Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
Język, otwarty system o bardzo wysokim stopniu komplikacji, podlega nieustannym zmianom, choć zdecydowana większość nowości stoi na obrzeżach struktury języka. W pierwszej części artykułu pt. ZMIANY W JĘZYKU pokazane są nowości, które wygasły po kilkudziesięciu latach – neologizmy, także modne ongiś serie neologizmów. Trudniej ocenić zmiany fleksyjne i syntaktyczne, bo nad trwałością normy językowej czuwają korektorzy w wydawnictwach. Pomocą mogą być pytania kierowane do poradni językowych, także stosowanie środków zastępczych (nie dwoje nożyczek a dwie pary nożyczek, nie łomżanin a mieszkaniec Łomży, nie ciasto rodzynkowe a ciasto z rodzynkami). ZMIANY JĘZYKA odbywają się w sposób trudno dostrzegalny, zwykle niezauważalny przez użytkowników języka, a czasami – przez lingwistów. Wygasanie reguły gramatycznej to proces powolny, nieraz po kilku wiekach pozostają ślady po regule (np. dobroć, szlachcic, bracia). Rodząca się reguła gramatyczna zazwyczaj ruguje wachlarz wariantywnych sposobów przekazywania danej treści, ogranicza redundancję w języku. Pokazane jest to na przykładzie zaprzeczania egzystencjalnego być w czasie teraźniejszym (jest vs. nie ma) oraz na kategorii stopniowania.Language, as a highly complicated and open system, is undergoing constant changes, even though the majority of innovations appear at the edges of language structure. The first part of the paper, CHANGES IN LANGUAGE, concerns innovations which came out of use after several decades, i.e. neologisms and series of neologisms that were once fashionable. It is more difficult to evaluate inflectional and syntactic changes, for the linguistic norm is guarded by proofreaders employed by publishing houses. It might be helpful to examine the questions sent to linguistic advice institutions and the use of replacement strategies (not dwoje nożyczek ‘two scissors’ but dwie pary nożyczek ‘two pairs of scissors’; not łomżanin ‘Łomża-er’ but mieszkaniec Łomży ‘resident of Łomża’; not ciasto rodzynkowe ‘raisin cake’ but ciasto z rodzynkami ‘cake with raisins’). LANGUAGE CHANGES happen in an almost imperceptible way and they usually go unnoticed by speakers of a language, sometimes even by linguists. The (gradual) disappearance of a grammatical rule is a slow process; a rule may leave some traces that are visible a few centuries later (e.g. dobroć ‘goodness’, szlachcic ‘nobleman’, bracia ‘brothers’). A newly-developing grammatical rule usually supplants a whole range of variant ways of conveying information and limits redundancy in language. This is exemplified with the existential negation of Polish być ‘to be’ in the present tense (jest ‘(it/there) is’ vs. nie ma ‘it/there isn’t’) and with the category of comparison.
Abstract Variationist studies have shown the implication of tie properties in the emergence and preservation of linguistic norms. This contribution deepens the understanding of this mechanism at the dyadic level. It explores relational subjectivity and relativity among individuals of a community and their implications in the distribution of lexical variants. The aim is to understand how the reciprocity of a relation influences the share of lexical practices. To do so, we analyze the network of discussions of bachelor's degree students of the University of Geneva and their lexical practices. Using the modern methods used in social network analysis to study relational properties and by running multiple regression quadratic assignment procedure (MRQAP), reciprocal interactions are found to lead to a higher lexical share and similarity.
To engage in civilized discourse, three aspects need to be upheld: linguistic politeness, conversational politeness, and ethical discourse. Linguistic politeness involves the selection of respectful lexical elements and varied sentence structures; conversational politeness pertains to the social status of the interlocutor; and ethical discourse relates to the behavior while communicating. These three elements constitute a unity aimed at achieving the attribute of civilized discourse. Moreover, the ethical dimension of speaking, as discussed by Masinambouw and Geertz, emphasizes the connection between language use and societal norms. The ethics of speaking encompass considerations of appropriate speech topics, linguistic variety, turn-taking, active listening, vocal modulation, and physical demeanor. These ethical guidelines serve as a framework for individuals to communicate responsibly, demonstrate respect for social norms, and contribute to the harmonious functioning of society. In essence, effective communication encompasses not only the exchange of information but also the application of linguistic politeness and adherence to ethical discourse principles. As individuals navigate complex social contexts, understanding and employing these principles can facilitate meaningful and respectful interactions, fostering an environment of understanding, cooperation, and mutual respect.
The paper considers benefits and drawbacks of the Picture Naming Test (PNT) as a diagnostic method suggesting the ways to improve its diagnostic and research validity. Although this test is popular in both national and international neuropsychological assessment and research practice, its use is largely due to tradition and practical convenience. However, theoretical underpinnings for its effectiveness are not sufficiently represented in the pertinent literature, which determines the relevance of the study. The major objective of the paper is to consider the PNT as a research technique from the point of view of psycholinguistics, cognitive science, and corpus linguistics and to propose integrated approaches for the further development of these tests. The material comprises picture naming tests developed for the Russian and English languages. The study sets the following aims: 1) to define the main features of PNT and the principles of its application viewed from a historical perspective; 2) to identify the theoretical foundations (linguistic and neuropsychological) for its use as a diagnostic tool; 3) to highlight the problematic aspects of the method; 4) to suggest possible ways to eliminate them. To accomplish these tasks, various methods of corpus linguistics are applied throughout the article. The historical outline of PNT development suggests that the current design might stem from earlier contexts of use. A review of existing models of lexical access provides a theoretical basis for the test in its current form and suggests possible avenues for its development grounded in experimental research, advances in linguistics and big data analysis. A separate section of the article presents critique of the most popular tests. Finally, the analysis of the existing English and Russian tests through the corpus-based methodology clearly demonstrates the need for more detailed norming and stimuli selection. By way of conclusion the authors outline the principles of designing Picture Naming Tests for specific purposes and put forward a step-by-step algorithm that enables careful selection of the necessary indicators and parameters.
This paper presents Lexical Association Networks (LexAN), which entail the development of a mathematical model comprising a collection of words derived from a textual corpus. The interconnections between word tokens are represented by weighted edges within a non-directed graph structure. The construction process of LexAN involves 6 stages: 1) Lemmatization 2) Multi-word expressions 3) Stopwords removal 4) Co-ocurrence graph 5) Word Co-ocurrence norms, and 6) LexAN construction. We employed a Medical text corpus containing 574,011 words to build our graphs. To assess the efficacy of our LexAN, these graph structures were implemented within a tool designed to address the lexical access problem, specifically functioning as a reverse dictionary. This application resulted in favorable and promising results.
