Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
This work categorizes Japanese Sign Language (JSL) toponyms, or place names, and examines factors that potentially affect their structure. Exonyms, influenced by the source Japanese name, and endonyms, independent JSL names, contrast structurally in that exonyms tend to emerge as compounds while endonyms conform more closely to canonical monomorphemic JSL lexemes. Based on the contrast, one would expect the structurally more favorable, less marked, endonymic outputs to emerge as the norm; however, structurally inefficient exonymic forms do so. This study analyzes a collection of over 900 names from the 2009 Japan National Federation of the Deaf (JFD) National Toponym Sign Language Map to determine structural influences on JSL toponym outputs. A spreadsheet tracked morpheme counts and relationships between source name characters and their outputs to find categorical distributions. This study finds that JSL toponyms tend to disproportionally borrow Japanese morphemes associated with JSL character signs that map to the source characters. A character sign is a sign isomorphic in some respect to a Chinese-origin orthography. Favored indexation to such source morphemes demonstrates that source name familiarity can support the persistent spread of exonymic toponyms.
How words are associated within the linguistic environment conveys semantic content; however, different contexts induce different linguistic patterns. For instance, it is well known that adults speak differently to children than to other adults. We present results from a new word association study in which adult participants were instructed to produce either unconstrained or child-oriented responses to each cue, where cues included 672 nouns, verbs, adjectives, and other word forms from the McArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (CDI; Fenson et al., 2006). Child-oriented responses consisted of higher frequency words with fewer letters, earlier ages of acquisition, and higher contextual diversity. Furthermore, the correlations among the responses generated for each pair of cues differed between unconstrained (adult-oriented) and child-oriented responses, suggesting that child-oriented associations imply different semantic structure. A comparison of growth models guided by a semantic network structure revealed that child-oriented associations are more predictive of early lexical growth. Additionally, relative to a growth model based on a corpus of naturalistic child-directed speech, the child-oriented associations explain added unique variance to lexical growth. Thus, these new child-oriented word association norms provide novel insight into the semantic context of young children and early lexical development.
The study aims to provide a comprehensive characteristic of lexical parameters of legal discourse, the communicative-pragmatic meaning of which is realised at the structural-semantic, content-thematic levels of the utterance. It is noted that legal discourse has peculiar lexico-semantic features due to its main purpose to regulate the communicants’ behaviour in situations of institutional communication established by law in accordance with the system of social role characteristics, prescriptions, instructions, requirements and standards of conduct. Scientific novelty lies in identifying the discursive-semantic patterns of institutional communication formation based on the lexico-semantic organisation of legal discourse. As a result, it has been found that the lexical continuum of legal discourse conforms to the stylistic norms of the modern Russian literary language. Lexical means, being verbal formulas of interpretation of the essence of legal communication, occupy a special place in legal discourse and specifically reflect its significant elements.
The culture of communication in social life is determined by the linguistic and cultural traditions, the peculiarities of the value system of a nation. The present paper focuses on the study of the accepted norms and rulesof politeness in the Arab-Islamic society, which are greatly influenced by religion. The norms reflected in centuries-long experience and philosophy of the Arab people are expressed through a number of lexical, grammatical and syntactic means.
With the development of technology and information, language has changed as well. It is no longer important to follow the literary norm. It is important to be able to communicate effectively and to remove communication barriers. Russian students studying in China or Chinese students studying in Russia use slang or fancy words in the intercultural conununication. Russian youth slang as a specific linguistic phenomenon has attracted an increasing number of researchers. Among them are scientists, undergraduates and graduate students, as well as teachers of the Russian language. People are interested in this linguistic phenomenon because of its specificity and linguistic fashion for slang lexical units. When analyzing a foreign language (e.g., Russian), native speakers of Chinese use the same or similar linguistic phenomena for a comparative analysis. This article aims to compare lexical units of modern Russian youth slang with Chinese ones. The article concludes that language fashion exists in both language systems.
In 2004 I composed a small polemic for GLQ ominously titled “Geopolitics Alert!” That effort was followed by a cautionary essay in 2007 called “The Voyage Out: Transacting Sex under Globalization,” and finally, in 2016, a coedited special issue, “Area Impossible,” on the fraught couplings of area studies and queer studies (Arondekar and Patel 2016). If you're sensing a theme, or even a tiresome repetition of cautions and concerns, you're not wrong. At stake then and now remains the critical labor of geopolitics in the mappings of queer/trans studies or, more precisely, the instrumentality of area/region in the legitimacy of sexuality/ gender's discursive regimes. While the early debates around the geopolitical cleaved largely to a language of lament, erasure, and general outrage (hence my alarmist early polemic in 2004), there was a seeming clarity of corrective purpose. Queer studies was (is?) too exhaustingly white and not right, a by-product of an extractive US-centered knowledge supply chain. The turn to the transnational, the global, the geopolitical, the regional, was seen as an intervention, an epistemic dike that would stem the tide of US-funded queer takeovers. Alongside the rise of queer of color critique and many other theoretical kin in indigenous, disability, animal studies, and more, there was a sense that queer/trans studies was experiencing a radical sea change.1Even as such transnational turns and voyages out expanded the terrains of our engagements, I wonder now, as I did then, could such geo/histories, geo/objects forge critical vernaculars both within and without a US-based queer studies? After all, Gayatri Spivak's (2003) early pronouncement (yes, it was 2003!) on the enduring asymmetries of knowledge economies has hardly been reversed. The “inconvenience” of too many languages, too many histories, too many divergent objects of studies colors much of what we continue to do today. As a scholar who works in South Asia, I am always nudged (however gently) to provide glossaries, translations of terms that at least 1 billion folks else/where inhabit and understand. We still live inside monolingual and/or metrolingual landscapes, populated by an appetite for geopolitical diversity that nevertheless returns us to the gift of the master language. To be clear, such monolingualism (epistemic and literal) exists as much in the rest as it does in the West. There remains a dearth of scholarly writing in nonmetropolitan languages across all hemispheres, even as queer/trans subjects flourish and proliferate every day.2 As such, Spivak's (2003: 10) principled “too bad” rejoinder still demands attention, and perhaps further translation. Is the “too bad” an incitement to action, a rousing yet paradoxical acceptance of the necessary but impossible task of learning other/wise? Or more bluntly, is it a plangent admonishment that learning from below is always an exercise in humility and incommensurability?3 All I can say is that the punchy “too bad” stands as a stark reminder that we will never know enough, learn enough, and indeed extract enough, for the subaltern to speak. And that endures as our inconvenient truth.I have returned often to this Spivakian dictum, more so when I sat down to compose this review essay. Even as queer/trans-ness is lambasted as the new neoliberal, crony capitalist mission, a messy bricolage of pinkwashed ideology, homonationalism, feminist governance, and a whole lot of gay and trans internationals (I may have missed a few more choice descriptors), could trans/queer studies think with and along these geopolitical knowledge asymmetries as the very conditions of scholarly production? Could queer hermeneutics, slanted through geopolitics, help us bypass this worlding industry in which state and capital continually refurbish refusal as product? While it is laudable to have scholarship on India, Egypt, Philippines, or Brazil (pick your favorite queer else/where) take center stage for an issue or two, would such scholarship become the citational foundation for queer understanding? Would we ever bypass the hoary press of the North/South binary and focus more on South-South conversations? After all, queer/trans epistemologies are always spaced forms, familiar lexical imaginaries, housed within the languages of geopolitics and difference. Reproductive futurism is always geopolitical futurism; queer utopia is equally queer geography, where other worlds are continually reproduced as contexts, exemplars, at best interruptions in a journey that inevitably and necessarily shepherds us back into the diversified holdings of an American studies project. If sexuality's difference is always marked by gender, race, class, caste, and more (jettison that white child please), it is equally a story of spatialized difference. To put it more ambitiously, could our voyages out forge a queer/trans geopolitics? Or as my coeditor Geeta Patel and I asked in our special issue, could histories of area be histories of sexuality?Such foundational concerns and more animate the wide-ranging scholarship of Rahul Rao, Evren Savcı, and Howard Chiang, the three authors whose timely and trenchant works are in conversation here. Axiomatic for all three scholars is the clear understanding that there can be no coherent theory of geopolitics. For each, their varied geographies rattle and rouse the very concepts (nation, identity, history, religion) that they are summoned to translate and theorize. Each text extrapolates from a sedimented history of area and/or region that mobilizes the abstractions and institutions of the geopolitical as cautious signs and sites of scholarship on gender/sexuality. As such, we have divergent and sometimes contradictory translations of the geopolitical that render gender/sexuality in different tenors, genres, and politics: postcolonial studies (Rahul Rao), Middle Eastern/Islamic studies (Evren Savcı), and Sinophone studies (Howard Chiang). In what follows I will engage with each author's efforts to think of the geopolitical (in all its varied avatars) less as a mark of distinguishing exemplarity (or contextual specifics) but more as a signifier and episteme of histories of gender/sexuality. At stake thus is less a summation of their complex and rigorous arguments (for that, read their wonderful books please!) but more an attention to the epistemological and disciplinary conventions that summon geopolitical heterogeneity. Rahul Rao speaks through his vexed disciplinary and intellectual home in international relations; Evren Savcı marshals the vernaculars of sociology, ethnography, and affect; and Howard Chiang wrestles with the evidentiary regimes of historiography and area studies. Conceived amidst escalating climates of authoritarianism, sectarianism, militarization, and political violence in India, Uganda, Turkey, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and mainland China (PRC), the three books dexterously embrace the challenge of writing histories of gender/sexuality within conditions of peril and possibility. Legal rights and representation of queer/trans collectivities expand and/or contract alongside the surveillance and persecution of all forms of dissent, protest, and refusal.While each book signals the stakes of its interventions through a central concept-metaphor, be it Rao's focus on postcolonial temporalities, Savcı’s project of queer translation, or Chiang's turn to transtopia, there is a shared agon of arrival in every narration. A “productive paradox” (Savcı 2021: 2) propels the three authors into their writing, a displacement, if you will, of the inherited temporalities and epistemologies of queer/trans theory. Most stridently, for Rao, it is his unease with the “temporal lag and rupture” of histories of sexuality (xx), the tiresome dialectic of Western imposition and non-Western incorporation that he wishes to exceed, and indeed jettison. Rao's work is clearly derivative of Jasbir Puar's critical corpus, especially her insight on statecraft and homo/nationalism, and in many ways, Out of Time is an effort to extend Puar's (2002, 2007) work across more comparative and divergent geopolitical contexts. Indeed, one of the striking achievements of Rao's analysis is his ability to think comparatively within a South-South postcolonial framework, providing a rare reading of empire's shadow across continents and collectivities. Uganda (the worst place to be gay) and India (the most aspirational place to be gay) set the stage for us as the multipronged project of queer freedom unfolds across conflicted and collaborative relationships with inherited colonial laws, postcolonial statecraft, and transnational supply chains, fueling both resistance and compliance. Rao is at his critical best, for example, when he charts genealogies of homophobia as homegrown iterations of the “foundational grammar” of the postcolonial state (215), in his careful reading of the mythology of Mwanga, a nineteenth-century Ugandan king. Mwanga, whose alleged homosexuality ironically sutures the “native” past to a neoliberal postcolonial present (214), is equally embraced and disavowed within Ugandan public memory as a source and scourge for the emergence of LGBTQ freedoms.Rao's theorization of homocapitalism (a new kin of/to homonationalism) emerges as the text's key intervention. Unlike more rehearsed denigrations of capitalism that uphold romanticized movement histories as counterpoint, Rao's contributions seek more nuanced ground. What is lost, Rao asks, when the postcolonial state and postcolonial queer movements both cede to networks of capital that mobilize gender and sexuality inclusion (let's bring in the queers) at the very moment of their continued erasure (let's bring in the upper-class, upper-caste queers)? More resources (and rights) are accessed even as nonmarket-allied queer lives survive amidst landscapes of precarity and deprivation. Given that Rao begins his book by querying “how time matters differently in the queer postcolony” (2), it is only thus fitting that he ends with a temporality of resistance and possibility against the relentless march of homocapitalism.4 To do so, Rao turns to the “backwardness” movements of trans/Dalit collectivities who choose pathways of nonlinearity to secure economic rights and legal representation (174). While the census category of Other Backward Castes (OBC) delegates lower-caste bodies to a telos of stalled development and progress, the same category is refurbished to amplify lower-caste struggle. To be “backward” within the topographies of census and data is not to surrender the time of modernity, but to seize it from the stranglehold of upper-caste and normative linearity. To be “backward” is to belong multiply: past colonial categories revitalize and rupture present bodies of resistance.Rao's invocation of a resilient homocapitalism translates into the more specific complex of “neoliberal Islam” in Turkey in Savcı’s provocative Queer in Translation: Sexual Politics under Neoliberal Islam. If Rao suggests that the rise of neoliberalism proliferates morality crises in Ugandan society that in turn spawn myriad representations of homo/trans phobia, Savcı amplifies that claim through the twinning rise of neoliberal Islam and the explosion of LGBTQ movements in Turkey. Savcı charts a lively and counterintuitive history of trans/queer movements in Turkey (2000s), which emerge at the very moment of the ascension of the so-called moderate Islamist party, Adalet ve Kalınma Partisi (AKP: Justice and Development Party), a pro-West, pro-globalization party. The efflorescence of queer/trans history alongside the electoral affirmation of a Muslim vote in a Muslim-majority country stages the central translation of the book, making the combative dichotomy of Islamist extremism versus Western neoliberalism an untenable fiction. Such a coupling between Turkey's AKP and queer/trans movements, Savcı notes, however, is short-lived. In 2015 the AKP renewed police persecution of PRIDE marches, spawning a new generation of dissent and activism. The book is a riveting account of that seismic shift, from AKP's embrace of queer/trans rights to their rejection of them, from the encouragement of queer visibility to the crushing of all dissent.Savcı’s analysis of such a shift bypasses the familiar and tired mantra of a radicalizing Islam in a Muslim-majority country. Instead, Savcı attributes AKP's reliance on modalities of securitization, surveillance, and moral conservatism to a burgeoning neoliberal citizenry that nestles Islam within supply chains of capital distribution. To speak of a neoliberal Islam, or more radically to center neoliberal Islam as a vector of queer analysis, reorders the grammar of queer critique. No more an object of search and rescue, or the maligned and “subjugated other of Western modernity” (3), neoliberal Islam confounds the very languages of Euro-American queer articulation. As Savcı pointedly notes, the caricature of locals (the treasure trove of anthropology) either as failed/foiled subjects of queer freedom, or alternately as exemplary radical forms, evacuates any thick engagement with queer/trans movements in Muslim-majority countries. It is only critical translation that troubles such staged binaries and provides us with a historically situated “ethnographic study of the contemporary Turkish Republic as a lived reality grounded in political economy and government rule” (3).At times, Savcı’s theorizations of queer translation rest on a linguistic turn and, at other moments, on an interruption of a conventional geopolitical rendering of Islam. We are reminded (as Spivak noted all those years ago) that there are multiple and often competing category forms that make up the histories of gender and sexuality. The English-centrism of queer/trans studies eschews the multilingualism of diverse bodies of Islam. After all, Turkey's Sunni majority is counterposed by other minoritized Islams, just as queer/trans history inhabits a myriad of layered and contrasting forms. What is most compelling in Savcı’s emphasis on queer translation as a modality of geopolitics is that it speaks to the historical ontologies of linguistic categories, mediated through transfers of power and capital. Translation becomes the episteme of the geopolitical, moving us away from the focus on subjects and subjectivity as the only pathway to queer justice.Governance with and in neoliberal Islam translates the cultural into the economic, requiring new vernaculars of queer analysis. Savcı reminds us (as does Rao) that gay (neo) liberalism (through its alliances with racial capitalism) creates subjects who consume and migrate into homonormative kinship forms (family, marriage), even as they are seen to be in constant need of protection, surveillance, and security. Yet such broader repudiations of neoliberalism often presume Islamophobia as its active component. How does one engage such critiques in spaces where Muslims are not the minority, as they are in the Euro-American translation of Islamophobia? Turkey decisively ruptures such inherited languages of queer critique in its relationship to Islam as a lived, contradictory, and vibrant ethos. From the confounding and sensational murder of a gay Kurdish man, to unholy kinships between religious hijabi women and LGBTQ activists, from the emergence of the public commons that is Gezi Park, to new economic alliances, Savcı leaves us with a rich compendium of queer keywords. We are in constant living translation.To close, I want to turn to Chiang's Transtopia in the Sinophone Pacific, a dizzyingly ambitious book that wrestles with asymmetries of disciplinary forms and historiographical evidence amidst ongoing geopolitical upheaval in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the PRC. While Rao and Savcı speak to the paradoxical and “out of time” couplings of neoliberal governance and queer/trans movements and their translations, Chiang invests more in a “continuum” model whereby “transtopic” historical thinking dwells in the plethora of representations (material, psychic, social, etc.) that yoke themselves to transgender existence. Identarian models of transgender forms, Chiang argues, limit the horizons of epistemic possibility, requiring a recuperative and/or stabilizing presence that elides the vastness and ubiquity of their histories. And we have a wide array of histories available for perusal: Harry Benjamin's (1885–1986) sexological treatises, the genealogy of a spectacular Chinese trans category, renyao (literally “human prodigy”) castrated subjects in Sinophone cinema, and, finally, the checkered history of transgender activism in the Asia Pacific. And like Rao and Savcı, Chiang too brings together studies and transgender stage and of the of Chiang's however, remains less After all, by now, we know that there exists a of gender and Western What does is Chiang's on the and of geopolitics in our of forms. The book, for begins with Chiang's at the Queer in where the of as historical presence is just as on in Hong Western historiography to and Chinese to of the of at the very moment when Hong police across a few Chiang, such asymmetries of the central geopolitics in any history of gender and not to of but to the historical that our analysis. Savcı and Rao, Chiang is equally to shift the for neoliberalism the critique of models of and capital. The is less to and Hong to the stage of history, but more to the of history As such, one key of the book is a of what Chiang of (3), in which the multilingualism and of Chinese as a historical object are or Chiang works with of Sinophone and on the of where remains the and Sinophone collectivities in Hong and work in with Chinese in the from Hong of to a place with as We the of and to an understanding of gender as of the with no trans As a of Chiang does his best work in 1 when he follows the rise of the American through the and representations of From and to and a historiography of emerges in which each geopolitical of a different story of gender's difference. Transtopia is thus a of historical of and difference is not in it the very forms of its emergence in histories of sexuality. That may be the of this book, as it demands new for the of trans there is clearly much more to say all three what remains clear is their of queer of analysis. To say that there is within these around would be an Each text dwells on the of such epistemologies of and to queer/trans studies to the task of geopolitics, not as an for or but as a of and often impossible that task may it the of queer/trans studies.
Automatically detecting the intent of an utterance is important for various downstream natural language processing tasks. This task is also called Dialogue Act Classification (DAC) and was primarily researched on spoken one-to-one conversations. The rise of social media has made this an interesting data source to explore within DAC, although it comes with some difficulties: non-standard form, variety of language types (across and within platforms), and quickly evolving norms. We therefore investigate the robustness of DAC on social media data in this paper. More concretely, we provide a benchmark that includes cross-domain data splits, as well as a variety of improvements on our transformer-based baseline. Our experiments show that lexical normalization is not beneficial in this setup, balancing the labels through resampling is beneficial in some cases, and incorporating context is crucial for this task and leads to the highest performance improvements 7 F1 percentage points in-domain and 20 cross-domain).
The importance of criminal law protection of honor and reputation and imprecise legal conceptual determination of insult, as a basic and general criminal offense against honor and reputation, pointed to the need to determine in theory and court practice the parameters that will help the courts when deciding whether in the particular case the criminal offense of insult exists or not. On this occasion, an objective criterion is applied, according to which an insulting statement is assessed from the aspect of existing customary, moral, and other norms in specific time and space. The variability of the concept of honor, which often changes its content and scope, also creates the need for language analysis of the degrading statements, which can sometimes be helpful in assessing whether in a particular case there is a criminal offense of insult or not. Connecting law with linguistics provides an interdisciplinary overview of the relationship of language, style, and composition of legal documents and their conditionality by specifics of individual fields of law. The attitude to the use of language which exists in legal theory and practice is significant and worth studying, and in the focus of interdisciplinary contribution to this issue, there is a criminal law overview of the use of language tools in criminal offenses against honor and reputation. The legal part of the analysis was used, above all, the dogmatic method in order to determine the true meaning of the analyzed norms, and the normative method as a method of studying the social function of the norms. The historical method was used to show the criminal protection of honor and reputation in various historical periods, which was accompanied by the use of the sociological method to explain social factors of occurrence and development of the phenomena. In order to assess existing normative solutions, the axiological method was used. The language analysis of the criminal offense of insult was performed using a descriptive method, and the content analysis was used as a research technique. For the purposes of research, a special sample was formed, which consists of thirty judgments for the criminal offense of insult. In the corpus of the court judgments of Kragujevac courts, the repertoire of lexical assets used for the purpose of injury to honor and reputation was separated. Sublings of the mother, pejoratives, vulgarism, metaphorical nominations with negative connotation, and lexemes marked by the bearer of socially unacceptable traits and ethnicities used with derogatory meaning are among the most common funds. Public insults in writing, in the form of comments on social networks or forums, have greater weight than orally imposed insults in the presence of several faces.
Face evaluation and first impression generation can be affected by multiple face elements such as invariant facial features, gaze direction and environmental context; however, the composite modulation of eye gaze and illumination on faces of different gender and ages has not been previously investigated. We aimed at testing how these different facial and contextual features affect ratings of social attributes. Thus, we created and validated the Bi-AGI Database, a freely available new set of male and female face stimuli varying in age across lifespan from 18 to 87 years, gaze direction and illumination conditions. Judgments on attractiveness, femininity-masculinity, dominance and trustworthiness were collected for each stimulus. Results evidence the interaction of the different variables in modulating social trait attribution, in particular illumination differently affects ratings across age, gaze and gender, with less impact on older adults and greater effect on young faces.
This research was conducted with two main goals-to contribute to knowledge on the development of empathy from early adolescence to adulthood, including its contribution to decoding emotion expression, and to improve the understanding of the nature of empathy by simultaneously assessing empathy toward two different targets-humans and animals. It unfolded into two cross-sectional studies: One (S1) obtaining measures of empathy toward humans and animals as targets across five age groups (from pre-adolescents to adults); and another (S2) where a subset of the adolescents who participated in S1 were assessed in emotion expression decoding and subjective and physiological responses to emotional video clips. The results of S1 showed that empathy toward animals and most dimensions of empathy toward humans increase toward adulthood, with important gender differences in empathy to animals and humans, and empathy levels in girls starting off in the age trajectory at higher levels, A moderate correlation between empathy toward human and toward animal targets was also found. S2 showed that the expression of positive emotion is better recognized than that of negative emotion, surprise, or neutral expression, and that the measure of human-directed empathy predicts successful decoding of negative emotion, whereas skin conductance responses (SCRs) and subjective valence ratings predicted successful identification of positive emotion. Gender differences emerged but not across all age groups nor all subscales. Results yield keys to the developmental "pace" and trajectory of the various dimensions of empathy and to how empathy relates to emotion decoding.
Abstract This study explores variable Spanish subject pronoun expression (e.g., yo veo ~ veo ) in Spanish-English speaking children in different regions of the United States (U.S.): Los Angeles (LA), California, and the Tri-Cities area of the state of Washington. We also compare the U.S. children to monolingual Spanish-speaking children in Mexico. Binary logistic regression analyses of 2,064 verb tokens produced by nine U.S. children and nine children in Mexico, ages 5;11 to 7 years old, show that the children are sensitive to linguistic factors that typically influence children’s Spanish subject pronoun expression in their respective communities. In addition, we find that the LA children’s subject pronoun expression is predicted by lexical frequency. A subsequent analysis of the LA children’s frequent verbs uncovers two phrases with high degrees of prefabrication, yo creo and yo no sé, which, we argue, obscure the LA children’s sensitivity to Reference, all while acting as central exemplars of a [1sg+cognitive verb] construction.
