Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
The article presents educational, informative and methodical materials necessary for studying the theme “Professional communication a physician and a patient with symptoms diseases of the digestive system’s organs” in classes on the discipline “Professional medical communication of a doctor with a patient in Ukrainian language”. The complex of tasks is aimed at the development of students’ communicative skills and abilities: to study the vocabulary to denote the organs of the digestive system, gastrointestinal diseases; be able to build monologue and dialogic expressions that describe the causes and symptoms of the digestive system’s diseases, using learned lexical units and phrases; to develop skills of collecting the anamnesis of gastroenterological diseases; memorize phrases and sentences for first aid in food poisoning, in emergencies during stomach pain; to create modern informative and expert systems for developing lesson’s materials. The proposed system of tasks will help to master the skills and abilities to communicate orally and in writing in accordance with the goals and social norms of speech behavior in typical spheres and situations. Taking into account different methods and forms of work, the tasks with which it was possible to ensure the active participation of each student in the class, to stimulate interest and desire to study medical terminology in accordance with the topic of the class are singled out. It was suggested a variety of test and creative tasks to check the knowledge of the student’s studied topic. The materials described in the article are intended for foreign students of medical specialties who speak the language at a sufficient level. Tasks selected on the basis of four main types of speech activity (listening, speaking, reading, writing) will help foreign students not only to expand their vocabulary, but also to achieve social interaction in a foreign language professional sphere.
The work is aimed at the comparative analysis of Russian translations of the short poem «Die Bergstimme» by Heinrich Heine. In the article the functions of linguistic means of different levels of expressing the conception of the poem are analyzed; the unique style of each translator is characterized; translators’ accomplishments and losses are pointed out. The first Russian translator of the poem, A.Ya. Kulchitsky, enhances the comic basis of the poem, emphasizing features of sentimentalism and «bestowing knighthood» to the main character. The translation by V.D. Kostomarov is full of despondency and hopelessness; moreover, the translator failed to reproduce the «echo effect». The variant by P.V. Bykov is marked by the influence of decadence and fin de siècle atmosphere. The translations of A.I. Mashistov and V.A. Zorgenfrei are equirythmic; they are characterized by the effective use of phonetic stylistic devices and restrained expression of emotions. R. Minkus overuses disharmonious consonants and exaggerates sorrows of the main character. Extended abstract: The work is aimed at the comparative analysis of Russian translations of the short poem «Die Bergstimme» («The Voice of the Mountains») by Heinrich Heine. In the article the functions of linguistic means of different levels are analyzed; the unique style of each translator is characterized; translators’ accomplishments and losses are pointed out. The methods of the investigation are: hermeneutical, comparative methods, elements of biographical, cultural-historical and comparative historical methods, linguostylistic analysis, poetological analysis, «close reading» technique. It was found out that the first Russian translator of the poem, A.Ya. Kulchitsky (1814–1845), enhances the comic basis of the poem, emphasizing features of sentimentalism and «bestowing knighthood» to the main character. While Heinrich Heine employs iambic meter with some insertion of dactylic feet, Kulchitsky refers to the use of trochee, a metre that in Russian poetic culture is associated with merriment and light-heartedness. The translation by V.D. Kostomarov (1837–1865) is full of despondency and hopelessness; moreover, the translator failed to reproduce the «echo effect». The variant by P.V. Bykov (1844–1930) is marked by the influence of decadence and fin de siècle atmosphere. The use of amphibrach makes the poem more monotonous and slow. The translations of A.I. Mashistov (1904–1987) and V.A. Zorgenfrei (1882−1938) are equirythmic; they are characterized by the effective use of phonetic stylistic devices and restrained expression of emotions. The leitmotif of Mashistov’s translation is «dream»: according to the main character, death, as well as dream, brings oblivion and peace to everyone. Zorgenfrei enriches his work with the elements of folklore style, such as lexical and synonymic repetitions, internal rhyme and folklore vocabulary. The variant of R. Minkus (1907−1986) is very close to the original poem concerning its metre and rhythm. Furthermore, her interpretation is marked with disharmonious consonants and exaggerated sorrows of the main character. In conclusion it was pointed out that for the Russian translators of the XIX century it was quite natural to change freely the metre of the original work; the notion of translation discipline wasn’t thoroughly elaborated at that time. In the XX century more accurate and faithful translation became the new norm.
The paper is an in-depth study of how the principles and rules of the metrical theory of phonology have found their way to apply to Iraqi Arabic words and expressions. Iraqi lexical items have amassed evidence illustrating that both foot and stress are the hub of phonological designs of parametric prominence entailed in mapping and building up word syllables. Nevertheless, this is not a free-for-all which is far beyond restrictions or exceptions. Some constraints are not imposed to deviate from the metrical norms of Iraqi words nor some exceptions are made to distort their lexical frames, but rather they are adopted to emphasize that any theory's premises are generally the same but its applicable ends are definitely different in so far as the language or the dialect in question is concerned. The paper also digs deep certain metrical phenomena taking place in Iraqi word stress patterns like the extra metrical behavior of some word syllables and segments, and cyclic and non-cyclic parameters of some morphological operations of words.
Resumo: Este artigo tem como proposta a identificação de possíveis normas lexicais gerais e regionais a partir da descrição e da análise da variação espacial para o popularmente denominado “pão francês”, em uma perspectiva geolinguística e léxico-semântica. Para tanto, adota-se a visão da norma linguística, com base em Coseriu (1979), somada às contribuições de Camara Junior (1964), Rona (1969), Cunha (1987), dentre outros. A diversidade de nomeações para esse alimento foi documentada por meio da questão 186 do Questionário Semântico-Lexical (QSL) dos Questionários (COMITÊ NACIONAL DO PROJETO ALiB, 2001) aplicada pelas equipes que compõem o Projeto Atlas Linguístico do Brasil (ALiB), em 250 localidades brasileiras (interior e capitais). Na composição do corpus desta análise, foram selecionados 1000 informantes com o perfil fundamental de escolaridade, contemplando as dimensões diassexual e diageracional. Com base na cartografação linguística e cotejo da disseminação das variantes lexicais obtidas e na consulta a obras lexicográficas, foram identificadas as formas de uso geral e regional, além de traços de influência interétnica e de fluxos migratórios internos e externos. Ainda, constatou-se a polimorfia de designações, por efeito da presença do referente no cotidiano brasileiro, atestando a relevância desse alimento, consumido desde os primórdios da história da civilização. Palavras-chave: Geolinguística; Projeto ALiB; normas lexicais; regionalismos; pão francês. Abstract: this article aims to identify possible general and regional lexical norms from the description and analyse of spatial variation to the popularly denominated “french bread”, on a geolinguistic and lexical and semantic perspective. For that, the adoption of the view of linguistic norm, based on Coseriu (1979), added to Camara Junior (1964), Rona (1969), Cunha (1987) contributions, among others. The diversity of nomination for this food has been documented throught 186 question from Semantic-Lexical Questionnaire (SLQ) of Questionários (COMITÊ NACIONAL DO PROJETO ALiB, 2001) applied by crews that compose the Project Linguistic Atlas of Brazil (ALiB), on 250 Brazilian localities (countryside and capitals). On this analysis, they were selected 1000 informants with Primary education, diassexual and diageracional dimensions. Based on linguistic cartography and comparation of lexicals variants dissemination and the consultation to varied dictionaries, they were identified general and regional forms, in addiction to interethnic influences and migratory moviments traces. Furthermore, the observation of the polymorphy of designations, result of presence of the referring in Brazilian daily, certifying the relevance of this aliment, consumed since the beginning of the history of civilization. Keywords: Geolinguistics; ALiB Project; lexical norms; regionalisms; French bread.
This article presents data on lexical development of 881 Israeli Hebrew-speaking monolingual toddlers ages 1;0 to 2;0. A Web-based version of the Hebrew MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (H-MB-CDI) was used for data collection. Growth curves for expressive vocabulary, receptive vocabulary, actions and gestures were characterized. Developmental trajectories of toddlers with various demographic characteristics, such as education, income, religiosity level, birth order of the child, and child-care arrangements were compared. Results show that the lexical growth curves for Hebrew are comparable to those reported for other languages. Sex, birth order, and child-care arrangements were found to influence the size of lexicons. It is recommended that the trajectories presented here be used as norms for lexical growth among typical Hebrew-speaking toddlers in the second year of life.
