Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
Aesthetic principle not only concerns the perception of visual beauty, but most crucially, the cognitive-affective responses derived from experiencing such stimuli. Despite this knowledge, user experience (UX) designers often prioritise beauty over intended end-user affect. This reversed order of prioritisation contradicts the sequential UX design process, leading to unexpected end-user perceptions and responses. The challenge in shaping UX before user interface (UI) design is that there first must be prior knowledge of aesthetic affect. A study with 1,782 worldwide participants was conducted evaluating affective user-responses to 43 atomic aesthetics using 153,252 data points and presented as affect ratings (ARs). Results demonstrated high affective resonance amongst aesthetics evaluated, suggesting aesthetic AR may be a viable method of improving the UX design process by influencing user perceptions, responses and actions at a non-conscious level. This is the first of a series of studies in the direction of Aesthetic Semantics®.
Cite the source of the dataset as: Fabrício Ferraz Gerardi, Stanislav Reichert, Carolina Aragon, Johann-Mattis List, & Tim Wientzek. (2021). TuLeD: Tupían lexical database. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology: Leipzig
In this study, we aim to offer linguistically motivated solutions to resolve the issues of the lack of representation of null morphemes, highly productive derivational processes, and syncretic morphemes of Turkish in the BOUN Treebank without diverging from the Universal Dependencies framework. In order to tackle these issues, new annotation conventions were introduced by splitting certain lemmas and employing the MISC (miscellaneous) tab in the UD framework to denote derivation. Representational capabilities of the re-annotated treebank were tested on a LSTM-based dependency parser and an updated version of the BoAT Tool is introduced.
Modern Irish is a minority language lacking sufficient computational resources for the task of accurate automatic syntactic parsing of usergenerated content such as tweets. Although language technology for the Irish language has been developing in recent years, these tools tend to perform poorly on user-generated content. As with other languages, the linguistic style observed in Irish tweets differs, in terms of orthography, lexicon, and syntax, from that of standard texts more commonly used for the development of language models and parsers. We release the first Universal Dependencies treebank of Irish tweets, facilitating natural language processing of user-generated content in Irish. In this paper, we explore the differences between Irish tweets and standard Irish text, and the challenges associated with dependency parsing of Irish tweets. We describe our bootstrapping method of treebank development and report on preliminary parsing experiments.
Abstract Prior work suggests that more frequent or higher exposure to stressors relates to less positive affect and more negative affect in daily life. Limited knowledge exists about whether subjective appraisals of such stressors (i.e., perceived negative impacts on daily routine, personal health and safety, and finances) also have negative links to daily well-being. This study examines this link using data from an 8-day daily dairy study (n=675 days) in an online sample of older adults (n = 110 people, ages 60-90). We also explored potential psychological moderators particularly relevant to the experience of aging (i.e., self-views of aging, S-VOA). Results from multilevel models indicate that people reported more negative affect and less positive affect on days with more negative appraisals, especially on those days when they also had more negative self-views of aging. These findings highlight S-VOA as psychological resources that help people cope with stressful events in everyday life.
Visual processing of emotional words modulates early event-related potentials (ERPs) such as the early posterior negativity (EPN). Questions remain as to whether this modulation reflects modality-specific processing, preferentially elicited by emotional words of the native language (L1). This study investigates the modulation of early ERPs during rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of adjectives or nouns referring to emotional feeling states, neutral traits, to an overweight or lean body or to concrete body parts or neutral objects, presented in the L1 and the second language (L2). Word ratings in the L2 were assessed in a pilot study. The N100 and the EPN were modulated by the emotional valence of the stimuli irrespective of the word class or the task (silent reading vs. word counting). The results suggest that early affective appraisal is obligatory, not restricted to privileged categories of linguistic information (emotions) or solely found for the embodied language (L1).
AbstractThe most important objective of our study was to build and construct a complete and comprehensive morphological analyzing scheme, tagging, and parsing system which can be used for annotating Arabic corpora. In our dissertation, we did an analytical study, implementation, and evaluation of Arabic morphological analysis, tagging, and syntactic analysis starting from raw text. The three different systems were implemented in various methods; for morphological analysis, we use finite-state automaton as discussed in chapter four, after doing the process of tokenization and segmentation of the raw text as explained in chapter three. The tagging system was implemented under a new very rich tag set, which was designed and developed by us. It consists of 30 tags in addition to some other features and linguistic information as described in chapter five. An appropriate set of tags has a direct influence on the accuracy and the usefulness of tagging system. So, the smaller the tag set, the higher the accuracy, and the larger the tag set, the lower the accuracy. Regarding syntactic annotation, we started with developing a syntactic tag for the Arabic language as explained in chapter six. Based on the syntactic tag we started developing chunker by analyzing sentence structure categories that are identified using some grammatical theory. And the last step is parsing which is very common for sentence structure annotation. We tried to bring in as many details as possible for sentence analysis as described in chapter six as well. This thesis provides an overview and annotation scheme for representing the NLP analysis, at the most important stages, such as lexical internal structure level, part-of-speech level, chunk level, and parsing at the sentence level. The main reason for our dissertation was to annotate Arabic corpora morpho-syntactically. The annotation was done semi-automatically which is more efficient and significant to tackle and present solutions for most of the Arabic language problems. The importance of annotated corpora in the present day of natural language processing is widely known. The main idea behind corpus annotation is to add value to a corpus and that will help to be a source of linguistic information for future research and development. Annotated corpora serve as an important tool for investigators of natural language processing, speech recognition, information retrieval, and other related areas. It proves to be a basic building block for developing and constructing different models, tools, and programs for automatic and semi-automatic processing of natural languages.It is very hard and difficult to encode manually all the information needed to encode the natural language to develop and build a tool or program that will annotate text with some necessary information (Brill, E, 1994). Annotation of corpora can be done at various levels such as part of speech, phrase/clause level, dependency level, etc. Part of speech tagging forms the basic step towards building an annotated corpus. Chunking can form the next level of tagging and then parsing the full sentence. Parsing is usually performed after basic morphosyntactic categories have been identified in a text, it brings these categories into higher-level syntactic relationships with one another. Corpora that have been parsed are sometimes known as treebanks as discussed in chapter six.There are various advantages of studying corpus, particularly for the areas of NLP; Machine Translation, Computational Lexicography, Stylistics, etc. It is extremely useful not only in building and formulating rules but also in testing them. Studies on a corpus with a focus on a particular linguistic structure can lead to a better understanding of the problems involved. Corpus can be used as an immediate source to extract and retrieve useful information in building natural language applications.