The article is devoted to classification and analysis of lexical-semantic deviations from language norms in the materials of the UNIAN news tape. Considering the dramatic events in our country over the past year and a half, the citizens consume much more actively the information products, from which they gain knowledge of the Ukrainian language, striving to improve it in this way. However, not all journalists conscientiously fulfill their professional duty, assuming various deviations in their texts, including lexical and semantic ones. The objective of this study was to identify the erroneous lexical norms in media texts and to draw attention of authors‘ journalistic materials to them. It was determined that all collected abnormal cases are primarily divided into intentional deviations, consciously used by the journalists in the texts and unintentional deviations, caused by low professional competence of their authors. Among the intentional deviations, there are often inappropriately used emotionally expressive and stylistically marked lexemes, such as colloquial, slang, swearing and vulgar words. Purposeful use of such language units aims to attract attention to the publications, which cannot be justified based on the requirements for language style of informational texts. Unintentional deviations include semantically modified lexemes; tautologies and pleonasms; confusion of the meanings of paronyms and cross-language homonyms; interferems and Russianisms as evidence of professional carelessness and inattention to the created materials. A significant amount of materials collected during the month testifies to the improper attitude of journalists of this news agency to their professional duties. After all, it is news texts that today belong to the most widely read, from where citizens replenish their vocabulary and learn the rules of using words and their combinations. Eliminating the listed problems will make it possible to improve the language competence of both the journalists themselves and the readers of their materials.
Emily Dickinson is one of the most outstanding and influential American poets of the 19th century. Her poem “I Heard a Fly Buzz -When I Died” is told from a perspective of narrator who is near her death. As a typical modernist poet, Dickinson’s poems have prominent modernist characteristics. Her poetry language deviates from the norm, not limited to the language norms, forming a unique foregrounding effect from different levels such as phonetic level (the repetition of diphthong, flow, nasal, and iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter), graphological level (the frequent use of capital words and dashes), rhetorical level (enjambment, contrast, synesthesia, oxymoron), semantic level (lexical meaning transference) and grammatical level (juxtaposition and ellipsis). Exploring the stylistic characteristics of Dickinson’s poetry based on the theory of deviation from the functional stylistics is helpful to excavating the implicated theme meaning and unique aesthetic value of Dickinson’s poetry.
The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the application of court precedent in the civil process of Ukraine. The general theoretical concept of judicial precedent is considered on the basis of legal doctrines of domestic and foreign scientists. The author's interpretation of this lexical term and its main features is formed. The article contains an analysis of the definition of judicial precedent in the norms of legislation - the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine. The importance of amending the legislation by supplementing the norm of Article 13 of the Law of Ukraine "On the Judicial System and the Status of Judges", Article 10 of the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine, in which judicial precedent will be understood as a source of law, is emphasized. The authors of the article analyzed the use of court precedents in disputed court cases, cassation appeals. It has been studied that the positions indicated and published in the legal acts of the highest instance court in Ukraine—the Supreme Court—can be applied by the courts of the first and appellate instances. It was noted that it is important to adopt a separate article of the Civil Code of Ukraine, on the basis of which an algorithm will be developed for the Supreme Court to cancel the decisions of the courts of first instance and appeal due to the lack of previous practice of the Supreme Court in similar legal relations. Special emphasis was given to the analysis of the Supreme Court Decision in case № 711/17/19, which contains the arguments of the Supreme Court regarding the practical aspects of the annulment of the decisions of the lower court levels due to the lack of analysis and references to similar court cases formed earlier.
The effects of globalization and increasing international interaction pose a challenge to modern societies in overcoming language barriers in the context of intercultural communication and national identity formation. In a world where different cultures, languages and values meet, there is a need for tools and strategies that promote mutual understanding, tolerance and the preservation of cultural characteristics. International communication is an important part of the modern world, where people from different cultures and languages communicate and exchange information. However, in the process of international communication, language and cultural barriers often arise, which can lead to misunderstandings and misperception of information. One of the main factors leading to language barriers is the difference in languages and thought structures. Each language has its own unique grammatical and lexical features that can be difficult for other cultures to understand and use. In addition, different cultures may have different ways of perceiving information and a different set of norms and values that influence the perception and interpretation of messages. This research article aims to explore the role of overcoming language barriers in the context of intercultural communication and its impact on national identity formation. It focuses on the analysis of various aspects, such as foreign language learning, cultural education, empathy and the use of auxiliary communication tools, which contribute to overcoming language barriers and improving interethnic interaction. This article reviews the literature covering the relevant aspects of intercultural communication, the impact of language barriers on it and their relationship with the formation of national identity; strategies for overcoming language barriers, such as learning foreign languages, cultural education and the use of auxiliary communication tools, are considered.
In Ukrainian studies, not enough attention is paid to the problems of translating Polish predicates into Ukrainian, although both theory and practice of translation need addressing the mentioned problems. The article deals with the types of compound nouns and compound verb predicates, extracted by cross-selection from the test of the novel "Pharaoh" by Boleslav Prus and from the text of the Ukrainian translation of this novel, which belongs to Maria Prygar. In the course of the study, the comparison method was used to compare predicates in the Polish language and their translations in the Ukrainian language, and the descriptive method was used to describe the obtained research results. It has been found that the constructions of compound predicates with linking verbs być, chciec, musieć, móc, poła, niepodobna, trzeba, warto, pałyda, wypada, wyłać, pałyda, etc., are typical for the Polish text. With linking verbs, infinitives appear or usually nouns, adjectives, participles in the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate. Methods of translating compound noun and compound verb predicates into Ukrainian have been identified and described in detail. The peculiarities of the translation of verb connections and nominal parts of compound predicates are characterized. It was found that the translation of predicates can be direct and can be performed using translation transformations. Such transformations as part-language replacement, replacement of the predicate form, replacement of control forms, replacement of the sentence structure, replacement with a contextual lexical counterpart are actively used in translation. It was found that the transformations presented in the text of the Ukrainian translation meet the modern requirements for translation, the main of which is compliance with the norms of the language of translation. The obtained research results will be useful for translators from the Polish language, for the formation of a coherent theory of translation from closely related languages.