Knowledge of a foreign language, in addition to grammatical and lexical problems, is also associated with phonological problems, in all their aspects as acoustic and articulatory characteristics. Such problems should be solved in order to realize comprehensible communication as the main goal of teaching the Russian language with the maximum approximation of the original to the language. The experiment was aimed at improving the acoustic and pronunciation skills of Iranian students using the program "PRAAT". The purpose of the analysis is to identify the influence of the phonological and articulatory characteristic of the consonant system of the Persian language on the Russian language of Iranian students and eliminate this interfering influence on the studied language, as well as to correct and improve the pronunciation of students. The main research methods are the comparative-typological method, experimental methods and methods of measurement and differences, comparison and statistical processing of data. In the course of the experiment, differences were revealed in the articulation of a Russian native speaker and Iranian students. Extended abstract: At the beginning of this century, which is known as the century of globalization, learning a foreign language is inevitable. Therefore, almost a large part of society partly has to deal with foreign languages. Learning a foreign language is associated with many problems. Knowledge of a foreign language, in addition to grammatical and lexical problems, is also associated with phonological problems, in all their aspects as acoustic and articulatory characteristics. Such problems should be solved in order to realize comprehensible communication as the main goal of teaching the Russian language with the maximum approximation of the original to the language. A student possesses communicative competence if he successfully solves the problems of mutual understanding and interaction with native speakers of a language under direct or indirect contact in accordance with the norms and traditions of the culture of this language. From a psychological point of view, communicative competence is, first of all, a person’s ability to organize his speech activity in its productive and receptive forms, adequate to the communication situation. The experiment was aimed at improving the acoustic and pronunciation skills of Iranian students using the program "Praat". The purpose of the analysis is to identify the influence of the phonological and articulatory characteristic of the consonant system of the Persian language on the Russian language of Iranian students and eliminate this interfering influence on the studied language, as well as to correct and improve the pronunciation of students. The main research methods are the comparative-typological method, experimental methods and methods of measurement and differences, comparison and statistical processing of data. In the course of the experiment, differences were revealed in the articulation of a Russian native speaker and Iranian students. The results clearly show that Russian phonemes, which are similar to those in Persian (Including fricative consonants examined in this article), have practically no correspondence with each other in terms of physical characteristics, first formant, second formant active and inactive speech organs. Students also pronounce Russian words, replace the original sample with Persian phonemes. This creates an accent that takes education away from its original purpose. Investigate how this deviation in producing these sounds is formed, it can greatly help the students to eliminate it.
Статья посвящена изучению семантических и функциональных особенностей русизмов вязыке раннего текста олонхо «Ала Булкун бухатыыр» Т. В. Захарова – Чээбий, записанного со слов олонхо-сута в 1906 г. Новизна работы заключается в том, что проблема русизмов в языке олонхо все еще остаетсянедостаточно разработанной, и потому такие вопросы, как дефиниция русизмов, особенности процессаих проникновения, специфика функционирования, способы адаптации и тематическая классификация яв-ляются актуальными исследовательскими задачами. В результате анализа текста олонхо выявлены 169лексических заимствований из русского языка, которые употребляются олонхосутом наравне с якутски-ми лексемами. Об эквивалентности русизмов якутским лексемам свидетельствует их функционированиев составе основных художественно-изобразительных средств языка олонхо. Установлено: большинстворусизмов употребляется в собственно-номинативных значениях, кроме некоторых из них, образующихсложные для восприятия словосочетания; некоторые русизмы указывают на все еще продолжающийсяпроцесс огласовки, приближающийся к установленным литературным нормам произношения якутскогоязыка, – несформированность огласовки в этих русизмах, вероятно, свидетельствует об их сравнительнонедавнем заимствовании; обилие русизмов объясняется основным принципом организации эпическогостихосложения, который основан на аллитерации и ритмико-синтаксическом параллелизме. Данные худо-жественно-поэтические приемы требуют от сказителя овладения обширным фондом лексических единиц,состоящим из множества синонимических рядов и параллелей. Это, в свою очередь, создает благоприят-ные условия для привлечения лексических заимствований, в т. ч. русизмов. О сказанном свидетельствуетактивное использование русизмов в составе таких особо устойчивых конструкций, как эпические форму-лы и типические места. Можно заключить, что проанализированные русизмы были хорошо знакомы нетолько самому сказителю, но и эпической аудитории. В исследовании были применены методы: сплошнойвыборки, субституции, дистрибуции, количественно-статистического, компонентного и контекстуальногоанализов. The article is devoted to the study of the semantic and functional features of russisms in the languageof the early text of the olonkho Ala Bulkun bogatyr by T. V. Zakharov, recorded from the words of the epic-tellerin 1906. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the problem of russisms in the olonkho language is stillinsufficiently developed, and therefore issues such as the definition of russisms, the peculiarities of the processof their penetration, the specifics of functioning, methods of adaptation and thematic classification are topicalresearch tasks. As a result of the analysis of the olonkho text, 169 lexical borrowings from the Russian languagewere identified, which were used by the olonkho-teller along with the Yakut lexemes. The equivalence of russismsto Yakut lexemes is evidenced by their functioning as part of the main artistic and visual means of the olonkholanguage. The following phenomena were established: the majority of russisms are used in proper nominativemeanings, except for some of them, which form complex phrases for perception; some russisms point to thestill ongoing process of vowelism, approaching the established literary norms of pronunciation of the Yakutlanguage – the lack of vocalization in these russisms probably indicates their relatively recent borrowing; theabundance of russisms is explained by the basic principle of the organization of epic versification, which is basedon alliteration and rhythmic-syntactic parallelism. These artistic and poetic techniques require the epic-teller tomaster a vast fund of lexical units, consisting of many synonymous series and parallels. This, in turn, createsfavorable conditions for attracting lexical borrowings, including russisms. This is evidenced by the active use ofrussisms in the composition of such particularly stable constructions as epic formulas and typical places. It canbe concluded that the analyzed russisms were well known not only to the narrator himself, but also to the epicaudience. The study used the following methods: continuous sampling, substitution, distribution, quantitativestatistical,component and contextual analyzes.
"Book language" offers a richer linguistic experience than typical conversational speech in terms of its syntactic properties. Here, we investigated the role of long-term syntactic experience on syntactic knowledge and processing. In a preregistered study with 161 adult native Dutch speakers with varying levels of literacy, we assessed the contribution of individual differences in written language experience to offline and online syntactic processes. Offline syntactic knowledge was assessed as accuracy in an auditory grammaticality judgement task in which we tested violations of four Dutch grammatical norms. Online syntactic processing was indexed by syntactic priming of the Dutch dative alternation, using a comprehension-to-production priming paradigm with auditory presentation. Controlling for the contribution of nonverbal intelligence quotient (IQ), verbal working memory, and processing speed, we observed a robust effect of literacy experience on the detection of grammatical norm violations in spoken sentences, suggesting that exposure to the syntactic complexity and diversity of written language has specific benefits for general (modality-independent) syntactic knowledge. We replicated previous results by finding robust comprehension-to-production structural priming, both with and without lexical overlap between prime and target. Although literacy experience affected the usage of syntactic alternates in our large sample, it did not modulate their priming. We conclude that amount of experience with written language increases explicit awareness of grammatical norm violations and changes the usage of (prepositional-object [PO] vs. double-object [DO]) dative spoken sentences but has no detectable effect on their implicit syntactic priming in proficient language users. These findings constrain theories about the effect of long-term experience on syntactic processing.
The article presents a research of the peculiarities of the psychological adaptation of foreign students to the language and national environment in the process of comprehensive study of peculiar topics of linguistics and the history of its formation. The research was conducted on the basis of the use of a comprehensive experimental training program for learning Ukrainian as a foreign language and the history of Ukraine in one academic group of foreign students (12 people). Another group of students studied according to the standard program. The research objective is to demonstrate the positive dynamics of psychological adaptation of students from different countries to the language and national environment in the process of learning Ukrainian as a foreign language and particular aspects of its formation, namely the influence of Poland on the Ukrainian literary language in Western Ukraine in the 20s and 40s of the 20th Century. The urgency of studying this historical period is that the new edition of the “Ukrainian orthography” of 2019 partially intensifies the use of lexical tokens borrowed from the Polish language and orthographic norms of the “Orthography” of 1928. The research results showed that the average score of the final testing of students who studied through the experimental program is 3 points higher than that of students who studied through the standard program. In addition, students of the first group have much higher results from diagnosing the psychological characteristics of adaptation to the national environment. By studying the language and history of Ukraine, foreign students not only much better mastered language phenomena and understood their origins, but also learned about the complex past of our country. The conclusions of the experiment show that the proposed methodology proved itself to be a tool of improving the psychological adaptation of foreign students to the language and national environment of the country in which they receive professional education.