= 192, 179) were assigned to the certain (CG) or uncertain group (UG) and presented with 100% (CG) or 50% (UG) S1-S2 congruency between visual stimuli. During the test phase, participants were presented with a new 75% S1-S2 paradigm and visual (Experiment 1) or auditory (Experiment 2) S2s. Participants were asked to rate the expected valence of upcoming S2s (expectancy ratings) or valence and arousal to S2s. In both experiments, the CG reported more extreme expectancy ratings than the UG, suggesting that experiencing previous reliable S1-S2 associations led CG participants to subsequently predict similar associations. No group differences emerged on valence and arousal ratings, which were more prominently influenced by the new 75% contingencies of the test phase rather than by previous learned contingencies. Last, comparing the two experiments, no significant group by experiment interaction was found, supporting the hypothesis of cross-modality generalization at the subjective level. Overall, our results advance knowledge about the mechanisms by which previous learned contingencies shape subjective affective experience. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Abstract The affective variability of Bipolar Disorder (BD) is thought to qualitatively differ from that of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), with changes in affect persisting for longer in BD. However, quantitative studies have not been able to confirm this distinction. It has therefore not been possible to accurately quantify how treatments like lithium influence affective variability in BD. We assessed the affective variability associated with BD and BPD as well as the effect of lithium using a novel computational model that defines two subtypes of variability: affective changes that persist (volatility) and changes that do not (noise). We hypothesized that affective volatility would be raised in the BD group, noise would be raised in the BPD group and that lithium would impact affective volatility. Daily affect ratings were prospectively collected for up to 3 years from patients with BD, BPD and non-clinical controls. In a separate experimental-medicine study, patients with BD were randomized to receive lithium or placebo, with affect ratings collected from week -2 to +4. We found a diagnostically specific pattern of affective variability. Affective volatility was raised in patients with BD whereas affective noise was raised in patients with BPD. Rather than suppressing affective variability, lithium increased the volatility of positive affect in both studies. These results provide a quantitative measure of the affective variability associated with BD and BPD. They suggest a novel mechanism of action for lithium, whereby periods of persistently low or high affect are avoided by increasing the volatility of affective responses.
"Words and pictures stimuli are often used in study of perception, language, and memory. More and more studies are being done on how emotional words or pictures influence different cognitive processing. However, the emotional rating process of these stimuli has rarely been studied in young children. Especially, no study has investigated emotional rating process on pre-schoolers. This research examines how young children process emotional words and pictures stimuli. More precisely, we measured age (4, 5, and 6-years-old) and sex differences (girls and boys) in emotional valence rating of pictures and words. A corpus of 90 words and 90 pictures was selected from among the emotional databases compiled by Alario & Ferrand (1999), Bonin et al. (2003), Cannard et al. (2006) Syssau & Monnier (2009). This corpus was rated by 92 French children (28 four-years-old children, 16 girls and 12 boys; 34 five-years-old children, 14 girls and 20 boys; and 30 six-years-old children, 13 girls and 17 boys). These ratings were made using a three points emotional valence rating scale (negative, neutral, and positive) based on AEJE scale (Largy, 2018). To keep the rating task simple for the children, the scale labels were using drawings of faces. The 90 Words and 90 pictures were divided in sets of 15 stimuli. Each child rated all sets of stimuli in separate sessions. These sessions were in a random order between words and pictures stimuli sets. Good response reliability was observed in the three age groups. We assessed age differences in the valence ratings: Four-year-old children shown lower mean scores in valence rating (positive, neutral, and negative) than did five-year-old ones who shown lower mean scores in valence rating than did six-year-old ones. Despite a lack of consensus in the literature, we found sex differences in the valence ratings. Girls in each age groups shown higher mean scores in valence rating than did boys. Moreover, results shown a significant difference between pictures and words ratings. Children better rated words than pictures in each age group and sex. Besides, analyses revealed significant differences in emotional valence rating between negative, neutral, and positive words and pictures stimuli. Positive words and pictures stimuli were better rated by children than negative ones which were better rated than neutral ones. Future research will compile this corpus in a database, and it could become a worthwhile tool to control emotional verbal and visual stimuli in experimental design for children."
Abstract This study examines the distinction between knowing the meaning of a word and experiencing the feelings associated with it. We collected affective ratings for a set of emotional and neutral English words from a group of English native speakers and a group of European Portuguese–English bilinguals. Half of the emotional words named emotions (emotion words) and the other half did not name emotions but could provoke them (emotion-laden words). Some participants were asked to focus on the meaning of words while others were asked to focus on the feeling produced by the words. Native speakers of English produced more intense affective ratings that Portuguese–English bilinguals. Such difference was larger when participants focused on their feelings than when they focused on the words’ meaning. Accordingly, such distinction should be considered in the study of bilingual affective language processing. Finally, the type of emotional word (emotion vs. emotion-laden) had only modest effects.
An increasing amount of research has recently focused on dimensional sentiment analysis that represents affective states as continuous numerical values on multiple dimensions, such as valence-arousal (VA) space. Compared to the categorical approach that represents affective states as distinct classes (e.g., positive and negative), the dimensional approach can provide more fine-grained (real-valued) sentiment analysis. However, dimensional sentiment resources with valence-arousal ratings are very rare, especially for the Chinese language. Therefore, this study aims to: (1) Build a Chinese valence-arousal resource called Chinese EmoBank, the first Chinese dimensional sentiment resource featuring various levels of text granularity including 5,512 single words, 2,998 multi-word phrases, 2,582 single sentences, and 2,969 multi-sentence texts. The valence-arousal ratings are annotated by crowdsourcing based on the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) rating scale. A corpus cleanup procedure is then performed to improve annotation quality by removing outlier ratings and improper texts. (2) Evaluate the proposed resource using different categories of classifiers such as lexicon-based, regression-based, and neural-network-based methods, and comparing their performance to a similar evaluation of an English dimensional sentiment resource.
Treebank selection for parsing evaluation and the spurious effects that might arise from a biased choice have not been explored in detail. This paper studies how evaluating on a single subset of treebanks can lead to weak conclusions. First, we take a few contrasting parsers, and run them on subsets of treebanks proposed in previous work, whose use was justified (or not) on criteria such as typology or data scarcity. Second, we run a large-scale version of this experiment, create vast amounts of random subsets of treebanks, and compare on them many parsers whose scores are available. The results show substantial variability across subsets and that although establishing guidelines for good treebank selection is hard, it is possible to detect potentially harmful strategies.
With the development of technology and information, language has changed as well. It is no longer important to follow the literary norm. It is important to be able to communicate effectively and to remove communication barriers. Russian students studying in China or Chinese students studying in Russia use slang or fancy words in the intercultural conununication. Russian youth slang as a specific linguistic phenomenon has attracted an increasing number of researchers. Among them are scientists, undergraduates and graduate students, as well as teachers of the Russian language. People are interested in this linguistic phenomenon because of its specificity and linguistic fashion for slang lexical units. When analyzing a foreign language (e.g., Russian), native speakers of Chinese use the same or similar linguistic phenomena for a comparative analysis. This article aims to compare lexical units of modern Russian youth slang with Chinese ones. The article concludes that language fashion exists in both language systems.