In this paper, a linguistic analysis of the Itinerarium Egeriae, one of the oldest documented Christian pilgrimages to the eastern Mediterranean, is presented. The aim of the work is to present characteristics related to Vulgar Latin. The linguistic analysis is focused on characteristics which are not in keeping with classical norms, in an attempt to describe certain changes with regard to Classical Latin and traditional grammar, which may cause difficulty for the reader. It is evident that the Itinerarium Egeriae is not characterized by ornate expression like the texts of classical writers, but it offers interesting, if sometimes confusing, deviations from classical norms. The paper is divided into two parts. In the first section Egeria, the purpose of the trip, the text, the author’s ability to observe, and her style aimed at spiritual instruction are presented. Egeria’s style of Latin are the subject of the second and main section of the work, which includes language, style, literary aspect and phonological, morphological, syntactic and lexical characteristics of travel writing.
Linguists are particularly interested in observing lexical units, reflecting the picture of the world of a modern person. It allows to visually study fashionable words and expressions as indicators of the linguistic taste of the era. The relevance of the research is due to the need to study the trends in using colloquial lexical units as markers of cognitive and social development of personality at the present stage. The aim is to characterize the functions and pragmasemantic meanings of the particle sebe (to oneself) and the set expression vpolne sebe (quite) in modern Russian linguistic culture. The material was taken from the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language and examples from the National Corpus of the Russian Language. The author used the methods of continuous sampling, contextual and interpretive analysis, elements of quantitative analysis, and semantic analysis of dictionary definitions. It was found that quite often the freedom and independence of actions of the statement protagonist, conveyed by this particle, his autonomy and sovereignty receive negative assessment of the subject of speech: they are considered as indifference to others, disregard for ethical norms and norms of social life and they are condemned, and this assessment is emphasized by the presence in the statement of the particle sebe (oneself). It was determined that the increase in the activity of the particle sebe (oneself) in modern speech is associated with changes in the modal type of the Russian personality. The semantic core, which focuses the basic meanings of the set expression vpolne sebe (quite), is concentrated in the lexeme vpolne (quite), while pragmatic meanings remain in the particle sebe (oneself). The author revealed that the main communicative purpose of the expression vpolne sebe (quite) is the function of taking off the responsibility for the statement's content, singling out the object of speech and identifying the speaker with the social group which is elite in his perception. Being a fashionable expression, the phrase is nowadays actively used in Runet, penetrates into public speech, reaches the peak of its popularity and then may give way to new indicators of linguistic fashion.
The issue of studying the linguistic variation, caused by the stratification of society into different strata and groups, has not been solved so far, remaining one of the key issues in modern linguistics. This article deals with the concept “nonstandard dialect” in the framework of sociolinguistic research into the German-speaking tradition, which belongs to the field of studies of linguistic variability of the German language native speakers. Nonstandard dialects may differ from other forms of language existence, as well as from the literary language at all linguistic levels: phonological, grammatical, syntactical, lexical and idiomatic. We examine various forms of the vernacular existence, including urban vernaculars. The focus is on the consideration of the features characterizing language variations at phonological and phonetic levels. This is caused by the necessity of determining sources and patterns of linguistic variations at the phonetic level, one of which, in our opinion, may be the nonstandard dialect as one of the forms of language existence. The article touches upon such notions as: colloquial language, regional norms and regional peculiarities of pronunciation. The article presents some pronunciation peculiarities of Cologne inhabitants’ urban colloquial speech at the segmental level of the German language phonetic system.
This article aims to describe how the pressure wielded by the means of communication, with their affordancesand techincal restrictions, has been contributing to shape not only the language usage specific to each means,but the overall current common usage of the Italian language. The grammatical norm codified by the grammarbooks, the standard variety, is incomplete with respect to the real usage of the speakers, given that it describesa variety of the language, neglecting the many lexical, syntactic, and textual possibilities existing in the usage.Speakers, in fact, select linguistic forms and constructs on the basis of different, interdependent factors and thestandard usage itself is influenced by innovative forms continually emerging from usage. Language changeover time also intertwines with the synchronic axes of variability, including the one relating to the influence ofthe channel used for communication. When the message passes through a medium, it must undergo anadaptation to its system of rules. The passage always involves a coding, which influences the form of themessage. Linguistic usage, then, is the result of an interweaving of interdependent factors, among which thegrammatical norm and the means of communication are of pivotal importance. Both of these factors imposerules, i.e. restrictions, on usage, shaping and defining it; at the same time, however, usage, by its creative andinnovative nature, constantly pushes the rules, shaping the norm and finding ways to adapt the means ofcommunication to hybrid formats. In this dynamism the language changes, it abandons worn patterns andinvents new ones, adapting itself to the world and adapting the world to itself.
Creating actual texts is a sort of a longterm linguistic experiment, whose product is a source of material, primarily, lexical and word-formational innovations, to be analyzed for understanding the developments occurring within a “revived” language system and for identifying the role of systemic factors and individual creativity within the given inventory of forms and norms of a language system. The linguistic material from new Latin texts were compared with the results development of Latin borrowings in English. At the same time the number of users of this revived language and artificial nature of the examined linguistic activity impose a critical limitation on possible conslusions. Obviously, vocabulary choice and coinage of new terms to denote modern realia in these new Latin news texts are subject to individual authors’ preference and are sometimes arbitrary. Furthermore, in coining innovations the authors of texts in question are inevitably guided by their native language. As a result, the innovations in “New Latin” show some features more typical for Modern European languages, besides, the basic trends of development within the group of Latin borrowings in English were found to differ from those occurring in the examined lexicon of new Latin texts.
