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16504 papers
This paper describes the system developed by the Laboratoire d'analyse statistique des textes (LAST) for the Lexical Complexity Prediction shared task at SemEval-2021. The proposed system is made up of a LightGBM model fed with features obtained from many word frequency lists, published lexical norms and psychometric data. For tackling the specificity of the multi-word task, it uses bigram association measures. Despite that the only contextual feature used was sentence length, the system achieved an honorable performance in the multi-word task, but poorer in the single word task. The bigram association measures were found useful, but to a limited extent.
Category verbal fluency tasks, where participants are asked to produce words according to a semantic category, are typically noun-based (e.g., animals). While insights about the integrity and retrieval of semantic knowledge have been obtained by analyzing the ordinal variances of word production in these noun-based fluency tasks, focusing exclusively on noun categories ignores the semantic knowledge contributed by other semantic/grammatical categories, especially verbs. To better understand the representational differences of nouns and verbs within the mental lexicon, the current study conducted and contrasted different noun- and verb-based fluency tasks. By analyzing the use of different lexical information sources, including word frequency, and context and order similarity derived from a computational model of lexical semantics (BEAGLE; Jones & Mewhort, 2007), and the use of perceptual information derived from the recently released sensorimotor norms (Lynott, Connell, Brysbaert, Brand, & Carney, 2020), it was found that these information sources consistently distinguished noun and verb retrieval, signaling the underlying distributional and sensorimotor representational differences for these two semantic/grammatical categories. The results demonstrate the essential and integral role that distributional and grounded/embodied models play in understanding language and cognition, and highlight the usefulness of verbal fluency tasks in exploring theoretical questions in memory and psycholinguistics.
In this paper we describe our participation in the Lexical Complexity Prediction (LCP) shared task of SemEval 2021, which involved predicting subjective ratings of complexity for English single words and multi-word expressions, presented in context. Our approach relies on a combination of distributional models, both context-dependent and contextindependent, together with behavioural norms and lexical resources.
The present investigative approach proposes an analysis of insults from a socio-, psycho- and pragmalinguistic perspective, aiming to reveal the complex character of this type of communication. Given that insults, as reactive acts of speech, are dependent on both the intentions of the speaker and the way the receiver decodes the statement, we suggested a classification based on the illocutionary point (motivated insults—with negative or positive illocutionary point—and unmotivated insults) and on the propositional content (direct insults—within this category, we analyzed the lexical innovations generated by the Covid-19 pandemic, especially the dysphemic use of the participle (substantivized) adjective covidat—and indirect insults). Although the oral communication provides the necessary data for the manifestation of insults, in addition to the sequences selected from TV shows, we chose messages written on various social networking sites and excerpts from online forums. Under the protection of anonymity, users are uninhibited and they violate socially imposed linguistic norms without fear of being held accountable for their actions.
Ambiguity is one of fundamental properties of any language. The emergence of polysemy is connected with the result of the natural language development and the conditions for its functioning as a means of communication. Existing at various linguistic levels: lexical, grammatical, syntactic, homonymy can be the basis of ambiguity. Lexical and grammatical homonyms appearing in the process of the his-torical development of the language reduce the number of linguistic forms, give the expressiveness to the utterance and can be the basis for creating texts based on a play on words. However, semantic homonymy can make it difficult to understand state-ments, especially when translating jokes into another language. Recreating a pun, translators can make typical mistakes reproducing literally the semantics of the core elements, then it can lead to a violation of the norms of the target language, and the creation of texts that are beyond the understanding of the recipients. The ambiguity arising at the syntactic level is the implementation of such a non-standard connection of words in a sentence as a two-way communication, in which a word or phrase is subordinate not to one, but several dominants simultane-ously. This type of homonymy is presented in two varieties of homonyms: structural homonyms, which, being subordinate to any of several possible dominants, not only do not change the meaning of the utterance, but also give the speech more expressiveness, and syntactic homonyms, which make the addressee choose one of several possible meanings of the utterance. It is this kind of syntactic homonymy that is a negative phenomenon that impedes the process of communication, and, therefore, in need of elimination. This article examines the influence of syntactic and semantic homonymy on the process of speech perception. The paper points out the positive and negative as-pects of semantic ambiguity that affects the understanding of statements when creat-ing puns and translating them from Russian into English, examines the reasons for the emergence of syntactic homonyms in the Russian language, proves the patterns functionality of the text initial perception based on the rules of semantic combination of words.
This sociolinguistic study explores lexical innovations and variation in the lexemes of Nigerian English formed during the COVID-19Pandemic. The emergence and spread of the virus have significantly altered the societal norm to becoming what is called the new normal. The Nigerian linguistic landscape is not spared from the impact caused by the virus. Some new words peculiar to Covid-19 have been introduced into the day to day use of Nigerian English (NE) in some sectors of the society, such as education, social media, health, religion, and markets. There have also been lexical innovations as well as variations in the use of these vocabularies. Using the variationist model, this research investigates these COVID-19 vocabularies and how factors such as region, class, and situational contexts bring about linguistic variations in daily use. In doing this, it identifies and compiles the lexemes as being used and also describes their contextual usages in Nigerian English. This study adopts a descriptive survey design and collects data using questionnaires from two hundred Nigerian English speakers in SouthwestNigeria. The research shows that NE speakers use diverse morphological processes to create new lexemes based on the COVID-19 context. It also produces a COVID-19 vocabulary corpus that reveals Nigerian speakers’ linguistic and innovative ability of the English language and the effect of social experiences on language use. It will also help provide the correct contextual meanings of the new words related to COVID-19.
The system of French accentuation is a relevant case of a language change, observable in a relatively short period of time in a stable synchrony. Since the mid-twentieth century, the formation of linguistic norms has largely depended on a specific type of utterance, media discourse, continually available in spoken audio-visual media. The impact of spoken media on the development of linguistic expression in the last few decades is unprecedented in language history. It is based on a communicational model in which speech is produced by a single speaker and instantly perceived by a multitude of receivers who have no possibility of intervening in the communicational process. Thus the receivers are passively exposed to an exclusive speaker and to language strategies conceived by the media and its linguistic authority. The analysis of two professional spoken interventions, uttered on French television, shows an important modification of the traditional accentual system: conserving the final accent (FA), the speakers systematically introduce an initial accent (IA), a landmark in the evolution of the French language and its normative features. The IA affects the first syllable of a stressed lexeme or the first syllable of an extended accentual unit, regardless of the syntactic function of the stressed morpheme. The FA is operated by the intonational action, while the IA seems to be realized by an accentual augmentation of vocal intensity. The automatism of lexical stressing is generating a systematic accentuation of the first syllable of the accentual unit. The IA mostly affects lexemes that speakers insist on because of their informative value (numerals, adverbs, proper names), but an important part of IA concerns different proclytics, such as deictic elements, articles and determinants. Accentual limitation of the unit on both sides is a specific feature of the speech in French audio-visual media. In recent decades it has found its echo in the normative speech of French linguistic communities.
The article deals with lexical and phraseological means as representatives of expressiveness. The importance of the study is due to the fact that the analysis of expressive lexical and phraseological means allows to interpret in detail the intentions of the author and understand the principles of thinking of the writer. The study of the communicative-pragmatic meaning of utterances is extremely important within sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics. The aim of the work is to trace the peculiarities of the realization of expressiveness at the lexical-phraseological level and to determine the dominant functions of expressive units in the book “Samovchytel hrafomana»” [“Graphoman’s self-study»] by A. Sanchenko. Expressiveness is a complex category that actively functions in linguistics and manifests its power in a large number of linguistic tools, techniques, signs. Expressiveness has the ability to activate cognitive process, show various plans of relationships, motivate to action. The text is written in a language that, of course, focuses on literary norms, but the author avoids excessive use of vocabulary that performs only a cognitive-informative function. It was found that in the analyzed text colloquial, abusive and slang vocabulary performs expressive-emotional, evaluative, character-creating functions and explicitly or implicitly reproduces the ironic-humorous effect. The choice of the expressive vocabulary depends on the micro-topic, within which specific images and situations are presented. The phraseological units in an unchanged and transformed form reproduce the leading intentions of the author: irony, informing, mostly disapproving attitude to human behavior. Phraseological units are divided into two groups according to the level of expressiveness: 1) phraseological units that function with an unchanged structure and reproduce traditional ideas about the world of things and people in the work; 2) transformed phraseological units, the semantic field of which is loaded with the subjective assessment of the writer. It is established that lexical and phraseological expressions appeal to the emotional and sensory sphere of recipients, release a powerful suggestive influence. The analyzed expressive means can be investigated in more detail on the basis of known claims about implicit and explicit expressiveness, strong and weak stance of expressiveness.