The article examines the statements extracted from the Russian National Corpus with such predicatives as pora, vremya, rano, pozdno in combination with the infinitive. These statements combine the semantics of temporal evaluation and state, which is facilitated by the interaction of their lexical and grammatical elements. In the course of the work, it has been found that the predicates of the temporal evaluation are reflected in the dictionaries inconsistently and fragmentarily, that they have not received sufficient coverage in the scientific literature. As the result of the analysis based on the theory of categorical situations (A. V. Bondarko), the prerequisites for the realization of the values of the state and the temporal evaluation, their combination have been revealed. For the semantics of evaluation, it is important to have a gradation series, a relationship with the norm in the lexical meaning of predicates, the inclusion of an actional infinitive in the construction, two-subjectness (the subject of evaluation / perception and the subject of action), and the difference between modal-temporal plans. For the semantics of the state, signs of static, internal perceptual, uncontrollable, temporal limitedness of the ‘state of affairs’ have been noted, which are transmitted in impersonal-predicative constructions and actualized due to the lexical meaning of time in the words of the category of state. The differences from constructions that convey the semantics of a temporary state and from statements that represent an emotional evaluation have been fixed.
The importance of the beauty of poetry and the clarity of the meaning of poetry is the background in this research. Through the study of the Strata Norm Roman Ingarden, it is hoped that the beauty of poetry and the clarity of meaning is reflected in the layers of sound, layers of meaning and layers of objects. The problems in this research are: How is the analysis of the Strata Norms of Roman Ingarden in the Anthology of the Poetry of the Fire Verses by Sapardi Djoko Damono? This research uses a descriptive method. Data collection techniques using hermeneutic techniques and analyzed by content analysis techniques (content analysis). The results of this study can be concluded that there is a normative stratum of Roman Ingarden in the poetry anthology of Ayat-ayat Api by Sapardi Djoko Damono in the form of layers of sound including vowel repetition (assonance) and consonant repetition (alliteration). Then there are layers of meaning in the form of lexical meaning and grammatical meaning. Furthermore, there is an object layer containing the actors, the setting of the place, the setting of time and the objects presented in the poem.
Abstract This study explores variable Spanish subject pronoun expression (e.g., yo veo ~ veo ) in Spanish-English speaking children in different regions of the United States (U.S.): Los Angeles (LA), California, and the Tri-Cities area of the state of Washington. We also compare the U.S. children to monolingual Spanish-speaking children in Mexico. Binary logistic regression analyses of 2,064 verb tokens produced by nine U.S. children and nine children in Mexico, ages 5;11 to 7 years old, show that the children are sensitive to linguistic factors that typically influence children’s Spanish subject pronoun expression in their respective communities. In addition, we find that the LA children’s subject pronoun expression is predicted by lexical frequency. A subsequent analysis of the LA children’s frequent verbs uncovers two phrases with high degrees of prefabrication, yo creo and yo no sé, which, we argue, obscure the LA children’s sensitivity to Reference, all while acting as central exemplars of a [1sg+cognitive verb] construction.
The aim of the study is to determine what kind of lexical substitutions can influence the genre nature of translation. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the lexical deviations of the translation from the original are analysed and evaluated not in a stylistic manner, not at the level of the separate expression meaning, but in the genre aspect, since compliance with genre norms, according to the author of the article, is the dominant factor in the success of translating the original into another language. The obtained results indicate that even one inaccurate word, if it is a representative of the concept, can prevent an adequate transfer of the genre features of a text in another language.
This chapter provides an interesting and cohesive collection of articles documenting, the call ‘Standard Average European hosts Africa and Asia in the new millennium’. Urban varieties belong to all genders and age-groups in a variety of functions, “male youthspeak” is more restricted. Urban varieties are defined by their difference from the older standard and dialect forms of the languages, and are in the process of settling on their own norms, difficult as that may be in a brave new world of code-switching, rapid technological lexical expansion and the intrusions of European languages. The modern products, pastimes and concepts that prove increasingly attractive to young people come packaged in English; at best, speakers manage a hybridity between community language and colonial and/or European language. The opening up of a linguistic and stylistic continuum is well illustrated in Yazgül Simsek & Heike Wiese’s account of the new migrant forms of German.
The culture of communication in social life is determined by the linguistic and cultural traditions, the peculiarities of the value system of a nation. The present paper focuses on the study of the accepted norms and rulesof politeness in the Arab-Islamic society, which are greatly influenced by religion. The norms reflected in centuries-long experience and philosophy of the Arab people are expressed through a number of lexical, grammatical and syntactic means.
The article analyzes the main definitions of the concept of „language norm“ by domestic and foreign linguists of the early 20–21st centuries. Thus, the dichotomy of F. de Saussure “language” and “speech” is considered, on the basis of which most studies of the concept of “norm” were built. The definitions of the norm given by E. Coseriu, representatives of the Prague Linguistic Circle are analyzed. The social and dynamic nature of the language norm is revealed in the definitions of Russian scientists: A. M. Peshkovsky, S. I. Ozhegov, D. N. Ushakov and V. I. Dal, L. V. Shcherba, L. I. Skvortsov. The ratio of dynamism and stability in relation to the language norm is considered. It is emphasized that it is the language norm, which is the basis of such concepts as the correctness/incorrectness of speech, the culture of speech, that ensures the integrity of any language system. The literary and linguistic norm is singled out, to which the qualities of special correctness are attributed. The ratio of the literary norm and dialects is determined. The concept of the literary norm in German linguistics, as well as its significance in the modern German language, is considered. The concepts of literary (codified) German, standard language, as well as Hochsprache/Hochdeutsch are analyzed. The article considers kitzdeutsch as a result of the negative impact on the German language of the political processes taking place in Germany. Kitzdeutsch is defined as a social dialect resulting from the incomplete linguistic integration of migrants and based on a mixture of grammatical, lexical and stylistic features of two or more languages. Based on the analysis of texts, the linguistic features of the kitzdeutsch sociolect are revealed at the lexical, morphological, syntactic and phonetic levels. The place of kitzdeutsch in German literary language is determined.
This research was conducted with two main goals-to contribute to knowledge on the development of empathy from early adolescence to adulthood, including its contribution to decoding emotion expression, and to improve the understanding of the nature of empathy by simultaneously assessing empathy toward two different targets-humans and animals. It unfolded into two cross-sectional studies: One (S1) obtaining measures of empathy toward humans and animals as targets across five age groups (from pre-adolescents to adults); and another (S2) where a subset of the adolescents who participated in S1 were assessed in emotion expression decoding and subjective and physiological responses to emotional video clips. The results of S1 showed that empathy toward animals and most dimensions of empathy toward humans increase toward adulthood, with important gender differences in empathy to animals and humans, and empathy levels in girls starting off in the age trajectory at higher levels, A moderate correlation between empathy toward human and toward animal targets was also found. S2 showed that the expression of positive emotion is better recognized than that of negative emotion, surprise, or neutral expression, and that the measure of human-directed empathy predicts successful decoding of negative emotion, whereas skin conductance responses (SCRs) and subjective valence ratings predicted successful identification of positive emotion. Gender differences emerged but not across all age groups nor all subscales. Results yield keys to the developmental "pace" and trajectory of the various dimensions of empathy and to how empathy relates to emotion decoding.