L’article s’inscrit dans la thématique de la francophonie et l'essor de normes endogènes. Il retrace les différentes étapes qui ont été parcourues au Québec, des quelques dizaines de canadianismes de bon aloi prescrits par l’Office de la langue française (OLF), en 1969, à une description scientifique du français en usage au Québec, explicitée et diffusée dans le dictionnaire en ligne Usito depuis 2014. L’article fait état des diverses études visant à caractériser le français québécois standard, notamment les marques et spécificités linguistiques propres au français québécois standard (particularités orthographiques, typographiques, morphologiques et lexicales dans tous les domaines de la vie courante et professionnelle). Il présente également l’aménagement de la variation linguistique et l’explicitation de la norme endogène dans le dictionnaire en ligne Usito. Il décrit, entre autres éléments, avec exemples tirés du dictionnaire, le traitement de la variation linguistique, la hiérarchisation des usages, dont les marques normatives, et autres éléments faisant partie de la norme endogène au Québec. Il montre en outre l’importance des marqueurs de l’identité culturelle (exemplification, citations, articles thématiques, etc.). Il s’attarde enfin aux aspects pédagogiques du dictionnaire (tolérance à l’erreur, structuration des articles, important réseau de liens hypertextes, tableau latéral à droite des articles, interface de navigation, etc.). Il conclut quant à l’importance de la mise à jour constante du contenu du dictionnaire, de son adaptation aux diverses clientèles visées et au renouvellement des fonctionnalités au regard de l’évolution des technologies, afin d’offrir une utilisation simple et instinctive de tous les aspects de la langue.
Women frequently feel alienated in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) environments due to gender biases, ultimately leading them to feel less competent or leave the field altogether. This study utilizes personal statements from a subset of participants from a National Science Foundation (NSF) funded Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) Site: Biomedical Engineering in Simulations, Imaging, and Modeling (BME-SIM) to investigate how confidence is shown by participants and how confidence is perceived by faculty reviewers in personal statements. This study compares feedback from faculty reviewers to perceived and self-reported confidence using lexical (i.e., word choices and use) and syntactic (i.e., structures of language segments such as sentences, phrases, and organization of words) features of these personal statements. Women received more negative feedback related to confidence compared to their male counterparts, notably in relation to modesty. Few differences were found between writing styles of genders in their pre- and post-program statements. Overall, writing styles did not seem to correlate with the genders' perceived or self-reported confidence; however, perception of confidence suggested a relationship between genders' pre- and post-program statements when examined by noun and adjective variation. A similar relationship was found between self-reported confidence and noun variation in men and women participants. Findings suggest that writing style perceptions and practices may be influenced by gender norms; however, without looking at the specific diction and content of personal statements, these conclusions cannot be fully established.
The article analyzes the A. Krymskyi’s codification works in the context of the linguistic heritage of Ukrainian linguists of the late XIX – early XX centuries. The formation of Ukrainian educational institutions prompted linguists to create educational language codes. And the school was a testing area for newly created prescriptions. Theoretical and practical problems of formation of literary standard in connection with tendencies of prescriptive norm are actualized, bases of scientific proof in grammar of historical antiquity, originality of phonetic, lexical and morphological systems of Ukrainian language, evidence of its own way of formation, dialectal variety and scales of functioning are clarified. The source base of codification codes were the language of writers, ethnographic sources, journalistic practice in the projection on the living vernacular. Tendencies of normalization depended on socio-political conditions, the need to justify the status of the Ukrainian language, bringing it to a new cultural level and manifested themselves in the activation of their own internal language resources, fixation of lexical-semantic, grammatical, functional perfection. This statement was indisputable due to the united normative activity of many other linguists, who laid the theoretical foundations for the establishment of the literary norm of the Ukrainian language in all spheres of public life. Issues of Ukrainian rule-making were raised in the late XIX – early XX centuries intensified intralinguistic potential, helped to find acceptable for the whole Ukrainian space literary samples, outlined trends in language development, encouraged future generations of linguists to solve theoretical and practical problems that have not lost their relevance today.
The article analyzes the problems that arise when teaching students of economic specialties, in particular: limited lexical components, ignorance of professional terminology, lack of communication skills, psychological and communicative barriers. Violation of the norms of the Ukrainian language use is outlined. The theoretical basis was the work of linguistic didactics, who emphasized that business language is a dynamic phenomenon that a specialist must constantly study, while researching and improving their own competencies. It is noted that the program in the discipline "Ukrainian for professional purposes" should acquaint students with the basics of professional language culture, the specifics of oral and written modern literary language, direct to study the terminology of the chosen specialty, develop skills in modern documentation and motivate to improve language and speech competencies. A list of tasks that can be used during practical classes to avoid errors is identified. Such tasks included: memorizing the correct accents of both professional terms and words of common vocabulary; work with texts, namely: elimination of lexical errors by choosing the right option; correction of spelling errors in the given texts; placement of missing punctuation marks in texts of official business, journalistic and scientific styles and their fragments; selection of Ukrainian equivalents to words of foreign origin; determining the correct endings in the genitive case of nouns; ability to translate narrow and interdisciplinary terminology into Ukrainian; preparation of professional documents. An important stage of language training of specialists in economic specialties is the knowledge and observance of the modern Ukrainian literary language norms in both oral and written speech. It is also pointed out that students should be aware that studying the state language is closely related to their personality and interests, and not to the methods and teaching aids used by the teacher. Keywords: norms of modern literary language, oral professional speech, professional culture, culture of professional speech, language training of students, teaching aids.
Cognitive systems face a tension between stability and plasticity. The maintenance of long-term representations that reflect the global regularities of the environment is often at odds with pressure to flexibly adjust to short-term input regularities that may deviate from the norm. This tension is abundantly clear in speech communication when talkers with accents or dialects produce input that deviates from a listener's language community norms. Prior research demonstrates that when bottom-up acoustic information or top-down word knowledge is available to disambiguate speech input, there is short-term adaptive plasticity such that subsequent speech perception is shifted even in the absence of the disambiguating information. Although such effects are well-documented, it is not yet known whether bottom-up and top-down resolution of ambiguity may operate through common processes, or how these information sources may interact in guiding the adaptive plasticity of speech perception. The present study investigates the joint contributions of bottom-up information from the acoustic signal and top-down information from lexical knowledge in the adaptive plasticity of speech categorization according to short-term input regularities. The results implicate speech category activation, whether from top-down or bottom-up sources, in driving rapid adjustment of listeners' reliance on acoustic dimensions in speech categorization. Broadly, this pattern of perception is consistent with dynamic mapping of input to category representations that is flexibly tuned according to interactive processing accommodating both lexical knowledge and idiosyncrasies of the acoustic input.
AbstractThis research work is devoted to the features of the translation of legal terminology from English into Uzbek. The need for professional translation today manifests itself in all spheres of life. Including these legal services are necessary in professional activities. A high-quality written translation on legal topics will be useful, for example, both for the owner of a judicial organization who has concluded a lucrative contract abroad and for an ordinary foreman who wants to read a competent translation of instructions for legal documents.
The article contains an overview of new trends in Ukrainian literary and colloquial language development in historical retrospect and dynamics. In particular, changes in the lexical structure of language, new phenomena in word formation, morphology and syntax, innovative shifts in styles, etc., in the context of communicative strategies and tactics, rhetorical, stylistic, and linguistic norms and techniques adopted in various spheres of communication are considered. The article is aimed at forming ideas and gaining knowledge in the field of the theory of the modern Ukrainian language in those sections that are distinguished by the greatest significance of the theoretical approach (grammar, syntax), as well as skills and abilities in those parts that require an applied application (culture of oral and written communication, stylistics, rhetoric, genre studies, the principles of spelling). With the dominant idea of the pluralism of norms and an orientation towards their non-rigid codification, there is also an idea of the loosening of the norms of the literary language, of the grave and even dangerous condition experienced by the modern Ukrainian literary language.
Rhetorical move analyses of research article (RA) abstracts have established variations across disciplines and cultures. However, there is still a need for more explorations on Applied Linguistics discipline. Comparing native and other group of non-native speakers of English, such as Filipino users of the language, has also been a neglect in research as far as the researcher’s knowledge is concerned. Hence, this study investigated the rhetorical moves in the RA abstracts of American and Filipino writers who are published in two journals related to Applied Linguistics field. The study also explored the lexical verbs underlying each move in all the abstracts. Each abstract was then segmented into moves. Findings revealed that the moves Situating the Research (STR), Presenting the Research (PTR), and Discussing the Research (DTR) were obligatorily used by both groups of writers, while the moves Describing the Methodology (DTM) and Summarizing the Findings (STF) were obligatory only among Filipinos and optional among Americans. Filipino writers appear to develop their own conventions deviating from Americans who are considered native speakers and norm providers. The results also amplify the existence of cultural differences even in abstract writing. Further, the study details lists of lexical verbs that may be used to realize a rhetorical intent of each move. Hence, academic writing instructions may be informed by the rhetorical and linguistic realizations unveiled in this study. Directions for future research are likewise provided.