In recent decades, the greatest attention in research on cognitive linguistics is paid to the concept and study of the means of its verbalization in different languages. Linguists believe that "among the universal concepts can be attributed the “ DISEASE" concept, which reflects the universal and national-specific (social, ethical, moral) ideas about the phenomenon of disease". The article considers the problem of conceptualization of the "DISEASE" concept in English and the means of its verbalization. The author considers the specifics of lexical units that represent this concept by means of the English language. The relevance of the study lies in the need to specify the data on the verbalization of the "DISEASE" concept by the English language means, as consideration of the specifics of verbalization of this concept has not been given sufficient attention. The purpose of the article is to analyze the peculiarities of verbalization of the “ DISEASE" concept in the English-language picture of the world. Materials and methods of research. The use of descriptive and comparative methods, etymological and contextual analysis contributed to the selection of semantic and cognitive features of the concept of "DISEASE", substantiation of the peculiarities of its verbalization. The material for the study were dictionary articles from dictionaries, texts of medical discourse, the work of foreign researchers on this issue. R esults of the research. The author identifies the three most common units in the lexical-semantic series of the concept of disease: "disease", "illness", "sickness". A comparative analysis of these tokens within the lexical-semantic field "disease" in English showed that they have a common semantic feature - "health problems, physiological or mental problems." Considering the concept of "DISEASE" on a naive level, we can say that a naive native speaker (not a specialist in medicine) uses language units to express and describe their health, and in his lexicon the terms "illness", "sickness" prevail. In scientific texts and specialized dictionaries, which are focused on medical professionals, the dominant number of diseases is expressed by the unit "disease". Сonclusions. Thus, despite the fact that all three considered tokens "disease", "illness" and "sickness" have a clear semantic similarity to the concept of "disease" in the context of the cognitive feature of "state of illness, physiological or mental distress", their peculiarity in the English medical discourse is obvious and is determined by the nominative smallness in the linguistic picture of the world. Summarizing all the above, the lexical-semantic field of the "disease" concept in English medical discourse can be considered as follows: the token "sickness" is a social construct of disease that passes through the medical system (token "disease") and shows the suffering of the patient illness”), which is associated with social norms and cultural values.
The study of idiom as a separate unit by Ukrainian scholars marks the beginning of its general linguistic interpretation. In this regard, it is established that the completeness of fixing its linguistic data (e.g. corpus approach), verification of linguistic fact and modern methodological approach to it based on models and generalizations will provide from specialized to interscientific interpretation of idiom in the system of language knowledge. Idiom as a language system has a number of features - structure, normative, systematic organization, etc. - similar to the language system in general, which is determined by the internal laws of the idiom, dialect norm or immanent essence of language. The idiom system organizationally consists of units – the idiomеms - significant units of speech as linguistic facts. To study them, it is appropriate to allocate a special section of dialectology - idiomology, which is devoted to a comprehensive study of speech as a language system with all its conceptual apparatus in metalanguage linguistics, methodology and empirical fund. The fixation of idiom data cannot be differential or in some way limited by other factors. The scientific approach is provided only by the completeness of fixing the vocabulary of the dialect in a certain period. Based on substance, the structure of the idiom system is a comprehensive network of relations between all its elements at different language levels (phonetic, grammatical, lexical). The structure of idiom as a language system can be realized in the description of speech linguistics in the context of monodialectal research, which is, on the one hand, a way to justify its status as a unit of dialect microsystem, and on the other - to clarify its ontological features and pragmatics of speech as a language system in metalanguage linguistics.
Developing communicative competence of future teachers majoring in non-linguistic specialities is a priority of the progressive educational paradigm. Nowadays in linguodidactics the perfect mastery of professional communicative skills, the skill of text creation in different discourse conditions is especially relevant. Taking into account the linguistic and didactic characteristics of higher education seekers is the basis for the development of public communication skills that correlate with the requirements of the time, the needs of society, the tasks of modern education.
 Substantiation of the phenomenon of “public communication” in terms of linguistic didactics is important for the development of guidelines, concepts and models for teaching the theory and practice of public communication, for the selection of effective methods and techniques. Speech is a necessary basis for thinking. Public communication especially foregrounds significant mental-speech operations: analysis, synthesis, abstraction, concretization, reproduction of material, text creation. The method of developing public communication skills focuses on solving problems related to the perception of educational material, awareness of the essence of rhetorical concepts, text creation. Effectiveness is ensured by synergy with psychological research on the patterns of mental operations that underlie the perception, memorization and reproduction of prepared material. Approaches to the development of public communication skills are largely based on well-known ancient theories, including those based on folk speech culture. The analysis of the basic concepts of classical rhetoric and practice of public communication (logos, ethos, pathos and topos) require innovative methodological and methodical elaboration and directing at the communicative competence of the contemporary teacher majoring in non-linguistic specialities.
 The character of the linguistic personality is determined by typical communicative national features, existing in the form of thought forms / formulas, concepts, value lexical and semantic dominants. The university should ideally mould a speaker ready for different types of public communication, to create a discourse in any time and space, who knows language norms and communicative qualities of oral and written speech as indicators of speech culture, text technology, speech etiquette. Age features, openness to the perception of information, self-expression in competitive speech situations, ambition, search for authority, the desire to overcome negative stereotypes in the perception of the teaching profession are the very linguistic and didactic aspects that should be relied on while working on communicative competence. We see the prospect of further research in the development of a system of work on the development of the idiosyncrasy of public communication which underlies the formation of a personal brand of the teacher.
Clinical assessments of speech-perception difficulties involve speech-in-noise tests in which individuals recognize words (or sentences) at varying signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Words are presented in lists that have been balanced based on their phonetic properties or on their average intelligibility in quiet from norming studies. Such list-wise balancing presumably allows for generalizations to be drawn about the difficulty of an SNR irrespective of word-level difficulty. However, differences in the lexical properties of items (e.g., lexical frequency) may yield substantial variability in how hard individuals work to recognize each word, especially in poorer SNRs. To demonstrate the impact of word-level factors on assessments of listening difficulty, I will present the results of a study with 26 younger, normal-hearing adults. Participants recognized 160 monosyllabic words in noise from the Northwestern University Auditory Test Number Six (NU-6) in acoustically and cognitively demanding conditions. Multilevel models simultaneously assessed word-level (lexical frequency) and participant-level effects on a dual-task measure of listening effort. Results revealed interactions among acoustic, lexical, and cognitive demands on effort, even for items that were correctly identified. These findings highlight the importance of considering item-level difficulty on speech recognition tests even when using normed speech materials. [This work is supported by NIH/NIDCD R03DC015059.]
The article deals with interpretation of gender problems in amateur criticism of the German language. The goal of the study is to define specific features of gender-fair language forms, to detect the arguments of the discussion members as well as their linguistic explanation, and to consider the means of assessment used in discussion about gender-fair language. The materials examined were taken from German online-media for the period 2017 to 2021. The main research method is multifaceted discourse analysis which considers the trans-textual situation, intra-textual features and positions of the actors. The study is based on the achievements of feministic and gender linguistics. Examining gender-fair lexical units demonstrates their heterogeneity in form (natural and man-made) and content (gender specific and gender neutral). The arguments of the discussion members deal with important language problems, such as the possibility of a conscious change of language forms, the influence of language changes on the non-linguistic reality, understanding of grammar categories (gender of nouns), communicative function of the language, and problems of practical usage of language forms: intelligibility, reproducibility, compliance with mental and ethical norms. The analysis of evaluative vocabulary and keywords demonstrates conventionality and the reserve of assessments given by supporters of gender-fair language as well as the emotionality and figurativeness of assessments provided by opponents. The study of gender problems in amateur language criticism and their linguistic comprehension contributes to the development of modern scientific language criticism.
The article analyzes the problems that arise when teaching students of economic specialties, in particular: limited lexical components, ignorance of professional terminology, lack of communication skills, psychological and communicative barriers. Violation of the norms of the Ukrainian language use is outlined. The theoretical basis was the work of linguistic didactics, who emphasized that business language is a dynamic phenomenon that a specialist must constantly study, while researching and improving their own competencies. It is noted that the program in the discipline "Ukrainian for professional purposes" should acquaint students with the basics of professional language culture, the specifics of oral and written modern literary language, direct to study the terminology of the chosen specialty, develop skills in modern documentation and motivate to improve language and speech competencies. A list of tasks that can be used during practical classes to avoid errors is identified. Such tasks included: memorizing the correct accents of both professional terms and words of common vocabulary; work with texts, namely: elimination of lexical errors by choosing the right option; correction of spelling errors in the given texts; placement of missing punctuation marks in texts of official business, journalistic and scientific styles and their fragments; selection of Ukrainian equivalents to words of foreign origin; determining the correct endings in the genitive case of nouns; ability to translate narrow and interdisciplinary terminology into Ukrainian; preparation of professional documents. An important stage of language training of specialists in economic specialties is the knowledge and observance of the modern Ukrainian literary language norms in both oral and written speech. It is also pointed out that students should be aware that studying the state language is closely related to their personality and interests, and not to the methods and teaching aids used by the teacher. Keywords: norms of modern literary language, oral professional speech, professional culture, culture of professional speech, language training of students, teaching aids.