We introduce the syntactic formalism of the \textit{Cambridge Grammar of the English Language} (CGEL) to the world of treebanking through the CGELBank project. We discuss some issues in linguistic analysis that arose in adapting the formalism to corpus annotation, followed by quantitative and qualitative comparisons with parallel UD and PTB treebanks. We argue that CGEL provides a good tradeoff between comprehensiveness of analysis and usability for annotation, which motivates expanding the treebank with automatic conversion in the future.
Abstract Analyses and aggregations of the ratings that wine critics and judges assign to wines are made difficult by stochastic error and biases that remain even when wines are assessed blind to price, label, capsule, and closure. Stochastic error is due to the partially random nature of ratings. Cognitive and omitted-variable biases are due to anchoring, expectation, serial position, commercial, and other factors. Differences in decanting, filtering, aeration, and temperature can also affect ratings.
The article views the accent in nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns in Ukrainian dialects from the perspective of accent types (fixed / lexical stress). Namely, to some extent the models, the principles of studying and describing the dialectal accent system correlate with the principles, methods of studying the accent system of the literary standard. At the same time, the latter have their own specifics, primarily awareness and researcher orientation in space and time. We need to take into account not only the codified norm but also an area of the dialectal system study, the history of its formation and the age-related characteristics of the speakers.Emphasis Has been placed on the fact that every part of speech has its traits in a grammatical structure, which involves the use of different methods of emphasis. The study analyzes fixed stress placed on the penultimate syllable of a word – a paroxiton, which is definitely opposed to lexical stress. The proposed identified determination of paroxitonic emphasis: fixed stress on the penultimate composition of a word, which may be a constant feature, and paroxitonosis against lexical stress. In the accentuational portraits of Ukrainian zones it was found out that accentuation is an important argument in determining the maternal basis of new-life, transitional and resettlement (island) dialects. The Southwest type of stress is proposed as a territorial literary-normative variant. It is emphasized that this type of akcent is a typical southwestern feature, one of the lingual markers of the region In question.
The notion of acoustic distance figures into many aspects of phonetics, including phonological neighborhoods. A measurement of word-level acoustic distance useful for cognitive modeling must account for two listener characteristics: sensitivity to acoustic differences and sensitivity to duration discrepancies between words. The present work used dynamic time warping to measure how acoustic distance accumulates between words over time. The results of a distance rating task with synthesized vowels were used as a basis for selecting a mathematical function that best matched listener sensitivities. Additionally, the results of a reminder task with synthesized vowels were used to determine a just noticeable difference threshold for vowel duration. The results suggested that a distance function based on the 4.5-norm using a 30 ms radius for dynamic time warping best matched human behavior. A third analysis used these dynamic time warping configurations to model reaction times in an auditory lexical decision task and found that Euclidean distance and no temporal constraints on dynamic time warping best matched human behavior. These results are discussed in relation to spoken word recognition models, including how to assess the acoustic match between the speech signal and a word in the lexicon.
The direction of visual motion has been shown to affect the perception of interval duration; objects moving towards an observer (i.e., looming) are perceived to last longer than objects moving away (i.e., receding), and this has been explained in terms of arousal- or attention-based modulation. To dissociate the two competing accounts, we investigated how the influence of motion direction on duration perception is modulated by the emotional content of stimuli. Participants were given the temporal bisection task with images of emotional faces (angry, happy, and neutral) presented in a static (Experiment 1) or dynamic (Experiment 2) display. In Experiment 1, we found no influence of facial emotion on perceived duration. In Experiment 2, however, looming (i.e., expanding) stimuli were perceived as lasting longer than receding (contracting) ones. More importantly, we found an interaction between participant-rated arousal to faces and motion direction: The looming/receding asymmetry was pronounced when the stimulus arousal was rated low, but this asymmetry diminished with increasing arousal ratings. Thus, looming/receding temporal asymmetry seems to be reduced when arousing facial expressions enhance attentional engagement.
The article deals with the characteristics of the mental foundations of an Ukrainian woman, which are manifested both in stereotypes of behavior and in the language of art. Linguistic means of expression of the inner world in the text are considered within the doctrine of the world picture. It is found out that the processes of cognitive activity (awareness of information) of a person lead to the formation of concepts. It is emphasized that gender attribution is of great interest in the psycholinguistic study of written texts of Ukrainian female writers, because behind the implicit concepts of women’s texts are stable cultural stereotypes. In the article certain attention is given to the fact that the implementation of the concept “woman” is characterized in the text by vocabulary aimed at conveying and revealing the inner world of the main heroines. The verbalization of ethnopsychological features in the work of fiction is considered in connection with the linguistic features of portrait descriptions with manifestations of the inner world of the heroines. It is found out that the name of a woman is characterized mainly by nouns and adjectives with a positive connotation; the general characteristic of appearance is expressed by adjectives which are used for the description of hair, eyes and faces; personal characteristics of the heroines are verbalized primarily through the lexical and grammatical group of verbs included in common phrases. It is determined that through a number of language means to denote the mental state and experiences of the main heroines conveyed the girls’ desire to achieve a proper position in a society, where women were restricted in rights and desires, and portrayed them as strong individuals who combine intelligence and willpower. The article analyzes the image of an Ukrainian woman in a view of the specifics of her behavior and in comparison with gender behavioral norms of a particular historical epoch.
