Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
This qualitative quantitative descriptive-analytical study aimed to describe the non-obligatory shifts employed in three English Disney animated films dubbed into MSA by applying Toury’s (1995/2012) normative model and shifts introduced in the course of his applied case studies. The researcher described and analyzed preliminary, initial and operational norms (non-obligatory shifts) employed on the level of three textual segments: the lexical-semantic, the stylistic, and the prosodic. The researcher compared those shifts with the original choices in the English versions of three selected Disney animated films. In the light of Toury’s theory (1995/2012), the current study investigated the hypothesis that the accepted socio-cultural, ideological, and linguistic norms of the Arabic culture directed the choices of the non-obligatory shifts chosen by the Arabic dubbers of English Disney animations dubbed into MSA. This investigation was conducted in application to three case studies, namely, Tangled (2010), Frozen (2013) and Big Hero 6 (2014). In order to decide the most frequently used shifts in the process of dubbing, the frequency rate of each non-obligatory shift was calculated to determine the highest frequently used shift. The study came to the conclusion that there is a direct relationship between the non-obligatory shifts (operational norms) applied during dubbing on the one hand and the socio-cultural, ideological, and linguistic norms imposed by the target culture on the other hand. Those target culture norms governed not only the operational choices but also the preliminary choices of the three selected Disney animated films dubbed into MSA. Affected by the preliminary and operational norms, Arab dubbers’ tendency towards producing acceptable rather than adequate translations decided the initial norms.
The article presents usage of address forms in Polish and Hungarian in requests addressed to a stranger. Addressatives are treated as linguistic manifestations of perceiving and building an interpersonal relationship, and their choice is influenced by the way of perceiving a given social context, and the way of categorizing the participants and the activated schematic linguistic and extralinguistic knowledge. The results presented in the article show the conventional use of address forms in Hungarian and Polish, and the differences in the construction of Polish and Hungarian requests (87 respondents in total, 870 requests, which constituted 35% of the entire survey). The article is based on two studies – one conducted using the DCT (discourse completion test) method among Hungarian and Polish-speaking language users, and the second examining the attitude of young, professionally active people to using T/V forms. As the results show, the biggest difference between Polish and Hungarian language users can be observed when interacting with similar aged stranger. While Polish data providers used more frequently V forms, and formal lexical elements, Hungarians commonly used T forms. The attitude test showed also, that T forms are perceived by Hungarians as common and neutral choice, while V forms are frequently used in strongly formal contexts. Social context of interaction shows strong influence on the structural choices made in each language eg.: indirectness or epistemic modality expressed in requests. The phenomenon of linguistic politeness is presented and analyzed as a linguistic manifestation of the perception of the social context, and the main motivation for the made linguistic choices is not etiquette or norms, but adequate language choices – implemented not only through addressing forms, but also the structure of the request – to the social context and goals of the participants of the interaction (Watts 2003, Watts & Locher 2005).
The article titled “A Lexical Pragmatic Analysis of Proverbs in Femi Osofisan’s Midnight Hotel” by Augustine M. Aikoriogie and Wisdom Ezenwoali, published in Okwo: University of Port Harcourt Journal of Language and Literature, Volume 2 (August 2021), pp. 208–222, presents a detailed study of the interplay between language and meaning in the proverbs used in Osofisan’s play Midnight Hotel. Drawing on lexical pragmatic theory, the authors examine how proverbs function contextually to convey cultural values, social norms, and the characters’ intentions, highlighting their role in enhancing communication and dramatic expression. The study situates proverbs as both linguistic and pragmatic devices, offering insights into their semantic richness, interpretive flexibility, and socio-cultural significance within Nigerian literature.
INTRODUCTION: The short forms of MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (MB-CDI) are widely used for assessing communicative and linguistic development in infants and toddlers. Italian norms for the Words and Gestures (WG) and Words and Sentences (WS) short forms overlap between 18 and 24 months. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the agreement between these two forms. METHODS: Parents of 104 children aged 18-24 months filled in both questionnaires. RESULTS: The two questionnaires showed high agreement in measuring expressive vocabulary size and the percentile of lexical production and good agreement in identifying children at-risk for language delay (75% of the cases were accurately identified). Both short forms include a list of 100 words and a set of questions investigating potential risk factors for communication and language disorders. Ten children with an expressive vocabulary <10th percentile were compared to 10 with typical language development. Scores for children <10th percentile were significantly lower than their peers, in addition to scores of lexical comprehension, gesture-word, and 2-word combinations, and phonological accuracy, imitation of new words, and decontextualized use of language. CONCLUSIONS: Short forms of the Italian MB-CDI can be used interchangeably for evaluating lexical production, but each one offers different quantitative and qualitative information on the behaviours related to language acquisition.
The purpose of this study is to investigate German native speakers' use of exclamation marks in L2 Danish texts by comparing their use to that of Danish and German native speakers respectively. The comparison thus aims to identify points of attention in L2 Danish writing. Writing skills in a foreign language include not only lexical, grammatical and textual knowledge, but also knowledge of the sociopragmatics in the foreign language. The norm-adequate use of the exclamation mark appears to embody such knowledge in several respects. As part of the exclamation as a rhetorical device, the exclamation mark serves to increase intensity in the text and accentuate the writer's emotional involvement in his text. At the same time, the exclamation mark also influences and affects the recipient. It thus has the function of an interactive sign. Based on a comparison of the standards in the two language systems and on speech act theory, the use of the sign is examined in e-mails and commentaries. The study shows that the use of the sign is genre dependent and that the L2 writers overuse the sign in the expressive and evaluative acts of expressing thanks and approval in the e-mails. In terms of didactic implications, the study draws attention to the formulaic language used in the co-text of the exclamation mark.
Negotiation is an important form of communication in which several aspects determine the communication interaction. These aspects are social resources, tactics and norms. The process of negotiation is based mainly on two parties in which each party tries to gain his wants from the other. The communicated information is formed according to certain tactics and strategies. The paper attempts to figure out these tactics and strategies in order to provide a sufficient and clear image about the nature of online selling negotiation interaction. This is done by applying an eclectic linguistic models including speech act theory of Searle (1979), Grice's maxims, deixises, the use of inclusive /exclusive pronouns and the use of common lexical items like, verbs, nouns and adjectives. The study aims to deepen our understanding about the linguistic and pragmatic perspectives that form and affect this type of communication interaction. The study hypothesizes that the linguistic and the pragmatic perspectives are utilized by both parties of negotiation in order to actualize the types of negotiation. The corpus under the investigation involves several examples of online selling negotiation interaction.
Foreign language learners are considered orthographically competent when their texts are free from orthographic errors (vgl. GER 2001: 118). This claim is noteworthy with regard to comma placement as part of orthographic competence, considering that comma placement of native writers of German is far from being error free. Their comma errors are supposed to be connected with implicitly acquired strategies that build on lexical, prosodic and semantic features of text, but are rarely motivated syntactically - in contrast to the norm and system of German comma placement. It is yet unexplained in how far such other motives than syntactic ones have also an effect on comma placement of foreign language learners and what role interferences with their first languages play. My article follows this lack by presenting an exemplary analysis of comma errors in free texts made by advanced learners of German as foreign language with Italian as their first language. In my investigation I consider contrastive differences between the German and Italian comma system as well as the observed implicit comma strategies of native speakers as potential reasons for errors. The results indicate that the few errors made by the participants can be mainly explained in an interlingual way.