The article analyzes the A. Krymskyi’s codification works in the context of the linguistic heritage of Ukrainian linguists of the late XIX – early XX centuries. The formation of Ukrainian educational institutions prompted linguists to create educational language codes. And the school was a testing area for newly created prescriptions. Theoretical and practical problems of formation of literary standard in connection with tendencies of prescriptive norm are actualized, bases of scientific proof in grammar of historical antiquity, originality of phonetic, lexical and morphological systems of Ukrainian language, evidence of its own way of formation, dialectal variety and scales of functioning are clarified. The source base of codification codes were the language of writers, ethnographic sources, journalistic practice in the projection on the living vernacular. Tendencies of normalization depended on socio-political conditions, the need to justify the status of the Ukrainian language, bringing it to a new cultural level and manifested themselves in the activation of their own internal language resources, fixation of lexical-semantic, grammatical, functional perfection. This statement was indisputable due to the united normative activity of many other linguists, who laid the theoretical foundations for the establishment of the literary norm of the Ukrainian language in all spheres of public life. Issues of Ukrainian rule-making were raised in the late XIX – early XX centuries intensified intralinguistic potential, helped to find acceptable for the whole Ukrainian space literary samples, outlined trends in language development, encouraged future generations of linguists to solve theoretical and practical problems that have not lost their relevance today.
This article is devoted to the analysis of the evolution of the linguistic views of A. Krymskyi in the process of his scientific communication with B. Grinchenko, P. Zhytetskyi and I. Franko (late XIX – early XX centuries). Different contradictory moments in the scientific researches of linguists from the different regions of Ukraine during the period of formation of the Ukrainian literary language were revealed. Various issues of linguistic discussions during the late XIX – early XX centuries, in which prominent linguists from Galicia and Upper Dnieper Ukraine participated, are characterized. In this context, the most interesting in terms of coverage of various linguistic problems was the correspondence of A. Krymskyi with B. Grinchenko, which lasted for seventeen years (1891–1908). The attitude of scholars to the formation of the criteria of literary word usage and principles of language formation is clarified. It was found out that the main criteria for correct word usage for linguists of Upper Dnieper Ukraine was the presence of a word in the vernacular language and in literary texts, which is confirmed by the materials of the first academic Russian-Ukrainian dictionary edited by A. Krymskyi (1924–1933) and the Dictionary of Ukrainian language compiled by B. Grinchenko (1907–1909). The scientific value of different linguistic ideas expressed by these scholars in their epistolary, especially on the usage of individual words and grammatical forms, as well as the ways of development of Ukrainian literary language, was noted. Their views on formation of the single version of literary language based on the language use of Upper Dnieper Ukraine are outlined. The desire of these linguists to promote the unification of the norms of the Ukrainian language through the creation of grammatical and lexicographical works is characterized. Based on the analysis of epistolary texts by A. Krymskyi and B. Grinchenko, it is stated out that their ideas contributed to the emergence of valuable grammatical and lexicographical works that contain huge lexical and phraseological material from the Ukrainian classical literature and folklore sources. The fruitful scientific and literary work of these scholars became an integral component of the process of development and unification of literary norms of Ukrainian language.
The paper highlights major challenges in writing academic essays. The article reveals the role of essay writing in studying, communication, creating and conveying information. The work on an academic essay requires development of three types of competences – metalinguistic, communicative and discourse competence. Difficulties in writing essays emerge when learners fail to recognize essential text properties – text cohesion and coherence, informativeness and modality. Lack of a deep analysis of the subject under study, superficial conclusions and poor analytical skills result in producing a one-dimensional, linear text. Insufficiently reasoned structure elements of the text can sometimes provoke learners to provide examples contrary to the topic sentence. The main way of solving this problem is making a logical and structural scheme, – an outline, before starting to write the text. It is equally important to follow the principle of ordering information, organizing the material in a certain succession, keeping the line of reasoning throughout the text. Learners can choose a relevant way of information organization – cause and effect, chronological, spacial and thematic. The article contains examples of exercises aimed at choosing an appropriate way of representing information and exercises for developing discourse competence. Another category of difficulties embraces lexical and stylistic, grammar and spelling mistakes. These errors deal with the operational dimension of the text and their prevention requires developing necessary competencies by doing special exercises to improve the technical aspects of writing. Writing an essay implies keeping to the language norms, grammar and stylistic accuracy. Scientific and research papers are characterized by developed syntactic constructions, complex sentences with clauses of cause and result, abstract vocabulary, while colloquial words and expressions must be omitted. Academic essay is viewed as a product of analytical research work, as a multidimensional text that integrates operational, cultural and critical components. The content of the academic text depends primarily on the depth of information analysis and its critical comprehension. The profound research work triggers the generation of new ideas. Regular and stage-by-stage work on writing the academic essay promotes the development of academic literacy skills. In addition, writing essays helps to train analytical and metalinguistic skills, shapes a personality, capable of thinking critically and articulating ideas.
This article is devoted to filling the lexical gaps in the Uzbek language with dialectisms. The article shows the norms and criteria for enriching lexical gaps in modern Uzbek literary language with dialectics. The mechanisms of application of these criteria are explained by examples. These principles are specific to most languages and are formed in a particular language on the basis of the literary norms of that language. In the course of the research, the gaps identified in the process of comparing the lexicon of the Uzbek literary language and folk dialects were analyzed. That is, the idea of literaryizing dialectisms that express concepts that are lexical lacunae in literary language was considered. Dialectisms common in the Turkic-Kaltatay dialect have been studied to delineate and define the object of study. The meaning of dialectisms deemed appropriate for literaryization is explained and sentences related to their application are given. It is based on the need to introduce dialectisms, which are actively used in folk dialects, into the lexicon of literary language. Recommendations were made to continue working in this direction. In conclusion, it is emphasized that serious attention should be paid to filling lexical gaps with dialectics in order to maintain the purity of language and ensure its development.
Refining activities Legal Studies as a science that is sui generis, in the end, have exposed a pattern of reasoning and legal arguments against the concrete fact to be very rigid and lexical. In fact, law that emerges from a social agreement and grows together with the development of society, has taken a distance (distantiation) from society, which is the origin of the growth of the law itself. It is Pierre-Felix Bourdieu who argues that every social praxis (action) - including the behavior of law enforcers, will always produce knowledge based on legal norms and power - as capital, through the absorption of values that internalize in themself (habitus). This research is a normative legal research with a statutory approach, a conceptual approach, a semiotic approach, and a critical discourse analysis approach. The results of this study indicate the consequences that occur through symbolic domination as doxa to defend the interests of the executive law enforcement agency.
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The language of diplomacy, being a kind of official style that performs an important function in public relations between people, is reflected in international relations in the political, cultural, economic and social spheres. This is his extralinguistic feature, which distinguishes diplomatic discourse from other styles, in particular, from other forms of business style. Although the discourse of diplomacy is largely characteristic of the business style, in the individual discourse of a diplomat speaking to the people, there are elements of a conversational style in a communicative situation. This fact is the object of the article’s research. The article examines the directions of studying the concepts of «discourse», «diplomatic discourse», «language of diplomacy», gives an overview of the works of Kazakh, European, Russian scientists, defines the pragmatics of the conversational style in the diplomat’s discourse by lexical and grammatical linguistic units, other linguistic phenomena. As a result of linguistic analysis, it is assumed that the manifestation of the conversational style in the diplomat’s discourse increases the degree of intelligibility to the addressee of such features characteristic of this discourse as the sanctity of the profession, which has the character of serving the state, special personnel and organizational structural management, diplomatic ethics and norms of behavior prescribed by the protocol, a significant amount of professional terminology, special forms of professional communication. The article also gives the discourse of the two diplomats and indicates their linguistic peculiarities.
E-mail correspondence between teachers and students is common. Online communication provides students with possibilities to write to teachers directly, using a diverse level of knowledge, level of ignorance and personal beliefs. The aim of this paper is to answer whether culture and cultural dimensions (defined by Hofstede’s high and low Power Distance dimension) influence the professional correspondence between teachers and students. The small-scale corpus consists of 100 e-mails, 50 written by Slovene students in English or Slovene, and 50 by Serbian students in Serbian or English. The research investigates the choice of e-mail template, the choice of language (native tongue or language of instructions), and the norms related to politeness and power distance, with the focus on salutations, formality, polite expressions, and directness. Usage of lexical modifiers, such as downtoners, upstaters and hedges will also be investigated. The results will demonstrate that e-mails by Slovene students follow new cultural standards and have become more indirect and informal, while Serbian students write e-mails with formal salutations and direct requests following the inherited hierarchy and still unmodified cultural dimensions.
Rusanivskyi’s scientific works on grammar, lexicology, lexicography, spelling, history of Ukrainian literary language, sociolinguistics, as well as philosophy of language, theoretical and practical issues of Slavic studies represent the level of development of Ukrainian linguistics of the second half of XX – early XXI century. The overarching idea of the author’s research is the search for new aspects of language cognition due to the ontological and epistemological nature of this object. The first studies are devoted to the history of the Ukrainian language, namely the study of grammatical categories of type and time in the Ukrainian language of the XVI – XVII centuries. In the landmark work “Structure of the Ukrainian verb” on a large factual material, the researcher traced the structural changes (variance of the morpheme composition) of verbs in different time sections of the Ukrainian language. The most expressive among the constants of the linguist’s scientific style is attention and constant reference to lexical semantics, to the meaning of a word in a dictionary and in specific texts. The author traces and theoretically substantiates the tendencies of movement in the immanent semantic structure of the vocabulary of each natural language. It is this tendency that explains V.M. Rusanivskyi’s constant appeal to the structural-semantic analysis of T. Shevchenko’s dictionary of language, to the disclosure of the semantic depth of the word in his texts. Without claiming a comprehensive analysis of the constants of Rusanivskyi’s scientific style, we emphasize the heuristic value of the following authorial concepts: a) representation of grammatical categories of verbs as the unity of form and meaning of a language unit; b) the interaction of lexical and grammatical semantics at all levels of language structure; c) constructive interaction of functional and expressive styles in the history of literary language; d) the history of the formation of the literary norm of the Ukrainian language; e) development of the Ukrainian literary language in the context of system-structural, functional-communicative and extralingual factors.