In 2004 I composed a small polemic for GLQ ominously titled “Geopolitics Alert!” That effort was followed by a cautionary essay in 2007 called “The Voyage Out: Transacting Sex under Globalization,” and finally, in 2016, a coedited special issue, “Area Impossible,” on the fraught couplings of area studies and queer studies (Arondekar and Patel 2016). If you're sensing a theme, or even a tiresome repetition of cautions and concerns, you're not wrong. At stake then and now remains the critical labor of geopolitics in the mappings of queer/trans studies or, more precisely, the instrumentality of area/region in the legitimacy of sexuality/ gender's discursive regimes. While the early debates around the geopolitical cleaved largely to a language of lament, erasure, and general outrage (hence my alarmist early polemic in 2004), there was a seeming clarity of corrective purpose. Queer studies was (is?) too exhaustingly white and not right, a by-product of an extractive US-centered knowledge supply chain. The turn to the transnational, the global, the geopolitical, the regional, was seen as an intervention, an epistemic dike that would stem the tide of US-funded queer takeovers. Alongside the rise of queer of color critique and many other theoretical kin in indigenous, disability, animal studies, and more, there was a sense that queer/trans studies was experiencing a radical sea change.1Even as such transnational turns and voyages out expanded the terrains of our engagements, I wonder now, as I did then, could such geo/histories, geo/objects forge critical vernaculars both within and without a US-based queer studies? After all, Gayatri Spivak's (2003) early pronouncement (yes, it was 2003!) on the enduring asymmetries of knowledge economies has hardly been reversed. The “inconvenience” of too many languages, too many histories, too many divergent objects of studies colors much of what we continue to do today. As a scholar who works in South Asia, I am always nudged (however gently) to provide glossaries, translations of terms that at least 1 billion folks else/where inhabit and understand. We still live inside monolingual and/or metrolingual landscapes, populated by an appetite for geopolitical diversity that nevertheless returns us to the gift of the master language. To be clear, such monolingualism (epistemic and literal) exists as much in the rest as it does in the West. There remains a dearth of scholarly writing in nonmetropolitan languages across all hemispheres, even as queer/trans subjects flourish and proliferate every day.2 As such, Spivak's (2003: 10) principled “too bad” rejoinder still demands attention, and perhaps further translation. Is the “too bad” an incitement to action, a rousing yet paradoxical acceptance of the necessary but impossible task of learning other/wise? Or more bluntly, is it a plangent admonishment that learning from below is always an exercise in humility and incommensurability?3 All I can say is that the punchy “too bad” stands as a stark reminder that we will never know enough, learn enough, and indeed extract enough, for the subaltern to speak. And that endures as our inconvenient truth.I have returned often to this Spivakian dictum, more so when I sat down to compose this review essay. Even as queer/trans-ness is lambasted as the new neoliberal, crony capitalist mission, a messy bricolage of pinkwashed ideology, homonationalism, feminist governance, and a whole lot of gay and trans internationals (I may have missed a few more choice descriptors), could trans/queer studies think with and along these geopolitical knowledge asymmetries as the very conditions of scholarly production? Could queer hermeneutics, slanted through geopolitics, help us bypass this worlding industry in which state and capital continually refurbish refusal as product? While it is laudable to have scholarship on India, Egypt, Philippines, or Brazil (pick your favorite queer else/where) take center stage for an issue or two, would such scholarship become the citational foundation for queer understanding? Would we ever bypass the hoary press of the North/South binary and focus more on South-South conversations? After all, queer/trans epistemologies are always spaced forms, familiar lexical imaginaries, housed within the languages of geopolitics and difference. Reproductive futurism is always geopolitical futurism; queer utopia is equally queer geography, where other worlds are continually reproduced as contexts, exemplars, at best interruptions in a journey that inevitably and necessarily shepherds us back into the diversified holdings of an American studies project. If sexuality's difference is always marked by gender, race, class, caste, and more (jettison that white child please), it is equally a story of spatialized difference. To put it more ambitiously, could our voyages out forge a queer/trans geopolitics? Or as my coeditor Geeta Patel and I asked in our special issue, could histories of area be histories of sexuality?Such foundational concerns and more animate the wide-ranging scholarship of Rahul Rao, Evren Savcı, and Howard Chiang, the three authors whose timely and trenchant works are in conversation here. Axiomatic for all three scholars is the clear understanding that there can be no coherent theory of geopolitics. For each, their varied geographies rattle and rouse the very concepts (nation, identity, history, religion) that they are summoned to translate and theorize. Each text extrapolates from a sedimented history of area and/or region that mobilizes the abstractions and institutions of the geopolitical as cautious signs and sites of scholarship on gender/sexuality. As such, we have divergent and sometimes contradictory translations of the geopolitical that render gender/sexuality in different tenors, genres, and politics: postcolonial studies (Rahul Rao), Middle Eastern/Islamic studies (Evren Savcı), and Sinophone studies (Howard Chiang). In what follows I will engage with each author's efforts to think of the geopolitical (in all its varied avatars) less as a mark of distinguishing exemplarity (or contextual specifics) but more as a signifier and episteme of histories of gender/sexuality. At stake thus is less a summation of their complex and rigorous arguments (for that, read their wonderful books please!) but more an attention to the epistemological and disciplinary conventions that summon geopolitical heterogeneity. Rahul Rao speaks through his vexed disciplinary and intellectual home in international relations; Evren Savcı marshals the vernaculars of sociology, ethnography, and affect; and Howard Chiang wrestles with the evidentiary regimes of historiography and area studies. Conceived amidst escalating climates of authoritarianism, sectarianism, militarization, and political violence in India, Uganda, Turkey, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and mainland China (PRC), the three books dexterously embrace the challenge of writing histories of gender/sexuality within conditions of peril and possibility. Legal rights and representation of queer/trans collectivities expand and/or contract alongside the surveillance and persecution of all forms of dissent, protest, and refusal.While each book signals the stakes of its interventions through a central concept-metaphor, be it Rao's focus on postcolonial temporalities, Savcı’s project of queer translation, or Chiang's turn to transtopia, there is a shared agon of arrival in every narration. A “productive paradox” (Savcı 2021: 2) propels the three authors into their writing, a displacement, if you will, of the inherited temporalities and epistemologies of queer/trans theory. Most stridently, for Rao, it is his unease with the “temporal lag and rupture” of histories of sexuality (xx), the tiresome dialectic of Western imposition and non-Western incorporation that he wishes to exceed, and indeed jettison. Rao's work is clearly derivative of Jasbir Puar's critical corpus, especially her insight on statecraft and homo/nationalism, and in many ways, Out of Time is an effort to extend Puar's (2002, 2007) work across more comparative and divergent geopolitical contexts. Indeed, one of the striking achievements of Rao's analysis is his ability to think comparatively within a South-South postcolonial framework, providing a rare reading of empire's shadow across continents and collectivities. Uganda (the worst place to be gay) and India (the most aspirational place to be gay) set the stage for us as the multipronged project of queer freedom unfolds across conflicted and collaborative relationships with inherited colonial laws, postcolonial statecraft, and transnational supply chains, fueling both resistance and compliance. Rao is at his critical best, for example, when he charts genealogies of homophobia as homegrown iterations of the “foundational grammar” of the postcolonial state (215), in his careful reading of the mythology of Mwanga, a nineteenth-century Ugandan king. Mwanga, whose alleged homosexuality ironically sutures the “native” past to a neoliberal postcolonial present (214), is equally embraced and disavowed within Ugandan public memory as a source and scourge for the emergence of LGBTQ freedoms.Rao's theorization of homocapitalism (a new kin of/to homonationalism) emerges as the text's key intervention. Unlike more rehearsed denigrations of capitalism that uphold romanticized movement histories as counterpoint, Rao's contributions seek more nuanced ground. What is lost, Rao asks, when the postcolonial state and postcolonial queer movements both cede to networks of capital that mobilize gender and sexuality inclusion (let's bring in the queers) at the very moment of their continued erasure (let's bring in the upper-class, upper-caste queers)? More resources (and rights) are accessed even as nonmarket-allied queer lives survive