ABSTRACTNarendra Modi's national leadership since 2014 is a significant marker of revitalisation of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in Indian politics. This article traces Modi's association with the idea and rhetoric of development. He presented himself as vikaspurush (development man) and as a leader who would provide strong governance for India when he campaigned in the 2014 general elections. The Gujarat Model was showcased by him as the blueprint for development for the whole of India. However, a closer analysis of the developmental paradigm demonstrates that he has changed secular meanings and connotations of state-initiated development by associating state action with the rituals of pilgrimage used in the yatra (procession) politics of the Hindu nationalist movement. The article highlights the significance of the blurring of the lines between the administrative-bureaucratic process of planning and religio-spatial symbolism.KEYWORDS: Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)rituals of developmentdarshan visual practices Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 An aarti is performed every evening on the banks of river Ganga.2 On 16th May 2014, as part of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) alliance, the BJP comfortably won 282 Lok Sabha (LS) seats without depending on any allies, a gain of 166 seats. Since Rajiv Gandhi's victory, with 414 LS seats in 1984, this was the largest win by a single political party in a general election. It was also the first time that a party other than Congress had won a simple majority on its own; the Janata Party gained power in 1977 as part of a coalition.3 The Rashtriya Swayam Sewak Sangh (RSS) is the ideological and cultural mentor of its political wing, the BJP. A Pracharak is a member and propagator of the organisation responsible for disseminating its ideology. There are norms that guide relations between the RSS and the party; members of the organisation are not supposed to interfere with the party organisation unless required and appointed to do so. Modi was a regional organiser for the RSS from 1978 to 1985, and was overseeing areas of Surat and Vadodara, when he was officially moved and inducted into the BJP.4 Fernandes interpreted the campaign as 'an important instance of the ways in which the everyday practices, representations and the discourses of the new middle class can shape the more traditional realm of democratic and electoral politics although with unpredictable consequences' (Fernandes, Citation2006, p. 192).5 Since 1995 BJP has been wining state assembly elections in Gujarat, and Modi's term started in 2001.6 For examples, see Deshpande (Citation1993; Citation1998) and Menon (Citation2022). Menon in his book traces the role of Bharat Sadhu Samaj (Indian Society of Ascetics) as one of groups engaged by the Nehru government in the dissemination of the five-year plan.7 Brosius (Citation2005) analyses Hindutva symbolism leading up to the Ram temple campaign in terms of darshan visual practices.8 Field notes: Modi's speech, Vikas rally, 29 September 2013, Rohini, New Delhi.9 Field notes: Modi's speech in the public meeting, 26 April 2014, Pavi Jetpur, Gujarat.10 The issue relates to the withdrawal of the land allotted to Tata Motors (for the Nano Car Plant in Singur) by the CPI (M) government in 2006 by the Supreme Court on the charges of illegal acquisition.11 A term coined by Geertz (Citation1980) to describe the nature of the state in Balinese Negara that relied on spectacular performances and rituals.12 What is being referenced here is the Hindu sacred practice of worship which involves 'doing abhisheka (sacred bath) by offering water, milk and panchamrutt (A liquid mixture of five ingredients)' (Smith, pg. 68). A concoction of five items, milk, ghee, curd, honey and jaggery offered as food for a god.13 On Nehruvian planning see: Deshpande (Citation1993, Citation1998), Jayal (Citation1999), Roy (Citation2007) and Menon (Citation2022) For Gujarat's developmental state see: Sinha (Citation2005), Sud (Citation2012) and Chatterjee (Citation2022).14 Deshpande (Citation1998) argues that the Nehruvian developmental model employed a spatial strategy that capitalised on the economic resources that regional sites in post-independent India had, in contrast, Hindutva's communal strategy capitalised on a sacred geography (p. 259).15 Nehru's preference for a scientific approach is discussed by Deshpande (Citation1993; Citation1998), Jayal (Citation1999), Roy (Citation2007), and Vittorini (Citation2014).16 Sinha (Citation2005, p. 92) incisively points out that since the 1960s, Gujarat's political elites developed a system to by-pass the centralised modalities of the licence raj system by evolving the model of 'bureaucratic-liberalism'. Thus Gujarat gained from informal information gathering and lobbying for licenses to be allocated by the Centre to the state.17 A Karmayogi can be defined as an individual who performs their duty selflessly, keeping the objective of greater good in mind.18 Instructively, Dr. Sahasrabuddhe (Citation2014), also makes a similar observation in his blog, '[m]ost of the training programmes are residential, giving opportunity to the employees to better understand each other and facilitate an evolving commonality of approach. Participants collectively sing inspirational songs; play games, practice yoga and more importantly share ideas and discuss issues in a thoroughly interactive training format.'19 According to Bobbio, the Maha Gujarat movement could be considered the initial steps towards consolidating a subnational Gujarati identity capitalising on the historical and cultural idioms of Gujarat. He elaborates 'the 'natural orientation to business' of the Gujarati population referred to the traditional milieu of high-caste Hindu and Jain traders of urban Gujarat, thus conferring on the subnational idea a defined Hindu tint' (Bobbio, Citation2012, p. 659)20 Interview with NK, 8th June 2014, Vadodara, Gujarat.21 Sud (Citation2012) also highlights that the marketing of such events is premised on the Hindu mercantile traditions of religious blessings for wealth creation. Uttarayan, a Sanskrit term, is considered an auspicious period in the Hindu calendar for good health and wealth creation.22 Garba is a folk dance form from Gujarat, lexically linked to a Sanskrit word meaning womb and signifies life.23 Sheth (Citation2007), observes that management of this 'guilt' translates into adherence to kathakars (interpreters of religious scriptures) and temples. 'It seeks its catharsis by sponsoring religious functions, religious recitals by revered saints and sadhus and patronizing the institutions and spiritual/religious movements.' (p. 20)24 Field note: 3rd June 2014, Vadodara, Gujarat.25 Field note: 3rd June 2014, Vadodara, Gujarat.26 Field note: 3rd June 2014, Chota Udepur, Gujarat. Modi started the practice of organising the annual mahotsav in 2005.27 Field note: 20th June 2014, Behrampura, Ahmadabad.28 Interview with SK, 20th June 2014, Behrampura, Ahmadabad.29 Field note: 20th June 2014, Behrampura, Ahmadabad.30 The Sardar Sarovar Dam project on the Narmada River was claimed to be beneficial for Gujaratis on the grounds that it would provide water for drinking and irrigation purposes. However, there were issues of tribal displacement, environmental violations and funding as raised by the NBA (Narmada Bachaco Andolan) (Movement to save Narmada) led by social activist Medha Patkar.31 Field note: 3rd May 2014, Varanasi, UP.32 Interview with MS, 6th May 2014, BJP office, Varanasi, UP.33 Alley explains that to 'Hindu devotees, Ganga is a goddess who absolves worldly impurities and rejuvenates the cosmos with purificatory power' (Citation2010, p. 35). AcknowledgmentI am grateful to the two anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful suggestions. I wish to also thank Andrew Wyatt for providing valuable guidance towards its final version. The usual disclaimers apply.
The aim of the study is to identify deviations from literary language norms in the speech of the Crimean Tatar youth. The paper sheds light on the processes leading to the appearance of orthoepic, accentological, lexical and grammatical errors. It is noted that the main reason for most deviations is the ignorance of the native language by young people. Deviations from literary language norms can be the result of simplification or the influence of speech fashion. The author concludes that the frequency of speech errors suggests that some of them should be considered the norm of oral speech of the Crimean Tatar youth. The work is novel in that it is the first to describe in a comprehensive manner the main speech errors of the Crimean Tatar youth and analyse the language levels susceptible to changes. As a result of the analysis, the oral speech of young people is characterised as simple, poor, formulaic, with a large number of deviations from the phonetic, morphological, syntactic and lexical norms of the modern Crimean Tatar literary language.