Developing communicative competence of future teachers majoring in non-linguistic specialities is a priority of the progressive educational paradigm. Nowadays in linguodidactics the perfect mastery of professional communicative skills, the skill of text creation in different discourse conditions is especially relevant. Taking into account the linguistic and didactic characteristics of higher education seekers is the basis for the development of public communication skills that correlate with the requirements of the time, the needs of society, the tasks of modern education.
 Substantiation of the phenomenon of “public communication” in terms of linguistic didactics is important for the development of guidelines, concepts and models for teaching the theory and practice of public communication, for the selection of effective methods and techniques. Speech is a necessary basis for thinking. Public communication especially foregrounds significant mental-speech operations: analysis, synthesis, abstraction, concretization, reproduction of material, text creation. The method of developing public communication skills focuses on solving problems related to the perception of educational material, awareness of the essence of rhetorical concepts, text creation. Effectiveness is ensured by synergy with psychological research on the patterns of mental operations that underlie the perception, memorization and reproduction of prepared material. Approaches to the development of public communication skills are largely based on well-known ancient theories, including those based on folk speech culture. The analysis of the basic concepts of classical rhetoric and practice of public communication (logos, ethos, pathos and topos) require innovative methodological and methodical elaboration and directing at the communicative competence of the contemporary teacher majoring in non-linguistic specialities.
 The character of the linguistic personality is determined by typical communicative national features, existing in the form of thought forms / formulas, concepts, value lexical and semantic dominants. The university should ideally mould a speaker ready for different types of public communication, to create a discourse in any time and space, who knows language norms and communicative qualities of oral and written speech as indicators of speech culture, text technology, speech etiquette. Age features, openness to the perception of information, self-expression in competitive speech situations, ambition, search for authority, the desire to overcome negative stereotypes in the perception of the teaching profession are the very linguistic and didactic aspects that should be relied on while working on communicative competence. We see the prospect of further research in the development of a system of work on the development of the idiosyncrasy of public communication which underlies the formation of a personal brand of the teacher.
The study of idiom as a separate unit by Ukrainian scholars marks the beginning of its general linguistic interpretation. In this regard, it is established that the completeness of fixing its linguistic data (e.g. corpus approach), verification of linguistic fact and modern methodological approach to it based on models and generalizations will provide from specialized to interscientific interpretation of idiom in the system of language knowledge. Idiom as a language system has a number of features - structure, normative, systematic organization, etc. - similar to the language system in general, which is determined by the internal laws of the idiom, dialect norm or immanent essence of language. The idiom system organizationally consists of units – the idiomеms - significant units of speech as linguistic facts. To study them, it is appropriate to allocate a special section of dialectology - idiomology, which is devoted to a comprehensive study of speech as a language system with all its conceptual apparatus in metalanguage linguistics, methodology and empirical fund. The fixation of idiom data cannot be differential or in some way limited by other factors. The scientific approach is provided only by the completeness of fixing the vocabulary of the dialect in a certain period. Based on substance, the structure of the idiom system is a comprehensive network of relations between all its elements at different language levels (phonetic, grammatical, lexical). The structure of idiom as a language system can be realized in the description of speech linguistics in the context of monodialectal research, which is, on the one hand, a way to justify its status as a unit of dialect microsystem, and on the other - to clarify its ontological features and pragmatics of speech as a language system in metalanguage linguistics.
The article presents the results of a study of modern oral television speech in terms of its conformity / non-conformity with the norms of the literary language. The aim of the study was to establish the characteristics of the cultural-speech situation of television journalistic discourse. The objectives of the study are to identify and systematize the parameters of the violation of the language norm in the speech of educated people – T.V. journalists. The main methods of the undertaken research are observation, analysis, systematization, comparison, interpretation, generalization. The material of the study are the texts of the "News" and "Political talk show" genres, daily shown on the air of central Russian channels It has been established that violations of the norm of the literary language occur at all levels of the language system: phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactic, as well as the level of textual organization of the utterance, which leads to the logical errors. As a result of the analysis, the authors come to the following conclusions: 1) modern television language comes into conflict with the canons of normative communication; 2) an avalanche-like violation of literary norms no longer testifies the democratization of the language, but its vulgarization, often a deliberate decrease in the cultural level of speech by journalists; 3) the turbulence of the norm in modern mass communication creates the conditions for the loss of the meaning- distinctive capabilities of linguistic units, for the weakening of the meaning of the sense-organizing rules for the combination of utterance components.
This article is devoted to filling the lexical gaps in the Uzbek language with dialectisms. The article shows the norms and criteria for enriching lexical gaps in modern Uzbek literary language with dialectics. The mechanisms of application of these criteria are explained by examples. These principles are specific to most languages and are formed in a particular language on the basis of the literary norms of that language. In the course of the research, the gaps identified in the process of comparing the lexicon of the Uzbek literary language and folk dialects were analyzed. That is, the idea of literaryizing dialectisms that express concepts that are lexical lacunae in literary language was considered. Dialectisms common in the Turkic-Kaltatay dialect have been studied to delineate and define the object of study. The meaning of dialectisms deemed appropriate for literaryization is explained and sentences related to their application are given. It is based on the need to introduce dialectisms, which are actively used in folk dialects, into the lexicon of literary language. Recommendations were made to continue working in this direction. In conclusion, it is emphasized that serious attention should be paid to filling lexical gaps with dialectics in order to maintain the purity of language and ensure its development.
Nowadays, no works in Tuvinian linguistics consider the specificity of anthroponyms borrowed from the Mongolian language, peculiarities of their adaptation and functioning in Tuvan Buddhist texts. Meanwhile, studying this word group can shed light on the formation and functioning of the Tuvan Buddhist vocabulary and reveal additional data on the history of the formation of lexical and phonetic features of the Tuvinian language associated with the Tuvan- Mongolian language and cultural contacts. It is worth studying Mongolian borrowed anthroponyms in the Tuvan translation of the Buddhist work “Üleger-Dalay” – the sutra “Sea of Proverbs,” the only Tuvan Buddhist source not influenced by the Russian-speaking Buddhist literature actively published and translated into Tuvan since the 1990s. The specificity of the Mongolian anthroponyms analyzed is that their nominative function simultaneously characterizes the referent and reflects its essence. They are divided into six thematic groups: names-epithets of Buddha, names associated with Buddhist practices, names indicating the inner qualities of a person, names of celestials, names associated with natural objects, names with somatismatic components indicating the appearance or associated with the circumstances of the referent’s birth. They are divided into three structural types: 1-component, 2-component (most of them), and 3-component. All borrowed Mongolian names have mostly been adapted to the phonetic norms of the Tuvinian language. The main ways of phonetic transformation are assimilation, formation of long vowels, replacement of some sounds and sound combinations with other sounds, simplification of vowels.
This article is devoted to the analysis of the evolution of the linguistic views of A. Krymskyi in the process of his scientific communication with B. Grinchenko, P. Zhytetskyi and I. Franko (late XIX – early XX centuries). Different contradictory moments in the scientific researches of linguists from the different regions of Ukraine during the period of formation of the Ukrainian literary language were revealed. Various issues of linguistic discussions during the late XIX – early XX centuries, in which prominent linguists from Galicia and Upper Dnieper Ukraine participated, are characterized. In this context, the most interesting in terms of coverage of various linguistic problems was the correspondence of A. Krymskyi with B. Grinchenko, which lasted for seventeen years (1891–1908). The attitude of scholars to the formation of the criteria of literary word usage and principles of language formation is clarified. It was found out that the main criteria for correct word usage for linguists of Upper Dnieper Ukraine was the presence of a word in the vernacular language and in literary texts, which is confirmed by the materials of the first academic Russian-Ukrainian dictionary edited by A. Krymskyi (1924–1933) and the Dictionary of Ukrainian language compiled by B. Grinchenko (1907–1909). The scientific value of different linguistic ideas expressed by these scholars in their epistolary, especially on the usage of individual words and grammatical forms, as well as the ways of development of Ukrainian literary language, was noted. Their views on formation of the single version of literary language based on the language use of Upper Dnieper Ukraine are outlined. The desire of these linguists to promote the unification of the norms of the Ukrainian language through the creation of grammatical and lexicographical works is characterized. Based on the analysis of epistolary texts by A. Krymskyi and B. Grinchenko, it is stated out that their ideas contributed to the emergence of valuable grammatical and lexicographical works that contain huge lexical and phraseological material from the Ukrainian classical literature and folklore sources. The fruitful scientific and literary work of these scholars became an integral component of the process of development and unification of literary norms of Ukrainian language.