amidst landscapes of precarity and deprivation. Given that Rao begins his book by querying “how time matters differently in the queer postcolony” (2), it is only thus fitting that he ends with a temporality of resistance and possibility against the relentless march of homocapitalism.4 To do so, Rao turns to the “backwardness” movements of trans/Dalit collectivities who choose pathways of nonlinearity to secure economic rights and legal representation (174). While the census category of Other Backward Castes (OBC) delegates lower-caste bodies to a telos of stalled development and progress, the same category is refurbished to amplify lower-caste struggle. To be “backward” within the topographies of census and data is not to surrender the time of modernity, but to seize it from the stranglehold of upper-caste and normative linearity. To be “backward” is to belong multiply: past colonial categories revitalize and rupture present bodies of resistance.Rao's invocation of a resilient homocapitalism translates into the more specific complex of “neoliberal Islam” in Turkey in Savcı’s provocative Queer in Translation: Sexual Politics under Neoliberal Islam. If Rao suggests that the rise of neoliberalism proliferates morality crises in Ugandan society that in turn spawn myriad representations of homo/trans phobia, Savcı amplifies that claim through the twinning rise of neoliberal Islam and the explosion of LGBTQ movements in Turkey. Savcı charts a lively and counterintuitive history of trans/queer movements in Turkey (2000s), which emerge at the very moment of the ascension of the so-called moderate Islamist party, Adalet ve Kalınma Partisi (AKP: Justice and Development Party), a pro-West, pro-globalization party. The efflorescence of queer/trans history alongside the electoral affirmation of a Muslim vote in a Muslim-majority country stages the central translation of the book, making the combative dichotomy of Islamist extremism versus Western neoliberalism an untenable fiction. Such a coupling between Turkey's AKP and queer/trans movements, Savcı notes, however, is short-lived. In 2015 the AKP renewed police persecution of PRIDE marches, spawning a new generation of dissent and activism. The book is a riveting account of that seismic shift, from AKP's embrace of queer/trans rights to their rejection of them, from the encouragement of queer visibility to the crushing of all dissent.Savcı’s analysis of such a shift bypasses the familiar and tired mantra of a radicalizing Islam in a Muslim-majority country. Instead, Savcı attributes AKP's reliance on modalities of securitization, surveillance, and moral conservatism to a burgeoning neoliberal citizenry that nestles Islam within supply chains of capital distribution. To speak of a neoliberal Islam, or more radically to center neoliberal Islam as a vector of queer analysis, reorders the grammar of queer critique. No more an object of search and rescue, or the maligned and “subjugated other of Western modernity” (3), neoliberal Islam confounds the very languages of Euro-American queer articulation. As Savcı pointedly notes, the caricature of locals (the treasure trove of anthropology) either as failed/foiled subjects of queer freedom, or alternately as exemplary radical forms, evacuates any thick engagement with queer/trans movements in Muslim-majority countries. It is only critical translation that troubles such staged binaries and provides us with a historically situated “ethnographic study of the contemporary Turkish Republic as a lived reality grounded in political economy and government rule” (3).At times, Savcı’s theorizations of queer translation rest on a linguistic turn and, at other moments, on an interruption of a conventional geopolitical rendering of Islam. We are reminded (as Spivak noted all those years ago) that there are multiple and often competing category forms that make up the histories of gender and sexuality. The English-centrism of queer/trans studies eschews the multilingualism of diverse bodies of Islam. After all, Turkey's Sunni majority is counterposed by other minoritized Islams, just as queer/trans history inhabits a myriad of layered and contrasting forms. What is most compelling in Savcı’s emphasis on queer translation as a modality of geopolitics is that it speaks to the historical ontologies of linguistic categories, mediated through transfers of power and capital. Translation becomes the episteme of the geopolitical, moving us away from the focus on subjects and subjectivity as the only pathway to queer justice.Governance with and in neoliberal Islam translates the cultural into the economic, requiring new vernaculars of queer analysis. Savcı reminds us (as does Rao) that gay (neo) liberalism (through its alliances with racial capitalism) creates subjects who consume and migrate into homonormative kinship forms (family, marriage), even as they are seen to be in constant need of protection, surveillance, and security. Yet such broader repudiations of neoliberalism often presume Islamophobia as its active component. How does one engage such critiques in spaces where Muslims are not the minority, as they are in the Euro-American translation of Islamophobia? Turkey decisively ruptures such inherited languages of queer critique in its relationship to Islam as a lived, contradictory, and vibrant ethos. From the confounding and sensational murder of a gay Kurdish man, to unholy kinships between religious hijabi women and LGBTQ activists, from the emergence of the public commons that is Gezi Park, to new economic alliances, Savcı leaves us with a rich compendium of queer keywords. We are in constant living translation.To close, I want to turn to Chiang's Transtopia in the Sinophone Pacific, a dizzyingly ambitious book that wrestles with asymmetries of disciplinary forms and historiographical evidence amidst ongoing geopolitical upheaval in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the PRC. While Rao and Savcı speak to the paradoxical and “out of time” couplings of neoliberal governance and queer/trans movements and their translations, Chiang invests more in a “continuum” model whereby “transtopic” historical thinking dwells in the plethora of representations (material, psychic, social, etc.) that yoke themselves to transgender existence. Identarian models of transgender forms, Chiang argues, limit the horizons of epistemic possibility, requiring a recuperative and/or stabilizing presence that elides the vastness and ubiquity of their histories. And we have a wide array of histories available for perusal: Harry Benjamin's (1885–1986) sexological treatises, the genealogy of a spectacular Chinese trans category, renyao (literally “human prodigy”) castrated subjects in Sinophone cinema, and, finally, the checkered history of transgender activism in the Asia Pacific. And like Rao and Savcı, Chiang too brings together studies and transgender stage and of the of Chiang's however, remains less After all, by now, we know that there exists a of gender and Western What does is Chiang's on the and of geopolitics in our of forms. The book, for begins with Chiang's at the Queer in where the of as historical presence is just as on in Hong Western historiography to and Chinese to of the of at the very moment when Hong police across a few Chiang, such asymmetries of the central geopolitics in any history of gender and not to of but to the historical that our analysis. Savcı and Rao, Chiang is equally to shift the for neoliberalism the critique of models of and capital. The is less to and Hong to the stage of history, but more to the of history As such, one key of the book is a of what Chiang of (3), in which the multilingualism and of Chinese as a historical object are or Chiang works with of Sinophone and on the of where remains the and Sinophone collectivities in Hong and work in with Chinese in the from Hong of to a place with as We the of and to an understanding of gender as of the with no trans As a of Chiang does his best work in 1 when he follows the rise of the American through the and representations of From and to and a historiography of emerges in which each geopolitical of a different story of gender's difference. Transtopia is thus a of historical of and difference is not in it the very forms of its emergence in histories of sexuality. That may be the of this book, as it demands new for the of trans there is clearly much more to say all three what remains clear is their of queer of analysis. To say that there is within these around would be an Each text dwells on the of such epistemologies of and to queer/trans studies to the task of geopolitics, not as an for or but as a of and often impossible that task may it the of queer/trans studies.
Persistent homology is an important methodology in topological data analysis which adapts theory from algebraic topology to data settings. Computing persistent homology produces persistence diagrams, which have been successfully used in diverse domains. Despite its widespread use, persistent homology is simply impossible to compute when a dataset is very large. We study a statistical approach to the problem of computing persistent homology for massive datasets using a multiple subsampling framework and extend it to three summaries of persistent homology: Hölder continuous vectorizations of persistence diagrams; the alternative representation as persistence measures; and standard persistence diagrams. Specifically, we derive finite sample convergence rates for empirical means for persistent homology and practical guidance on interpreting and tuning parameters. We validate our approach through extensive experiments on both synthetic and real-world data. We demonstrate the performance of multiple subsampling in a permutation test to analyze the topological structure of Poincaré embeddings of large lexical databases.