The main line of comparative analysis within this study is to identify and explain (to the highest extent possible), some of the most scholarly relevant lexical and pragmatic discrepancies between three subsequent translations of Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice into Romanian. The focal points of inquiry are systematically centered on determining the level of efficiency and accuracy of each (re)translation in relation to specific Romanian linguistic principles and norms, as well as to universal knowledge of the source text. Additionally, by means of employing the terminological frame of reference and categorizing functions of the so-called Translation Modalities Method, each translation is placed onto either end of the translating continuum, that is more onto the domesticating or the foreignizing end. Ultimately, a global conclusion is drawn as to whether the (re)translations of Pride and Prejudice can indeed contribute to a better understanding of Jane Austen’s literary complexity and artistic subtleties in this particular case.
يعد مبحث الآباء من أهم مباحث المشنا التي تتناول التعاليم والوصايا الأخلاقية والحكم والمواعظ ذات الطابع الفلسفي، حيث يطلق عليه باللغة الإنجليزية " Ethics of the Fathers"، أي "أخلاقيات الآباء". حيث لا يحتوي هذا المبحث على أحكام تشريعية على غرار غيره من مباحث المشنا. ونتيجة لاختلاف محتواه عن سائر مباحث المشنا، فقد تميزت لغته فيما يتعلق بمستويات بناء النص، سواء على المستوى الصوتي، والمستوى الصرفي والمعجمي، والمستوى التركيبي، والمستوى الدلالي. وتهدف هذه الدراسة إلى عرض مستويات بناء مبحث الآباء كنص أدبي ديني، وبيان مدى اتفاقه واختلافه مع لغة المشنا التي ينتمي إليها النص. وقد انتهجت الدراسة المنهج التحليلي التطبيقي، والذي يعني بتحليل النص وتطبيق الظواهر اللغوية على النص، بغرض إبراز العلاقات الشكلية والدلالية التي تسهم في الربط بين عناصر النص. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى التعرف على مستويات البناء النصي في مبحث الآباء، ومدى تشابه لغته مع لغة المشنا، وفيما اختلفت عنها وأضافت إلى طبقات اللغة العبرية في فترة المشنا.The study focuses on Pirkei Avot as a central theme within the Mishna, delving into its teachings, moral directives, wisdom, and philosophical discourses. Unlike other sections of the Mishna, Pirkei Avot lacks legal statutes, setting it apart due to its distinctive content. This distinction is reflected in the text's linguistic characteristics, spanning phonetics, morphology, lexicon, syntax, and semantics. The research aims to comprehensively present how Pirkei Avot, as a religious literary text, is constructed across various linguistic levels, while also highlighting its alignment and divergence from the linguistic norms of the Mishna. Employing an applied analytical approach, the study meticulously analyzes the text, employing linguistic principles to unveil formal and semantic connections that bind its elements. The outcome of the study involves identifying the textual structural layers intrinsic to Pirkei Avot, assessing its linguistic congruity with the Mishna's language, and elucidating its distinctive contributions to the evolving Hebrew language during the Mishnaic era.
Speech is the most efficient and frequently used mode of language expression. Speech rate is assumed to reflect the speed at which an individual executes articulatory movements for speech production. Speech rate is typically estimated from samples of connected speech spoken spontaneously or read. Rate of speech is an important variable in the assessment and treatment of fluency disorder. It can be affected by a number of factors which include gender, age, language, dialects, psychological aspects and physical aspects. It may also depend upon the culture and linguistic structure. Language encodes the values and norms in a given society. The relationship between language and culture is deeply rooted. A dialect represents a distinct variation of a major language that is spoken by an identifiable subgroup of those people using that language. The variation might be phonological, lexical, or grammatical. Malayalam is a Dravidian language in India, spoken by peoples in the state of Kerala with a number of Dialect. Dialects in Malayalam can be broadly classified into three. They are Travancore dialect, Central dialect, Northern dialect. In Malayalam there are five main regional dialects and many number of communal dialects. Each dialect has different variation in stress, intonation and rhythm. The variations in language can affect rate of speech. The aim of study was to compare the speech rate in different dialects of Malayalam between the age-range of 15-55years. The result indicated significant difference in the rate of speech across the three dialects. The result of the present study, profiles the average rate of speech of young adults and older adults which can be used for the assessment and diagnosis for fluency disorders.
The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic accentuated the need for access to biomedical literature to answer timely and disease-specific questions. During the early days of the pandemic, one of the biggest challenges we faced was the lack of peer-reviewed biomedical articles on COVID-19 that could be used to train machine learning models for question answering (QA). In this paper, we explore the roles weak supervision and data augmentation play in training deep neural network QA models. First, we investigate whether labels generated automatically from the structured abstracts of scholarly papers using an information retrieval algorithm, BM25, provide a weak supervision signal to train an extractive QA model. We also curate new QA pairs using information retrieval techniques, guided by the clinicaltrials.gov schema and the structured abstracts of articles, in the absence of annotated data from biomedical domain experts. Furthermore, we explore augmenting the training data of a deep neural network model with linguistic features from external sources such as lexical databases to account for variations in word morphology and meaning. To better utilize our training data, we apply curriculum learning to domain adaptation, fine-tuning our QA model in stages based on characteristics of the QA pairs. We evaluate our methods in the context of QA models at the core of a system to answer questions about COVID-19.
BACKGROUND: Mood disorders are often associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction, and rumination has been implicated in delayed cortisol recovery. However, research findings on the impact of rumination on cortisol recovery have been inconsistent. The moderating effects of scalp prefrontal-limbic connections on the relationship between rumination and cortisol recovery may explain these discrepancies. METHOD: Acute stress was induced by a 5-min simulated job interview. Salivary samples and affective ratings were collected at seven pre-determined time points. After the simulated job interview, 35 healthy adult participants were randomly assigned to either the rumination condition (n = 17) or the distraction condition (n = 18). RESULTS: Inducing stress and rumination led to increased cortisol levels, negative mood, and state rumination. Compared with the distraction group, the rumination group displayed delayed cortisol recovery and decreased scalp prefrontal-limbic connectivities, that is, left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (LVLPFC) and left temporal area (LTMP) [ps <.05], and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (RDLPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) [ps <.05]. The relationship between rumination and cortisol recovery was moderated by connectivities between the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC) and LTMP, RDLPFC and LTMP, LDLPFC and ACC, and RDLPFC and ACC [B = -0.98 to -0.35, SE = 0.15-0.34, ps <.05]. Higher rumination combined with reduced scalp prefrontal-limbic connectivities to predict delayed cortisol recovery. CONCLUSION: The current findings suggest that scalp prefrontal-limbic connectivity is a neural underpinning related to emotion regulation for the effects of state rumination on stress recovery. These findings also provide a potential target for non-invasive intervention in HPA axis dysregulation.