In six experiments, we tested whether immediate serial recall is influenced by a word's degree centrality, an index of lexical connectivity. Words of high degree centrality are associated with more words in free association norms than those of low degree centrality. Experiment 1 analyzed secondary data to explore the effect of degree centrality in wordlists containing a mixture of high- and low-degree words. High-degree words were advantaged across all serial positions, independently of other variables including word frequency. Experiment 2 replicated this finding using an expanded stimulus set. Experiment 3 used pure lists with each list containing high- or low-degree words only (e.g., HHHHHH vs. LLLLLL). Once again, high-degree words were better recalled across all serial positions. In Experiment 4, each wordlist alternated between high and low-degree words (e.g., HLHLHL and LHLHLH). Recall of low-degree words was facilitated by the neighboring high-degree words, abolishing the overall high-degree advantage. Experiment 5 used a within-participant design and replicated the findings from Experiments 3 and 4 such that the high-degree advantage in pure lists disappeared in alternating lists. Experiment 6 compared high and low frequency words in pure lists while controlling for degree centrality between the item sets. A high-frequency advantage emerged, suggesting that the effects of frequency and degree centrality are separable. We conclude that degree centrality is a distinct psycholinguistic variable that affects serial recall as both (a) an item-level characteristic such that high (vs. low) degree words have greater accessibility in the lexicon and (b) an interitem property such that high-degree words facilitate the recall of neighboring words by enhancing the formation of associative links. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
In recent decades, the greatest attention in research on cognitive linguistics is paid to the concept and study of the means of its verbalization in different languages. Linguists believe that "among the universal concepts can be attributed the “ DISEASE" concept, which reflects the universal and national-specific (social, ethical, moral) ideas about the phenomenon of disease". The article considers the problem of conceptualization of the "DISEASE" concept in English and the means of its verbalization. The author considers the specifics of lexical units that represent this concept by means of the English language. The relevance of the study lies in the need to specify the data on the verbalization of the "DISEASE" concept by the English language means, as consideration of the specifics of verbalization of this concept has not been given sufficient attention. The purpose of the article is to analyze the peculiarities of verbalization of the “ DISEASE" concept in the English-language picture of the world. Materials and methods of research. The use of descriptive and comparative methods, etymological and contextual analysis contributed to the selection of semantic and cognitive features of the concept of "DISEASE", substantiation of the peculiarities of its verbalization. The material for the study were dictionary articles from dictionaries, texts of medical discourse, the work of foreign researchers on this issue. R esults of the research. The author identifies the three most common units in the lexical-semantic series of the concept of disease: "disease", "illness", "sickness". A comparative analysis of these tokens within the lexical-semantic field "disease" in English showed that they have a common semantic feature - "health problems, physiological or mental problems." Considering the concept of "DISEASE" on a naive level, we can say that a naive native speaker (not a specialist in medicine) uses language units to express and describe their health, and in his lexicon the terms "illness", "sickness" prevail. In scientific texts and specialized dictionaries, which are focused on medical professionals, the dominant number of diseases is expressed by the unit "disease". Сonclusions. Thus, despite the fact that all three considered tokens "disease", "illness" and "sickness" have a clear semantic similarity to the concept of "disease" in the context of the cognitive feature of "state of illness, physiological or mental distress", their peculiarity in the English medical discourse is obvious and is determined by the nominative smallness in the linguistic picture of the world. Summarizing all the above, the lexical-semantic field of the "disease" concept in English medical discourse can be considered as follows: the token "sickness" is a social construct of disease that passes through the medical system (token "disease") and shows the suffering of the patient illness”), which is associated with social norms and cultural values.
The article is a study of the formation of a methodology for studying the stylistics of the Russian language. The goal is to trace the origin of the methodology for studying stylistics in the works of authors who chose it as the subject of their research. In the course of the work, in the process of studying various sources of information, it became known that many scholars-philologists turned to this topic, for example: V.V. Vinogradov, A.I. Efimov, M.N. Lotina, A.N. Veselovsky, A.A. Potebnya and many others. Stylistics received the status of an independent science in the XX century, at the same time, its study was of interest to people much earlier. Particular attention is paid to the exercise systems of T.I. Chizhova and S.N. Ikonnikov, designed to study the stylistic features of the text. S.N. Ikonnikov drew attention to the combination of analytical and creative exercises. The system of exercises developed by T.I. Chizhova. There are two types of exercises in her system: exercises to observe the use of phonetic, lexical and other means of speech; exercises to observe speech styles and their key features. Noteworthy is the fact that T.I. Chizhova is assigned a special role as a stylistic exercise in her didactic complex. It includes the following types of exercises: exercises for the analysis and study of individual sections of science related to language (phonetics, vocabulary, etc.); exercises for mastering certain stylistic principles of the language and in its sections; exercises for teaching coherent speech; exercises for understanding the norms, characteristics of individual styles of speech (scientific, journalistic, etc.).
The article is devoted to some aspects of the functional specificity of lexical borrowings - neologisms - that have found their vivid reflection in the works and philosophical thought of the European era and, in particular, the English Renaissance, represented by its brightest representatives such as Thomas More, Francis Bacon, John Donne, Shakespeare and others. The authors consider this problem in a synchronous-diachronous cut and in the light of the new socio-political situations of the century of the English Renaissance and in the light of the evolutionary process of the formation of the English nation and the norms of the literary English language, which continued intensively in the 11th century, which led to the further growth and spread of both oral, and written national literary language.
В статье рассматриваются специфические черты терминологии хендмейд - творческой деятельности, связанной с созданием изделий ручной работы. В современном русском языке это динамически развивающаяся область терминообразования, которая требует лингвистического описания и словарной фиксации. Объектом исследования являются лексические единицы тематической группы «Хендмейд» в количестве около 200 слов. Целью исследования является определение состава и особенностей данной терминологии. С одной стороны, она демонстрирует основные черты отраслевой терминологии, с другой, - для терминологии хендмейд характерны образность, экспрессивность, полисемия, что показано на примерах. Данная терминология формируется преимущественно стихийно в рамках разговорной профессиональной коммуникации в интернет-дискурсе. Выделяются шесть основных тематических групп рассматриваемых терминов. Терминологию хендмейд можно рассматривать как систему систем, так как вокруг центрального понятия «техника или вид рукоделия» формируется разветвленная система номинаций, связанных с этой понятийной областью. Терминология хендмейд не имеет лексикографической фиксации в виде специального словаря, и нормы правописания многих слов еще только формируются. Очевидно, что в дефиницию подобных лексических номинаций желательно включать элементы толкования, а сам словарь считать толково-дефиниционным. The article studies the specific features of hand-made (creative activity associated with handwork) terminology. This is a dynamically developing area of the term formation in modern Russian, which requires linguistic description and dictionary fixation. The object of the research is the lexical units of the thematic group "Handmade" in the amount of about 200 words. The purpose of the research is to determine the composition and features of this terminology. On the one hand, it demonstrates the main features of industry terminology. On the other hand, handmade terminology is characterized by imagery, expressiveness, polysemy, as shown in examples. This terminology is formed mainly spontaneously in the framework of spoken professional communication in the Internet discourse. There are six main thematic vocabulary groups. Handmade terminology can be viewed as a system of systems. Around the central concept of “technique or type of handiwork” is formed a ramified system of nominations. Handmade terminology does not have a lexicographic fixation in the special dictionary, and the spelling norms of many words are still being formed. Obviously, that the definition of such lexical nominations should include elements of interpretation. And the dictionary itself should be considered explanatory and definitional.
Refining activities Legal Studies as a science that is sui generis, in the end, have exposed a pattern of reasoning and legal arguments against the concrete fact to be very rigid and lexical. In fact, law that emerges from a social agreement and grows together with the development of society, has taken a distance (distantiation) from society, which is the origin of the growth of the law itself. It is Pierre-Felix Bourdieu who argues that every social praxis (action) - including the behavior of law enforcers, will always produce knowledge based on legal norms and power - as capital, through the absorption of values that internalize in themself (habitus). This research is a normative legal research with a statutory approach, a conceptual approach, a semiotic approach, and a critical discourse analysis approach. The results of this study indicate the consequences that occur through symbolic domination as doxa to defend the interests of the executive law enforcement agency.