This paper describes the system developed by the Laboratoire d'analyse statistique des textes (LAST) for the Lexical Complexity Prediction shared task at SemEval-2021. The proposed system is made up of a LightGBM model fed with features obtained from many word frequency lists, published lexical norms and psychometric data. For tackling the specificity of the multi-word task, it uses bigram association measures. Despite that the only contextual feature used was sentence length, the system achieved an honorable performance in the multi-word task, but poorer in the single word task. The bigram association measures were found useful, but to a limited extent.
Changes in language are largely a process of loosening the old norm and gradually creating a new one. It is believed that the media contribute to the preservation of the norm and the maximum slowdown of changes. Newspapers and magazines fix the graphic appearance of the word, and radio and television — sound. Together they set grammatical, syntactic and other patterns, which guides the people who read and listen to them. The author of the article studied the speech features of the interview genre in modern Tatar journalism. Namely 3012 fragments were analysed and the following conclusions were made: due to the interview genre, phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactic, orthoepic enrichment of the language occurs; many modern elements borrowed from the Internet are used in print magazines in the Tatar language; there is a tendency to reduce words, use abbreviations, typed language constructions, phraseological units, borrowings, terms, professionalisms, dialectisms, slang expressions, and it is also observed that in different printed publications in the Tatar language, different variants of using common terms are offered in interviews.
Language as a complex unity consists of language and speech and the levels of norms that connect them. Linguistic units are connected in speech not only on the basis of sequence, but also under the influence of pragmatic factors, the specific situation and environment of speech, the state of the speaker and the listener act as a factor that characterizes the linguistic unit.\n\nAs any linguistic unit occurs in speech, first of all, its general linguistic essence is determined by other adjacent linguistic factors. In particular, the sememas of polysemantic lexemes differ under the influence of morphological and syntactic levels and “prepare” for occuring in speech. The speech situation gives it additional nuances, sometimes when morphological and syntactic (linguistic) factors are "weak", their function is taken over by pragmatic factors - linguistic factors are accompanied by pragmatic (pragmatic) factors.\n\nWhile any morphological form occuring in speech, the semantic essence of the lexeme it forms (lexical factor), the other word form (syntactic factor) combined with the formed word play an important role. But these factors can never occur without a pragmatic factor - they cannot be free from it.\n\nSince speech has a systemic (integrity) nature, its components are also of a systemic nature. There is a social need for the formation of a new linguistic direction specializing in the systematic study of the interaction of linguistic levels and pragmatic factors, which have a nature of systemic construction, in the process of formation and expression of thought, the consistent and vivid systematization of each component of speech.
The article examines two main factors causing modern language disorders in modern Georgian written and spoken language, such as: A. Contradiction between the norms of the modern Georgian literary language and living speech; B. Contradiction in the norms of the modern Georgian literary language itself. We aim to show the contradictory situation caused by these two factors in the resources that should be used to maintain the standard of this or that word form. We mean orthographic dictionaries of the Georgian language, including such a fundamental dictionary as V. Topuria and Iv. Gigineishvili’s “orthographic dictionary of the Georgian language” (1968; 1998), as well as electronic dictionaries and other publications (collections). In the lexical material, the qualitative difference in the standard language resources makes some norms controversial, which contributes to the emergence of language form variants, incorrect forms next to the correct ones, and, moreover, hinders the updating of the norm, and the development of a new linguistic standard. This problem became even more acute when the project of a young specialist, data scientist and programmer Vakhtang Elerdashvili called “Incorrect-Print-Finder” – a morphological checker of errors in the text – appeared on the social network (Facebook). The aim of the project is to create a perfect text analyzer in Georgian. The paper analyzes the relevant material reflecting the contradictory situation in the standard language resources, outlines the ways to solve the problem, concludes that the material in the standard language resources should be united (processed) and a united orthographic database, an extensive orthographic electronic dictionary with the function of constantly updating the norms of the Georgian literary language should be created. საკვანძო სიტყვები: სალიტერატურო ენა, ნორმა, ენობრივი წინააღმდეგობა. Keywords: literary language,, norm, linguistic contradiction.
Although the Reformation in both Europe and Slovenia was primarily of a religious nature, its long-term impact on Slovenes is much more visible in their collective ethnic than religious identity. While the sovereign Counter-Reformation abolished Protestantism in the Inner Austrian lands between 1598 and 1628, the Catholic Revival used certain achievements of the movement in its own pursuits. For the further development of Slovenes as an ethnic community, especially four Reformation creations are important: 1) the linguistic norm, 2) the concept of the Slovene church, 3) the myth of the chosen ethnicity and 4) a topos about the great extent of the “Slavic”/Slovene language. In accordance with the ethnosymbolist paradigm, the discussion therefore estimates that in the second half of the 16th century Slovenes developed from an ethnic category into an ethnic network. The Slovene language, which was sporadically written from the end of the first millennium onwards, was finally consolidated as a literary language in 1550 with the first two books published by Primož Trubar. The Protestant literary work reached its peak in 1584, when a translation of the Bible by Jurij Dalmatin and a grammar by Adam Bohorič were published. The concept of the “Slovene church”, which is supposed to unite the entire Slovene-speaking Christian community, was also conceived by Trubar. He presented his idea for the first time in 1555 and completed it in his Cerkovna ordninga (“the Church Order”) from 1564. Although the conceptual programme was not established in the church administration, it significantly influenced the mindset of both Protestant and later Catholic writers in the 17th and 18th centuries. The emergence of the Slovene myth of the chosen ethnicity, which is based on a sentence from the Letter of Paul to the Romans: “and every tongue will praise God” (Romans 14:11), also dates back to the Reformation and as a maxim connects the key literary creations of this period. In addition, Protestant writers relied on the humanistic tradition of emphasizing the great extent of the “Slavic” language, which in fact served to increase the importance of Slovene. This topos was first introduced to Slovene grammars by Bohorič and represents a somewhat later entry of Slovenes into the “(inter)national competition for national honor”, which emerged in Europe during the humanism.
Aphasia is an acquired language impairment caused by damage in the regions of the brain that support language. The Main Concept Analysis (MCA; Kong, 2016b) is a published formal assessment battery that allows the quantification of the presence, accuracy, completeness, and efficiency of content in spoken discourse produced by persons with aphasia (PWA). It utilizes a sequential picture description task (with four sets of pictures) for language sample elicitation. The MCA results can also be used clinically for targeting appropriate interventions of aphasic output. The purpose of this research is to develop a Spanish adaptation of the MCA (i.e., Span-MCA) by establishing normative data based on native unimpaired speakers of Spanish from four different dialect origins (Central American Caribbean, Andean-Pacific, Mexican, and Central-Southern Peninsular regions). A total of 91 unimpaired participants that consisted of different age groups, education levels, and dialect origins were recruited to establish four sets of dialect-specific norms and scoring criteria of Span-MCA, including target main concepts and corresponding lexical items related to the picture sets. The Span-MCA was also applied to one pilot native Spanish PWA. The normative data suggested that speakers who were younger or with a higher level of education levels produced significantly more accurate and complete main concepts in their spoken discourse. The application of Span-MCA to the pilot native Spanish PWA successfully identified impaired performance, as compared to the dialectally-sensitive norms established in this study. This study highlighted the clinical value of Span-MCA as a supplement to evaluate spoken discourse and target intervention by speech-language pathologists and related healthcare practitioners.