Language as a complex unity consists of language and speech and the levels of norms that connect them. Linguistic units are connected in speech not only on the basis of sequence, but also under the influence of pragmatic factors, the specific situation and environment of speech, the state of the speaker and the listener act as a factor that characterizes the linguistic unit.\n\nAs any linguistic unit occurs in speech, first of all, its general linguistic essence is determined by other adjacent linguistic factors. In particular, the sememas of polysemantic lexemes differ under the influence of morphological and syntactic levels and “prepare” for occuring in speech. The speech situation gives it additional nuances, sometimes when morphological and syntactic (linguistic) factors are "weak", their function is taken over by pragmatic factors - linguistic factors are accompanied by pragmatic (pragmatic) factors.\n\nWhile any morphological form occuring in speech, the semantic essence of the lexeme it forms (lexical factor), the other word form (syntactic factor) combined with the formed word play an important role. But these factors can never occur without a pragmatic factor - they cannot be free from it.\n\nSince speech has a systemic (integrity) nature, its components are also of a systemic nature. There is a social need for the formation of a new linguistic direction specializing in the systematic study of the interaction of linguistic levels and pragmatic factors, which have a nature of systemic construction, in the process of formation and expression of thought, the consistent and vivid systematization of each component of speech.
The study focuses on speech patterns typically used in litigation documents issued at the stage of criminal proceeding initiation and pre-trial investigation, which belong to the genre of decree. It is stated that Russian Federation Criminal Procedure Code and most of the Comments to it lack any language requirements to the text organization in these litigation documents. The article is aimed at defining characteristics of the decree genre structure; in particular, lexical and grammatical means that are used in decree texts are equated to the language norms. Some most frequent cases of lexical compatibility violation within set expressions and cliché of litigation documents and their combinations are detected. The author adheres to the opinion that language norms violations may have legal consequences in qualifying offenses and their types. The analysis of syntactic structure of sentences reveals that there is no distinction in the linguistic category of event completeness, in the texts they are presented as hypothetical events. Several aspects of modality in decree texts are studied. The author lays down some requirements on composing a narrative part of the decree as a forensic genre, makes an assertion that it is time to formulate some firm linguistic criteria of decree documentation organization and indicate the consent on expediency of linguistic expertize.
The work is study demonstrates a trend to colloquialization and increase of expression language in modern Ukrainian newspaper text and determines the stylistic potential of jargon and slang elements. The newspaper text of socio-political direction is and remains the basic component of the media. Despite the powerful development of modern media such as the Internet, television, radio, the newspaper remains one of the types of informative sources, if not in paper, then electronically. Struggling for their existence, for circulation and accessibility, journalists seek to make the language of presentation interesting, original, emotionally colored. One of the methods of updating, modernizing the newspaper text was the use of professional vocabulary to reflect contemporary socio-political realities on both the Ukrainian and world scale. The use of term units outside the language of science, the transfer of elements of scientific style to journalism provokes their lexical, semantic modifications under the influence of external and intra-language factors. The term “terminology”, which many modern researchers use, today has considerably expanded its scope. In addition to naming the concepts of a particular scientific field, it denotes the term units used outside the terminology field in an unusual context for them, as well as professional vocabulary (professionalism, professional jargon, terminologized jargon) and nomen. Conversational-reduced vocabulary and terminological vocabulary are united by a common function – to convey the desired opinion to the consumer of information as clearly as possible. Widespread use of colloquial vocabulary to denote various spheres of society contributes to the strengthening of the expressive function in modern newspaper texts. In recent years, the expressive function of the Ukrainian press has significantly increased. The newspaper text is quantitatively dominated by colloquial tokens to denote persons by type of activity, certain professional abilities, interests, social status or belonging to a certain ideological, socio-political direction, military, public organization or group. Stylistically reduced lexical units add a taste of oral communication to the language of modern periodicals, give it expressiveness, simplicity, casual character, emotional coloring, add notes of sarcasm, familiarity, sharpness, but often shake lexical norms, actualize language vulgarity. Term vocabulary became the basis for the emergence and dissemination of spoken vocabulary in the language of the press
Understanding Dialogue: Language Use and Social Interaction represents a departure from classic theories in psycholinguistics and cognitive sciences; instead of taking as a starting point the isolated speech of an individual that can be extended to accommodate dialogue, a primary focus is put on developing a model adapted to dialogue itself, bearing in mind important aspects of dialogue as an activity with a heavily cooperative component. As a researcher of natural language processing with a background in linguistics, I find highly intriguing the possibilities provided by the dialogue model presented. Although the book does not itself touch upon the potential for automated dialogue, I am inevitably writing this review from the point of view of a computational linguist with these aspects in mind.Building on numerous previous works, including many of the authors’ own studies and theories, Understanding Dialogue presents the shared workspace framework, a framework for understanding not just dialogue but cooperative activities in general, of which dialogue is viewed as a subtype. Based on Bratman’s (1992) concept of shared cooperative activity, the framework provides a joint environment with which interlocutors can interact, both by contributing to the space (with actions or utterances for example), and by perceiving and processing their own or the other participants’ productions. The authors do not limit their work to linguistic communication: Many of their examples, particularly at the beginning of the book, are non-linguistic (e.g., hand shaking, dancing a tango, playing singles tennis); others are primarily physical, but will most likely also involve linguistic communication (such as jointly constructing flat-pack furniture); and others are purely linguistic (e.g., suggesting which restaurant to go to for lunch).The notion of alignment is highly important to this framework both from a linguistic and non-linguistic perspective, and is one of the main inspirations of the book, having previously been presented in Toward a Mechanistic Theory of Dialogue by the same authors. As individuals interact via the joint space, alignment concerns the equivalence in their representations at a conceptual level, with respect to their goals and relevant props in the shared environment (dialogue model alignment) and linguistic representations shared in the workspace (linguistic alignment). Roughly speaking, in this second (linguistic) case, this may for instance correspond to whether or not the individuals have the same representation of the utterance in terms of phonetics (were the sounds perceived correctly?) or in terms of lexical semantics (do they understand the same reference by the word uttered?). From here can be explained a number of different dialogue behaviors linked to the quest for alignment and the resolution of misalignment should it occur.The book is structured in four main parts, preceded by an Introduction presenting the challenges of dialogue and the main ideas behind the framework. The focus of the book is clearly stated from the beginning as being dialogue first, in a rejection of models that seek to study language primarily from a monologic point of view. As the authors point out, the notion of alignment underpinning the framework involves by its very nature multiple participants and therefore dialogic interactions must be studied in their own right. I shall provide only a brief summary of the four parts here, highlighting some components that in my view are key to the model, without however covering all themes, which would require a far more extensive description.Part I introduces the basis of the shared workspace framework as applied to activities with a cooperative component and then specifically to dialogue. The basic sender-receiver framework is quickly rejected, as it lacks the ability to represent certain key ele- ments of cooperative activities, such as allowing for feedback and representing an environment that is common to the participants. The shared workspace framework is then introduced, along with the four important characteristics of cooperative joint aspect systems that can be successfully illustrated with it: alignment (mentioned above), simulation (the representation of an activity without actually going through with it), prediction (the anticipation of participants’ behaviors), and synchrony (concerning the timing of behaviors in a joint activity), elements that are first studied in the context of joint activities in general (Chapter 3), before being reviewed specifically for dialogue (Chapter 4).Part II is dedicated to the aforementioned concept of alignment, fundamental to the framework of cooperative activity. The chapters in this section look at the distinction between the different levels at which alignment can occur, the processes involved, and the consequences of alignment, such as participants uttering similar linguistic productions. Another important notion introduced in this part is that of the meta-representation of alignment, which represents the participants’ belief about how aligned they are, which has inevitable consequences on how they then plan and implement their contributions.Part III continues with the theme of alignment but turns to aspects involving the efficiency of communication: succinctness of formulation (Chapter 8) and how we time our contributions (Chapter 9). Particularly interesting is the role of commentaries, which are contributions providing some sort of feedback on the alignment of participants and which can therefore affect the participants’ meta-representation of alignment. There is an important distinction between positive and negative commentaries, positive commentaries (such as “uh huh” in English) providing feedback that the speaker is aligned, therefore enabling the participants to meta-represent alignment, and negative ones (such as “huh?”) indicating a misalignment, but then enabling the participants to recover from that it. These commentaries contribute to the succinctness of dialogue and to maximizing the efficiency of joint participation by indicating meta-alignment. Finally, Chapter 9 discusses the notion of “speaking in good time,” related to the necessarily sequential nature of dialogue and the importance of timing, including the effects of different speech rates and the natural adaptation that occurs between interlocutors.Part IV looks beyond the main theme of dialogue to other forms of conversation, including multiparty conversations and collectives, exploring the possible roles of the different participants, and how this relates back to alignment and their contribution to the shared workspace. Also mentioned is monologue and the challenges that it poses with respect to the primary and more natural form of language communication that is dialogue. The final chapter introduces how the shared workspace can be augmented by adding props, illustrations, and recordings and by using alternative communicative tools, such as text messages and social media, which come with their own constraints with respect to the access they allow to the shared workspace.The description of the framework is thorough and well exemplified, with a continuity in the use of examples throughout the book. A repetition and embellishment of schemas helps to keep track of how the new additions from each chapter fit into the framework. I found some of the descriptions a little wordy, particularly because of the reiteration of definitions and motivations, and in the minutely detailed illustration of examples. However, from the point of view of pedagogy, this could be seen as adding clarity, particularly for the reader who decides to focus on particular chapters rather than reading the book from cover to cover. In my opinion, the book will be highly accessible to all readers, even those who have limited background on the topic, and the authors take care to make it clear how their framework and definitions agree with or differ from previous works.For me, there remain two main areas that could have been worthy of further exploration within the scope of this book. The first is the effect of cultural and linguistic differences. The authors do address the topic in Chapter 11, but in comparison with the detail afforded to the description of the framework, this subject remains rather lacking, with only a short section touching on it, under the the title of Social Norms and Joint Planning. The authors cite an interesting study by Fujii (2012) on the differences between American and Japanese speakers in terms of their use of language to foster alignment. However, this teaser does not lead on to a deeper discussion about cross-cultural differences as explained in terms of the concepts used in this framework. The second topic is the link to sign languages, which would appear to link more than perfectly with the shared workspace framework and yet is not mentioned by the authors.There is little doubt that the framework is an important step in modeling dialogue from a psycholinguistic perspective. As a researcher in natural language processing, I would be excited to see the the possibilities for this framework in a computational setting for automated dialogue, something that the authors mention in their conclusion. They evoke the failure of current chatbots such as Siri and Alexa to effectively dialogue due to their inability to provide commentary (e.g., in the context of an ambiguous question) and to meta-represent alignment (i.e., have an opinion on whether the representations of the dialogue participants are the same). They suggest that this framework could help provide the solution to the current disruptions in communication we meet when interacting with these systems. I therefore look forward to seeing what progress can be made from this point of view.