De plus en plus d'études sur le monstre voient le jour en science humaines, notamment en histoire de l’art ainsi qu’en littérature. Toutes ces études semblent s'accorder à dire que la signification à attribuer aux monstres est tout aussi protéiforme que ses représentations. Notre thèse a pour ambition d'aider à une meilleure compréhension du concept de monstre en cherchant à répondre à la question suivante: de quoi parlons-nous quand nous parlons du monstre? En préférant aux formes esthétiques les occurrences lexicales, il est possible de montrer que, derrière l'hétérogénéité de ses représentations, le monstre cache une homogénéité de ces significations.Aussi loin que nous puissions remonter dans le cours de l’Histoire, il semble que le monstre soit intimement lié à l’idée de contre-nature. Malgré sa présence chez de nombreux auteurs, comme Aristote et Platon, ce lien dialectique n’a jamais fait l’objet d’une problématisation de la part des sciences humaines et sociales. Pourtant, depuis l’avènement de la tératologie au tournant du XIXe siècle, la science a montré que rien de ce que pouvait produire la nature ne pouvait être produit contrairement au respect des lois qui la fondent, à savoir celles de la biologie et de la physique. Comme le dit Goethe, après Tobler, dans les aphorismes sur la Nature publiés en première page du premier numéro de la fameuse revue du même nom: « Auch das Unnatürlichste ist Natur ». Par conséquent, si monstres il y a, ceux-ci ne peuvent être que contraires à une nature entendue comme une réalité sensible propre à un individu et dont certains éléments témoignent de la présence d’une « pensée sociale » faite de normes, de dogmes, d’idéologies ainsi que de représentations collectives et sociales.
Kinship terminology in the traditional culture represents an ethnocultural phenomenon, in which specific features of the stages of the historical development of a certain people are recognized, as well as the forms of social organization that reflect the mentality and norms of behavioral culture. In the study we undertook the analysis of special literature and the collection of field materials conducted in rural areas (auls) of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The method descriptive analysis was applied to study the main material. This article discusses the system of kinship terms among the Karakalpaks, its classification, both along the “consanguineous” line (for example, parents, brothers, uncles, etc.) and along the line of “properties” (for example, relatives of the husband and wife from the side speaker, etc.). In addition to the main terms of paternal and maternal kinship, the author collected a large number of special euphemisms (i.e. “nicknames”) used by the Karakalpak daughter-in-law in relation to her husband’s relatives and his fellow villagers. This as aspect is of interest for ethnolinguistic analysis. In the course of the study, all the main terms and special vocatives were collected in order to analyze their description in the system of stereotyped behavior of members of a kindred community and related norms of etiquette, determined by gender, age and social factors from an ethnographic point of view. It should be noted that the kinship terms of the Karakalpaks are largely similar to the kinship terms of other Turkic-speaking peoples of Central Asia and Altai in the works of Turkologists and ethnographers, which reveal the etymology of terms, lexical semantics, relics of archaism and social stereotypes of behavior.
The article explores the features of adaptation of a foreign component ‘fest’ in modern Ukrainian. It is found that, according to its grammatical nature, borrowing ‘fest’ is a reduction that has come in the modern Ukrainian lexicon from Germanic languages, replacing the usual full form ‘festival’ and retaining its lexical meanings. In modern Ukrainian speech the foreign component ‘fest’ functions as a real masculine noun of the second declination, which is also characterized by the grammatical category of the number, implemented in the singular and plural forms, but it has not been recorded in Ukrainian lexicographic works yet. It is established that in modern Ukrainian the borrowed component ‘fest’ has a high word-building activity and forms new derivatives in morphological ways of word-building, for the most part juxtaposition and rarely drafting of stems. The correspondence of spelling of the new derivatives to the current spelling norms is analyzed, the typical violations of the current Ukrainian spelling rules are revealed and the normative spelling variants of the new juxtaposits are proposed. It is proved that common names of cultural and artistic gatherings, which have the borrowing ‘fest’ in their structure, are unacceptable and understandable not for all Ukrainian native speakers because the formation and spelling of these nominations contradict the norms of modern Ukrainian literary language and have a devastating impact on its traditions. The usual adjective and noun constructions for the nomination of festivals are offered.
Sociolinguists (e.g., Holmes, 2008; Meyerhof, 2011) generally describe Japanese as a language with gender-exclusive elements. Personal pronouns, sentence-ending particles and lexicon used exclusively by one gender have been cataloged in English by researchers such as Ide (1979), Shibamoto (1985), and McGloin (1991). While there has been some research showing that Japanese women’s language use today is much more diverse than these earlier descriptions suggested (e.g., studies in Okamoto and Shibamoto Smith, 2004) and that some young Japanese girls use masculine pronouns to refer to themselves (Miyazaki, 2010), prescriptive rules for Japanese use still maintain gender-exclusive elements today. In addition, characters in Japanese movies and TV dramas not only adhere to but also popularize these norms (Nakamura, 2012). Thus, Japanese etiquette rules and media texts promote the perpetuation of gender-exclusive language use, particularly by females. However, in the past three decades, Japanese society has made significant shifts towards gender equality in the legal code, the workplace and education. I therefore decided to investigate how Japanese women use and view their language in the context of these changes. I draw data from three focus groups which I conducted in 2013 and 2019, and which comprised female university students who went through the Japanese school system after the Japan Teachers’ Union adopted a policy of gender equality. The goal was to determine whether Japanese women’s language use is shifting over time. The study suggests that Japanese women are slowly changing the gendered nature of Japanese, using very few of the traditional elements of onna kotoba (women’s language), and slowly adopting such traditionally masculine features as the use of omae and kimi as second-person pronouns, omitting bikago honorifics, and employing masculine lexical items such as umai, ku, hara, and kuso, which were until recently considered taboo for females to use. Although these trends are not yet evident in most public contexts, the language use and views of the participants in this study suggest that the shift in Japanese usage is steadily ongoing and forms a sub-text of Japanese language use.
The word-stock of any language may be subdivided into the sets. The elements of one are native, the elements of another are borrowed. Borrowings are modified in phonetic shape, spelling or meaning according to the standards of the recipient language. The process of interpenetration is constantly going on. One penetrated into a certain language system, a loan word is assimilated and undergoes semantic changes. The greater are the changes, the weaker is the connection of the word with its traditional use in the original language. According to the latest lexicographic data we can speak of a formation tendency of new lexical equivalents in Indo-European languages and the necessity to study them. The French language, which is the object of the study of language, consists of several varieties. The vocabulary of the language is constantly changing, to a greater or lesser extent. Changes are tracked and recorded, which allows to adequately understand modern language, which is developing as a living thing. Social changes of time, caused by changes in the structure of the socio-political system, changes in ownership and composition of active participants in communication, cause a conscious change in language norms. This is expressed primarily in the growth of variant elements of communication, a large number of new loanwords and terms, and, finally, in stylistic changes in the meaning of oral and written language, with a marked change in the domestic sphere of communication. The problem, investigated in the article, is connected with the history of penetration of foreign words, among them English, into the French language and vice versa. Everybody can withness the influence of English borrowings in one foreign language nowadays, the process of adaptation of Anglicisms. The aim of the paper is to confirm loanwords in the French language that are a result of lexical interference of two languages – two cultures – in contact. The material of the investigation is about 70 per cent of Anglicisms, picked out from the latest mass media publications in French. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the fact that Anglicisms make up a part of the French word-stock, replenish the language vocabulary
L’objet de cet article est, en premier lieu, de faire apparaître des marqueurs de la modalité déontique dans des textes appartenant au discours juridique en russe. Autrement dit, il s’agit des formes grammaticales et lexicales qui sont employées afin d’exprimer l’obligation. Notre corpus de textes juridiques est organisé selon la hiérarchie des normes proposée par Hans Kelsen, théoricien du droit et fondateur de l’école normativiste. Cette hiérarchie se présente sous la forme d’une pyramide dont le sommet se réfère au niveau juridique le plus élevé, c’est-à-dire le bloc constitutionnel, alors que sa base implique le niveau le plus bas, le bloc contractuel. Selon notre analyse, dans le bloc constitutionnel, le marqueur de l’obligation le plus fréquent est le présent imperfectif, tandis que dans le bloc contractuel on peut constater une variété de marqueurs modaux exprimant l’obligation, tels que должен, обязан, подлежит, etc. Ainsi, dans une approche jurilinguistique, nous révèlerons, en deuxième lieu, des liens entre la nature juridique de chaque type de textes appartenant à différents blocs de la pyramide et le choix des marqueurs de la modalité déontique qui y expriment l’obligation. Dans une perspective sémasiologique, nous posons qu’une telle répartition des marqueurs de l’obligation permet de reconstruire les traces d’une forme d’échange communicationnel entre l’énonciateur et les destinataires dans le discours qui est traditionnellement considéré comme discours non communicationnel avec effacement énonciatif de toute voix parlante.Notre étude n’est pas inscrite dans un cadre théorique précis, mais elle est inspirée, néanmoins, par la grammaire cognitive, l’analyse du discours ainsi que par la linguistique de corpus.
The importance of the beauty of poetry and the clarity of the meaning of poetry is the background in this research. Through the study of the Strata Norm Roman Ingarden, it is hoped that the beauty of poetry and the clarity of meaning is reflected in the layers of sound, layers of meaning and layers of objects. The problems in this research are: How is the analysis of the Strata Norms of Roman Ingarden in the Anthology of the Poetry of the Fire Verses by Sapardi Djoko Damono? This research uses a descriptive method. Data collection techniques using hermeneutic techniques and analyzed by content analysis techniques (content analysis). The results of this study can be concluded that there is a normative stratum of Roman Ingarden in the poetry anthology of Ayat-ayat Api by Sapardi Djoko Damono in the form of layers of sound including vowel repetition (assonance) and consonant repetition (alliteration). Then there are layers of meaning in the form of lexical meaning and grammatical meaning. Furthermore, there is an object layer containing the actors, the setting of the place, the setting of time and the objects presented in the poem.
How words are interrelated in the human mind is a scientific topic on which there is still no consensus, with different views on how word co-occurrence and semantic relatedness mediate word association. Recent research has shown that lexical associations are strongly predicted by the similarity of those words in terms of valence, arousal, and concreteness ratings. In the current study, we aimed at extending these results to more complex and realistic linguistic scenarios, since human communication is not done with word pairs, but rather through sentences. Hence, the aim of the current study was to verify whether valence, arousal, and concreteness also articulate sentence-level lexical representations. To this end, 32 native Spanish speakers were given cue words and asked to use them in sentences that would provide a meaningful context. The content words of the written sentences were then analyzed. Our results showed that the emotional dimensions (valence and arousal) and concreteness values of the cue words effectively predicted the same values of said dimensions of their sentences' words. In sum, the similarity in the emotional dimensions and concreteness are crucial mechanisms behind word association in the human mind.
This chapter presents a series of experiments that elicit causal judgments using statements that do not include the verb "to cause". In particular, our interest is in exploring the extent to which previously observed effects of normative considerations on agreement with what we call "cause"-statements, i.e. those of the form "X caused..." extend as well to those of the form "X V-ed Y", where V is a lexical causative. Our principal finding is that in many cases the effects do not extend in this way, and moreover that the cases where we do find the same pattern are those where the causal verb used has a negative valence of its own. We draw two main conclusions from this finding. First, it reveals how the almost exclusive focus on "cause"-statements in the experimental study of causal judgment has led to findings that are unrepresentative of the full range of ordinary causal thinking, and provides a proof of concept as to how this thinking can be studied in its full variety. Second, the results of our experiments provide significant indirect support for the contention that the effect of moral considerations on agreement with "cause"-statements reflect the fact that these statements are most often used to assign responsibility for an event, and not just to describe the causal structure of what happened. It is not causal judgments in general that result from a process in which normative considerations play a role, but perhaps only those judgments that express a determination of moral responsibility.