This article presents data on lexical development of 881 Israeli Hebrew-speaking monolingual toddlers ages 1;0 to 2;0. A Web-based version of the Hebrew MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (H-MB-CDI) was used for data collection. Growth curves for expressive vocabulary, receptive vocabulary, actions and gestures were characterized. Developmental trajectories of toddlers with various demographic characteristics, such as education, income, religiosity level, birth order of the child, and child-care arrangements were compared. Results show that the lexical growth curves for Hebrew are comparable to those reported for other languages. Sex, birth order, and child-care arrangements were found to influence the size of lexicons. It is recommended that the trajectories presented here be used as norms for lexical growth among typical Hebrew-speaking toddlers in the second year of life.
In the modern world, with its diversity of languages and nations, the development of a linguistic personality is one of the main factors of language education.A language personality should possess the language competence that presupposes the possession of the theoretical norms of the language and their further use in the practice of speech use.The language personality must possess the phonetic and lexical grammatical norms of the language.Syntax, which gives the language a communicative and functional significance, is the highest level of the language system.It is in the syntax that the national specificity of the language manifests itself.Possession of it indicates the formation of a language personality.Complex thoughts that reflect the intellectual level of the individual are formed in the form of complex sentences.The emotionality and expressiveness of complex sentences are created due to the way they are organized and the use of syntactic figures of speech.Conversational and expressive elements in the structure of a complex sentence, due to their unintentional and informal nature, create additional shades of imagery and expressiveness in book speech.In the Mari language, the following elements of colloquial speech are introduced in the language of fiction to give a complex sentence imagery and expressiveness: conjunctions, particles, postpositions, interjections, onomatopoeic words and various types of repetitions.Complex and compound sentences are characterized by the use of all these elements of colloquial speech.Conjunctionless complex sentences, based on their structure, use the speech elements of repetition as an expressive means.
Background. The main aim of terminology standardization in different branches of knowledge is to standardize and approve unmistakable terms for any field of study, to improve the further development of the Ukrainian science. Achieving these tasks is impossible without exemplary in terms of the language design of regulations that regulate the use of industry terminology – national terminological standards. The high linguistic quality of these documents allows their effective use, so the linguistic examination of national terminological standards, their analysis in terms of compliance with the norms of language culture – is an urgent task of modern science.Purpose. To analyze cases of violation of lexical and grammatical norms of the modern Ukrainian language in the formulation of definitions. Suggest ways to replace identified non-normative words, expressions and sentences in the text of the standard.Methods. Linguistic description of linguistic facts, method of component analysis, comparative and statistical methods (to identify the number or nature of linguistic errors).Results. The standard contains errors related to the use of inappropriate or redundant words, tracing paper from the Russian language, violation of the laws of melodiousness of the modern Ukrainian literary language. In some cases, non-compliance with grammatical rules has been demonstrated.Discussion. Analysis of the text of SSTU 3294-95 “Marketing. Terms and definitions of basic concepts” in terms of compliance with language norms reveals violations related to the use of lexical units not peculiar to the Ukrainian language, the use of words in inappropriate meanings, without regard to their lexical compatibility or contrary to established tradition of word usage.
The article offers an analysis of the language of short prose by Ahatanhel Krymskyi in terms of reflecting the lexical and phraseological components of linguistic and cultural identity. There are five directions of analysis of language material: by phraseological composition, by features of synonymy, by graphically separated (patched) tokens, by socio-stylistic markers of word usage, by lexical features of individual-authorial language norm. The conclusion is made about the signs of orientation in the language of the writer’s works on conversational naturalism, on mixing elements of different areas of Ukrainian language, partly on stylization of language of representatives of certain social types, on popularization of self-worth of Ukrainian colloquial and literary communication practice. The peculiarities of the author’s word usage, individual-author priorities in the choice of variants from the series of lexical-phraseological synonyms are traced according to the method “word in the text and in the dictionary”. The question of linguistic and cultural identity through the stylistics of lexical and phraseological units manifests itself as a ratio of book and conversational, new and established, language practice and social spheres of its existence. The verbal palette of the Krymskyi’s prose writer should be perceived as a portrait of time, as a socio-cultural slice with the characteristic features of the norm of the Ukrainian literary language (this is one area of linguistic and cultural assessment). The writer’s artistic and fiction practice became a kind of experimental platform, which testified to the potential properties of the general literary and stylistic norm, which served to expand the lexical and phraseological base of the Ukrainian language and revealed the specifics of idiostyle (this is the second direction of linguistic and cultural assessment).
<h3>Introduction</h3></br> X-SRL: Parallel Cross-lingual Semantic Role Labeling Department of Computational Linguistics and the <a href="https://www.leibniz-gemeinschaft.de/en/institutes/leibniz-institutes-all-lists/leibniz-institute-for-the-german-language.html">Leibniz Institute for the German Language (IDS)</a>. It consists of approximately three million words of German, French and Spanish annotated for semantic role labeling. The texts are translations of the English portion of <a href="../../../LDC2012T04">2009 CoNLL Shared Task Part 2 (LDC2012T04)</a>. All sentences have annotations for verbal predicates and share the original English <a href="../../../LDC2004T14">Propbank</a> label set across the four languages. </br> <h3>Data</h3></br> The 2009 CoNLL Shared Task developed syntactic dependency annotations, including the semantic dependency model roles of both verbal and nominal predicates. The following English data used in the shared task: </br> <ul></br> <li><a href="../../../LDC95T7">Treebank-2 (LDC95T7)</a>: over one million words of annotated English newswire and other text developed by the University of Pennsylvania</li></br> <li><a href="../../../LDC2012T04">Proposition Bank I (LDC2004T14)</a>: semantic annotation of newswire text from Treebank-2 developed by the University of Pennsylvania</li></br> <li><a href="../../../LDC2008T23">NomBank v 1.0 (LDC2008T23)</a>: argument structure for instances of common nouns in Treebank-2 and <a href="../../../LDC99T42">Treebank-3 (LDC99T42)</a>, texts developed by New York University</li></br> </ul></br> For X-SRL, the English source data was automatically translated using <a href="https://www.deepl.com/en/translator">DeepL</a>. Automatic tokenization, lemmatization, part-of-speech tagging and syntactic parsing were than applied to the text. The data was divided into train, development and test partitions. Semantic labels were transfered for the train and development sections, and the test sentences were validated for translation quality, alignment, label transfer, and filtering. </br> More information on the development process and tools used is available in the included documentation. </br> Annotated data is in the <a href="https://universaldependencies.org/format.html">Universal CoNLL format</a> and encoded in UTF-8. </br> <h3>Sponsorship</h3></br> The creation of this corpus was funded by the Leibniz ScienceCampus "Empirical Linguistics and Computational Language Modeling" supported by Leibniz Association (grant no. SAS2015-IDS-LWC) and by the Ministry of Science, Research, and Art of Baden-Wurttemberg. </br> <h3>Samples</h3></br> Please view this <a href="desc/addenda/LDC2021T09.txt">text sample (TXT)</a> and <a href="desc/addenda/LDC2021T09.conll.txt">annotation sample (TXT)</a>. </br> <h3>Updates</h3></br> None at this time. Portions © 1987-1989 Dow Jones & Company, Inc., © 2021 Department of Computational Linguistics, Heidelberg University, © 2021 Leibniz Institute for the German Language (IDS), © 1993-1995, 1999, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2021 Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania
The article goal is to single out and describe verbal means of suggestive influence on the recipient of “Ofudesaki” text a translation erbatim from Japanese: “At the tip of the brush”), which is the main script of the Tenrikyo religion, one of the “oldest” among the many newest syncretic religions in Japan, founded by a simple peasant Nakayama Miki (1797-1887) in 1838. The text “Ofudesaki”, written by the founder of this religion “from the words of God the Father” in 1869-1881, consists of 17 chapters and 1711 tanka poems, which vividly reflect the Japanese language of the second half of the 19th century. This makes it possible to consider “Ofudesaki” as a valuable source of spoken and literary language of this historical era, as well as the then Kansai dialect, because, despite the poetic form, this work is saturated with colloquial vocabulary and dialectal expressions. Thus, the subject of research is the graphic, phonetic, lexical and syntactic features of “Ofudesaki” text, which reflect not only the idiolect of the author of this sacred work, but also give good reason to make assumptions about the intentional pastiche of this text by Nakayama Miki at almost all language levels. The methods of semantic, grammatical, etymological analysis, as well as historical and descriptive ones are used in the work. One of the main results and substantiated by specific examples study findings is the hypothesis put forward by the author of the article that the convergence of Japanese spoken language with literary language was bidirectional. Not only the language of fiction actively influenced the normative base of the national language through the education system, but also the spoken element had a significant impact on the then Japanese language, “eroding” the limits defined by the literary tradition: changing the pronunciation of words, lexical composition, grammar rules, stylistic norms, and so on.
The purpose of this research is to discover some textual patterns across spoken summaries and to compare them with those of written summaries. Using the top-down approach, the study has analyzed the discourse strategies in one hundred spoken summaries spontaneously produced by native speakers of English in radio podcasts on human interest problems. The analysis has revealed five discourse strategies which speakers follow to provide a clear overview of the problem under discussion: a personal emotional evaluation supported by some evidence; sharing a common opinion on the problem and offering some personal supporting evidence; presenting the essence of a problem through a classification; contradicting a common opinion or finding a compromise between the common and the personal opinion; using an adage to summarize a situation in a laconic way. Each strategy is presented as a few moves marked by special lexical-syntactic constructions. Intonation and syntax do not play a considerable role in strategy differentiation, but they organize summaries according to the norms of spoken language. Spoken summaries also tend to differ from written ones in having more variety in their discourse structure, although the movement from main points to supporting evidence is common to both types. The research contributes to the description of the genres of spoken language. The study also has a pedagogical implication presenting summaries as useful material for developing speaking skills. Being aware of discourse strategies and move markers, learners can follow the summary models and improve their fluency in English as a foreign language.
The article deals with lexical and phraseological means as representatives of expressiveness. The importance of the study is due to the fact that the analysis of expressive lexical and phraseological means allows to interpret in detail the intentions of the author and understand the principles of thinking of the writer. The study of the communicative-pragmatic meaning of utterances is extremely important within sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics. The aim of the work is to trace the peculiarities of the realization of expressiveness at the lexical-phraseological level and to determine the dominant functions of expressive units in the book “Samovchytel hrafomana»” [“Graphoman’s self-study»] by A. Sanchenko. Expressiveness is a complex category that actively functions in linguistics and manifests its power in a large number of linguistic tools, techniques, signs. Expressiveness has the ability to activate cognitive process, show various plans of relationships, motivate to action. The text is written in a language that, of course, focuses on literary norms, but the author avoids excessive use of vocabulary that performs only a cognitive-informative function. It was found that in the analyzed text colloquial, abusive and slang vocabulary performs expressive-emotional, evaluative, character-creating functions and explicitly or implicitly reproduces the ironic-humorous effect. The choice of the expressive vocabulary depends on the micro-topic, within which specific images and situations are presented. The phraseological units in an unchanged and transformed form reproduce the leading intentions of the author: irony, informing, mostly disapproving attitude to human behavior. Phraseological units are divided into two groups according to the level of expressiveness: 1) phraseological units that function with an unchanged structure and reproduce traditional ideas about the world of things and people in the work; 2) transformed phraseological units, the semantic field of which is loaded with the subjective assessment of the writer. It is established that lexical and phraseological expressions appeal to the emotional and sensory sphere of recipients, release a powerful suggestive influence. The analyzed expressive means can be investigated in more detail on the basis of known claims about implicit and explicit expressiveness, strong and weak stance of expressiveness.
The paper presents a comparative corpus-based research of the vocabulary in the Ukrainian newspapers of the interwar period and the first Post–World War II years. The research aims to show the ways in which a new lexical norm for journalism was formed in 1940s. The paper envisages this new norm with regard to the influence of the Western and the Eastern Ukrainian language standards and of the Russian influence as well. Three corpora of newspaper texts have been built that represent different variants of Standard Ukrainian: 1) the Soviet newspaper texts of 1919–1933 up to the end of the Ukrainization; 2) the Western Ukrainian pre-Soviet and ‟inter-Soviet” newspaper texts of 1937–1943; 3) the Western Ukrainian Soviet newspaper texts of 1939–1946. For each of these, frequency lists were built. Our conclusions are based on comparing these lists. We have built a table showing changes (including frequency changes) within 120 semantic fields of synonyms. Our research showed that the new lexical norm that was formed in the Soviet journalism of 1940s had an Eastern Ukrainian basis. The regional Western vocabulary attested in the pre-Soviet and ‟inter-Soviet” Western Ukrainian newspapers had almost no trace in the new lexical norm. Neither did the Western lexical units that remind the Russian ones (upadok ʽdecline’, oba ʽboth’ etc.), a fact showing that the growth of the Russian influence was implemented only with the support of the Eastern variant. Several changes are attested within the synonymous fields (more often they shrink) and changes in the frequency of different synonyms, more often favouring the cognates of Russian words, although some cases go against this tendency. The Ukrainian language as attested in the Soviet newspaper texts of the 1940s keeps the bulk of its lexical basis; the Russification trend is superficial and in many cases rather brief. As it is shown by comparing the vocabulary of these texts with the modern norm, many Russian borrowings of the 1930s and 1940s did not find their way into the standard language.