This qualitative quantitative descriptive-analytical study aimed to describe the non-obligatory shifts employed in three English Disney animated films dubbed into MSA by applying Toury’s (1995/2012) normative model and shifts introduced in the course of his applied case studies. The researcher described and analyzed preliminary, initial and operational norms (non-obligatory shifts) employed on the level of three textual segments: the lexical-semantic, the stylistic, and the prosodic. The researcher compared those shifts with the original choices in the English versions of three selected Disney animated films. In the light of Toury’s theory (1995/2012), the current study investigated the hypothesis that the accepted socio-cultural, ideological, and linguistic norms of the Arabic culture directed the choices of the non-obligatory shifts chosen by the Arabic dubbers of English Disney animations dubbed into MSA. This investigation was conducted in application to three case studies, namely, Tangled (2010), Frozen (2013) and Big Hero 6 (2014). In order to decide the most frequently used shifts in the process of dubbing, the frequency rate of each non-obligatory shift was calculated to determine the highest frequently used shift. The study came to the conclusion that there is a direct relationship between the non-obligatory shifts (operational norms) applied during dubbing on the one hand and the socio-cultural, ideological, and linguistic norms imposed by the target culture on the other hand. Those target culture norms governed not only the operational choices but also the preliminary choices of the three selected Disney animated films dubbed into MSA. Affected by the preliminary and operational norms, Arab dubbers’ tendency towards producing acceptable rather than adequate translations decided the initial norms.
The article is devoted to English legal terminology in the context of literary translation.The choice of this topic is due to the fact that the main problems in the translation of works of art and films in which there is a legal discourse, may be associated not so much with limited knowledge of the translator in legal terminology, but with the preservation of the author and stylistic functions of the term.Thanks to the concepts developed in this article, the peculiarities of the ways of translation and reproduction of the problems that arose during the translation of legal terminology were revealed.The article focuses on the terminology used in the legal field and on examples of their use in fiction and film.Before proceeding to the formation of the main results of this work, it was necessary to correctly delineate the concept of "legal term", so a definition was formed, which stated that the legal term is a linguistic definition of state and legal concepts, which expresses and the content of normative legal orders of the state is fixed.This paper considers the peculiarities of the translation of legal terminology, as the main role in the translation of legal texts is played not only by knowledge of legal norms, legal terminology, judicial systems, but also the personal qualities of the translator, as the translation of any text allows interaction of two sovereign national languages, as well as intercultural aspects.First of all, the specifics of educational technical and artistic translation are considered, which provides special literature in the field of law.The analysis of sources and types of legal terms of English is carried out.The main translation difficulties that may arise when working with English-language literary text, which includes legal terminology, are outlined.The lexical and grammatical transformations used during the translation of a legal text are analyzed.
The article deals with lexical and phraseological means as representatives of expressiveness. The importance of the study is due to the fact that the analysis of expressive lexical and phraseological means allows to interpret in detail the intentions of the author and understand the principles of thinking of the writer. The study of the communicative-pragmatic meaning of utterances is extremely important within sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics. The aim of the work is to trace the peculiarities of the realization of expressiveness at the lexical-phraseological level and to determine the dominant functions of expressive units in the book “Samovchytel hrafomana»” [“Graphoman’s self-study»] by A. Sanchenko. Expressiveness is a complex category that actively functions in linguistics and manifests its power in a large number of linguistic tools, techniques, signs. Expressiveness has the ability to activate cognitive process, show various plans of relationships, motivate to action. The text is written in a language that, of course, focuses on literary norms, but the author avoids excessive use of vocabulary that performs only a cognitive-informative function. It was found that in the analyzed text colloquial, abusive and slang vocabulary performs expressive-emotional, evaluative, character-creating functions and explicitly or implicitly reproduces the ironic-humorous effect. The choice of the expressive vocabulary depends on the micro-topic, within which specific images and situations are presented. The phraseological units in an unchanged and transformed form reproduce the leading intentions of the author: irony, informing, mostly disapproving attitude to human behavior. Phraseological units are divided into two groups according to the level of expressiveness: 1) phraseological units that function with an unchanged structure and reproduce traditional ideas about the world of things and people in the work; 2) transformed phraseological units, the semantic field of which is loaded with the subjective assessment of the writer. It is established that lexical and phraseological expressions appeal to the emotional and sensory sphere of recipients, release a powerful suggestive influence. The analyzed expressive means can be investigated in more detail on the basis of known claims about implicit and explicit expressiveness, strong and weak stance of expressiveness.
The article describes issues on the communicative and pragmatic features of colloquial words in newspaper style. At present, the main source of updating the literary norm is the mass media, including periodicals. It actively responds to the events of each day and thereby reflects changes in the vocabulary of the language. As we know, the newspaper style is currently characterized by a irony, emotional intensity and expressiveness, which makes the language of journalism mobile, subtly responsive to situations in society. At the same time, the opposite phenomena are also observed - the loss of literary purity and a general decline in the style of the mass press. Consequently, while selecting lexical means, a journalist must remember that he/she is responsible for the future of the language, for developing the language taste of readers.
This article is devoted to the study of the processes of development and dynamics, sources and ways of development of the political and social terminology of current Ukrainian language in the period of Ukraine’s independence – from 1991 to the present day. It is acknowledged that Ukrainian political and social terminology is a relatively stable and traditionally consolidated lexical and semantic system, which is in a state of uninterrupted development and progressive improvement. The development of terminology is determined by factors of a socio-political, functional and linguistic nature. Therefore, we understand a publicpolitical terminology as a system of differently named nominative units, specialised lexically (created or loan terms), semantically (generalised words that have acquired a nominological meaning) and phraseologically (newly created word-combinations of nominative character) for expressing the understanding of the sphere of public and industrial, political life of the nation. The illustrative material for the study was the textual content of the published and electronic media and the relevant lexicographic, political and legal sources. The article analyzes semantic changes of certain public and political names, in particular, changes in the semantics of terms due to the introduction of new values or replacement of semantics in lexemes with an ideological component by lexemes without an ideological component, use of obsolete terms, both new and long-standing, new and old lexical borrowings. A special place is given to jargonisms as an insignificant component of contemporary political discourse. It is noted that the assessment of new vocabulary is the main requirement for researchers to identify trends in the development or changes in the lexical and verbal norms of Ukrainian language.
Situated in the wider framework of frame semantics, the paper employs an experimental approach involving a reaction time study to test the activation of semantic frames via semantic priming. Experiment 1 deals with the frame of journey and employs a lexical decision task in a reaction time paradigm, while Experiment 2 deals with the frame of conflict and uses a categorization task, also in a reaction time paradigm. Both experiments were designed in Open Sesame. Target stimuli were in Serbian, selected through a norming procedure involving prototypicality ratings on Likert scales. Additionally, identical filler items were included in both experiments. Priming was performed using lexical materials modified to facilitate the activation of the respective frames. The obtained results showed that there was no facilitation in the experimental group in Experiment 1 compared to the control group; however, in Experiment 2, we were able to identify facilitation in the experimental group in the main task, licensed by the initial priming. These results suggest that the lexical decision task has a reduced cognitive load compared to the categorization task, thereby overriding the priming condition. In effect, categorization task appears to be a more suitable procedure for testing semantic frame activation.
Abstract In recent years, a number of applications on Swiss German have been released. They all crowdsource dialectological data, yet until recently their main focus has been on lexical and phonological features. In 2018, we launched the app gschmöis, an app designed to (1) give users an insight into dialectological research, and (2) collect Swiss German data on all linguistic levels, but with a strong emphasis on morphosyntactic phenomena. At the beginning, three rounds were published. Since then new rounds were published periodically. By including not only lexical and phonological features, we want speakers of Swiss German to become aware of differences in the grammar of various Swiss German dialects.The same linguistic phenomena are covered by multiple questions, and some of the questions are duplicated from more traditional projects, like atlas projects on Swiss German. This allows for comparison across different question types (i.e. translation tasks vs. multiple choice questions), different collection methods (fieldwork methods used in the SDS, written questionnaires used in the SADS, and crowdsourcing via the smartphone application gschmöis ), and different groups of informants (NORMs vs. speakers of Swiss German of various gender and age groups). Furthermore, the older data of previous projects can directly be compared with the crowdsourced data, so that recent dialect change can be detected.