The article is devoted to the study of the process of borrowing and adaptation of English loan words in the Ukrainian language. It is established that in the lexical system of the Ukrainian language foreign words make up about 10%, 70 – 80% of which are English loan words. The presence of a significant share of English loan words in the Ukrainian language is due to a number of extra- and intralinguistic factors: the development of economic, cultural and political ties; quantitative and qualitative complication of various spheres of language communication; diversity of norms of speech behavior; expansion of regulatory limits; achievements of English-speaking countries in certain fields of activity; striving for linguistic economy; the need to replenish the composition of expressive language means; the need to clarify and detail the concepts available in the language; «Americanization»; imitation of fashion. The study systematizes English loan words in the Ukrainian language and distributes them by spheres of use (sociopolitical, financial and economic, culture and art, technical, mass communication, sports, science, and education). Three stages in the process of adaptation of English loan words into the Ukrainian language are distinguished: 1) the initial stage, which is characterized by a change in the morpheme structure of English loan words; 2) in-depth, related to the selection of the same components in groups of English loan words based on the similarity of final elements and the development of new suffixes of English origin in the Ukrainian language; 3) the stage of full adaptation, which is characterized by participation of English loan words in the process of word formation through the mediation of Ukrainian language suffixes, the formation of new complex words based on English loan words and Ukrainian or previously borrowed words, as well as the consolidation of the spelling form of complex words. It is established that the inclusion of English loan words in the lexical structure of the Ukrainian language and their active use in oral and written speech leads to the formation of synonymous pairs containing proper Ukrainian counterparts.
The article reveals the peculiarities of the development of choreographic education in Ukraine in pre-professional forms of organization in the 20s of the XX century. In the aspect of socio-political and cultural determinants, the organizational and pedagogical foundations of choreographic training of the younger generation in the structure of general and out-of-school education are analyzed. The educational value of the phenomenon of pre-professional dance creativity is clarified. It has been observed that during the study period children's dance amateurism was formed in the educational, cultural and artistic spheres in institutions of various functional purposes: in general education institutions, dance vocational schools, art studios, children's and youth clubs. The dissemination of elementary choreographic knowledge also took place in various mass forms of aesthetic and educational leisure: concerts, literary and musical matinees, evenings, and mass folk festivals.Based on the analysis of the educational sector's reporting documentation of the time, it was found that official support for school and out-of-school amateur children's choreography was centralized, regulated by norms and methods, and subordinated to the ideological narratives of the society of the time. Physical education bias dominated the arrangement of the content of school motor training. The priority direction of leisure time choreographic activities of schoolchildren in institutions of mass culture is the attraction to newly created mass dance forms of Soviet origin, lexically simple and accessible for assimilation. The main principles of mass children's choreographic performance were the availability of dance vocabulary, a combination of elementary natural movements, jumps, running, simplicity and artistry of musical accompaniment.It is proved that in the period under study, the formation of the content of pre-professional choreographic training of children and students involved the correlation of ideological and educational tasks. Mass choreographic forms were interpreted primarily as an effective component of the overall system of class education. At the same time, it was noted that the quality level of children's amateur choreography in the system of cultural and mass work remained generally low, despite its popularity in society. The need to improve pre-professional dance creativity in various forms of organization remained relevant.
The article deals with the lexical correspondences to the Hebrew hapax legomena in the Book of Job, presented in the translation of Job into Ruthenian (prosta(ja) mova) as a part of the Vilnius Old Testament Florilegium (F 19–262) (approx. 1517–1533) and in the Bible by Francis Skoryna (1517–1519). Both versions are compared with the handwritten Church Slavonic Gennadius Bible (1499) and the printed Ostrog Bible (1581). Two Polish bibles — Radziviłł (Brest) Bible (1563) and the Nesvizh Bible (1568–1572) by Symon Budny — are considered as well. Special attention was given to the cases when translations of biblical hapaxes were the result of prescriptive (conditioned by the canonical context and traditional exegesis) activity of translators. In such cases, the knowledge of implicit information that should be verified in the translation was of particular importance. On the other hand, we analyze the translations of unfamiliar words resulting from conjectural variation, when hapaxes were interpreted on the basis of grammatical and syntactic norms and according to the meaning of the context. Not devoid of subjectivity, such variants were often transferred into subsequent translations, turning into dogmatized formulations. During historical development of the original language, the conjectural translation of individual words and entire text fragments partly compensate the translator's lack of the necessary linguistic and extralinguistic information. Thus, while working on the translation of the Book of Job at the end of the 15th–16th centuries, the translators of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had to solve a number of problems — from searching for their own translations’ versions when interpreting "dark" passages to the need to meet those normative guidelines that were dictated by biblical translations, exegetical writings, and other authoritative texts.
The article examines the statements extracted from the Russian National Corpus with such predicatives as pora, vremya, rano, pozdno in combination with the infinitive. These statements combine the semantics of temporal evaluation and state, which is facilitated by the interaction of their lexical and grammatical elements. In the course of the work, it has been found that the predicates of the temporal evaluation are reflected in the dictionaries inconsistently and fragmentarily, that they have not received sufficient coverage in the scientific literature. As the result of the analysis based on the theory of categorical situations (A. V. Bondarko), the prerequisites for the realization of the values of the state and the temporal evaluation, their combination have been revealed. For the semantics of evaluation, it is important to have a gradation series, a relationship with the norm in the lexical meaning of predicates, the inclusion of an actional infinitive in the construction, two-subjectness (the subject of evaluation / perception and the subject of action), and the difference between modal-temporal plans. For the semantics of the state, signs of static, internal perceptual, uncontrollable, temporal limitedness of the ‘state of affairs’ have been noted, which are transmitted in impersonal-predicative constructions and actualized due to the lexical meaning of time in the words of the category of state. The differences from constructions that convey the semantics of a temporary state and from statements that represent an emotional evaluation have been fixed.
This article deals with the semantics of the Turkish lexemes: iç and içeri, related to the internal part, internal space, or the contents of an object; dış and dışarı, correlated with the external part, the surface of the object, and with everything that surrounds it from the outside. Their morphological, syntactic, and compatibility features were considered. The relevance of the research carried out using the corpus method stems from the fact that lexical semantics (in the broad sense of the term) is one of the priority areas of modern linguistics because it studies the conditions for the correct construction of statements that are not determined by grammatical and syntactic norms. The analysis yielded the following results: the four lexemes under study are typically used with possessive suffixes when they perform the nominal function; the presence of ancient indicators of directionality in içeri and dışarı underlies their predominant use in the adverbial function; the very high frequency and wide lexical compatibility of the lexemes iç and içeri arise from the key role played in the linguistic consciousness of Turkish speakers by the idea of the internal space/filling of objects as a special entity that determines the state and possibilities of using the object. For the space external to the reference point, on the contrary, it is not a description of its state that is important, but a more accurate indication of the position of objects, which is associated with the possibility of reaching them and is enabled by the presence of a clearly structured system of tokens with spatial meaning. This is expressed in the lower frequency of the lexemes dış and dışarı and the formation of the meaning ‘outside’ in the possessive-marked postposition function. The conclusions obtained are of both practical importance for teaching the language and can be efficiently used as a promising material for typological lexico-semantic research, especially in what concerns the directions of development of the vocabulary of the Turkic languages.
Virtually all researchers understand the requirement of presenting their studies in peer-reviewed English-medium journals. Russian scientific writers understand this necessity too; however, evidence suggests that these particular researchers are under-performing relative to similar non-native English speakers. The considerable challenge Russians face centers on articulating their ideas in English in the way that meets the norms and expectations of their international discourse community. That is, their writing is characterized as wordy, cumbersome, too academese, and syntactically complex. These issues need to be addressed in the early stages of developing writing skills. In this study, we address discourse differences between the scientific writing of Russian engineering students and that of international experts. Using the computational linguistics tools Coh-Metrix and Gramulator, we compare a corpus of students’ manuscripts with a similar corpus of experts’ published papers. We focused on six conceptual categories: readability, writing quality, cohesion, syntax, word choice, and genre purity. The overall results suggest that student writing differs significantly for multiple characteristics of text and discourse. A discriminant analysis provided a model that successfully predicts group membership and helps identify the most important issues in Russian student writing. Measures such as noun phrase density, genre purity, word age of acquisition, and variance in sentence length were found to be significant positive predictors of Russian student writing, whereas lexical diversity, adversative/contrastive connectives, adverbial phrase density, and word concreteness were significant positive predictors of expert writing. Our analysis allowed us to provide guidance for instructors, materials designers, as well as for technological assessment tools.
This chapter provides an interesting and cohesive collection of articles documenting, the call ‘Standard Average European hosts Africa and Asia in the new millennium’. Urban varieties belong to all genders and age-groups in a variety of functions, “male youthspeak” is more restricted. Urban varieties are defined by their difference from the older standard and dialect forms of the languages, and are in the process of settling on their own norms, difficult as that may be in a brave new world of code-switching, rapid technological lexical expansion and the intrusions of European languages. The modern products, pastimes and concepts that prove increasingly attractive to young people come packaged in English; at best, speakers manage a hybridity between community language and colonial and/or European language. The opening up of a linguistic and stylistic continuum is well illustrated in Yazgül Simsek & Heike Wiese’s account of the new migrant forms of German.
The issue of restoring the authenticity of the Ukrainian language is timely even during the war in Ukraine, because, as it turned out, language itself is a powerful identifier of national belonging. The first significant step towards was the project of the new Ukrainian spelling (orthography) of 2019, which launched the process of reviving Ukrainian language norms at the phonetic, lexical, and grammatical levels. In this context, the analysis of ancient works written by Ukrainian authors before the Ukrainophobic decrees aims to restore the lost, to determine the ways of returning the long-forgotten, the expediency of using it in the modern language, which is extremely relevant today. Unfortunately, for many decades, the spelling norms of the Ukrainian language were adapted to the language of the state, which established not linguistic, but political rules. That is why even the existing spellings of the Ukrainian language of the 20th century cannot be recognized as proper Ukrainian. Therefore, the linguistic analysis of authentic texts in the Ukrainian language, those publications that were not "censored" by the state machine and contained a living language inherent to its speakers, is gaining great importance. The burlesque-travesty poem “Eneida” by Ivan Kotliarevskii, written at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century, is an example of the use of the colloquial Ukrainian language of that time, which is fully presented in the work. Of course, the development of a language at any stage has its own characteristics, so one cannot easily and thoughtlessly copy today what was inherent in the language in the XVIII-XIX centuries; it is important to find the authenticity of the language (at its various levels), which will be logically and correctly recorded in modern standards.
The aim of the study is to determine what kind of lexical substitutions can influence the genre nature of translation. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the lexical deviations of the translation from the original are analysed and evaluated not in a stylistic manner, not at the level of the separate expression meaning, but in the genre aspect, since compliance with genre norms, according to the author of the article, is the dominant factor in the success of translating the original into another language. The obtained results indicate that even one inaccurate word, if it is a representative of the concept, can prevent an adequate transfer of the genre features of a text in another language.
The article covers the concepts of media linguistics and media ecology as the leading areas of modern media studies, their terminology and issues. Different approaches to the definition of media ecology are given and its role and tasks in different spheres of life are indicated. The scientific achievements of some Ukrainian and German linguists and media experts in the field of studying the German media space are analyzed in order to find ways of positive influence of mass media on society, in particular the influence of media ecology on media competence, cultural and ethical norms, communication between all members of society. The importance of studying the strategies and tactics of the influence of the media on the consolidation and isolation processes in society is emphasized. In addition, the article provides a linguistic analysis of the coverage of one of the most pressing global problems of today – coronavirus vaccination – in the German media source “ZEIT ONLINE” in order to establish its impact on the life of German society. In particular, the most commonly used lexical items and phrases are identified, which reflect the main topics of this problem, namely: compulsory vaccination, attitude of citizens to vaccination, dismissal of unvaccinated citizens from work or even dismissal, vaccination of children, government measures to prevent coronavirus and more. It is established that the coverage of the problem of vaccination in the German media is a clear example of the isolating impact of the media on society, as this issue is debatable and causes a lot of controversy during the discussion. In conclusion, it is noted that the use of appropriate means, in particular linguistic, in the media can significantly affect social processes, both isolation and consolidation. Possession of strategies and tactics of influence is crucial for the formation of public opinion on the global problems of mankind and the direction of its life.