AbstractData were checked for univariate outliers using standardised scores (<i>z</i> > ± 3.29) and for multivariate outliers using the Mahalanobis distance test (<i>p</i> <.001; Tabachnick & Fidell, 2019). Data were also examined for the parametric assumptions that underlie within-subjects ANOVA (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2019), other than the behavioural data from video analysis, which were derived from frequency counts. Where the assumption of sphericity was violated, Greenhouse–Geisser-adjusted <i>F</i> tests were used. Initial analyses employed repeated-measures (RM) 2 (Load) × 3 (Tempo) (M)ANOVAs for the three psychological measures (i.e., RSME, NASA-TLX, and Affect Grid) and cardiac measures (HR and HRV indices). Additionally, exploratory analyses were conducted using a mixed-model approach, adopting the between-subject factors of personality (introvert vs. extrovert), sex (women vs. men), and age group (young adults vs. middle-aged adults). Significant <i>F</i> tests were followed up with pairwise/multiple comparisons, or in the case of interaction effects, examination of 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) to identify where differences lay. Behavioural data were collated for the urban environment (high load) simulation under the following categories: (a) video data pertaining to four triggers (pedestrian, garbage truck, traffic lights, and vehicle cutting); (b) and simulator-derived data from the accelerator and brake pedal positions (i.e., 0 = no pressure applied, 1 = maximum braking); (c) mean speed (mph), and (d) course completion time (min). For the highway environment (low load), simulator data were collated for: (a) accelerator and brake pedal positions; (b) mean speed, and (c) completion time. From among these data, where parametric assumptions were not met and transformations would not serve to normalise the distribution, nonparametric analyses was adopted using rank-based, nonparametric tests. Specifically, the Wald-type statistic (WTS) and the ANOVA-type statistic (ATS) was computed within the nparLD package (Noguchi et al., 2012) of data analysis software R. In the absence of the load factor for the trigger and pedal data, a within-subjects, one-way ANOVA for the effect of music tempo was computed. In the exploratory analyses, a factorial approach was used, with a series of mixed-model ANOVAs 3 ([Tempo] × 2 [Personality], 3 [Tempo] × 2 [Sex], and 3 [Tempo] × 2 [Age Group]). Note that the main effect of tempo for trigger and pedal data is relevant to the main analysis but in the interest of parsimony is incorporated within exploratory factorial analyses.<br>Detailed Description of Data FileThis SPSS data file contains the demographic data (i.e. sex, age, age group [1 = young adult, 2 = middle-aged adult], personality [1 = introvert, 2 = extrovert]) for each of the 46 participants (presented with one participant per row). Behavioural measures relating to the driving simulation are included. These include the elapsed time (mins) for each trial. Also, mean speed (mph), brake pedal use (i.e. 0 = no pressure applied, 1 = maximal braking), accelerator pedal use (i.e., 0 = no pressure applied, 1 = maximal acceleration) and risk ratings (on a scale from 1 [<i>safe driving</i>] to 4 [<i>reckless driving</i>]). Note that these performance-related measures appear 12 times in total; that is for each simulator trigger (i.e. a pedestrian who walked at 5 km/h across a zebra crossing, a garbage truck that moved slowly in the left-hand lane and prompted an overtaking manoeuvre, traffic lights that changed to red, a slow vehicle on a stretch of road on which overtaking was prohibited and a vehicle that cut across unexpectedly at a four-way intersection) across all three high-load (urban) conditions. Additionally, the scores across all conditions for the measures of the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX), Affect Grid (affective valence and affective arousal), Rating Scale Mental Effort (RSME) and wordsearch task are included. The psychophysiological measures of heart rate variability (HRV) and mean heart rate (HR) are also included. For HRV and HR, specifically, we present mean HR, minimum HR, maximum HR, standard deviation of normal RR intervals (SDNN), HR standard deviation and root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD). <i>z</i>-scores (i.e. standardised scores) for each variable are also included. Note that each participant was exposed to six experimental conditions (high load/fast tempo, high load/slow tempo, high load/no music, low load/fast music, low load/slow music and low load/no music). Accordingly, the measures that pertain to each trial (i.e. NASA-TLX, RSME, Affect Grid, wordsearch task, HRV indices, risk ratings, mean speed, brake pedal use and accelerator pedal use) appear six times in the data file.
Qat, Catha edulis has become synonymous with Yemen, as the phenomenon of Qat chewing in Yemen dates back hundreds of years in history. No social, cultural, or political gathering in the afternoon time can do without Qat. Afternoon time becomes the sign of Qat sessions and socialization. Despite Yemen's openness to other cultures and the recent revolution in all kinds of social media, Yemenis do not stop the habit of chewing Qat. The purpose of the present research work is to analyze 'Qat' as a linguistic sign consisting of a signifier and a signified to understand its various social, cultural, and political signifieds that give it the semiotic power to dominate all aspects of life in Yemen and to ground the coinage of many lexical items that are culturally specific to Qat culture and Yemeni dialects. The present paper uses semiotics as a research method in which it adopts Saussure's linguistic model of sign, signifier, and signified and Barthes' concepts of denotation and connotation. Semiotically, this paper shows that the Yemeni people are not addicted to Qat as a drug, as might be assumed by some foreigners who are not familiar with the sign system of Yemeni culture. The Yemeni people are addicted to Qat as a polysemous sign that is associated with values, norms, rituals, enjoyment, relationship, and socialization at the connotative level.
The article investigates functional techniques of extralinguistic expression in multimedia texts; the effectiveness of figurative expressions as a reaction to modern events in Ukraine and their influence on the formation of public opinion is shown. Publications of journalists, broadcasts of media resonators, experts, public figures, politicians, readers are analyzed. The language of the media plays a key role in shaping the worldview of the young political elite in the first place. The essence of each statement is a focused thought that reacts to events in the world or in one’s own country. The most popular platform for mass information and social interaction is, first of all, network journalism, which is characterized by mobility and unlimited time and space. Authors have complete freedom to express their views in direct language, including their own word formation. Phonetic, lexical, phraseological and stylistic means of speech create expression of the text. A figurative word, a good aphorism or proverb, a paraphrased expression, etc. enhance the effectiveness of a multimedia text. This is especially important for headlines that simultaneously inform and influence the views of millions of readers. Given the wide range of issues raised by the Internet as a medium, research in this area is interdisciplinary. The science of information, combining language and social communication, is at the forefront of global interactions. The Internet is an effective source of knowledge and a forum for free thought. Nonlinear texts (hypertexts) – «branching texts or texts that perform actions on request», multimedia texts change the principles of information collection, storage and dissemination, involving billions of readers in the discussion of global issues. Mastering the word is not an easy task if the author of the publication is not well-read, is not deep in the topic, does not know the psychology of the audience for which he writes. Therefore, the study of media broadcasting is an important component of the professional training of future journalists. The functions of the language of the media require the authors to make the right statements and convincing arguments in the text. Journalism education is not only knowledge of imperative and dispositive norms, but also apodictic ones. In practice, this means that there are rules in media creativity that are based on logical necessity. Apodicticity is the first sign of impressive language on the platform of print or electronic media. Social expression is a combination of creative abilities and linguistic competencies that a journalist realizes in his activity. Creative self-expression is realized in a set of many important factors in the media: the choice of topic, convincing arguments, logical presentation of ideas and deep philological education. Linguistic art, in contrast to painting, music, sculpture, accumulates all visual, auditory, tactile and empathic sensations in a universal sign – the word. The choice of the word for the reproduction of sensory and semantic meanings, its competent use in the appropriate context distinguishes the journalist-intellectual from other participants in forums, round tables, analytical or entertainment programs. Expressive speech in the media is a product of the intellect (ability to think) of all those who write on socio-political or economic topics. In the same plane with him – intelligence (awareness, prudence), the first sign of which (according to Ivan Ogienko) is a good knowledge of the language. Intellectual language is an important means of organizing a journalistic text. It, on the one hand, logically conveys the author’s thoughts, and on the other – encourages the reader to reflect and comprehend what is read. The richness of language is accumulated through continuous self-education and interesting communication. Studies of social expression as an important factor influencing the formation of public consciousness should open up new facets of rational and emotional media broadcasting; to trace physical and psychological reactions to communicative mimicry in the media. Speech mimicry as one of the methods of disguise is increasingly becoming a dangerous factor in manipulating the media. Mimicry is an unprincipled adaptation to the surrounding social conditions; one of the most famous examples of an animal characterized by mimicry (change of protective color and shape) is a chameleon. In a figurative sense, chameleons are called adaptive journalists. Observations show that mimicry in politics is to some extent a kind of game that, like every game, is always conditional and artificial.