How words are interrelated in the human mind is a scientific topic on which there is still no consensus, with different views on how word co-occurrence and semantic relatedness mediate word association. Recent research has shown that lexical associations are strongly predicted by the similarity of those words in terms of valence, arousal, and concreteness ratings. In the current study, we aimed at extending these results to more complex and realistic linguistic scenarios, since human communication is not done with word pairs, but rather through sentences. Hence, the aim of the current study was to verify whether valence, arousal, and concreteness also articulate sentence-level lexical representations. To this end, 32 native Spanish speakers were given cue words and asked to use them in sentences that would provide a meaningful context. The content words of the written sentences were then analyzed. Our results showed that the emotional dimensions (valence and arousal) and concreteness values of the cue words effectively predicted the same values of said dimensions of their sentences' words. In sum, the similarity in the emotional dimensions and concreteness are crucial mechanisms behind word association in the human mind.
We construct a Chinese Economic Event Treebank (CEETB), focusing on revealing economic and finance events and their relations. Investigating economic event relations will benefit academic research and practice in not just economics but many other scientific areas. The characteristics of economic-related texts (e.g., abundant longer enterprises names and terms) and the Chinese language speciality (e.g., component ellipsis in long sentences) have resulted in challenges in the event relation extraction task. Existing Chinese corpora containing economic event relations mainly focused on finance areas (e.g., the equity market) and only covered a few event types. To support research that may involve economic text analysis in Chinese, our CEETB is constructed following a carefully designed process. First, based on practical and research requirements, we summarize nine different types of event relations and four types of component ellipses in economic texts. Then, an excellent annotation scheme is presented to hyalinize the model, strategy, and process in annotation, followed by statistical analysis and quality evaluation for the CEETB corpus. Finally, to demonstrate the strengths of the constructed corpus in practical applications, we conduct experiments on five SOTA models for event relation extraction.
The Bulgarian Valency Frame Lexicon is composed of 9547 lexical entries organized by frames with 960 mappings to Princeton WordNet available in XML format. It is a treebank-driven resource of extracted valency frames from BulTreeBank. The frames were manually curated. The frames followed the surface representation in the sentences. The frame participants were assigned ontological constraints from SIMPLE ontology (translated into Bulgarian), such as ARTEFACT, COGNITIVE FACT, etc. The structure of the frames follows the BulTreeBank syntactic structure (more in the BulTreeBank Stylebook - http://www.bultreebank.org/TechRep/BTB-TR04.pdf). Please note that the leaves here do not encode words but concepts from SIMPLE Core Ontology. In the phase of the project, these concepts will be aligned to the concepts in other ontologies, such as DOLCE.
Camfranglais (CFA) is a highly hybrid sociolect used by urban youth (Kießling and Mous 2004) in Cameroon’s big cities, Yaoundé and Douala. It serves its adolescent speakers as an icon of jocular resistance against feelings of deprivation and alienation caused by a long-standing exoglossic language policy which gives the elitist ex-colonial languages, French and English, an official status above the 250+ home languages in multilingual Cameroon. Structurally, CFA is grafted onto the grammar of Cameroonian French, with clear admixtures from Kamtok or Cameroonian Pidgin English (CPE). Its emblematic lexicon is created and is constantly being transformed by deliberate manipulation of lexical items from Cameroonian French, Cameroonian Pidgin English and various Cameroonian home, i.e. national, languages. The strategies employed, i.e. phonological truncation, morphological hybridisation and hyperbolic and satirising semantic extensions, clearly reflect the provocative attitude of its speakers and their jocular disrespect for linguistic norms and purity. Hybridity, in both its emblematic lexicon and grammatical frame, reflects an ongoing functional transition of CFA, from an ‘antilanguage’ to a code that combines connotations of adolescence, progressiveness and an urban Cameroonian identity.
The texts associated with aircraft maintenance are fundamental in the maintenance process and in aircraft security. Aviation maintenance manuals ‒the core of this documentation‒ have to comply with regulations concerning content, format and expression. To ensure uniformity, manuals abide by a specification which regulates writing practices accommodating them to the controlled natural language ASD-STE100, a simplified version of English used as a standard in the industry. Through the qualitative analysis of a corpus of maintenance texts, this paper characterizes aviation instructions manuals as a genre by (i) illustrating the most relevant restrictions imposed by the specification and their implementation at the surface levels glossed in the specification and (ii) providing a description of the rhetorical macrostructure of instructional texts. The analysis reveals discrepancies between actual use and the rules which concern lexical, phrasal or sentential units; compliance with the rhetorical macrostructure seems to be the norm, however. As an explanation, it is hypothesized that deviations occur in areas where the specification clashes with standard technical writing practice, supporting thus the view that genres are mediated by social practices. Although further quantitative analysis is pending, this description of the use of ASD-STE100 might prove of interest both to scholars and practitioners.
Abstract: Everyday gratitude may shape affect intensity, particularly during challenging times like a pandemic. A group of 140 community-dwelling Canadian participants ( M age = 40.49 years, range: 18–83; 80% women) provided up to 10 days of daily gratitude and affect ratings during the first pandemic wave. Multilevel models show that everyday gratitude was associated with higher positive affect and lower negative affect, independent of age; age was positively correlated with the number of social gratitude events. Participants reported lower negative affect if a social gratitude event involved more than less diverse social partners. The findings point to the merit of examining time-varying associations in gratitude as a potential resource for everyday affect across the adult lifespan.
The existence of language varieties has a considerable impact on communication. They influence the interaction between language users from various centres due to the number of linguistic differences observed on the level of phonetics, spelling, grammar, lexis, and pragmatics. On the one hand, pluricentric languages connect people from various centres by using the “same” language, and on the other hand, they separate them by developing national norms. This article aims to demonstrate the importance of teaching language varieties in foreign language classes because the knowledge of national norms of pluricentric languages is essential in communication with people from various centres. Both English and German are pluricentric languages. Advanced language users should be aware of the differences between language varieties and be able to use the appropriate variety according to the communicative situation. The research undertaken in this article is meant to verify the undergraduate students’ knowledge of English and German varieties, emphasising terminology used in everyday life and their abilities to communicate in languages other than English or German.
, 2020) has claimed there is no strong evidence that multi-letter graphemes are used in reading tasks with proficient adult readers, with most studies being statistically weak or having confounds in the stimuli used. Here, I used Monte Carlo simulation with data from reading mega-studies to examine the extent to which the number of multi-letter graphemes matters in words when letter length is held constant. This was done by simulating thousands of experiments using different sets of items for each of a small number of comparisons (e.g., words with only single-letter graphemes versus words with one multi-letter grapheme). The results showed that words with two multi-letter graphemes tended to cause slower reaction times than words with one or no multi-letter graphemes, with effects found in both naming and lexical decision tasks. Interestingly, when words with no multi-letter graphemes were compared with words with one multi-letter grapheme, the differences were much weaker. Simulations of naming results using two computer models, the connectionist dual-process (CDP) model and the dual-route cascaded (DRC) model, showed only CDP predicted this pattern. Since CDP learns simple associations between graphemes and phonemes whereas DRC uses a set of grapheme-phoneme rules, this suggests that the results may have been caused by simple associations between spelling and sound being relatively easy to learn with words with one compared with two multi-letter graphemes. More generally, the results suggest that graphemes are used when reading, but they often produce relatively weak effects and thus differences in some studies may not have been found due to a lack of power.