Stevens and the Poetics of Displacement Bonnie Costello MY FOCUS in this contribution adds another element to the mosaic of global figures in Wallace Stevens’s poetry: the figure of displacement. By displacement I mean the moving of something or someone from its place to another—or the condition of having been moved; and secondarily, the sense of something taking the place of something that was previously established. There are many kinds of displacement in Stevens. We might even talk about a poetics of displacement operating in various features of his writing: metaphoric displacement (“Oak Leaves Are Hands”); syntactic displacement (his love of chiasmus); lexical displacement (the sudden intrusion of foreign words, such as “savoir” in “The Plain Sense of Things” [CPP 428]); formal and metrical displacements (the sudden shift into a limerick or some other alien prosodic environment); permutational structures that create new environments for a few key terms (“Sea Surface Full of Clouds”); or the decoupage-like displacements of “The Man with the Blue Guitar,” with its play on the words “play” and “place” (CPP 137). Representation itself is a form of displacement in Stevens (as in “Description Without Place”), and he often figures reading as an experience of displacement. I am not here concerned with displacement in the Freudian sense, though such displacement correlates with poetic strategy (as a form of metaphor or telling it slant). We recognize Stevens’s modernity through these images of displacement, which involve abrupt rather than gradual transition, for displacement implies not only change but also discontinuity. “[T]he scene was set;... Then the theatre was changed / To something else,” describes an abrupt displacement in place (CPP 218). Modernity requires that our inventions “Take the place / Of parents, lewdest of ancestors. / We are conceived in your conceits” (CPP 180). In this essay, I will concentrate primarily on one aspect of Stevens’s poetics of displacement: types of displaced persons—the wanderer, the refugee, the exile, the expatriate, the nostalgic man. Even where the change of position is willed, the feeling of displacement, of being out of place, prevails, with discomfort alongside reorientation. Displacement is a human condition, the poems suggest, like the expulsion from Eden. These [End Page 149] are abstract figures in Stevens, but they reverberate a real and conspicuous condition of the war years. Such a focus on displaced persons may seem surprising. Stevens famously declared that for him “life is an affair of places” rather than of people (CPP 901), and place-names are an essential element of his style. The word “place” as either verb or noun is everywhere in the poetry—I count at least 117 instances—whereas “displace” never appears. And, of course, Stevens chose a rooted lifestyle; he was anything but a displaced person himself. But several of his correspondents were displaced, whether willingly or by necessity. And Stevens says the poet must “learn the speech of the place,” implying that it is not native to him (CPP 218). There are indigenes in Stevens, and others who are assimilating, who have learned the speech of a place—“The man in Georgia waking among pines / Should be pine-spokesman. The responsive man, / Planting his pristine cores in Florida, / Should prick thereof, not on the psaltery, / But on the banjo’s categorical gut” (CPP 31). These are instances of Crispin’s theory that “his soil is man’s intelligence” (CPP 29). But the strong desire for belonging often comes from speakers who are displaced. These images of alignment with place continue in the late poems, though mostly in the past tense as a lost condition of rootedness: We were as Danes in Denmark all day longAnd knew each other well, hale-hearted landsmen,For whom the outlandish was another day Of the week, queerer than Sunday. We thought alikeAnd that made brothers of us in a homeIn which we fed on being brothers, fed And fattened as on a decorous honeycomb. (CPP 361–62) These lines come from “The Auroras of Autumn,” a poem of farewells, in which constant displacements and misalignments are the norm, a poem of “unhappy people in a happy world” (CPP 362). Many poems recall a “village of the...
The article discusses the origin of auxiliary words and their division into lexical-semantic groups based on the meanings belonging to these words. It also discusses the role of spelling principles in writing auxiliary words; thus, the article focuses on the spelling of auxiliary words. In this respect, it is mentioned about the difficulties in spelling certain auxiliary words, despite the established spelling norms. The author refers to the fundamental works of renowned Turkologists in the field of grammar, and supports his arguments with examples taken from modern dictionaries on orthography. Evolutionary changes in a number of auxiliary words are highlighted. The main purpose of the article is a comprehensive analysis of auxiliary words and syllables, identifying problems associated with the spelling of these linguistic units and providing ways to solve them. Therefore, when writing the article, the author provides References to the fundamental works of famous Turkic scholars published in the field of grammar on each statement, relies on dictionary materials and argues his opinion. By describing the historical background of auxiliary names as auxiliary words and determining their grammatical and lexical meanings, their function in the language has been described. An overview of the differences between conjunctions in Kazakh linguistics and Turkology has also been shown,
The semantic variant of a primary progressive aphasia (svPPA) is characterized by progressive disruption of semantic knowledge. This study aimed to compare the semantic features of words produced during a narrative speech in svPPA and the logopenic variant of PPA (lvPPA) and to explore their neuroanatomical correlates. Six patients with svPPA and sixteen with lvPPA underwent narrative speech tasks. For all the content words, a semantic depth index (SDI) was determined based on the taxonomic structure of a large lexical database. Study participants underwent an MRI examination. Cortical thickness measures were extracted according to the Desikan atlas. Correlations were computed between SDI and the thickness of cortical regions. Mean SDI was lower for svPPA than for lvPPA. Correlation analyses showed a positive association between the SDI and the cortical thickness of the bilateral temporal pole, parahippocampal and entorhinal cortices, and left middle and superior temporal cortices. Disruption of semantic knowledge observed in svPPA leads to the production of generic terms in narrative speech, and the SDI may be useful for quantifying the level of semantic impairment. The measure was associated with the cortical thickness of brain regions associated with semantic memory.
In Chinese Internet spaces, "fishing" is a form of non-literal communication that tries to lure or bait others. We conducted a case study of fishing on a Chinese Q&A platform in which we deconstructed the linguistic structure of the fishing language and identified its features by employing analysis techniques informed by Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). Additionally, we examined the relationship between fishing practices and the specifics of the underlying communication platform. We found that fishing can be characterized as a reaction to rigid norms of politeness and friendliness imposed on users by platform owners. Our analysis reveals that fishing is organically connected with other social interaction within the community and facilitates autonomous and active negotiation of boundaries and linguistic norms for online discussion of controversial topics. We challenge the characterization of non-literal communication as "abnormal," and contribute a more refined understanding of online linguistic norms, community cohesion, and civil engagement.
The article deals with the characteristics of the mental foundations of an Ukrainian woman, which are manifested both in stereotypes of behavior and in the language of art. Linguistic means of expression of the inner world in the text are considered within the doctrine of the world picture. It is found out that the processes of cognitive activity (awareness of information) of a person lead to the formation of concepts. It is emphasized that gender attribution is of great interest in the psycholinguistic study of written texts of Ukrainian female writers, because behind the implicit concepts of women’s texts are stable cultural stereotypes. In the article certain attention is given to the fact that the implementation of the concept “woman” is characterized in the text by vocabulary aimed at conveying and revealing the inner world of the main heroines. The verbalization of ethnopsychological features in the work of fiction is considered in connection with the linguistic features of portrait descriptions with manifestations of the inner world of the heroines. It is found out that the name of a woman is characterized mainly by nouns and adjectives with a positive connotation; the general characteristic of appearance is expressed by adjectives which are used for the description of hair, eyes and faces; personal characteristics of the heroines are verbalized primarily through the lexical and grammatical group of verbs included in common phrases. It is determined that through a number of language means to denote the mental state and experiences of the main heroines conveyed the girls’ desire to achieve a proper position in a society, where women were restricted in rights and desires, and portrayed them as strong individuals who combine intelligence and willpower. The article analyzes the image of an Ukrainian woman in a view of the specifics of her behavior and in comparison with gender behavioral norms of a particular historical epoch.
Suppose you say to yourself, “If I cut the pie the way it should be then meanings must be in the head!”1 In other, less catchy words: expressions of natural languages understood by intrinsically identical people must have the same meaning. What could meanings be if this is true? The standard answer is that they could be concepts—composable mental symbols— assembled in the minds of those who interpret linguistic expressions. For example, the meaning of ‘mothers’ could be a complex concept built from the meanings of its constituents (presumably, the noun ‘mother’ and the plural morpheme ‘-s’) in a way corresponding to its morpho-syntactic structure. There are at least three objections to this type of meaning internalism. The first is that it is vacuous. We are told that for one thing (e.g., the word ‘mother’) to have a certain meaning is for it to be associated with another (e.g., the concept MOTHER) that has the same meaning. This seems about as revealing as saying that for a dish to be spicy is for it to be associated with a spicy taste. Interpreting a word may involve translating it to Mentalese but then we still have to say what the translation means.2 The second objection is that the proposal overcounts meanings. ‘Mother’ is associated with multiple concepts: one that applies to someone whose egg unites with a sperm producing a child, another that applies to someone who gives birth to a child, a third that applies to someone who raises a child. And yet, ‘mother’ does not seem to have all these different but closely related meanings. If you introduce me to someone saying, “I'd like you to meet my mother,” and I mistakenly conclude that she is the person who gave birth to you then I misunderstood you, but I did not misinterpret your words.3 The third objection is that the proposal isn't general enough. Even if intrinsically identical people must associate the same concepts with ‘mother,’ they could associate different ones with ‘water’ or with ‘arthritis.’ No concept associated with ‘water’ is employed in thinking about XYZ, and yet, someone intrinsically identical to me living on a planet where rivers and lakes are filled with XYZ could be thinking of XYZ using such a concept. Similarly, no concept associated with ‘arthritis’ is employed in thinking about inflammations in thighs, and yet, someone intrinsically identical to me living in a linguistic community whose members used ‘arthritis’ to talk about inflammations in thighs could be thinking about that using such a concept.4 There are answers to these objections. One can argue that the view is informative because it reduces linguistic meaning to mental content, that polysemous words are just special homonyms, and that concepts have narrow contents. Alternatively, one can articulate a different version of meaning internalism that bypasses these concerns. This is what Paul Pietroski has done in Conjoining Meanings. The meanings of natural language expressions, we are told, are not the concepts assembled in interpreting them but instructions for the assemblage (19). The meaning of ‘mothers’, for example, is the instruction to fetch a monadic concept associated with the noun ‘mother’, fetch another associated with the plural morpheme ‘-s’, and then conjoin the two. Instructions get more intricate as we consider more complicated expressions, but all linguistic interpretation is a mechanical process of fetch, join, and repeat (106)—building complex concepts from simple ones. What, if anything, these concepts apply to in the external world matters to cognition but makes no difference to semantics. A meaning, on this view, is not a representation. It does not have meaning or content, and hence, is not subject to interpretation. This immediately disarms the first objection. In telling what sort of instruction a given meaning is, we are saying everything that needs to be said about what it is—no passing of the buck to a future theory of intentionality. The second objection is also moot. Lexical meanings are instructions to fetch a concept meeting some constraint from a mental address. Nothing rules out that there are multiple concepts meeting the constraint there. If so, linguistic interpretation will not have a determinate outcome and we must rely on pragmatic mechanisms to figure out what was intended. Finally, there is nothing in this view of linguistic meaning that is incompatible with externalism about mental content. The meaning of ‘water’ (or ‘arthritis’) is an instruction to fetch an appropriate concept from a mental address—the same instruction in the minds of all who understand it. What concepts are stored at the address may depend on facts about the physical and social environment. Externalists think being meaningful is being related in a certain way to something external. Internalists who identify meanings with concepts hold on to this relational view—they simply replace the external thing with an internal representation. On Pietroski's view, being meaningful is an intrinsic feature. But the view goes even further: “If meanings are concept assembly instructions, Slang expressions [Pietroski's term for expressions of natural languages] can be these meanings/instructions. […] This does not imply that every feature of a Slang expression is relevant to an encoded meaning. On the contrary, a generable expression can also be a phonological instruction […] generable expressions can be partially described in various ways: as pronounceable meanings; as meaningful pronunciations; or as syntactic structures that are meaningful and pronounceable.” (292-3) We might conjecture that the significance of combining a word with a relative clause is fixed by the innate endowment children use to acquire language. Then it is a law of natural language that given what ‘that we saw yesterday’ and ‘a cow’ mean ‘a cow that we saw yesterday’ must mean what it does. So far so good. But the modality here is restricted—there is no reason to deny that we could invent a language where ‘that we saw yesterday’ and ‘a cow’ mean just what they do in English, and yet, ‘a cow that we saw yesterday’ means something entirely different.5 If sentences are their meanings then they could not mean anything other than what they actually mean, and hence, the perfectly sensible question, “Why does (1) have the meaning of (1a), rather than that