Statistical machine translation (SMT) approaches extract translation knowledge automatically from parallel corpora. They additionally take advantage of monolingual text for target-side language modelling. Syntax-based SMT approaches also incorporate knowledge of source and/or target syntax by taking advantage of monolingual grammars induced from treebanks, and semantics-based SMT approaches use knowledge of source and/or target semantics in various forms. However, there has been very little research on incorporating the considerable monolingual knowledge encoded in deep, hand-built grammars into statistical machine translation. Since deep grammars can produce semantic representations, such an approach could be used for realization as well as MT. In this thesis I present a hybrid approach combining some of the knowledge in a deep hand-built grammar, the English Resource Grammar (ERG), with a statistical machine translation approach. The ERG is used to parse the source sentences to obtain Dependency Minimal Recursion Semantics (DMRS) representations. DMRS representations are subsequently transformed to a form more appropriate for SMT, giving a parallel corpus with transformed DMRS on the source side and aligned strings on the target side. The SMT approach is based on hierarchical phrase-based translation (Hiero). I adapt the Hiero synchronous context-free grammar (SCFG) to comprise graph-to-string rules. DMRS graph-to-string SCFG is extracted from the parallel corpus and used in decoding to transform an input DMRS graph into a target string either for machine translation or for realization. I demonstrate the potential of the approach for large-scale machine translation by evaluating it on the WMT15 English-German translation task. Although the approach does not improve on a state-of-the-art Hiero implementation, a manual investigation reveals some strengths and future directions for improvement. In addition to machine translation, I apply the approach to the MRS realization task. The approach produces realizations of high quality, but its main strength lies in its robustness. Unlike the established MRS realization approach using the ERG, the approach proposed in this thesis is able to realize representations that do not correspond perfectly to ERG semantic output, which will naturally occur in practical realization tasks. I demonstrate this in three contexts, by realizing representations derived from sentence compression, from robust parsing, and from the transfer-phase of an existing MT system. In summary, the main contributions of this thesis are a novel architecture combining a statistical machine translation approach with a deep hand-built grammar and a demonstration of its practical usefulness as a large-scale machine translation system and a robust realization alternative to the established MRS realization approach.
espanolEl objetivo de este trabajo es ahondar en el estudio del contacto entre el espanol y el neerlandes, analizando la variacion linguistica que se ha encontrado en un corpus de cartas escritas por cuatro mercaderes neerlandeses entre 1669 y 1677 en Amsterdam y que fueron enviadas a su socio comercial espanol en Bilbao. En particular, la investigacion se centra en la vacilacion en el timbre vocalico y examina como esta variacion se separa y diferencia de la variacion propia del espanol peninsular del siglo XVII. Se concluye que los autores extienden la variacion a contextos que no formaban parte de la norma del momento, probablemente debido a la variabilidad que se asocia con el sistema de la interlengua. Sin embargo, tampoco se descarta la acomodacion de los autores a la norma variable del siglo XVII para los casos en que la vacilacion vocalica se adecua a la que existia entonces. EnglishThe objective of this research is to broaden in the study of the linguistic contact between Spanish language and Dutch. I will analyze the linguistic variation found in a corpus of letters written by four Dutch merchants in Amsterdam between 1669-1677 and sent to their Spanish counterpart in Bilbao. Specifically, I will examine the vowel variation found in the corpus and how this variation is different from the one characteristic of the Peninsular Spanish of the moment. I conclude that authors extend the variation to contexts that were not part of the linguistic norm of 17th-century Spanish. This is probably due to the variability of the interlanguage sys-tem. However, I do not disclaim that authors accommodate to the variable norm of the Spanish of that time in the cases that they behave accordingly.
Recent developments in crowd-sourced data collection and machine intelligence have facilitated data-driven analyses of the affective qualities of urban environments. While past studies have focused on the commonalities of affective experience across multiple subjects, this paper demonstrates an integrated framework for subject-specific affective data collection and predictive modelling. For demonstration, 10 field observers recorded their affective appraisals of various urban environments along the scales of Liveliness, Beauty, Comfort, Safety, Interestingness, Affluence, Stress and Familiarity. Data was collected through a mobile application that also recorded geo-location, date, time of day, a high resolution image of the users field of view, and a short audio clip of ambient sound. Computer vision algorithms were employed for extraction of six key urban features from the images - built score, paved score, auto score, sky score, nature score, and human score. For predictive modelling, K-Nearest Neighbour and Random Forest regression algorithms were trained on the subject-specific datasets of urban features and affective ratings. The algorithms were able to accurately assess the predicted affective qualities of new environments based on the specific individuals affective patterns.
Summary In this article, we provide preliminary evidence for the ‘hypersensitivity hypothesis’, according to which Emotional Intelligence (EI) functions as a magnifier of emotional experience, enhancing the effect of emotion and emotion information on thinking and social perception. Measuring ability EI, and in particular Emotion Understanding, we describe an experiment designed to determine whether, relative to those low in EI, individuals high in EI were more affected by the valence of a scenario describing a target when making an affective social judgment. Employing a sample of individuals from the general population, high EI participants were found to provide more extreme (positive or negative) impressions of the target as a function of the scenario valence: positive information about the target increased high EI participants’ positive impressions more than it increased low EI participants’ impressions, and negative information increased their negative impressions more. In addition, EI affected the amount of recalled information and this led high EI individuals to intensify their affective ratings of the target. These initial results show that individuals high on EI may be particularly sensitive to emotions and emotion information, and they suggest that this hypersensitivity might account for both the beneficial and detrimental effects of EI documented in the literature. Implications are discussed.