Situated in the wider framework of frame semantics, the paper employs an experimental approach involving a reaction time study to test the activation of semantic frames via semantic priming. Experiment 1 deals with the frame of journey and employs a lexical decision task in a reaction time paradigm, while Experiment 2 deals with the frame of conflict and uses a categorization task, also in a reaction time paradigm. Both experiments were designed in Open Sesame. Target stimuli were in Serbian, selected through a norming procedure involving prototypicality ratings on Likert scales. Additionally, identical filler items were included in both experiments. Priming was performed using lexical materials modified to facilitate the activation of the respective frames. The obtained results showed that there was no facilitation in the experimental group in Experiment 1 compared to the control group; however, in Experiment 2, we were able to identify facilitation in the experimental group in the main task, licensed by the initial priming. These results suggest that the lexical decision task has a reduced cognitive load compared to the categorization task, thereby overriding the priming condition. In effect, categorization task appears to be a more suitable procedure for testing semantic frame activation.
Age of acquisition refers to the age at which a specific word is learned for the first time. Research shows that age of acquisition is a significant variable in lexical processing tasks. The age of acquisition effect emerges from how information is stored and accessed in the brain and is used to seek answers to theoretical and practical research questions about the mind. For example, studies in the clinical psychology field show that the age of acquisition effect differs in participants with brain damage or neurological disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, aphasia, semantic dementia, and dyslexia) compared to participants without these disorders. Research in neuroscience shows that early and late acquired words are associated with different brain activations. Although it has a long and rich history in international literature, there are very few empirical studies on the age of acquisition effect in Turkish literature. In this review, basic findings and theories are discussed, and the subjective and objective procedures of collecting age of acquisition norms are presented comparatively. After examining the theoretical and methodological issues in the field, the application areas of the age of acquisition, including clinical psychology, neuroscience, and second language acquisition, are discussed, and suggestions for future studies are presented. Keywords: Age of acquisition, norm studies, dyslexia, neuroscience, second language acquisition
Rhetorical move analyses of research article (RA) abstracts have established variations across disciplines and cultures. However, there is still a need for more explorations on Applied Linguistics discipline. Comparing native and other group of non-native speakers of English, such as Filipino users of the language, has also been a neglect in research as far as the researcher’s knowledge is concerned. Hence, this study investigated the rhetorical moves in the RA abstracts of American and Filipino writers who are published in two journals related to Applied Linguistics field. The study also explored the lexical verbs underlying each move in all the abstracts. Each abstract was then segmented into moves. Findings revealed that the moves Situating the Research (STR), Presenting the Research (PTR), and Discussing the Research (DTR) were obligatorily used by both groups of writers, while the moves Describing the Methodology (DTM) and Summarizing the Findings (STF) were obligatory only among Filipinos and optional among Americans. Filipino writers appear to develop their own conventions deviating from Americans who are considered native speakers and norm providers. The results also amplify the existence of cultural differences even in abstract writing. Further, the study details lists of lexical verbs that may be used to realize a rhetorical intent of each move. Hence, academic writing instructions may be informed by the rhetorical and linguistic realizations unveiled in this study. Directions for future research are likewise provided.
The work is focused on specific underived nouns that are functioning in the Smolensk patois and in the Belarusian language at the present stage of the existence of these language systems and are quite close, but not identical formations in semantic and structural terms. The subject of the study is the volume of lexical meaning and potential derivational connections of nouns recorded in two synchronous language formations. The relevance of the study is determined by the complex history of the Russian and Belarusian borderland, which is reflected both in the Smolensk patois and in the Belarusian language, which had been created on the dialect basis. The vocabulary of the Russian and Belarusian borderland belongs to a single cultural and historical continuum de-termined by the history of the region, it reflects the diverse material and spiritual ties of the two language idioms’ speakers. The complexity of the historical relations between the two language systems, one of which is codified and has the status of an official language (Belarusian language), and the second exists only in an oral form and has a norm due to internal language laws of devel-opment (Smolensk patois), has led to the fact that when studying two language formations at the present stage, it is possible to speak not only about unambiguous types of relations between words, but also about peripheral types, about zones of various transitions, changes in lexical and grammatical semantics, which can potentially be points of development of two idioms in the future and are therefore valuable for study.
Introduction Pitch variation, which refers to one's ability to vary fundamental frequency (F0) within or between syllables when speaking, has not been investigated in children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). However, pitch variation plays an important role in tone languages, as varying F0 patterns communicate different lexical meanings. This study investigated pitch variation abilities in individuals with CAS via the tone-sequencing tasks (TSTs), focusing on task performance and the effects of syllable structure, lexical status, and tones. Method Three Cantonese-speaking children with CAS (aged 3;7-5;8 [years;months]) and six children without CAS participated in the study. Children without CAS were divided into two control groups, comprising those with speech and/or language impairment or typical development. TSTs consisted of 56 sets of five repetitions of stimuli. The stimuli varied in syllable structure, lexical status, and tones. Percentage of tones correct (PTC), consistency scores, F0 values, and acoustic repetition duration were measured. Results The CAS group performed more poorly than the control groups on the TST with respect to tone accuracy, consistency, and repetition duration. No interaction effects between group and syllable structure or group and lexical status were found. No significant difference was found on F0 values across time between Tone 1 and Tone 2 syllables in the CAS group. However, interaction effects between group and time points of F0 values on Tone 2 syllables were found. Discussion The results suggest that children with CAS have difficulty with pitch variation, which was revealed on the TST with respect to tone accuracy, consistency, and repetition duration. Moreover, children with CAS have difficulty in varying F0 values to produce high-rising tones and tend to use high-level tones to substitute. Clinically, the TST may be useful to assist in the diagnosis of CAS. Isolated vowel stimuli may be useful to test young children or children with severe impairment. Future investigations and development of a normed tool for children with CAS are suggested.
The article deals with the analysis of semantic compression application in popular English talk shows. The purpose of this paper is to define language compression, to outline the expediency of its use in English media discourse, to name ways of compression implementation in popular talk shows and to consider the level of influence of principle of linguistic efforts economy on achieving communicative goals between interlocutors. Basic information on the concept of linguistic compression and features of its use at different language levels, in particular phonetic, morphological, lexical, semantic and syntactic is presented. Linguistic compression is used in oral and written discourse, in formal and informal texts. The text gives valuable information on the structure and characteristics of media discourse, its grammatical, lexical and phonetic features. The article focuses on a detailed analysis of the main linguistic means that serve to reduce the symbolic structure of language, which leads to the brevity of expression, contains the data on key properties of linguistic compression that help make the text more concise. Special attention is paid to the phonetic methods of linguistic compression in English talk shows: it is manifested through such means as reduction, assimilation, loss, fusion and other processes. Among the syntactic means of compression, such methods used for linguistic efforts economy as contamination, segmentation and parceling, ellipse, univerbation, abbreviation, composite words, inclusion and use of foreign words or components are analyzed. The article points out the importance of adequate transfer of information with preservation of expressive nuances and observance of stylistic language norms. The article is of interest for further researches on the topic of linguistic efforts economy in oral and written speech styles, can be used in researches in linguistics, lexicology, phonetics.