of (1b) or (1c)?” would be much like the absurd question, “Why is water H2O, rather than H3O or HO2?” Pietroski can hold on to all that is attractive in his meaning internalism without opting for the Chomsky-inspired view that natural languages generate pronounceable meanings. They generate words, phrases, and clauses—things that have meanings and pronunciations intrinsically. But they do so contingently. How can we go about deciding whether meanings are mental instructions or what is represented by the outputs of such instructions? The colloquial meaning of ‘meaning’ would be a poor guide. The claim that meanings are instructions in the mind sounds like a category mistake, but so does the claim that they are things in the external world. To paraphrase Bishop Butler, meaning is what it is, not another thing. Or, anyway, so it seems when we rely too heavily on what sounds felicitous in everyday conversation. The question is what we should call meaning when we try to develop a theory of meaning. This depends, in part, on where we think the most fruitful questions in this area lie. Those who think we are very much in the dark when it comes to investigating the psychological mechanism of linguistic interpretation will be drawn to externalist, referential semantics. Such theories explain how we could, in principle, understand natural languages without making a commitment that the compositional rules they identify are the ones we actually follow. Those who decry making ontological claims based on linguistic evidence will find internalist, instruction-based semantics appealing. These theories purport to give the exact mechanism at work in the interpretation of natural language but set aside the question how to understand people who use language to say various things that can be evaluated as true or false. Partisans in this debate often justify their choices in stark terms. David Lewis, for example, expresses doubts that we can make objective sense of the claim that a given language has a particular grammar. He argues that people speak a language L in virtue of belonging to a community where a convention of truthfulness and trust in L holds, but such a convention cannot pin down how the sentences of L are generated from their parts. He does not discard the notion of meaning for subsentential expressions of L (“that would be absurd,” he says), but he thinks this notion is “no clearer and no more objective than our notion of a best grammar” for L.6 Lewis's reasons for skepticism about grammar are highly speculative. Like Quine and Davidson, he thinks all evidence in favor of interpreting a language must be manifestable in behavior, and that the only relevant form of behavior is acceptance of a sentence as true. Neither of these assumptions is forced upon us. Noam Chomsky, on the other side of the debate, is even more forceful. He thinks the technical terms ‘reference’, ‘extension’, ‘denotation’, etc. have been introduced to provide a semblance of respectability for our inherently messy ideas about intentionality. He thinks, “A word, even of the simplest kind, does not pick out an entity of the world,” but also that this fact should not be seen as a denial that “there are banks, or that we are talking about something (or even some thing) if we discuss the fate of the Earth (or the Earth's fate) and conclude that it is grim.”7 Chomsky's reasons for skepticism about reference are also highly speculative. Like Putnam and Burge, he thinks what we use our words to talk about depends on norms—in particular, norms of who we should defer to— and that there is no credible way to fit the study of these norms into a naturalistic inquiry. Depending on how one understands what counts as naturalistic inquiry, one can either insist that theories of reference can be naturalistic, or deny that their non-naturalism is a blemish. Pietroski is clearly sympathetic to the Chomskian hard line: he suspects typical concepts (and a fortiori, typical expressions of natural languages) don't have extensions (9). But what he tries to show in Conjoining Meaning is something different: that even if expressions of natural languages have extensions, those extensions play no significant role in a theory of meaning. He has two main arguments for this, one based on semantic paradoxes developed in Chapter 4, and another based on event semantics presented in Chapter 5. Here I'll focus on the second. Davidson has argued that action sentences existentially quantify over events. For example, ‘Jones buttered the toast in the bathroom at midnight’ says that for some event e, e is a buttering of the toast by Jones, and e occurred in the bathroom, and e occurred at midnight, which is why the sentence entails both ‘Jones buttered the toast in the bathroom’ and ‘Jones buttered the toast at midnight’ and fails to be entailed by their conjunction.8 Subsequent work has deepened the empirical case for event semantics.9 The first premise of Pietroski's argument is that Davidsonian semantics is on the right track. And yet, it would be ludicrous to claim that when Simon is playing the song on his tuba he is doing two different things. This is the second premise. Pietroski thinks the best way to reconcile the two premises is to give up the assumption that (2), (3), or (4) have truth-conditions. They can, of course, be used to make true claims, but that is not because any of the thoughts one can build following the instructions that constitute their meanings are true. Those thoughts are all false—the things they existentially quantify over are simply not there. Talk of musical performances is “like talk of lovely sunrises, blue skies, and other ‘things’ we talk about without using words that are true of them.” (199) Well, that's one way to go. For my part, I would be more inclined to reject the second premise than to accept this conclusion. On reflection, we can find a clear modal difference between Simon's playing the song and his playing his tuba. Imagine a counterfactual possibility where the song has never been written. Simon is playing his tuba in exactly the same way but he is not following a score—he is just improvising. Then (2) would be false but (3) would still be true. This probably won't move Pietroski. He agrees that there are apparent differences between Simon's playing the song and his playing the tuba: we might want to say, for example, that the former reaches its culmination after three minutes, while the latter simply ends then. But this sort of difference, he insists, is not in the events themselves but in the way we represent them (219). My question is: so what? What is wrong with saying that Simon's playing the song is not a bare event but an event represented in a certain way—as a playing of the song by Simon? This is the sort of view Barry Schein holds.10 Pietroski briefly discusses the proposal but rejects it because he thinks it gives up the rationale for referential semantics: we are no longer in the business of relating linguistic expressions to items in the objective, mind-independent world (207). But this job-description is tendentious: referential semantics seeks to relate expressions to things they are about (in a rather broad de re sense of aboutness, modeled with the technical notion of reference) whether or not these things are representation-dependent. Natural language sentences often quantify over representation-dependent things: when Lucy imagines a unicorn she imagines something, as does Franz when he fears everything Lucy imagines. The novelty in Schein's proposal is the idea that we might be doing this all the time, not just when we employ overtly intentional vocabulary. All of us (except for the idealists) agree that there are objective, real word events, independent of our thinking about them that can be described using natural language. How does this happen? One hypothesis is that sentences of natural languages encode instructions to build thoughts which describe nothing in the real world, but there are other thoughts in the neighborhood which do describe objective events. We pick out one of these thoughts relying on context and background information. Another hypothesis is that sentences of natural languages encode instructions we use to build thoughts which describe events as being represented in a certain way. There are also other thoughts in their neighborhood which describe the same events more objectively, in ways less tied to the character of natural languages. We design artificial languages whose sentences can do this job. Pietroski opts for the first one—I think the second is at least as plausible. I think the most original part of Conjoining Meanings is the semantics sketched in Chapters 6 and 7. It is an internalist theory, but its main ideas could be adopted by externalists as well. Many semanticists nowadays are working within a framework whose basic tenets go back to Frege. They include (i) that every expression belongs to a semantic type which determines what kind of meaning it has, (ii) that semantic types are generated recursively from basic types 𝑒 (for expressions denoting entities) and 𝑡 (for expressions that have truth-values), and (iii) that the interpretation of syntactic composition is functional application. Each of these initial assumptions can be relaxed—semantic theories often allow type shifting as well as additional basic types or composition rules beside functional application—but departures from the bare-bones account must always be justified and kept at a minimum. This sort of theory raises some uncomfortable questions. Why do expressions of natural languages belong to only a handful of semantic types? It is glaring that even some of the simplest types—like 〈𝑒, 𝑒〉 or 〈𝑡, 𝑒〉—are apparently uninhabited. Why do semantic types look so gerrymandered from the point of view of syntax? Despite their vast differences, most nouns, verbs, and adjectives are standardly ascribed the same semantic type—〈𝑒, 𝑡〉; despite their massive similarities, proper and common nouns are standardly ascribed different semantic types—𝑒 and 〈𝑒, 𝑡〉, respectively. Why are pro-forms not available more freely across semantic types? They tend to be of type 𝑒 (‘she’, ‘this’), or type 〈𝑒, 𝑡〉 (‘so’, ‘how’), but never in otherwise well-inhabited types like 〈𝑒, 〈𝑒, 𝑡〉〉 or 〈〈𝑒, 𝑡〉, 𝑡〉. Pietroski suggests that we should radically flatten the semantic type hierarchy. In his view, all natural language expressions are predicates. All complex expressions as well as most of the simple ones are one-place. The exceptions (which are all functional items) are two-place. He argues that proper nouns are predicates, that sentences are predicates applying to everything or nothing, that transitive verbs are two-verb constructions (and so verbs can all be one-place), and that nouns without their count/mass, singular/plural features are number neutral (i.e. can apply to one, many, or much). The outline covers roughly the same empirical ground as standard semantics textbooks do, showing the viability of the proposal. I am very much on board with this project and I find a lot of the details congenial. But I'd like to mention one area where I prefer to go in a different direction. On Pietroski's account, quantificational determiners fetch concepts that apply (non-distributively) to ordered pairs—e.g., ALL/SOME/MOST applies to some ordered pairs iff all/some/most of their second components are one of their first components (330). The interpretation works but it feels farfetched and parochial. Farfetched, because it seems unlikely that everyone who understands ‘all’, ‘some’ or ‘most’ must have the capacity to think about ordered pairs. Parochial, because it is hard to see how it can be generalized to cover the interpretation of the intuitively quite similar (but focus-sensitive) ‘always’, ‘sometimes’, and ‘often.’ Other concepts Pietroski had to posit to get his semantics rolling can all be plausibly attributed to competent If you understand you have a concept that applies to if you understand you have a concept of that applies to of if you understand a you have a concept that applies to those who see a and if you understand you have a concept that applies to most of the But what sort of concept do you have to have if you understand There is nothing natural to say, so Pietroski ends up saying something I think to reject the is a functional and functional items are not associated with at least not if concepts are to be mental used to about things in certain They are not associated with but rather with ways we can build complex from ones. Pietroski's framework the natural thing to say would be that their meanings are not instructions to fetch a but instructions to There are items in Pietroski's functional items would not the basic It would be a to have to accept a (but number of of just the handful the version But to artificial concepts seems the
Camfranglais (CFA) is a highly hybrid sociolect used by urban youth (Kießling and Mous 2004) in Cameroon’s big cities, Yaoundé and Douala. It serves its adolescent speakers as an icon of jocular resistance against feelings of deprivation and alienation caused by a long-standing exoglossic language policy which gives the elitist ex-colonial languages, French and English, an official status above the 250+ home languages in multilingual Cameroon. Structurally, CFA is grafted onto the grammar of Cameroonian French, with clear admixtures from Kamtok or Cameroonian Pidgin English (CPE). Its emblematic lexicon is created and is constantly being transformed by deliberate manipulation of lexical items from Cameroonian French, Cameroonian Pidgin English and various Cameroonian home, i.e. national, languages. The strategies employed, i.e. phonological truncation, morphological hybridisation and hyperbolic and satirising semantic extensions, clearly reflect the provocative attitude of its speakers and their jocular disrespect for linguistic norms and purity. Hybridity, in both its emblematic lexicon and grammatical frame, reflects an ongoing functional transition of CFA, from an ‘antilanguage’ to a code that combines connotations of adolescence, progressiveness and an urban Cameroonian identity.
The article is devoted to the problem of the formation of language competence of junior schoolchildren in the process of prevention and correction of disorders of written speech in them. In children with persistent disadvantages of oral speech at phonetic - phonemic underdevelopment (PPU), general speech underdevelopment (GSU), systemic underdevelopment of speech (SUS) at delayed mental development (DMD) deficiencies of pronunciation of sounds and phonematic processes are observed. In addition, insufficient formation of lexical and grammatical generalizations, cognitive and communicative functions of speech are characterized for children with GSU, SUS at DMD. These shortcomings in the development of various components and functions of speech as a system make it difficult for such children to form the ability to distinguish and, in accordance with the rules, use different units of language. The article reveals the directions and features of the formation of language competence of junior schoolchildren. The work of the formation of knowledge about language units (sound, letter, syllable, word, combination of words, sentence, text), parts of speech (noun, verb, adjective, pronoun, preposition, adverb), combination of words and types of sentences is considered. The formation of skills of speech analysis and synthesis (phonemic analysis and synthesis; analysis and synthesis of syllable; analysis of sentence by words, synthesis of sentences from words), skills of elementary morphological analysis of parts of speech, morphemic analysis of a word, elementary syntactic analysis of sentences is highlighted. The formation of language competence of children with PPU, GSU, SUS at DMD should improve the effectiveness of correctional and developmental work on the prevention and overcoming of disorders of written speech in them. The formation of this competence will stimulate manifestations of cognitive activity in the study of native language, will contribute to better awareness of schoolchildren about compliance with language norms and rules, more conscious and controlled implementation of written tasks.