In this paper, we propose a method for learning representations in the space of Gaussian-like distribution defined on a novel geometrical space called Kinematic space. The utility of non-Euclidean geometry for deep representation learning has recently been in vogue, specifically models of hyperbolic geometry such as Poincaré and Lorentz models have proven useful for learning hierarchical representations. Going beyond manifolds with constant curvature, albeit has better representation capacity might lead to unhanding of computationally tractable tools like Riemannian optimization methods. Here, we explore a pseudo-Riemannian auxiliary Lorentzian space called Kinematic space and provide a principled approach for constructing a Gaussian-like distribution, which is compatible with gradient-based learning methods, to formulate a probabilistic word embedding framework. Contrary to, mapping lexically distributed representations to a single point vector in Euclidean space, we advocate for mapping entities to density-based representations, as it provides explicit control over the uncertainty in representations. We test our framework by embedding WordNet-Noun hierarchy, a large lexical database, our experiments report strong consistent improvements in Mean Rank and Mean Average Precision (MAP) values compared to probabilistic word embedding frameworks defined on Euclidean and hyperbolic spaces. We show an average improvement of 72.68% in MAP and 82.60% in Rank compared to the hyperbolic version. Our work serves as evidence for the utility of novel geometrical spaces for learning hierarchical representations.
固有表現認識は，科学技術論文などのテキストから分野特有の用語を機械的に抽出するタスクである．固有表現認識の従来研究は連続した範囲から成る固有表現のみを解析対象としているが，並列する固有表現の一部が省略された複合的表現が含まれており，これらの固有表現に対して個々の固有表現を抽出することが困難である．本研究では，近年の自然言語処理タスクで広く使用されている学習済み言語モデルを用いて，並列構造の教師データを用いずに並列する句の範囲を同定し，複合化された固有表現を正規化する手法を提案する．GENIA Treebank と GENIA term annotation を用いた評価実験では，教師情報を使用した先行研究と近い解析性能を示し，提案手法によって固有表現認識の精度が向上することを確認した．
Cameroon, a central African country, is one of the most linguistically diverse countries in Africa with about 280 living languages (Ethnologue 2020), for an estimated population of 26,727,521 people (Worldometer, 2020). Cameroon is second only to Papua New Guinea in terms of its multiplicity of languages for a relatively small population. Contrary to popular opinion, multilingualism exists even in rural communities; in fact, it is even more intense. In Lower Fungom, an incredibly linguistically diverse rural community in the Northwest region of Cameroon, high rates of individual multilingualism are the norm; it is common to find individuals who use more than seven distinct native languages to navigate through their daily lives. However, this multilingualism is usually neglected as a resource by foreign experts in the transmission of knowledge in linguistically diverse communities such as Lower Fungom. In their attempt to transmit knowledge in almost all ramifications including in the global pursuit of sustainable development, experts foreign to the target community typically focus only on the ‘understanding’ of their message, meanwhile ‘understanding’ could be totally inconsequential as far as the acceptance of a people is concerned. Sustainable development with trends away from the (socio-cultural and linguistic) norms of a community would be a complete farce. This paper aims at highlighting two key features indispensable for development to be extended to rural communities in Cameroon and for it to be sustainable. These aspects are the active collaboration with community members to obtain culturally appropriate interpretations and the use of all the languages existing in the community in transmitting knowledge. Data for this paper comprises recorded natural speeches, interviews, and observation notes due to prolonged stays in the area and resultant informal discussions with its indigenes. This study will not only add to the handful of studies on rural multilingualism. It will not also only promote multilingualism that has become an endangered practice, but it will also be a crucial addition to efforts of sustainable development in Cameroon.
Writers from a number of theoretical backgrounds have asserted that agreement in the emotional messages conveyed by various verbal and nonverbal communication channels is related to the communicator's psychological health. If this conjecture is accurate, then congruence among communication channels could be used as a behaviorally based assessment tool. However, empirical research to test this theoretical and clinical assumption is relatively lacking. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that individuals who display congruence (agreement) between verbal (language), verbal/vocal (language plus paralinguistic cues, or speech) and nonverbal (facial) channels of communication will show a greater degree of mental health than will individuals who display incongruence. "Degree of mental health" was operationally defined as an individual's scores on the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI). Fifty-six subjects were administrated the POI and were interviewed on videotape. Three pairs of judges rated the videotapes for the affects communicated in the video channel (picture only), the audio channel (sound only), and the transcript channel (the subject's words transcribed onto paper). Comparisons of affect ratings across channels yielded difference scores, resulting in measures of various types of congruence. Analyses of variance were carried out with difference scores as independent variables and and overall POI score as the dependent variable. No significant results were obtained. Multivariate analyses of the POI subscales were also performed, again with nonsignificant findings. Alternative explanations of the congruence phenomenon and methodological limitations are presented. Implications for the clinical utility of congruence and for future research are discussed.
Politicians are skilled language users who deploy words strategically and pay close attention to the emotions that those words evoke. We examined the emotional characteristics of over 92 million words spoken by Canadian Members of Parliament between 2006 and 2021. The analysis brought together the Warriner, Kuperman, and Brysbaert (Behav. Res., 2013, 45, 1191–1207) database of valence (positivity) ratings for English and the Canadian Hansard, which contains a transcription of parliamentary speech. Results revealed that the positivity of words used by politicians in parliament was significantly related to both political and social variables. Politicians increased the positivity of their language after the onset of the COVID-19 crisis. Within the time of the crisis, word positivity was linked statistically to month-by-month case counts, indicating a very fine-grained sensitivity to social realities. Our analysis also revealed a fine-grained sensitivity of word valence to political realities. As expected, parties in power used more positive language than those in opposition. In addition, our analysis revealed that individual parties have characteristic levels of word positivity and that those levels change in accordance with political changes as specific as whether or not the party in power holds a majority of seats in parliament. These findings suggest that the emotional properties of words used by Members of Parliament are reliably indexed to sociopolitical dynamics. The findings also suggest that the methodology of linking individual word ratings to Hansard Documents (which are used to document Parliamentary activities in over 25 countries) can provide a key tool for the understanding of specific crises such as the COVID-19 global pandemic as well as more general social and political trends across countries and languages.
The linguistic worldview is a reflection of the national cognitive worldview. ‘Worldview’ is often defined as a way of perceiving the surrounding reality, yet the way people perceive their personal inner world also reflects their national self-identification. It is difficult to compare how people of different nations experience emotions and perceive such experiences because these processes are not available for direct observation and objective assessment. The most complete representation of the way a person experiences a particular emotion can be found in fiction. Contrastive analysis of how this process is reflected in different languages can be based on a comparison of a literary text with its translation into another language, since, in this case, both texts present the same character in the same situations that cause certain emotions. To exclude the influence of the translator’s personality, in our analysis we have used three different translations of selected passages from Dostoevsky’s The Idiot. A quantitative analysis of the means employed by the translators shows that representation of emotions in English does indeed reflect the way of perceiving the world that is typical of the national linguistic worldview as a whole. In all the three English texts, state predicates prevail over ac-tion predicates, and predicatively used adjectival words prevail over those used attributively. It means that emotional states are mostly perceived by English speakers as something that, while not permanent or inherent to a person, is, at the same time, static: less a process than a result of that process. In contrast, native speakers of Russian perceive emotional states as actions, and the Russian text reveals no inclination toward perceiving emotional states as personal characteristics, whether temporary or permanent. All these regularities are statistical and not absolute, which means that they reflect usage and not the linguistic norm, and, thus, the change of predicates in translation should be regarded as a way of cognitive adaptation rather than a structural transformation.