Along with concerns regarding societal aging, the dietary requirements of older adults have become a priority. Older adults in Korea experience difficulties consuming animal protein sources as they age. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a senior-friendly food product using mackerel. Accordingly, carbohydrates and proteins were added to the brine solution before saturated vapor treatment. Calcium lactate and poly-gamma-glutamic acid were added to the sauce, and when compared to four commercial products (GT_R, GT_K, PC_K, and AC_G) in an acceptance test, the product was found to exhibit the highest overall liking score (p < 0.001). Higher flavor-liking and familiarity ratings were found to increase purchase intention, while higher flavor-liking, overall-liking, and familiarity ratings increased recommendation intention. Those in mid-to-late adulthood preferred the GT_R and PC_K samples, whereas the AC_G sample was preferred by those in very late adulthood. AC_G sample analysis suggested that those in the very late adulthood group had a relatively higher acceptance of spiciness. In this study, a calcium-added mackerel stew product was manufactured, meeting the standards for senior-friendly food in Korea. It will serve as a baseline for further research on fish- and mackerel-based foods for older adults, which is in its early stages.
Indução gramatical é uma tarefa que busca aprender automaticamente estruturas sintáticas a partir de texto. Poucos trabalhos de indução gramatical foram produzidos direcionados para a língua portuguesa. Neste artigo, reproduzidos o trabalho de [Futrell et al. 2019] para a língua portuguesa e o estendemos ao incluir análise de informação mútua para relações sintáticas específicas. Utilizamos dois treebanks anotados e realizamos experimentos utilizando embeddings de dimensões variadas, demonstrando a hipótese de alta informação mútua para palavras em relações de dependência.
The article describes the experience of teaching the course "Fundamentals of Legal Writing" to students of the training program "Jurisprudence". The teaching is based on the analysis of grammatical errors made by compilers of texts of jurisdictional genres. The undertaken functional approach to learning made it possible to establish that, depending on the type of speech generated (narration, reasoning, description), writers experience various difficulties. Thus, the learning tasks of the course are divided into three groups. The first is aimed at mastering the rules for constructing grammatical models inherent to official business speech (nominal, semi-predicative and passive constructions). The second is aimed at mastering effective ways of narrating about the circumstances of the offense. The skills being formed are focused on compiling interrogation protocols. The third group of exercises is aimed at mastering models of reasoning about the causal relationship of facts and the relationship between the event of an offense and legal norms. This skill is necessary when issuing decisions, sentences, judicial acts, etc. It is noted that the description as a type of speech is found in drawing up protocols of inspecting objects or documents and accounts for mainly speech errors associated with the selection of lexical means.
The article discusses the features of the formation of the lexical-semantic group "Fortitude (Courage) " in the English and Spanish languages of the XIII-XV centuries, an important role in the formation of which was played by extralinguistic, in particular, religious factors. The source of the research material in English is presented by manuscripts of the XIII-XV centuries contained in the Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse. The source of the research material in Spanish is presented by manuscripts of the XIII-XV centuries contained in the electronic corpus of the Corpus del español. The lexemes of this group in the languages under study belonged to the core of the lexis of positive moral and ethical evaluation in the period under review. This is explained by the significant role of the Church in the formation of ethical norms in mediaeval society. Mediaeval authors singled out seven virtues, three of which were considered theological (Faith, Hope, Love), and the remaining four were called cardinal: Prudence, Justice, Purity, and Fortitude (Courage). The names of virtues became semantic centers around which lexis of positive moral and ethical evaluation was formed in the English and Spanish languages of the XIII-XV centuries.
The article analyzes the structural, lexical-semantic and pragmatic features of the public speech of a professional diplomat as a genre of modern Chinese-language diplomatic discourse based on the material of the speech of the Charge d’Affaires of the People’s Republic of China at the UN Dai Bing at the open meeting of the UN Security Council on the issue of Ukraine on February 24, 2023. Based on the results of an analysis of fragments of discourse carried out using a wide range of discursive research methods developed by T. Van Dijk and taking into account the current international political context and the actual interests of China in the global and regional dimension, the key discursive goals that the Chinese side is most likely to achieve and strive to achieve namely: promotion of a positive image of the PRC as a “responsible state” that adheres to generally recognized norms of international and humanitarian law, protects the interests of peaceful citizens and economically vulnerable states; promoting one’s vision of the Taiwan issue as a matter of territorial integrity; discrediting the USA, its key geopolitical opponent, as a state that applies double standards in international politics, interferes in the internal affairs of other states, incites war in Ukraine, is not interested in established peace; an attempt to neutralize the negative image of the Russian Federation by silencing the role of each of the parties to the conflict, declaring theses about the existence of “rational security concerns” caused by the “expansion of military blocs” and support for the Russian Federation’s rhetoric regarding the need to immediately start negotiations “without preconditions”; protecting one’s own economic interests by criticizing the sanctions policy.
This study aims to compare the association networks of 40 pairs of recent nominal anglicisms and their Serbian equivalents among 100 philology students by using a word association test. The results of the qualitative and quantitative analyses of the associative responses indicated that different, yet related, parts of the respondents’ mental lexicon are activated as a reaction to the stimuli. We concluded that there were strong tendencies for the complete acceptance of the selected recent anglicisms into the existing Serbian lexicon, as illustrated by the encyclopedic knowledge evident in the responses; that Serbian equivalents were the most frequent responses to the recent anglicisms; that responses which reflect clear linguacultural elements indicated a greater influence of the local culture; and that the recent anglicisms were less prone to superordinate and subordinate responses. In sum, our respondents, all L1 Serbian speakers, did not equally accept all 40 of the recent anglicisms compared to their Serbian equivalents, which in this study represent the norm. The acceptance of the selected recent anglicisms into the Serbian lexical system cannot be reduced solely to the criterion of necessity; instead, we propose that their scalar presentation be implemented in future research.