Постановка задачи. В исследовании рассмотрению подвергаются антропонимы, репрезентирующие женщин по внешности, неполноценности, особенности речи и голоса, чертам характера, темпераменту, кулинарным предпочтениям, роду занятий, должности, отношению к работе, и их отражение в диалектной картине мира жителей небольшого посёлка Высокого Таловского района Воронежской области. В процессе работы определены своеобразные черты и характеристики образа представительниц слабого пола, которые одобряются и не одобряются в деревенском социуме. Обращение к живой народной речи, функционирующей в устах коренных селян, с целью изучения с последующим сохранением языковых материалов является актуальным, так как в ней содержится современная информация о целом поколении людей и их взаимоотношениях в коллективе. Результаты. В ходе изыскания описано 43 неофициальных имени, представленных 7 тематическими группами. Определена самая продуктивная группа - антропонимы, данные по внешности человека, и самая малочисленная - уличные именования по неполноценности. Выявлено, что 5 человек имеют по 2 прозвища, 1 женщина считается обладательницей 4 прозвищ, которые получила за особенности внешности и поведения. Установлены имена-метафоры, маркирующих их носительниц. Они репрезентируются множеством возникающих ассоциаций: со стрекозой, планетой Солнечной системы, установкой для обработки мяса или рыбы, предметом для глажения, рекой, оружием, птицей, ядовитым растением, надзорным учреждением, рок-группой и др. Функционирующие антропонимы выражены существительными и прилагательными, образованы двумя способами: суффиксальным и сложением основ. С помощью рассмотренных лексических единиц представлен идеальный женский образ с присущими ему чертами. Продемонстрированы качества его антипода. Выводы. Осуществлённое исследование определило использование в народном языке своеобразных уличных именований женщин, являющихся частью диалектной картины мира высочан. Она подчинена определённым условным нормам и правилам, известным только местным жителям, разработанным ими самими для удобства в межличностном общении. Отражение картины мира через прозвища свидетельствует о богатом лексическом запасе, воображении и фантазии диалектоносителей. Она раскрывает и состояние местного говора в наше время - живого, активно развивающегося, самобытного. Мир всех и каждого в отдельности, естественность и простота - таково содержание картины мира деревенского человека. Представленное изыскание дополняет имеющиеся немногочисленные работы воронежских лингвистов-диалектологов и ономастов и вносит вклад в изучение местной антропонимики. Statement of the problem. The study examines the anthroponyms that represent women in appearance, inferiority, speech and voice, character traits, temperament, culinary preferences, occupation, position, attitude to work, and their reflection in the dialectal picture of the world of the inhabitants of the small village of Vysoky Talovsky district of the Voronezh region In the process of work, the peculiar features and characteristics of the image of the fairer sex were determined, which are approved and disapproved in the village society. The appeal to the living folk speech, functioning in the mouths of the indigenous villagers, with the aim of studying with the subsequent preservation of linguistic materials, is relevant, since it contains modern information about a whole generation of people and their relationships in the team. Results. During the survey, 43 unofficial names were described, represented by 7 thematic groups. The most productive group has been identified - anthroponyms, data on a person's appearance, and the smallest - street naming for inferiority. It was revealed that 5 people have 2 nicknames, 1 woman is considered the owner of 4 nicknames, which she received for features of appearance and behavior. The names-metaphors, marking their carriers, have been established. They are represented by a multitude of emerging associations: with a dragonfly, a planet of the solar system, an installation for processing meat or fish, an ironing object, a river, a weapon, a bird, a poisonous plant, a supervisory institution, a rock band, etc. Functioning anthroponyms are expressed by nouns and adjectives, formed in two ways: suffix and base addition. With the help of the considered lexical units, an ideal female image with its inherent features is presented. The qualities of its antipode are demonstrated. Conclusion. The carried out research has determined the use in the folk language of the peculiar street names of women, which are part of the dialectal picture of the world of Vysochan. It is subject to certain conventional norms and rules, known only to local residents, developed by themselves for convenience in interpersonal communication. The reflection of the picture of the world through nicknames testifies to the rich vocabulary, imagination and fantasy of dialect carriers. It also reveals the state of the local dialect in our time - living, actively developing, original. The world of each and every one individually, naturalness and simplicity - such is the content of the picture of the world of a village man. The presented research supplements the few available works of Voronezh linguists-dialectologists and onomasts and contributes to the study of local anthroponymy.
Currently, eye tracking corpora are often used in studies of language structure processing costs to, for example, (i) evaluate models and metrics of syntactic difficulty, (ii) improve or evaluate computational models of simplification via sentential compression, and (iii) evaluate the quality of machine translation with objective metrics. However, there are only few of these corpora for a small number of languages, for example: English (Luke and Christianson, 2018; Cop et al., 2017), English and French (Kennedy et al., 2013), German (Kliegl et al., 2004), Russian (Laurinavichyute et al., 2018), Hindi (Husain et al., 2015) and Chinese (Yan et al., 2010). For Portuguese, there is no large eye tracking corpus with predictability norms like those mentioned above. This is a gap that hinders the advance of research in the areas of Cognitive Psychology, Psycholinguistics and Natural Language Processing (NLP) in Portuguese. In this project, we have two objectives: (i) to create and make publicly available a large corpus with eye tracking movements of short paragraphs during silent reading in Portuguese, by undergraduate students in Brazil, together with predictability norms that estimate the predictability of orthographic form, morphosyntactic and semantic information for each word in the paragraph, via a Cloze test, and (ii) to contribute to the dissemination of research using the eye movement techniques in the Psycholinguistics and PLN research areas. The methodology for developing the RastrOS corpus follows the same steps of the Provo project (Luke and Christianson, 2018), which used: (i) short paragraphs of various genres; (ii) the reading of 55 paragraphs for the eye tracking test and 5 paragraphs for the Cloze test; and (iii) each word of the corpus being read by at least 40 students. For RastrOS, the 50 paragraphs of the corpus were taken from various sources in journalistic, literary and popular science genres, at a rate of 40% for newspaper articles, 20% for literary texts and 40% for popular science communication. The 50 paragraphs were selected from a corpus larger than 100 paragraphs to account for the greatest diversity of linguistic factors relevant for processing cost assessment, reflected in the reading process: structural complexity of the period (simple vs. compound periods); verbal transitivity; sentence types (active / passive / relative); mechanisms of construction of correlation relations, among others. RastrOS uses a highly accurate eye-tracker - the EyeLink 1000 Desktop. Stimulus presentations were done by Experiment Builder software, data processing has been done by Data Viewer. We evaluated 4 semantic similarity methods: (i) LSA (Landauer e Dumais 1997) and (ii) BERT (Devlin et al., 2019) trained with the corpus brWaC (Wagner Filho et al., 2018), (iii) Word2vec (Mikolov et al., 2013) and (iv) FastText (Bojanowski, et al., 2017) trained with the corpus PUC-RS that includes brWaC, BlogSet-BR (Santos et al., 2018) and a Brazilian Portuguese Wikipedia dump from March 2019. The words are annotated with word classes (PoS) and inflexion information of the PALAVRAS parser (https://visl.sdu.dk/), with human revision. Principal Investigator: Sandra Maria Aluísio (NILC/ICMC/USP) Associated Researchers: Elisângela Nogueira Teixeira (UFC) Erica dos Santos Rodrigues (PUC/RJ) Gustavo Henrique Paetzold (UTFPR, campus Toledo) Katerina Lukasova (UFABC, Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição) Maria da Graça Campos Pimentel (Intermidia/ICMC/USP) Maria Teresa Carthery-Goulart (UFABC, Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição) Renê Alberto Moritz da Silva e Forster (UERJ) International collaborations: Denis Drieghe (Associate Professor within Psychology at the University of Southampton) Students: João Marcos Munguba Vieira (UFC) Sidney Evaldo Leal (ICMC/USP) References Bojanowski P., Grave E., Joulin A. & Mikolov T. (2017). Enriching word vectors with subword information. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, vol. 5, pp. 135–146, 2017. Cop, U., Dirix, N., Drieghe, D., & Duyck, W. (2017). Presenting GECO: An eyetracking corpus of monolingual and bilingual sentence reading. 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In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018), Miyazaki, Japan, May. European Language Resources Association (ELRA). Wagner Filho, J. A., Wilkens T., Idiart M. & Villavicencio A. (2018). The brWaC corpus: A new open resource for Brazilian Portuguese. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018), Miyazaki, Japan, May. European Language Resources Association (ELRA). Yan, M., Kliegl, R., Richter, E. M., Nuthmann, A., and Shu, H. (2010). Flexible saccade-target selection in Chinese reading. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63(4):705–725. Publications: 1. LEAL, S. L.; ALUÍSIO, S. M.; RODRIGUES, E. S.; VIEIRA, J. M. M. and TEIXEIRA, E. N. Métodos de Clusterização para a Criação de Corpus para Rastreamento Ocular durante a Leitura de Parágrafos em Português. Proceedings of the VI Jornada de Descrição do Português. Salvador - BA, Brasil, 2019. (In Portuguese) 2. LEAL, S. L.; VIEIRA, J. M. M.; RODRIGUES, E. S.; TEIXEIRA, E. N. and ALUÍSIO, S. M. Using Eye-tracking Data to Predict the Readability of Brazilian Portuguese Sentences in Single-task, Multi-task and Sequential Transfer Learning Approaches. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. Barcelona - Espanha (Online), 2020. 3. VIEIRA, J.; LEAL, S.; RODRIGUES, E. S.; ALUÍSIO, S. M. and TEIXEIRA, E. N. Lexical and partial prediction in a Brazilian Portuguese eye-tracking corpus. Proceedings of the 34th Annual CUNY Conference on Human Sentence Processing. University of Pennsylvania (Online), 2021. 4. LEAL, S. L.; CASANOVA, E.; PAETZOLD, G.; and ALUÍSIO, S. M. Evaluating Semantic Similarity Methods to Build Semantic Predictability Norms of Reading Data. Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Text, Speech and Dialogue (TSD 2021). Olomouc - Czech Republic (Online), 2021. 5. LEAL, S. E.; DURAN, M. S.; SCARTON, C. E.; HARTMANN N. 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The paper aims to reveal linguistic peculiarities of the Sicilian courteous poetry by the material of Stefano Protonotaro’s canzone written in Sicilian volgare. The researcher identifies distinctive features of the dialect under consideration in comparison with the literary Italian language, introduces new factual material into scientific circulation which has not been previously subjected to a linguistic analysis, and herein lies scientific originality of the study. As a result, it is shown that the canzone language is a variant of the Latinized vulgar language enriched by the Gallo-Roman borrowings. The dialect under study manifests deviations from the literary norm at all the language levels (orthographic, phonetic, lexical, grammatical).