Cloud-based enterprise search services (e.g., AWS Kendra) have been entrancing big data owners by offering convenient and real-time search solutions to them. However, the problem is that individuals and organizations possessing confidential big data are hesitant to embrace such services due to valid data privacy concerns. In addition, to offer an intelligent search, these services access the user's search history that further jeopardizes his/her privacy. To overcome the privacy problem, the main idea of this research is to separate the intelligence aspect of the search from its pattern matching aspect. According to this idea, the search intelligence is provided by an on-premises edge tier and the shared cloud tier only serves as an exhaustive pattern matching search utility. We propose Smartness at Edge (SAED mechanism that offers intelligence in the form of semantic and personalized search at the edge tier while maintaining privacy of the search on the cloud tier. At the edge tier, SAED uses a knowledge-based lexical database to expand the query and cover its semantics. SAED personalizes the search via an RNN model that can learn the user's interest. A word embedding model is used to retrieve documents based on their semantic relevance to the search query. SAED is generic and can be plugged into existing enterprise search systems and enable them to offer intelligent and privacy-preserving search without enforcing any change on them. Evaluation results on two enterprise search systems under real settings and verified by human users demonstrate that SAED can improve the relevancy of the retrieved results by on average ≈24% for plain-text and ≈75% for encrypted generic datasets.
In this paper, we address the representation of coordinate constructions in Enhanced Universal Dependencies (UD), where relevant dependency links are propagated from conjunction heads to other conjuncts. English treebanks for enhanced UD have been created from gold basic dependencies using a heuristic rule-based converter, which propagates only core arguments. With the aim of determining which set of links should be propagated from a semantic perspective, we create a large-scale dataset of manually edited syntax graphs. We identify several systematic errors in the original data, and propose to also propagate adjuncts. We observe high inter-annotator agreement for this semantic annotation task. Using our new manually verified dataset, we perform the first principled comparison of rule-based and (partially novel) machine-learning based methods for conjunction propagation for English. We show that learning propagation rules is more effective than hand-designing heuristic rules. When using automatic parses, our neural graph-parser based edge predictor outperforms the currently predominant pipelines using a basic-layer tree parser plus converters.
The aim of this paper is to offer an insight into the semantic roles of adverbials. The approach is mainly construed around the theory of adverb semantics propounded by Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvik (1985) – grammatical functions and the realisation of semantic roles. The theoretical approach is complemented by a practical analysis of adverbial phrases occurring in social interactions (as well as script-based stage directions) from the TV series “Friends”. The main method used is corpus analysis; in addition, a semi-automated identification of adverbs was performed using both quantitative and qualitative analyses. The tools used were ConcApp software, as well as electronic dictionaries and lexical databases. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of -ly adverbials in the script was carried out to establish certain patterns of adverb occurrence in social interaction. The results reveal a large proportion of subjuncts, in particular emphasisers, intensifier subjuncts and downtoners (approximator) (in Greenbaum et al.’s taxonomy), or, in other taxonomies, speaker-oriented (Jackendoff 1972) / sentence adverbs (Swan 1988) / stance adverbs – attitude and epistemic (Biber et al. 1999). A second important finding is that the –ly adverbs used in this sitcom display high polysemy, including some novel semantic uses peculiar to present-day US English.
Labeling data can be an expensive task as it is usually performed manually by\ndomain experts. This is cumbersome for deep learning, as it is dependent on\nlarge labeled datasets. Active learning (AL) is a paradigm that aims to reduce\nlabeling effort by only using the data which the used model deems most\ninformative. Little research has been done on AL in a text classification\nsetting and next to none has involved the more recent, state-of-the-art Natural\nLanguage Processing (NLP) models. Here, we present an empirical study that\ncompares different uncertainty-based algorithms with BERT$_{base}$ as the used\nclassifier. We evaluate the algorithms on two NLP classification datasets:\nStanford Sentiment Treebank and KvK-Frontpages. Additionally, we explore\nheuristics that aim to solve presupposed problems of uncertainty-based AL;\nnamely, that it is unscalable and that it is prone to selecting outliers.\nFurthermore, we explore the influence of the query-pool size on the performance\nof AL. Whereas it was found that the proposed heuristics for AL did not improve\nperformance of AL; our results show that using uncertainty-based AL with\nBERT$_{base}$ outperforms random sampling of data. This difference in\nperformance can decrease as the query-pool size gets larger.\n
This research is aimed to describe the language attitude of the people of Mandar, a migrant community in Desa Baharu Utara, Kotabaru Regency. The community group chosen as the object of the research is the young generation (Generasi Muda or GM) of Mandar. Therefore, the respondents are 40 people in various age groups consisting of children, adolescents, and adults with an age range of 6-45 years. Data collection of language attitudes was carried out using a questionnaire which was supported by field observations at the research location. It was found on the research location that GM is more proficient in Banjarese Language (Bahasa Banjar or BB) than Mandar (Bahasa Mandar or BM). This is based on the reality that BB is a local language with high prestige. On the other hand, BB has a strategic role as a lingua franca, which is the language of communication between ethnic groups in the Kotabaru area. Meanwhile, BM, which is the language of minority migrants from West Sulawesi, tends to be pushed by BB's domination because it has lost its prestige. As a result, BM experiences a shift from time to time which is feared to lead to extinction. The shift occurs at various linguistic levels, both phonemes, morphemes, and lexicon. The results of field observations indicate that the older generation (Generasi Tua or GT) has a more positive attitude towards BM than the GM of Mandar. The language attitudes include 1) pride in using BM, 2) loyalty to BM related to the level of frequency of using BM, and 3) awareness of BM norms related to linguistic norms and social norms related to BM usage situations and domains of use BM.
Purpose and tasks. The purpose is to actualize the linguistic heritage of S. Karavanskyi as a basis for further prescriptive linguistic research. Among the tasks is the analysis of spelling and lexicographic codification in the works of a linguist. The object of our study is the linguistic heritage of Sviatoslav Karavanskyi, who after more than 30 years of Moscow-Stalin concentration camps and 37 years of American emigration carried, preserved and motivated the specific linguistic norm of the constantly destroyed Ukrainian language and its native speakers. The subject of our research is spelling and lexicographic codification of the first third of the XX-XXI century in the works of S. Karavanskyi. When processing the material, we use the analytical and descriptive method. Conclusions and prospects of the study. Spelling issues in the works of S. Karavanskyi have a substantiated ideological basis, which is to reflect the spelling of specific rather than assimilative (“destructive”) features caused by the occupation and totalitarian regime of the 30-80s of the XX century. Spelling assimilation and the necessity to remove it is to change the phonetic-morphological and syntactic structure of the Ukrainian language, in particular phonetic, morphological, word-formation and syntactic changes. The lexicographic codification of the linguist is evidenced by his two fundamental works: “Practical Dictionary of Synonyms of the Ukrainian Language” and “RussianUkrainian Dictionary of Complex Vocabulary”. The main methodological basis for compiling these dictionaries is the specificity of Ukrainian vocabulary in its resistance to codification in dictionaries of “pseudo-language” imposed on Ukrainians during the ethnocide policy and exposing Soviet lexicography as the main “tool of Ukrainian linguicide”. Among the prospects of our study is a holistic linguistic and political portrait of a linguist and socio-political figure.