Введение. Синтез искусств в культуре становится на рубеже XIX–XX столетий одной из доминирующих идей. Эта направленность в полной мере способствует раскрытию многочисленных талантов такого яркого представителя эпохи Серебряного века, как М. А. Волошин.Целью данной статьи является анализ лингвистических и художественных особенностей текстового материала, сопровождающего акварели М. Волошина.Материал и методы. В статье приводятся данные анализа лирических зарисовок разных лет, служащих сопровождением акварелей М. Волошина. Внимание к данному жанру обусловлено его несомненной значимостью для определения особенностей творческой манеры поэта и художника, а также для понимания его мировосприятия.В статье использованы методы семантико-стилистического, контекстологического, мотивного анализа, позволяющие раскрыть специфику поэтической картины мира автора, отраженную в надписях к акварелям М. А. Волошина.Результаты и обсуждение. Киммерия занимает особое место в творчестве М. Волошина – поэта, художника, переводчика, искусствоведа, мыслителя. Конгениальность М. Волошина как мастера кисти и слова нашла свое отражение в его надписях к акварелям. Данные лирические миниатюры – отдельный жанр, восходящий к античности, который роднит творчество поэта с искусством Востока.Образный строй поэтических миниатюр М. Волошина, организующий их смысловое пространство, включает в себя реалии земные (камень, вода) и небесные (облака, луна, солнце) и обнаруживает при их детальном рассмотрении синкретизм «земного» и «небесного». Цветовая картина мира, представленная многообразием цветообразов, в сочетании со звуковым оформлением передает синестезию авторского мировосприятия. Языковой и образный строй поэтических зарисовок М. Волошина отличается богатством и разнообразием: автор использует многочисленные сравнения, метафоры, эпитеты, оксюморонные сочетания, отступления от грамматических норм, позволяющие передать особенности творческой манеры мастера-творца.Заключение. Рассмотрение лингвистических и художественных особенностей лирических миниатюр М. Волошина позволило выявить их основные черты: метафоричность, синкретизм и синестетичность при создании образов, эмотивный и прагматический потенциал цветовой символики – и сделать вывод о своеобразии поэтической картины мира автора. Introduction. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the synthesis of arts in culture becomes one of the dominant ideas. This orientation fully contributes to the disclosure of the many talents of such a brilliant representative of the Silver Age as M. A.Voloshin. The purpose of this article is to analyze the linguistic and artistic features of the text material accompanying M. Voloshin’s watercolors. Material and methods. The article presents the data of the analysis of lyrical sketches of different years, serving as an accompaniment to M. Voloshin’s watercolors. Attention to this genre is due to its undoubted importance for determining the characteristics of the creative manner of the poet and artist, understanding his worldview. The article uses the methods of semantic-stylistic, contextological, motivational analysis, allowing to reveal the specifics of the author’s poetic picture of the world, reflected in the inscriptions on the watercolors of M. A. Voloshin. Results and discussion. Cimmeria occupies a special place in the work of M. Voloshin – a poet, artist, translator, art critic, thinker. The congeniality of M. Voloshin as a master of brush and word is reflected in his inscriptions for watercolors. These lyrical miniatures are a separate genre dating back to antiquity, which makes the poet’s work related to the art of the East. The figurative structure of M. Voloshin’s poetic miniatures, organizing their semantic space, includes earthly (stone, water) and heavenly (clouds, moon, sun) realities and reveals, when examined in detail, the syncretism of “earthly” and “heavenly”. The color picture of the world, represented by a variety of color images, in combination with sound design, conveys the synesthesia of the author’s perception of the world. The linguistic and figurative structure of M. Voloshin’s poetic sketches is rich and diverse: the author uses numerous comparisons, metaphors, epithets, oxymoric combinations, deviations from grammatical norms, which make it possible to convey the peculiarities of the creative manner of the master-creator. Conclusion. Consideration of the linguistic and artistic features of M. Voloshin’s lyrical miniatures made it possible to identify their main features: metaphoricity, syncretism and synestheticism in creating images, emotive and pragmatic potential of color symbolism – and to draw a conclusion about the originality of the author’s poetic picture of the world.
In the modern EFL paradigm, pre-task planning time is viewed as a norm. Pre-task planning time is one of the central concerns of teachers, test-developers, as well as researchers. Pre-task planning is planning a speech before performing a task, and it also involves rehearsal and strategic planning. The paper addresses the problem of pre-task planning advisability for A2 Russian EFL speakers. The research presented in this paper examines the structure, breakdown, repair, syntactic complexity, lexical diversity as well as the accuracy of the discourse produced by 145 Russian participants of the English language competition held in Kazan, Russia, in January 2020. The discourse analysis revealed that the pre-task time is used by A2 EFL speakers not only to focus on a dialog but also to elicit a topic text from memory, thus focusing on form rather than meaning. Hence, in A2 tests prioritizing meaning over form and measuring the ability for spontaneous speech, the one-minute pre-task planning time is viewed as questionable.
The article deals with the lexical correspondences to the Hebrew hapax legomena in the Book of Job, presented in the translation of Job into Ruthenian (prosta(ja) mova) as a part of the Vilnius Old Testament Florilegium (F 19–262) (approx. 1517–1533) and in the Bible by Francis Skoryna (1517–1519). Both versions are compared with the handwritten Church Slavonic Gennadius Bible (1499) and the printed Ostrog Bible (1581). Two Polish bibles — Radziviłł (Brest) Bible (1563) and the Nesvizh Bible (1568–1572) by Symon Budny — are considered as well. Special attention was given to the cases when translations of biblical hapaxes were the result of prescriptive (conditioned by the canonical context and traditional exegesis) activity of translators. In such cases, the knowledge of implicit information that should be verified in the translation was of particular importance. On the other hand, we analyze the translations of unfamiliar words resulting from conjectural variation, when hapaxes were interpreted on the basis of grammatical and syntactic norms and according to the meaning of the context. Not devoid of subjectivity, such variants were often transferred into subsequent translations, turning into dogmatized formulations. During historical development of the original language, the conjectural translation of individual words and entire text fragments partly compensate the translator's lack of the necessary linguistic and extralinguistic information. Thus, while working on the translation of the Book of Job at the end of the 15th–16th centuries, the translators of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had to solve a number of problems — from searching for their own translations’ versions when interpreting "dark" passages to the need to meet those normative guidelines that were dictated by biblical translations, exegetical writings, and other authoritative texts.