Language communities must be conversant with the vocabulary and word combinations used by speakers in order to build communication amongst languages of the world. Understanding grammar and syntax norms may greatly aid in expressing the idea and bolster the message's accuracy. Noam Chomsky established grammatical rules in 1957. According to these rules, the internal workings of languages are the same, and the only differences are in the form, phonetic structures, and commands. This means that the sentences and concepts that exist in mind about various topics have the same concepts and only differ in the quality of their expression in the form of syntax. A disadvantage of translation occurs when various equivalents are used for the same term in the same language since different words affect how concepts are presented, in addition to differences in linguistic structure. Knowing the terms, when to use them, and how to deal with the association issue can help you use words correctly, grasp the text clearly, and prevent translation errors. As a result, the researchers in this work used the descriptive-analytical technique to assess the word equivalency while focusing on the accuracy of the translation using the genealogical method. The findings demonstrate that there are two aspects to translating astrology into Arabic and Persian: the infrastructure and superstructure. The infrastructure demonstrates the action of gesturing by applying elements (deletion, insertion, replacement, and transposition) of the example sentence in the target language, which by using different equivalents, causes both semantic multiplicity and vocabulary diversity in the text.
The article presents the fundamentals of liturgical translation in search for the core of this partial translation theory. Liturgical texts are known to combine three dimensions of religious discourse: semantics (especially dogmatic exegesis), poetics (the specifi c poetics of original Hebrew and Greek texts) and performability (covering particular features of aural perception). The history of investigating liturgical translation counts at least a century. Exactly 100 years ago, Ukrainian researcher Ivan Ohiyenko published a seminal paper whose issues and ideas were repeated and reverberated in most further studies which directly and specifi cally dealt with biblical phrasing cited in the Liturgy, doctrinal correctness and ideological infl uences, matters of interpretative and temporal retranslations, the problem of the correlation between the poetics of the original languages and that of the target language, relevant sound and music qualities of the text. Linguistic patterns and theological hermeneutics shape a special type of equivalence which is applicable to texts for liturgical use – dogmatic equivalence, which can be viewed from four perspectives: terminological essence; lexical or cultural ortheological interpretation; grammatical meaningfulness; phonetic means for theological interpretation and liturgical performability. It is a diffi cult task to keep a proper balance between the attitude of linguists (who concentrate on relations between a sacred text and a reading community) and that of theologians (who stress on the authoritative status of a sacred text although overlook cultural historicity). Thus, dogmatic equivalence is a structural phenomenon which can be divided into diff erent levels, components or dimensions. The interconnection of translation problems will have to deploy the approbated solutions from sci-tech, poetry and literary translation. The revoiltinary principle which is to be acknowledged properly is that even liturgical translation can benefi t from linguistic experimenting. Key words: translation theory, liturgical translation, interpretation, equivalence, cultural norms.
Meta-analyses have found that people high in psychopathy categorize (or "recognize") others' prototypical facial emotion expressions with reduced accuracy. However, these have been contested with remaining questions regarding the strength, specificity, and mechanisms of this ability in psychopathy. In addition, few studies have tested holistically whether psychopathy is related to reduced facial mimicry or autonomic arousal in response to others' dynamic facial expressions. Therefore, the current study presented 6 s videos of a target person making prototypical emotion expressions (anger, fear, disgust, sadness, joy, and neutral) to N = 88 incarcerated adult males while recording facial electromyography, skin conductance response (SCR), and heart rate. Participants identified the emotion category and rated the valence and intensity of the target person's emotion. Psychopathy was assessed via the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R). We predicted that overall PCL-R scores and scores for the interpersonal/affective traits, in particular, would be related to reduced emotion categorization accuracy, valence ratings, intensity ratings, facial mimicry, SCR amplitude, and cardiac deceleration in response to the prototypical facial emotion expressions. In contrast to our hypotheses, PCL-R scores were unrelated to emotion categorization accuracy, valence ratings, and intensity ratings. Stimuli failed to elicit facial mimicry from the full sample, which does not allow drawing conclusions about the relationship between psychopathy and facial mimicry. However, participants displayed general autonomic arousal responses, but not to prototypical emotion expressions per se. PCL-R scores were also unrelated to SCR and cardiac deceleration. These findings failed to identify aberrant behavioral and physiological responses to prototypical facial emotion expressions in relation to psychopathy.
The present article is concerned with multilingual similarities of Europeanisms that have similar lexical and semantic structures in modern multilingual multi-genre European media-discourse. The cross-linguistic investigation of Europeanisms covers three European languages, namely German, English and Ukrainian. The purpose of this scientific research is to characterize the semantics, creation and functioning of Europeanisms-neologisms in modern multilingual, multi-genre media-discourse The Europeanisms will be understood here in terms of its geographic boundaries, European cultural heritage, European mental, social and material culture, their cultural foundation, the modern European self-awareness, the common norms and values of Europe, the European spirit as a worldview guide. First I take a short retrospective view on Ukrainian and European approaches to the problems discussed in this article. Europeanisms are sufficiently represented in the modern medical, economic, political, military, household, educational, digital media-discourse und cyber-discourse. It was found that the most active processes of word formation occur in the modern European media-discourse. Common methods of word formation of Europeanisms are affixation, compounding, contamination, and contraction. The negative ideological connotation of new eponymous pejoratives formed from the surnames of modern political leaders, and of new Europeanisms-exoethnonyms was revealed. The given European eponyms and exoethnonyms acquire an emotional and evaluative color with additional connotative meaning. By several similar examples of Europeanisms in diverse discourses it is qualified that English is the most important donor language for them. Despite the extremely unfavorable conditions of the pandemic and the (cyber)war, a number of original occasionalisms have become established in the European multilingual multi-genre media-discourse.
As the ability to express written opinion is fundamental in every society, the pressure for gaining writing competence has increased in many areas, especially for academia where it serves as a prerequisite to career development and academic success. Writing academically can be a challenging task, irrespective of whether one is a native or nonnative speaker (Hyland, 2019). Developing literacy in academic writing can be particularly demanding when one has to write in a second or additional language. Linguistic demands aside, learners have to adapt to the unfamiliar discourse norms and conventions that are widely practiced and expected in the new language. Nevertheless, meeting the norms often implies greater difficulties for some groups of learners than others, and the learning processes for each learner might vary (Zawacki & Cox, 2014). Many teachers are unaware of the differences and even if they are, they have to explore the effects of such differences in their practice. This volume is thus a timely, research-based response to the growing concerns about writing in contexts or environments where the norms and expectations are different, with a focus on academic genres and practices. It is likely to be of interest to scholars and practitioners who would like to gain a greater knowledge of teaching, supervising, and evaluating academic writing. Compared to previous books on writing across cultures and disciplines, this volume covers a comprehensive spectrum, which outlines the multifaceted challenges learners face in writing, learning to write, and writing assessment. Taken together, the chapters present various theoretical perspectives and empirical findings to address the issue of crossing literary borders, particularly in academic writing contexts. They illustrate the range and variety of the cultural, social, and linguistic issues writers are confronted with when entering into a new discourse community, facing new genres, or studying for a new discipline. In doing so, the book provides valuable insights into the hidden agenda, social injustice, and other issues that otherwise would remain implicit in writing instruction and testing regimes. In the following, we introduce the content of this book, review its significance and contribution, and comment on the possible omissions. Structurally, this volume comprises eight chapters that outline the challenges “border-crossers” might face in academic writing. Golden and Kulbrandstad in Chapter 1 critically review various dimensions acting as obstacles for those who traverse borders, inside or outside academia, including the hidden agendas and social injustice implicit in language tests, the rhetorical differences in academic writing between different cultures, and language raters’ bias and unwillingness to embrace emerging varieties of English. As an opening chapter, the first chapter serves as an overview of the culture-dependent differences in writing norms, language teaching, and assessment between the East and West, and North and South. By mapping out the challenges that are germane to individual, cultural, and disciplinary differences, readers will be well anchored to go deeper into the following chapters to explore border-crossers’ experience in the increasingly multilingual and multicultural societies and possible actions to help their border-crossing adventures. Golden and Kulbrandstad in Chapter 2 delve into how the rater variability operates as an obstacle. They report an empirical study in which experienced raters evaluated two versions of texts written in Norwegian by nonnative test-takers, one version was the original texts produced in an official language test and the other version with linguistic errors being corrected, and find that raters vary in the weight given to different text traits (e.g., features related to the content, structure, and style). They presume that the Vietnamese-speaking writers might adopt a safety strategy, transferred from their former education in which formal correctness was highly stressed, and thus striving to avoid errors but at the expense of lacking the features favored by the raters. A novelty of this study lies in its research design where raters evaluate L2 writing with errors being corrected, which has seldom been conducted in the field of cross-culture rhetoric. In this way, raters’ views of the relative importance of qualities rather than accuracy, whose impact can be so great that it overshadows other qualities (Gebril & Plakans, 2014), can be better explored. This chapter provides an extensive critical review of seminal and recent works on rater behaviors in language-testing situations, which can be very informative for teachers, raters, and language-testing researchers to understand the overt and covert factors in writing assessment. Also, it adds to this line of research by bringing to the fore the challenges pertinent to raters’ varied views of how important different text features are for evaluation. More importantly, the different cultural traditions between learners’ previous and current school systems are posited to partially account for L2 writers’ writing performance. Other researchers in the field of L2 writing (Chen & Zhang, 2019) have also encountered instances where students might have resorted to prior learning experience when writing in a second language. Given the importance of learners’ prior experience for writing and assessment, we expect that there will be more research in the future that examines the role and impact of culture-dependent factors in writing and testing. Language-structure-related challenges are discussed in Chapter 3, which we consider as the most intriguing chapter of the book. Through text exploring and linguistic profiles building, Rosmawati's study sheds light on the different types of syntactic constructions in L2 students’ writing. She posits that at the language structure level, writing academically in English presents a major hurdle to students of non-Anglophone backgrounds; the challenges might result from a lack of awareness of the syntactic characteristics of academic English writing, such as concise language with dense information mainly at the lexical and phrasal levels. One noticeable difference between the study in Chapter 3 and previous relevant studies, as Rosmawati argues, is the combined use of textual coding and a multilevel synchrony mapping method to arrive at the linguistic profiles. A drawback of many of the currently available measures of syntactic complexity is that while they could give a numerical representation of syntactic complexity at each textual level, they cannot reveal what underpins or constitutes such representations. By combining the multilevel synchrony mapping method and textual coding, she succeeds in gaining a visual representation of the underpinning structures of the learner's texts, filling in a research gap caused by the drawbacks inherent in the existing measures. Rosmawati's study makes a great contribution to the field of L2 writing as, first of all, she explores the texts with a focus on nominal construction, one of the most representative traits of academic prose but left largely underexplored. Her findings provide empirical evidence in support of the proposition that academic writing at the advanced level is characterized by compact language with dense information through complex nominal structures. Also, she explores the feature of nestedness, which cannot be examined using other measures of syntactic complexity, thus capturing a more nuanced picture of the profiles of syntactic complexity in the texts produced by each learner. With such understanding, readers are well prepared to look for the causes of the manifestation of the syntactic complexity and the challenges that lead to such manifestation. Chapter 4 attends to the linguistic challenges demonstrated by English-as-an-additional-language (EAL) learners when writing in the core curriculum content areas of science. Fang and Li's Chapter 4 reports on a textual analysis study in which they draw on the systematic functional linguistics (SFL) concepts of genre and register to inform their analysis of the writing samples produced by two adolescent EAL learners. One of the main lessons to be learnt from this chapter is that EAL learners face considerable challenges in producing texts that realize the purpose of discipline-legitimated genres and meet typical school expectations for language use. Another merit of this chapter is a genre-based approach to writing instruction that aims at content learning and literacy development at the same time. The instructional procedure is succinctly presented, together with potential effects based on empirical evidence from prior research. Given the vital role of writing in science and science learning, we expect that there will be more research in the future implementing and examining the pedagogical effectiveness of the