Aphasia is an acquired language impairment caused by damage in the regions of the brain that support language. The Main Concept Analysis (MCA; Kong, 2016b) is a published formal assessment battery that allows the quantification of the presence, accuracy, completeness, and efficiency of content in spoken discourse produced by persons with aphasia (PWA). It utilizes a sequential picture description task (with four sets of pictures) for language sample elicitation. The MCA results can also be used clinically for targeting appropriate interventions of aphasic output. The purpose of this research is to develop a Spanish adaptation of the MCA (i.e., Span-MCA) by establishing normative data based on native unimpaired speakers of Spanish from four different dialect origins (Central American Caribbean, Andean-Pacific, Mexican, and Central-Southern Peninsular regions). A total of 91 unimpaired participants that consisted of different age groups, education levels, and dialect origins were recruited to establish four sets of dialect-specific norms and scoring criteria of Span-MCA, including target main concepts and corresponding lexical items related to the picture sets. The Span-MCA was also applied to one pilot native Spanish PWA. The normative data suggested that speakers who were younger or with a higher level of education levels produced significantly more accurate and complete main concepts in their spoken discourse. The application of Span-MCA to the pilot native Spanish PWA successfully identified impaired performance, as compared to the dialectally-sensitive norms established in this study. This study highlighted the clinical value of Span-MCA as a supplement to evaluate spoken discourse and target intervention by speech-language pathologists and related healthcare practitioners.
Abstract While the typology of paraphrasing revolves around linguistic changes of paraphrasing, little is known about the importance of different types of linguistic changes and their relationship between paraphrasing performance and L2 proficiency. Empirical enquiry has focused on L2 writers’ inappropriate paraphrasing performance against the norm of L1 writer, which is problematic in that L2 and L1 writers displayed considerable variation in paraphrasing. The present study drew upon 202 Chinese EFL writers’ written responses in a paraphrasing test to look into the discrete linguistic transformations in paraphrasing and examine how the frequency of different linguistic changes in paraphrasing relates to their paraphrasing performance and L2 proficiency. Correlation analysis was run to analyze the relationship between the frequency of linguistic changes and paraphrasing performance. Multivariate analysis of variance analysis was conducted to examine how the frequency of linguistic changes relates to L2 proficiency. The findings revealed that Conceptual Transformation had the highest significant correlation with paraphrasing scores, followed by Lexical Transformation and then Syntactic Transformation. The frequency of Synonym Substitution, Morphology, Multiple Word Units, Phrase/Clause Shift, Active/Passive Shift and Conceptual Transformation increased as L2 writers’ proficiency levels increased. Implications are drawn from the findings for paraphrasing instruction and assessment, research in paraphrasing and L2 writers’ academic writing practice.
In the modern world, with its diversity of languages and nations, the development of a linguistic personality is one of the main factors of language education.A language personality should possess the language competence that presupposes the possession of the theoretical norms of the language and their further use in the practice of speech use.The language personality must possess the phonetic and lexical grammatical norms of the language.Syntax, which gives the language a communicative and functional significance, is the highest level of the language system.It is in the syntax that the national specificity of the language manifests itself.Possession of it indicates the formation of a language personality.Complex thoughts that reflect the intellectual level of the individual are formed in the form of complex sentences.The emotionality and expressiveness of complex sentences are created due to the way they are organized and the use of syntactic figures of speech.Conversational and expressive elements in the structure of a complex sentence, due to their unintentional and informal nature, create additional shades of imagery and expressiveness in book speech.In the Mari language, the following elements of colloquial speech are introduced in the language of fiction to give a complex sentence imagery and expressiveness: conjunctions, particles, postpositions, interjections, onomatopoeic words and various types of repetitions.Complex and compound sentences are characterized by the use of all these elements of colloquial speech.Conjunctionless complex sentences, based on their structure, use the speech elements of repetition as an expressive means.
The article investigates functional techniques of extralinguistic expression in multimedia texts; the effectiveness of figurative expressions as a reaction to modern events in Ukraine and their influence on the formation of public opinion is shown. Publications of journalists, broadcasts of media resonators, experts, public figures, politicians, readers are analyzed. The language of the media plays a key role in shaping the worldview of the young political elite in the first place. The essence of each statement is a focused thought that reacts to events in the world or in one’s own country. The most popular platform for mass information and social interaction is, first of all, network journalism, which is characterized by mobility and unlimited time and space. Authors have complete freedom to express their views in direct language, including their own word formation. Phonetic, lexical, phraseological and stylistic means of speech create expression of the text. A figurative word, a good aphorism or proverb, a paraphrased expression, etc. enhance the effectiveness of a multimedia text. This is especially important for headlines that simultaneously inform and influence the views of millions of readers. Given the wide range of issues raised by the Internet as a medium, research in this area is interdisciplinary. The science of information, combining language and social communication, is at the forefront of global interactions. The Internet is an effective source of knowledge and a forum for free thought. Nonlinear texts (hypertexts) – «branching texts or texts that perform actions on request», multimedia texts change the principles of information collection, storage and dissemination, involving billions of readers in the discussion of global issues. Mastering the word is not an easy task if the author of the publication is not well-read, is not deep in the topic, does not know the psychology of the audience for which he writes. Therefore, the study of media broadcasting is an important component of the professional training of future journalists. The functions of the language of the media require the authors to make the right statements and convincing arguments in the text. Journalism education is not only knowledge of imperative and dispositive norms, but also apodictic ones. In practice, this means that there are rules in media creativity that are based on logical necessity. Apodicticity is the first sign of impressive language on the platform of print or electronic media. Social expression is a combination of creative abilities and linguistic competencies that a journalist realizes in his activity. Creative self-expression is realized in a set of many important factors in the media: the choice of topic, convincing arguments, logical presentation of ideas and deep philological education. Linguistic art, in contrast to painting, music, sculpture, accumulates all visual, auditory, tactile and empathic sensations in a universal sign – the word. The choice of the word for the reproduction of sensory and semantic meanings, its competent use in the appropriate context distinguishes the journalist-intellectual from other participants in forums, round tables, analytical or entertainment programs. Expressive speech in the media is a product of the intellect (ability to think) of all those who write on socio-political or economic topics. In the same plane with him – intelligence (awareness, prudence), the first sign of which (according to Ivan Ogienko) is a good knowledge of the language. Intellectual language is an important means of organizing a journalistic text. It, on the one hand, logically conveys the author’s thoughts, and on the other – encourages the reader to reflect and comprehend what is read. The richness of language is accumulated through continuous self-education and interesting communication. Studies of social expression as an important factor influencing the formation of public consciousness should open up new facets of rational and emotional media broadcasting; to trace physical and psychological reactions to communicative mimicry in the media. Speech mimicry as one of the methods of disguise is increasingly becoming a dangerous factor in manipulating the media. Mimicry is an unprincipled adaptation to the surrounding social conditions; one of the most famous examples of an animal characterized by mimicry (change of protective color and shape) is a chameleon. In a figurative sense, chameleons are called adaptive journalists. Observations show that mimicry in politics is to some extent a kind of game that, like every game, is always conditional and artificial.
The article discusses some lexical and grammatical difficulties that students face when reading and translating texts in their specialty. Due attention is paid to the style of modern English scientific and technical literature, which is based on the norms of the English written language with certain specific characteristics that should be known and taken into account when translating texts. Special attention is paid to some terminology issues since technical texts are full of both general scient
The system of French accentuation is a relevant case of a language change, observable in a relatively short period of time in a stable synchrony. Since the mid-twentieth century, the formation of linguistic norms has largely depended on a specific type of utterance, media discourse, continually available in spoken audio-visual media. The impact of spoken media on the development of linguistic expression in the last few decades is unprecedented in language history. It is based on a communicational model in which speech is produced by a single speaker and instantly perceived by a multitude of receivers who have no possibility of intervening in the communicational process. Thus the receivers are passively exposed to an exclusive speaker and to language strategies conceived by the media and its linguistic authority. The analysis of two professional spoken interventions, uttered on French television, shows an important modification of the traditional accentual system: conserving the final accent (FA), the speakers systematically introduce an initial accent (IA), a landmark in the evolution of the French language and its normative features. The IA affects the first syllable of a stressed lexeme or the first syllable of an extended accentual unit, regardless of the syntactic function of the stressed morpheme. The FA is operated by the intonational action, while the IA seems to be realized by an accentual augmentation of vocal intensity. The automatism of lexical stressing is generating a systematic accentuation of the first syllable of the accentual unit. The IA mostly affects lexemes that speakers insist on because of their informative value (numerals, adverbs, proper names), but an important part of IA concerns different proclytics, such as deictic elements, articles and determinants. Accentual limitation of the unit on both sides is a specific feature of the speech in French audio-visual media. In recent decades it has found its echo in the normative speech of French linguistic communities.
