–2024. The results show that during this period ICT Development Index increased from 5.32 to 7.41 points, DESI Index – from 48.7 to 70.4 points, and the share of Internet users – from 58.2% to 84.3%. At the same time, the number of languages with digital representation increased from 312 to 387, and the share of English-language content decreased from 55.1% to 49.3%. The hybridization index increased from 0.42 to 0.61, clearly indicating the establishment of a polycentric mode or multi-node digital discourse. Hybridization is both method and degree: different languages or their structural elements used in the same message (verbal or symbolic), as well as fully/partially mixed code messages; hashtags expressed in different linguistic forms/fonts, etc. (multimedia message). This means how various linguistic components are arranged within one structural unit up to multimedia messages comprising codes written with different fonts‐forms on various levels of hybridity. The econometric model registered a very high positive correlation between digital maturity and hybridization (r=0.82).