genre-based writing approach proposed here. This would be especially helpful for writing instructors who need to prepare their EAL students for further learning or practicing in science. Chapter 5 centers around EAL learners’ challenges in developing the expected academic literacy drawing on perspectives from doctoral candidates. It fills a gap by exploring their experiences of accessing support for writing development at the initial stage of doctoral studies, a particularly challenging but underexplored phrase. One of the main findings is that despite the idiosyncratic nature of the doctorate, there are shared circumstances and experiences that contribute positively to the writing development of four interviewed EAL doctoral candidates, including consultation with and receiving feedback from language advisors, supervisory guidance on language issues, and experiences of engaging with scholarly activities. Botelho de Magalhães in Chapter 5 highlights the significance of expanding EAL doctoral candidates’ opportunities to engage with academic discourse, such as participating in academic practices, to support their growth as writers. Instructors teaching at graduate level and supervisors might find this chapter especially helpful. With English being the lingua franca of academia, supervising EAL doctoral students to write academically might be their daily routine. The recommendations and suggestions in this chapter might be able to help facilitate their doctoral students, who acquired a different variety of English from that in the new academic environment, in the development of academic writing abilities. This book's emphasis on the norms that writers bring with them from their previous educational experiences and cultural backgrounds comes into focus in Chapter 6. Leskinen reports a study in which she explores immigrant students’ agency when participating in new academic literacy practices in L2 Finnish, centering on their beliefs and lived experiences. Through narrative analysis, Leskinen points to the value of taking stock of learners’ knowledge base, such as their multilingual resources and external resources, providing further support of the postulation that students’ fund of knowledge can be leveraged to improve their writing (Wei et al., 2020). Furthermore, Chapter 6 contributes to the research on academic literacies in a second language by exploring Finnish, a less widely taught language compared to English and thus underexplored in existing research. Another novelty of Chapter 6 is its application of a dialogical approach to the analysis of students’ agency in L2 academic literacies. Leskinen calls for individual support for immigrant students in academic reading and writing instruction as they might not see the new literacy practice as relevant for learning. It is a shame that more thoughts on possible solutions to the predicament are not offered. Further research should extend on Leskinen's study and investigate what individual support should be provided in pedagogical practice. Chapter 7 is devoted to a cross-cultural comparison of Chinese and British student writings by exploring their use of rhetorical strategies of persuasion. Using a cross-corpora approach, Dong reports the similarities and variations in the rhetorical use of persuasive strategies by native and non-native students. The findings presented in Chapter 7 can be especially helpful for instructors teaching argumentative writing to English-as-a-foreign/second-language (EFL/ESL) learners. Firstly, an explicit instruction of the persuasive devices used by native writers (e.g., reason-oriented linguistic devices) could help L2 writers to establish a similar convincingness in their arguments compared to native writers. Another interesting finding is that the Chinese students displayed a stronger preference for pathos linguistic devices to appeal to readers’ emotional response, while the British students were more likely to resort to reason-oriented linguistic devices. Dong proposes that the differing practices of persuasive strategies between native and nonnative students reflect the latent conventionalized ideologies and sociocultural values underpinning persuasion construction. This chapter calls attention to the different ideologies that might underpin the argumentative writings in the two corpora. It bears pedagogical implications as instructors could foster EFL/ESL students’ awareness of appropriate use of persuasive devices when conveying assertions and establishing persuasion to improve their argumentative writing abilities. The last chapter concludes the book by bringing to the forefront the preparation that researchers, supervisors, and teachers alike need to consider in facilitating the transition and reposition of EAL students. Zhang depicts the border-crossing journey as a transformational apprenticeship in which learners face multiple challenges, including linguistic challenges, contrastive rhetoric, differences in rhetorical traditions, affordance, and disadvantages of being bilingual. The last chapter extends the discussion of learners from the East learning to write in norms practiced in the West beyond merely summarizing the obstacles. He highlights the importance of enhancing EAL students’ metacognition to improve their academic writing. In his view, EFL/ESL students, as biliterate or multiliterate users, need to be made aware of the multiresources they themselves bring into the learning-to-write process. Their already well-developed, high-proficient literacy can be leveraged by the teachers. Chapter 8 draws our attention to a common while often neglected understanding that English for academic purposes (EAP) is no easy task, regardless of whether one is a native or nonnative speaker. It is important for writing instructors to have such an understanding as this idea is crucial to both boosting EAL students’ morale and helping them to overcome the inferiority complex. This handbook has numerous impressive features. One of the most noticeable features is that the overall theme of crossing borders is reflected in the research topics, geographical locations, and contributor profiles of all chapters. It contributes to the existing scholarship by exploring literacy border-crossing experience from the East to the West as well as across Europe. This book has a strong cohesiveness, particularly because all authors employ a consistent structure for each chapter. All the eight chapters possess a format that reflects a typical empirical study, an introduction, a background with a review of relevant literature, followed by findings and discussion, and a conclusion. Although each chapter can be viewed as a stand-alone study, the eight chapters work best when viewed as a whole. Another winning feature is that it successfully captures all the key issues in literacy border-crossing within a single volume without overwhelming the readers with a large amount of information. The book includes a variety of topics, such as writing norms and assessment, writing proficiency development, and testing regime and practices, within a reasonable number of chapters (eight chapters) and total pages (184). Each contributor of the book has enough space to delve deeply into the topic of their particular chapter. Therefore, this book strikes a balance between being informative and not overwhelming with its abundant content. In spite of the merits, the book has its limitations. The majority of the studies included in this volume adopt an exploratory research design, using case study design, corpus-based approach, or other qualitative design. Therefore, the current edition offers few illustrations of pedagogical applications and many of the instructional approaches discussed here stay at the theoretical level (e.g., Chapters 4 and 6). Perhaps a future edition may offer not only the theories and future directions, but also evidence from pedagogical implementations. On the whole, this volume fulfills its intended purpose and brings to prominence the various obstacles learners have to overcome in developing writing abilities across cultures and disciplines. The practical stance taken by all the contributors along with the compelling findings is both timely and relevant as it highlights the linguistic and social issues writers from diverse cultures face when writing in new circumstances and genres. For those teaching or working in the field of L2/FL writing, the recommendations and implications discussed in the chapters are applicable as they can be adopted or adapted to the specific teaching needs. Despite the omissions, we believe that this book is a must-read for scholars, practitioners, and graduate students seeking to better understand writing in countries where the norms differ from the expectations or writing in new discourse communities set in new disciplines. It is the responsibilities of researchers from here on to design solid studies to maintain the gains in the research on writing across borders. This work was supported by a grant from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities for project 2662021WGQD001. The peer review history for this article is available at https://publons.com/publon/10.1111/ijal.12436.
The article analyzes the epistolary discourse of Ján Kollár using the categories and concepts of modern linguistic pragmatics. The subject of the study was 16 letters addressed to V. Ganka, V. Kopitar, K. Ya. Erben, S. Grobon, V. A. Maciejowski in the period from 1824 to 1851. The study of the material is based on the method of subjectobject interpretation of the addressee’s communication. The analysis of Ján Kollár’s texts showed that his epistolary discourse is a speechlanguage work that was created with regard to the chronologically determined national epistolary tradition. Contacts and the content of Ján Kollár’s communication concerned primarily the socio-political and cultural sphere related to his professional activities. The socio-cultural dimension, within which the communication took place, determined the addressee’s socio-pragmatic role, and their civil position, influenced the topics of the correspondence, its personal and subject components, and assumed dialogue. The components of the studied epistolary discourse are characterized by the following features: formality — informality, distance — non-distance of communication, the hierarchy of relations, and observance of etiquette norms with their mainly emotional verbal design. Markers of politeness in Ján Kollár’s letters are etiquette lexical means, as well as tropes metaphors, and phraseology, which are methods of expressing the author’s empathic moods. Individual features include numerous author innovations. Thus, the social and socio-psychological characteristics of the author affected the language, structure, and content of his epistolary discourse. Kollár’s epistolary legacy is also important in the extralingual aspect. It serves as an additional source for studying the role of the author in social, literary, and scientific circles of his time.
between 1946 and 2022. The collected data were analysed using CiteSpace 5.8.R3 and VOSviewer 1.6.18. The results included tabulation, visualisation, and mapping for the past, present, and future directions of the field of psycholinguistics. We identified key authors, works, journals, and concepts in the existing evidence concerning (children's) language acquisition, production, comprehension, and dissolution. The study contributes to the systematic study of existing scholarship in the field of psycholinguistics by documenting the progress of the field and informing relevant researchers about the current state of the field of psycholinguistics. Having grouped the 32,586 documents in psycholinguistics, 12 clusters were identified. These include (1) examining individual difference in affective norm and familiarity account; (2) examining refractory effect in the role of Broca's area in sentence processing; (3) using eye movement to study bilingual language control and familiarity account; (4) exploring familiarity account through relative clauses; (5) the study of formulaic language and language persistence; (6) examining affective norm and sub-lexical effect in Spanish words; (7) examining lexical persistence in multiplex lexical networks; (8) the study of persistence through cortical dynamics; (9) the study of context effect in language learning and language processing; (10) the study of neurophysiological correlates in semantic context integration; (11) examining persistence as an acquisition norm through naming latencies; and (12) following a cross-linguistic perspective to study aphasic speakers.
The article is an attempt to answer the question: is it justified to include in the academic dictionaries’ lexical units of substandard vocabulary — elements of colloquial speech, vernacular, jargon, slang, etc.? The article discusses whether it is justified to include in the academic dictionaries’ lexical units of substandard vocabulary — units of colloquial speech, vernacular, jargon, slang, etc. At different times, the authors of academic dictionaries were reproached (and are reproached today) for excessive democracy: according to critics, the normative dictionary should reflect strictly standard norm, the description of the substandard vocabulary in the normative dictionary is unacceptable. The problem mentioned above is studied on the material of two dictionaries — the Academic Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language and the Academic Russian Orthographic Dictionary. The first part of the article is devoted to the description of representation of units of non-codified subsystems of the Russian language in Academic Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, the second part of the article deals with problems connected to the presentation of reduced words in the orthographic dictionary. The author refutes the thesis about the inadmissibility of including units of substandard lexis in the academic standard dictionary. The author comes to the conclusio that reflection of elements of non-codified subsystems in the normative dictionary does not lower the quality of the dictionary, but, on the contrary, it is necessary for the description of the standard language.
A gentle touch is an essential part of human interaction that produces a positive care effect. Previously, robotics studies have shown that robots can reproduce a gentle touch that elicits similar, positive emotional responses in humans. However, whether the positive emotional effects of a robot's touch combined with speech can be enhanced using a multimodal approach remains unclear. This study supports the hypothesis that a multimodal interaction combining gentle touch and speech by a robot enhances positive emotional responses. Here, we conducted an experiment using a robotic arm to perform a gentle touch combined with speech and compared three conditions: touch alone, speech alone, and touch with speech. We assessed participants' subjective ratings of valence, arousal, and human likeliness using subjective emotional responses. Furthermore, we recorded facial electromyography (EMG) from the corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus major muscles and measured skin conductance levels (SCLs) as physiological emotional responses. Our results show that touch combined with speech elicited higher subjective valence and arousal ratings, stronger zygomaticus major EMG and SCL activities than touch alone. The results suggest that the positive emotional effects of robotic touch can be boosted by combining elements of speech.
A major effort is currently underway to develop a large-scale treebank for Indian low resource Languages (ILRLs). Apart from that, a rich and large-scale treebank can be an essential resource for linguistic investigations. This paper presents the first publicly available treebank of Santali low resource Indian language. The treebank contains 307 tokens (51 sentences) in the Santali language. All the selected sentences are manually annotated following the Universal Dependency guidelines. The morphological analysis of the Santali treebank was performed using machine learning techniques. The Santali annotated treebank will enrich the Santali language resource and will help in building language technology tools for cross-lingual learning and typological research. We also built a preliminary Santali parser using a machine learning approach. Finally, the paper briefly discusses the linguistic analysis of the Santali UD treebank.