The paper presents the features of computer interaction as a type of mediated communication. It is noted that in terms of their content and structure the texts of Internet-mediated communication represent oral speech given in writing. Faster processing of information in language terms is reflected in the use of a minimum set of lexical tools with the maximum content fullness of text messages. Non-verbal means of communication in the Internet environment are particularly importance since being used in oral communication they make it possible to establish the interaction using the body language, to promote psychological contact or to distance the communicators. The transfer of oral communication to the Internet environment imposes a requirement on communicators to comply with the rules adopted on public network resources. Content may be presented as a collage reduced to a repetition of previously produced information. The reasons for this combinatorics are seen in accelerating the pace of life, saving time, using technical means that facilitate the process of text creation. The main criteria include the speed of creating the text and its accessibility, the comprehensiveness of a wide audience. However, such a democratization of the language is fraught with the following risks. First, the human brain loses the ability to in-depth thinking and learning, detailed analysis. Second, the language itself as the cultural code of the nation will undergo significant changes in terms of simplifying syntactic constructions, word forms and norms of the literary language.
We present TRUNAJOD, a text complexity analysis tool that includes a wide variety of linguistics measurements that can be extracted from texts as an approximation for readability, coherence, and cohesion. The features that TRUNAJOD can extract from the text are based on the literature and can be separated into the following categories: discourse markers, emotions, entity gridbased measurements, givenness, lexical-semantic norms, semantic measures, surface proxies, etc. In this first version of TRUNAJOD, we mainly support the Spanish language, but several features support any language that has proper natural language processing POS tagging and dependency parsing capabilities. Finally, we show how TRUNAJOD could be used in applied research.
Brazilian Sign Language (in Portuguese, Libras) is a visuospatial linguistic system adopted by the Brazilian deaf communities as the primary form of communication. Libras are a language of minority groups, thus their research and production of teaching materials do not receive the same incentive to progress or improve as oral languages. This complex language employs signs composed of forms and hands movements combined with facial expressions and postures of the body. Facial expressions rarely appear in sign language literature, despite their being essential to this form of communication. Thereby, this research objectives are to present and discuss sub-categories of the grammatical facial expressions of Libras, with two specific objectives: (1) the building of an annotated video corpus comprehending all the categories identified in the literature of facial expressions in Brazilian sign language; (2) the application of Facial Action Coding System (FACS) (which has its origins as an experimental model in psychology) as a tool for annotating facial expressions in sign language. Ruled by a qualitative approach, the video corpus was carried out with nineteen Libras users (sixteen deaf and three hearing participants) who translated forty- three phrases from Portuguese to Libras. The records were later transcribed with the Eudico Linguistic Annotator software tool. From the analysis of the literature review, it was observed the need to classify facial expression as subcategories of lexical, as intensity, homonyms, and norm. It is believed that it is necessary to expand the studies on facial expressions, favoring their documentation and the description of their linguistic functions. Advances in this sense can contribute to the learning of Libras by deaf students and also by listeners who propose to act as teachers or as translators and interpreters of this language system.
The article investigates the usage of stylistically marked vocabulary fiction. The study considers the basic concepts of this linguistic phenomenon, provides a brief classification and characteristics of individual units. It also analyses the main methods of translating stylistically marked vocabulary on the case study of Stephen King's novel. A comparative analysis of the work of Stephen King with its translations into Ukrainian to determine the degree of translation adequacy, as well as to identify various translation transformations when transferring the peculiarities of the stylistically marked vocabulary has been done. In the article, general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis in dividing the issue into its components, and the analysis to determine the meaning of terms has been used. The method of continuous sampling and the analysis of lexical units has also been used in the study. The article considers difficulties that often arise due to differences in social and cultural norms when translating non-standard vocabulary. It has been stated that the degree of correlation between the expression of foreign language and native vocabulary is currently a complex issue. The lexical replacement (partial and complete replacement of the original sing) has been defined as the most common method of translating stylistically marked words. Other methods to be mentioned are a match for a lexical item in the language of translation, euphemistic translation needed to reduce the degree of expression of the original words. In some cases, the replacement of the word of the original with a unit with a coarser expression, based on the context to convey the degree of tension of the speech situation to the reader is used. Translation failures have been considered as well. The most common reasons for unsuccessful translation are the reduction of expression and insufficient consideration of the situational factors of the language, which also leads to an unreasonable underestimation or overestimation of stylistic expression.
This paper describes the system developed by the Laboratoire d'analyse\nstatistique des textes (LAST) for the Lexical Complexity Prediction shared task\nat SemEval-2021. The proposed system is made up of a LightGBM model fed with\nfeatures obtained from many word frequency lists, published lexical norms and\npsychometric data. For tackling the specificity of the multi-word task, it uses\nbigram association measures. Despite that the only contextual feature used was\nsentence length, the system achieved an honorable performance in the multi-word\ntask, but poorer in the single word task. The bigram association measures were\nfound useful, but to a limited extent.\n
Abstract What is the thermal conductivity of copper? This straightforward question leads to a fascinating instance of the production of scientific facts through documentation practices. Ho, Powell and Liley's 1974 The Thermal Conductivity of the Elements: A Comprehensive Review is examined as an artifact of scientific reference data production, and its answer to the initial question is traced to modern‐day search engine results. A short history of the Center that produced the book and some initial research into its authors is provided. Kuhn's concepts of normal science and normic lexical structures are utilized to clarify the Comprehensive Review's functioning within the broader scientific fields in which it is utilized. Bowker's concepts of memory practices and the jussive Archive help identify the forgetting embedded in the production of reference data, producing what Star called global certainty. Far from impugning the internal validity of these scientific facts, this forgetting is shown to be licensed by scientific rigor. This paper presents a novel historically informed investigation of how documentation practices produce scientific facts, and connect these activities to modern‐day knowledge graph information retrieval. The theoretical analyses provided show how scientifically licensed forgetting is a key mechanism of fact production, what Hayles termed constrained constructivism.
The relevance of the research is determined by the need to study issues of synonymy that have not received an unambiguous interpretation in linguistics, the need to expand and systematize knowledge about the main groups, structural and semantic characteristics and usage of lexical units, in particular, synonyms and metaphors. Along with the study of synonymous relations at the language level, it becomes necessary to consider them in speech use in order to identify the dynamics of diverse semantic relations. The work defines the main types of these connections, proposes a methodology for identifying the structural and semantic characteristics of conceptual synonyms and metаphors, as well as the peculiarities of the functioning of their context and in speech. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that it attempts to clarify the essence of the interdependence and interconnection of the phenomena of synonymy and metаphors at the lexical level. The practical value of the article lies in the fact that its results can be used in lectures and seminars on lexicology, in special courses on synonymy in practical classes in the Azerbaijani language at a university and school, when writing diploma and term papers, when developing textbooks on lexicology of modern the Azerbaijani language, as well as in lexicographic practice. The aim of the work is to study the structural and semantic features of lexical synonyms in the language, as well as to identify the specifics of the implementation of synonyms and metaphors in speech. In this way the relevance of the study is determined by a number of points: the fruitfulness of studying the problem of the closeness of word meanings within different contexts, since contextually conditioned connections between the meanings of lexical units reflect the process of individual, creative experience of a person of the surrounding reality and open access to the subjective perception of a semantic community by a native speaker; the need to investigate the active state of language in society, which is realized in the study of the use and functioning of language in fiction, influencing the spread of language norms, reflecting the natural state of the language.
Being able to read words fluently and accurately is an important milestone in learning to read but not all children reach it. For weak readers, it is often difficult to make the transition from letter-by-letter reading to visual word recognition through orthographic comparison processes using larger (sub-)lexical units. The syllable seems to provide a bridge to orthographic decoding for children who learn to read German. Against this background, this replication study investigated the effectiveness of a syllable-based reading training on the visual word recognition and reading comprehension of second graders in an experimental pre-post design. To this end, 101 children whose word recognition performance in a standardized reading test was below the mean value in comparison to the classroom norm were randomly assigned to the experimental group or a waiting control group. Linear models revealed significant improvements in orthographic decoding in the experimental group after completion of the 24-session small group training. Children who received the training of repeated reading and segmentation of frequent syllables were able to recognize words faster and more accurately. These findings are further evidence of the effectiveness of the training for promoting the recognition of written words.