L’expression et la gestion des émotions dans une négociation policière de crise sont souvent évoquées mais rarement étudiées de façon scientifique. Dans le cadre d’une collaboration entre la recherche universitaire et des forces d’intervention de police (en France et en Suisse), nous avons retranscrit 14 négociations réelles. Nous nous inspirons de la façon dont Rogan et Hammer (1995) découpaient les séquences et calculaient un score d’affect dans trois cas réels d’incidents. Sur un échantillon plus important, nous mobilisons des méthodes issues de l’analyse statistique et informatique des donnés textuelles et de l’analyse automatique des contenus. Les premiers résultats conduisent à renoncer aux indexations émotionnelles automatiques classiques. En effet, le contexte de violence et de perte des normes de conversation perturbe les indexations. On propose donc une nouvelle indexation en contexte. Les analyses statistiques exploratoires permettent alors de visualiser la dynamique émotionnelle des échanges entre instigateurs et négociateurs, ainsi que son évolution dans les phases des crises. Dans un premier temps, le négociateur identifie la nature de l’expression émotionnelle (structurelle vs conjoncturelle). Dans une deuxième étape, l’instigateur exprime des émotions négatives d’approche auxquelles le négociateur répond par des expressions positives d’évitement. Dans un troisième temps, l’instigateur peut évoluer vers une émotion négative d’évitement auxquelles le négociateur répond par des expressions positives d’approche. Enfin, le dernier temps sera celui de la neutralisation émotionnelle de la part de l’instigateur, qui permet au négociateur de conquérir l’espace lexical et de l’amener vers la résolution pacifique de la crise. On décrit les conséquences théoriques et méthodologiques de ces résultats ainsi que les implications pour la formation et le suivi des professionnels de la négociation de crise.
Children's literature studies has been relatively slow in adopting techniques from digital humanities. This article explains a method for digitising, annotating, and analysing texts in xml to investigate the implicit age norms that children's books convey. The case studies are seventeen books by Bart Moeyaert and La Belle Sauvage by Philip Pullman. The analysis of speech distribution, topic modelling, syntactic parsing, and lexical analysis with digital tools adds information about implicit age norms that can support and inspire narrative analyses with close reading.
Bayaties attract attention with their poetic perfection reflecting the subtleties of the national language, the specific features of the phonetic, lexical and grammatical norms of the literary language of Azerbaijan. The purity of the vernacular, the richness of the vocabulary, the fluency of the grammatical structure are also clearly felt in bayaties. As the research work is also called "Sentence and its poetic syntax in bayaties of Azerbaijan", the sentences in the bayaty context will be studied directly from the linguistic poetic point of view.
There still lacks preciseness about the nature of the connection between psycholinguistic variables and the core of conceptual meaning. This article explores the relation between Age of Acquisition (AoA), Imaginability, Semantic richness, Familiarity and Concreteness in the constitution of semantic core meaning. We used a key recognition task, designed with 120 concepts and their first 5 attributes, extracted from the Semantic Attributes Norms in Spanish. 300 students took part in a concept recognition task, where they were asked to recognize certain concepts through different triads of attributes. The most influential variables were AoA and Imaginability. These results are congruent with studies that suggest the AoA as the most appropriate variable to explain results in lexical decisions tasks.
The article attempts to clarify the role of linguistic games as a means of forming communicative competence of primary school students, which helps maintain interest in learning the Ukrainian language and aims to provide students with knowledge through their own efforts, revealing the structure and functioning of language. Linguistic play promotes the development of primary school students' idea of the basic grammatical categories and grammatical meaning of the word, which as abstract concepts are very difficult to perceive at this age. It also helps to understand the process of forming new words and master the basic word-formation patterns. Playful learning of the word promotes the development of the general speech culture of the individual, forms a subconscious understanding of the language norm and develops linguistic thinking, which is the basis of communicative competence. Systematization of teachers' experience presented on personal sites, in journal articles and methodical publications allowed to identify the most popular linguistic games used by teachers in Ukrainian language lessons in primary school, and divide them into the following groups: phonetic, lexical-phraseological, morphological, orthographic, syntactic. Given the fact that younger students are characterized by emotionality, cognitive activity, desire to fantasize, the desire to show their intelligence and skill, the role of using linguistic games in Ukrainian lessons as a means of forming communicative competence. Modern linguistic games involve competition, voluntariness, which allows students to meet their needs for mobility, get positive emotions of joy, admiration, satisfaction, realize their interests, master communication skills and more. During linguistic games, primary school students not only learn language norms and rules, but also get involved in a system of various subject-subject relations, form the ability to interact in a team, make decisions, prove their point, which will contribute to the formation of communicative competence. Key words: linguistic game, communicative competence of junior schoolchildren, phonetic games, lexical-phraseological games, morphological games, spelling games, syntactic games.
To understand the causes of differences in language ability we must measure the specific and separable processes that contribute to natural language comprehension. Specifically, we need measures of the three language subsystems – semantics, syntax, and phonology – as they are used during the comprehension of real speech. Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) are a promising approach to reaching this level of specificity. Previous research has identified distinct ERP effects for each of the subsystems – the N400 to semantic anomalies, the Anterior Negativity and P600 to syntactic anomalies, and the Phonological Mapping Negativity to unexpected speech sounds. However, these studies typically use stimuli and tasks that encourage processing that differs from real-world language comprehension. Further, previous ERP studies indexing language processing in young children not only use unfamiliar tasks, but also typically exclude data from the large proportion of children. We need to measure language-related ERPs in a context as close as possible to real-world processing, and in a manner that includes data from representative rather than highly-selected samples of children. The experiments described in this dissertation achieve that goal. Adults and five-year-old children listened to a child-directed story while answering comprehension questions. Infrequent violations were included to independently probe the three language subsystems. In children and adults, the canonical N400 response was evident in response to semantic violations. Morphosyntactic violations elicited a long-duration Anterior Negativity without a later P600. Phonological violations on suffixes elicited a Phonological Mapping Negativity in adults. This is the first report of this phonological effect outside of highly-predictable lexical contexts. Popular normed behavioral assessments were also administered to the children who participated in this study. Results from these assessments confirmed that performance on tasks claiming to measure categorically different abilities are correlated with one another, and that language measures correlate with so-called nonverbal measures. ERPs indexing different language subsystem did not correlate with each other or with measures of nonverbal cognitive ability. Using multiple ERP measures during natural language comprehension, we are able to isolate specific aspects of language processing, increasing the possibility of making meaningful connections between biology, experience, and resulting language ability.