This paper deals with the peculiarities of language code choice as a means of national self-expression in the Arabic social media humour (in particular, in memes and jokes). In the globalized online communities, humour can play a pivotal role for the rapprochement of in-group members based on a certain type of their identity (national, social, gender, etc.). In this study, the notion of Arab national identity refers to the entire Ummah and, on the other hand, to the representatives of different Arab countries as well. It is reflected on the Arabic language variation online and beyond. This research revealed diverse language attitudes conveyed within the “self – other” binary opposition. The analysis of over 1,000 online posts (Egyptian, Iraqi, Moroccan, and other) showed that the commonality with the in-group members is expressed with the language code which is considered the closest for the recipients. It is indicated to the predominance of colloquial varieties (territorial dialects, sociolects, youth slang) with the variation in their written transmission. Modern Standard Arabic is used as well, sometimes with minor deviations from the norm or with the colloquial lexis insertions. Both explicit and implicit lexical tools (colloquial and slang words, precedent lexis, etc.) are utilized to stress the uniqueness of “self”. Different codes are used to create the contrast between “self” (all Arabs / a certain Arab country) and “other” (all non-Arabs / the West / a certain Arab or non-Arab country, etc.). The studied varieties were also affected by the sociocultural context, topics of posts, communicants’ situational roles, the technology, and so forth. The results of this investigation ascertained that the Arabic language form used in the humorous posts is an integral part of the communicants’ identity as it demonstrates their belonging to a national group with its specific sociocultural, political, and historical background.
The article is devoted to the problem of practical implementation of lexical, grammatical, orthographic and punctuation norms in connection with the strengthening of tendencies towards the feminization of language practice, particularly in the business and educational spheres. Attention was drawn to the dynamics of changes in the “Ukrainian orthography” of 2019 regarding the implementation of the norm of formation of names of persons of the female gender by profession and type of occupation. On the material of the texts of educational projects, platforms that became the basis for the organization of training or professional development in real time, such as “On the lesson”, “Vseosvita”, “Prometheus”, “Umity”, the peculiarities of the implementation of the specified trend were observed. Deviations from the lexical, punctuation and orthographic norms regarding the writing of the latest complex abbreviated names of persons by profession, field of activity, position, nationality, etc. were noted. Systematic deviations from the norm in the practice of using round brackets and slashes in the official and business sphere of communication, in particular in the texts of informational messages, in educational materials, were revealed.
BACKGROUND: This study aimed at developing and standardizing the Telephone Language Screener (TLS), a novel, disease-nonspecific, telephone-based screening test for language disorders. METHODS: The TLS was developed in strict pursuance to the current psycholinguistic standards. It comprises nine tasks assessing phonological, lexical-semantic and morpho-syntactic components, as well as an extra Backward Digit Span task. The TLS was administered to 480 healthy participants (HPs), along with the Telephone-based Semantic Verbal Fluency (t-SVF) test and a Telephone-based Composite Language Index (TBCLI), as well as to 37 cerebrovascular/neurodegenerative patients-who also underwent the language subscale of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS-L). An HP subsample was also administered an in-person language battery. Construct validity, factorial structure, internal consistency, test-retest and inter-rater reliability were tested. Norms were derived via Equivalent Scores. The capability of the TLS to discriminate patients from HPs and to identify, among the patient cohort, those with a defective TICS-L, was also examined. RESULTS: The TLS was underpinned by a mono-component structure and converged with the t-SVF (p <.001), the TBCLI (p <.001) and the in-person language battery (p =.002). It was internally consistent (McDonald's ω = 0.67) and reliable between raters (ICC = 0.99) and at retest (ICC = 0.83). Age and education, but not sex, were predictors of TLS scores. The TLS optimally discriminated patients from HPs (AUC = 0.80) and successfully identified patients with an impaired TICS-L (AUC = 0.92). In patients, the TLS converged with TICS-L scores (p = 0.016). DISCUSSION: The TLS is a valid, reliable, normed and clinically feasible telephone-based screener for language impairment.
This article is devoted to the problem of enantiosemy - one of the most special phenomena in the lexical-semantic aspect of the Russian language. This sphere attracts the interest of many researchers but not yet sufficiently studied and determined by nonsystematic approach of the described object. Research of an enantiosemy as multi-sided and difficult linguistic unit demands studying of a wide range of the questions explaining its contradictory nature. So, the author suggests to approach not only from classic term, so-called enantiosemy (ENS), which means “intra-word antonymy” but also consider the terms of antagonym or contronym, reflecting their asymmetric feature of semantic polarity. The article analyses the category of ENS and the mechanisms of their formation and classifies 3 main types of ENS. Firstly, ENS with superficial negation, secondly, ENS with inversion of diathesis (agent - patient), thirdly, interlingual ENS with panchronic adoption. ENS may be the result of a semantic reconsideration of the word and a revision of connotation in individual word usage such as metonymy and metaphor (one of the typical mechanisms of ENS). Also, linguistic and extralinguistic factors function as mechanism of ENS and reflect the points of view of the participants (agens-patiens) of the communicative situation. ENS is, first of all, multi-temporal in nature, and their opposite meanings, associated with the same root (Proto-Slavic). This semantic syncretism can be traced at different diachronical and synchronical stages of Slavic language development. That’s why ENS is widely represented in colloquial speech, dialects, jargon and conspicuous for two opposite meaning in many Slavic languages. The author comes to a conclusion that the essence of ENS with its semantic ambiguity lies not in the occasional deviation from the norm, but in a realization of effective communicative strategy.
The author studied 40 pages (letters Д-Ж) of the Dokładny słownik rosyjsko--polski, written by the Ukrainian-born Russian P. Dubrowski and published in Warsaw in 1877.After a brief profi le of the now nearly forgotten lexiographer, the author adds a few additional questions to the known critical remarks about the topic of study and discussesin the context of the state of Polish language generally and of the Kresy in the nineteenth century -interesting fi ndings refl ected in this dictionary in the areas of spelling, phonetics, fl exion, syntax and lexis.She found that the Polish language presented in this Russian-English dictionary rather faithfully refl ects the nineteenth-century instability of norms at all levels of the language, so that non-native speakers of the language were more inclined to choose recessive over expansive variants, occasionally those supported by analogous forms in Russian.In the author's view, the prospect of a comprehensive, systematic exploration of this source is promising, especially regarding the possibility of extracting peculiar lexis from it, in particular so-called lexical agnonyms.
Aim. To identify modern Austrian German lexical structure specific characteristics due to the influence of extra linguistic factors. Methodology. The research uses the method of continuous sampling, lexicographic, lexical and semantic and contextual analysis, classification and systematization of linguistic material while identifying transformational processes in the lexical structure of modern Austrian German. Results. The most and least productive transformation processes characteristic of Austrian German lexical structure are identified, as well as the reasons for such changes are formulated according to the research results. The features of borrowed lexical units are analyzed, the reasons for their frequency and functioning in modern Austrian German are indicated. It is proved that the lexical subsystem of Austrian German is characterized by the presence of unique elements that form the basis of the Austrian culture. Such lexical items as Austricisms turn out to be the norm for Austrian German and are prevalent in everyday spheres. The revealed lexical transformation processes typical for Austrian German reflect the specifics of the linguistic and cultural worldview typical of Austrian mentality. Research implications. The research reveals the potential of transformational processes taking place in such a national variant of the German language as the Austrian German language. The lexical structure of Austrian German is influenced by two key processes: indigenization and globalization which contribute to preservation of its unique properties, reflecting the specifics of the Austrian linguistic culture.