The article deals with the issues of understanding the terms of business tourism in lexical cognition, the largest type of cognitive linguistics, and their cognitive analysis.The cognitive aspect of understanding the terms of business tourism and complete exploration the field, the cognitive study of business tourism terms from the world experience is also an important step in the development of the industry and models of tourism language and language learning are presented.Understanding the term of business tourism, when knowledge is interpreted as a cultural phenomenon, refers to the extent which this form of knowledge conforms to the norms inherent in the culture of a particular social group.The author analyzes the theory of social comparative advantages in business tourism in England, the theories of outstanding western sociologists for the tourism analysis as social phenomenon.In this article the author analyzed the theory of social comparative advantages in business tourism in England, learning the theories of outstanding western sociologists for the tourism analysis as social phenomenon.The purpose of this paper is to present the results of study about the strategic importance of business tourism in the Southern Region of Uzbekistan (territory encompassing the cities of Andizhan and Honobod), where the presence of a qualified and diverse tourism offer combined with the existence of varied venues and quality accommodation can contribute to provide a valued tourism experience associated with the meetings Industry.This study allows a reflection on the potential of business tourism in the territories where this sector is not always given due attention by local, regional and national tourism bodies.These smaller centers (compared with the main centers of Tashkent, Bukhara, Khiva and Samarqand), relatively close to each other, may find strategic advantages in joint action, considering that these three geographic areas complement each other in the integrated supply of tourism products, experiences, support services and facilities.Primary data was collected through a study with the aim of identifying regional tourism stakeholders' perceptions of the importance and potential of business tourism development and strategies that should be put in place to this end.The results show that stakeholders identify business tourism as a strategic product that should be developed, and indicate some development strategies to be considered in this territory.
Foreign language learners are considered orthographically competent when their texts are free from orthographic errors (vgl. GER 2001: 118). This claim is noteworthy with regard to comma placement as part of orthographic competence, considering that comma placement of native writers of German is far from being error free. Their comma errors are supposed to be connected with implicitly acquired strategies that build on lexical, prosodic and semantic features of text, but are rarely motivated syntactically - in contrast to the norm and system of German comma placement. It is yet unexplained in how far such other motives than syntactic ones have also an effect on comma placement of foreign language learners and what role interferences with their first languages play. My article follows this lack by presenting an exemplary analysis of comma errors in free texts made by advanced learners of German as foreign language with Italian as their first language. In my investigation I consider contrastive differences between the German and Italian comma system as well as the observed implicit comma strategies of native speakers as potential reasons for errors. The results indicate that the few errors made by the participants can be mainly explained in an interlingual way.
The relevance of this work is due to the lack of linguistic research devoted to the current state of the Bryansk dialects, functioning in the zone, where Russia, Belorussia and Ukraine border. The article considers phonetic, grammatical and lexical-phraseological features of speech of old-timers inhabiting the south-west of the Bryansk region (Novozybkov, villages of the Novozybkovsky urban district and Zlynkovsky district) primarily in comparison with the features noted in the works of the doctor of philological sciences, professor, full member of the Institute of Belarusian Culture (later — the Belarusian Academy of Sciences) Pavel Andreevich Rastorguev (1881–1959). The collective speech portrait of elderly villagers, represented by their idiolects, is made up, on the one hand, of dialectal peculiarities, on the other hand, of phenomena that correspond to the norms of the modern Russian literary language. Particular dialectal speech features are determined by special geographical position of the southwestern regions of the Bryansk region in the past and the territorial proximity of Belarus and Ukraine (Belarusian and Ukrainian languages and dialects). These features constitute the archaic layer of the Bryansk dialects, since in the speech of the young rural population living in the city, people from villages, urban residents, as a rule, these features are manifested to a lesser extent or are completely absent. The speech portrait of the old-timers of the Bryansk-Gomel borderland forms an idea about the modern features of the border East Slavic Russian-Belarusian dialect.
The acquaintance of teenagers with the advent of time-economical and an advancedinteraction mode has threatened the English language's standard form.This research explores the phenomenon of mixing SMS language in ESL learners' writing skills regarding the choices of lexical and morpho-syntactic items and the presence and absence of SMS features at higher secondary level in Bahawalpur.Two questionnaires have been administered to collect data for quantitative analysis. The data has been collected from 80 ESL learners and 50 ESL teachersat the Intermediate level in private and government colleges sectors in Bahawalpur. Content analysis of 15-20 recently sent SMS has been conducted through text dictionaryof 80 ESL learners.The study shows the violation of standard norms of the English language, i.e., contractions, vowel deletion, punctuation mistakes, use of letters and symbols observed in SMS, and written assignments collected from ESL learnersof both sectors. Although SMS has its radicaleffects in the form oflearners' negligence, carelessness, syntactic ignorance, and absence of teachers' guidance, teaching methodology, and educational context are also the cause of learners'inept written work.
Negotiation is an important form of communication in which several aspects determine the communication interaction. These aspects are social resources, tactics and norms. The process of negotiation is based mainly on two parties in which each party tries to gain his wants from the other. The communicated information is formed according to certain tactics and strategies. The paper attempts to figure out these tactics and strategies in order to provide a sufficient and clear image about the nature of online selling negotiation interaction. This is done by applying an eclectic linguistic models including speech act theory of Searle (1979), Grice's maxims, deixises, the use of inclusive /exclusive pronouns and the use of common lexical items like, verbs, nouns and adjectives. The study aims to deepen our understanding about the linguistic and pragmatic perspectives that form and affect this type of communication interaction. The study hypothesizes that the linguistic and the pragmatic perspectives are utilized by both parties of negotiation in order to actualize the types of negotiation. The corpus under the investigation involves several examples of online selling negotiation interaction.
Abstract This article presents a typology of phonological, morphosyntactic, and lexical features illustrative of factors conditioning the usage of speakers and writers of Revived Manx, including substratal influence from English; language ideologies prevalent within the revival movement, especially forms of linguistic purism; and language-specific features of Manx and its orthography. Evidence is taken primarily from a corpus of Revived Manx speech and writing. The observed features of Revived Manx are situated within Zuckermann's (2009, 2020) framework of ‘hybridization’ and ‘revival linguistics’, which takes Israeli Hebrew as the prototypical model of revernacularization of a non-L1 language. However, Manx arguably provides a more typical example of what to expect when a revived minority language remains predominantly an L2 for an indefinite period, with each new cohort of speakers able to reshape the target variety in the absence of a firmly established L1 norm. (Manx, Celtic, language revival, language ideology, language shift, language contact)*
Reviewed by: Les français d'ici: des discours et des usages éd. par Sandrine Hallion et Nicole Rosen Kelle L. Marshall Hallion, Sandrine, Nicole Rosen, éd. Les français d'ici: des discours et des usages. PU de Laval, 2019. ISBN 978-2-7637-4032-4. Pp. 224 The colloquium Les français d'ici has been organized biennially since 2006 at Canadian universities in regions with a Francophone heritage and community, such as Kingston (ON), Moncton (NB), and Montréal (QC). The colloquium is meant to be a platform for the presentation and discussion of linguistic research on North American varieties of French, including both formal and functional analytical approaches. Each instantiation of the colloquium has a particular organizing theme. In 2016, Les français d'ici was held at l'Université de Saint-Boniface in Winnipeg (MB), with the theme of comparative analyses of varieties of French and the promotion of trans-Canadian perspectives. This volume contains nine of the papers presented at the 2016 meeting, the first time the colloquium was hosted in western Canada. Five of the texts feature comparative analyses in which western varieties of French or discourses on them or on their speakers are represented. In the first of these, Laurence Arrighi and Émilie Urbain present a comparative corpus analysis of written and social media discourses surrounding French in Manitoba, comparing it to their previous [End Page 254] findings on discourses of the acadianisation of Canadian varieties of French. Geneviève Bernard Barbeau discusses an analysis of tweets and media discourse associated with the hashtag #nouscomptons, emanating from Francophone regions outside of Québec—including western provinces—during the 2015 federal elections. Pierre-Don Giancarli offers a detailed comparative analysis of pronominal verbs in oral and written Acadian and Laurentian varieties of French, drawing on corpora from New Brunswick, Québec, Ontario, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. Liliane Rodriguez discusses a topolectal analysis of lexical variation in Manitoban varieties of French, investigating adolescent speech from fifteen communities. Samantha Cook interprets the literary devices of language use and code-switching in the creation of bilingual space and identity in Jean Chicoine's novel L'ange about a Franco-Manitoban poet. The volume also includes four texts featuring variation within eastern Canadian varieties of French. Franz Meier examines data drawn from thirty-nine interviews with Québécois journalistic experts (instructors, chroniqueurs de langage, translators, and copy-editors) on their conceptions of français correct and norms for written journalism in Québec. Ingrid Neumann-Holzschuh and Julia Mitko analyze the habitual aspect expressed by morphosyntactic forms such as the conditional mood, the past of the conditional, and the verbal construction aller + infinitive, among others, in varieties of French from New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Louisiana. Carmen LeBlanc presents an analysis of English-language borrowings in madelinot French, comparing them to borrowings in Louisiana, Québécois, and Acadian French. Finally, Wladyslaw Cichocki and Yves Perrault present an acoustical analysis of variants of the phoneme "R" in five Acadian varieties of French in New Brunswick. In short, the texts chosen for the volume highlight the continued dedication among scholars in a wide range of linguistic subfields to the study of North American varieties of French. This collection will certainly be of interest to those who follow new developments in this field or who study variation in French more broadly. Kelle L. Marshall Pepperdine University (CA) Copyright © 2021 American Association of Teachers of French