This article is devoted to the study of linguoecological problems of modern educational media. The study material is presented by articles from Russian, British and American media of the beginning of the 21st century, selected by a continuous sample of lexical and phraseological units from the entire variety of educational media texts. The purpose of the work is realized using a set of methods: descriptive method, interpretive analysis, lexical-semantic analysis, lexical-grammatical analysis, stylistic analysis, content analysis, elements of discursive analysis. The relevance of the studied problem is determined by the increasing interest in the anthropological approach in media communication, the importance of studying the roles of the teacher and student in the media educational space, the need to establish linguoecological norms, solve linguoecological problems in the educational media resource of Russia, the USA, and Great Britain. As a result of the analysis of educational media, the existence of five main problems was revealed: 1) destruction, fixing negative language means and negative emotions, 2) deecologization, reflecting a violation of the nature of communication, 3) deformation within the framework of communicative and personal/interpersonal processes, 4) degradation of the communicative personality and communication itself, 5) dehumanization in the social interaction of communicants. As the analysis of the actual material showed, the desire for creative communication in the educational media resource demonstrates the creative self-realization of communicants and generates negative communication, destructive discursive and social processes. It has been established that it is necessary to strengthen actions to ensure the linguistic security of the educational media space to achieve the quality, ethical conditioning, environmental friendliness of media in the field of educational activities in Russian, American and British linguocultures.
The article presents the results of research on the expressive and stylistic load of graphemes in Ukrainian discourse from the end of the 19th century till today. Capital and lowercase letters are noticeably developing their expressive potential in modern Ukrainian discourse, becoming a significant means of text creation. At the same time, the issue of a capital letter going beyond the orthographic index of its own name (and the beginning of a sentence), transferring this function partly to a lowercase letter due to the ideological instructions of the speaker / speakers is on the fringes of scientific observations, while such use of these graphic signs was and is popular in the 20th–21st centuries. The purpose of our investigation is to trace the formation of the grapheme capital/lowercase letters as an ideologeme and to find out the productivity of this process at the current stage. During the research, it has been determined that capital and lowercase letters perform a crucial ideological function along with distinguishing names and appellatives. In general, Ukrainian spelling codes have been declaring a departure from the principle of “a capital letter is a proper name” for more than a century, giving these graphemes an expressive and evaluative meaning. The article traces the acquisition of a capital letter with the stylistic meaning of respectability, positive and evaluative connotations, and the reflection of this process in the spelling codes of the Ukrainian language. It has been also found that because of the intervention of the Soviet authorities in purely linguistic issues, expressions of contempt, insignificance, and pejorativeness, in general, were fixed in lowercase letters. The axiology of these graphemes is determined by extralinguistic factors, primarily the political situation and ideological guidelines of society, and is directly related to the evaluation of the referent of the corresponding lexical unit. The process of using capital/lowercase grapheme as an ideologeme is highly productive at the current stage of the development of the Ukrainian language. The powerful connotative potential of the lowercase letter became an indicator of the new linguistic thinking of Ukrainians and ideological resistance to Russian aggression. Despite the mass of “derogatory” spelling of proper names, one way or another connected with the Russian Federation, the issue of introducing a new spelling norm seems to be quite debatable.
Pakistani English (PakE) is an emerging variety of English that is in the process of developing its own norms and standards. Besides, distinguishing lexical and syntactic structures, it also has unique phonological features (Baumgardner, 1993; Hassan, 2004; Rahman 1991). Many Pakistani linguists have discussed unique consonantal and vocalic features of Pakistani English (PakE). However, there has not been any significant research conducted on the pronunciation of English velar nasal or angma /ŋ/ by Pakistani English speakers. This study analyses the pronunciation of English velar nasal by Pakistani English speakers. The sample was selected from 20 undergraduate students of the Department of English studying in the first semester of a large-scale public sector university located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. A number of 20 English lexical items were selected and were divided into three categories according to the distribution of angma in the English language. The items were presented to the participants in diagnostic sentences. PRAAT, the speech and phonetics analysis software, was used to analyse the data. The findings revealed that Pakistani English speakers pronounce angma inaccurately in the medial position and insert velar plosive /ɡ/ in the poly-morphemic words. However, in the final position, angma is pronounced correctly by most Pakistani English speakers. The findings highlight that Pakistani English speakers are not concerned about the morpheme boundary and pronounce angma without /ŋɡ/ coalescence. Thus, it is found that Pakistani English speakers have distinguished pronunciation. The study recommends more research on Pakistani English pronunciation as well.
The article analyzes speech characteristics of the characters of the film “Class” depicting French immigrants’ children. The teenagers study at one of the suburb Paris colleges. They communicate with each other and teachers in the form of a dialogue. The adolescents intentionally tend to ignore the rules of behavior established by the educational institution and neglect the norms of the codified French language. Using artistic images, the film reproduces one of the most topical social problems in modern France — that of immigrants’ resistance to accepting French cultural values, customs, codes, language, and speech culture. The characters’ speech determines their nationality, social status, personal values, and emotional state. Sampling, the linguistic and stylistic types of analysis were employed as research methods. The teenagers use verlanized and obscene lexical units, words from the young immigrant argot developed by borrowing, neologizing, and rethinking outdated French words. The verlan and special colloquial lexical units that characters use contain negative emotional and evaluative connotations. The insults, rudeness, name-calling, familiarity between immigrant children are ritual, intra-group, sociocultural, harmless, directed against the culture, language, economic dominance of the French-speaking ethnos in the society. The adolescent verbal behavior expresses a pejorative assessment of the French culture, language and people. The children ignore school rules and neglect standard French. Verlanisms, youth slang/argot, aggression are considered as the reaction of young immigrants to the requirement to learn standard French and behavioral rules of the French society, rejection by the ethnic French, lack of opportunities to rise in life, a sign of psychological trauma, as well as hardships.
This paper presents a comparative investigation of the metaphorical semantics of the numeral "three" in Russian and Chinese phraseological units (PU). The aim of the study is to identify similarities and differences in the meaning of the number "three" in these PUs and to determine the national peculiarities of their usage. The authors apply a lexico-semantic synchronous approach, focusing on the semantic analysis of the number "three" in terms of its metaphorical lexical meanings and lexical-syntactic groups indicating quantity. The study confirms that symbolic meanings of the number "three" in Russian and Chinese PUs sometimes coincide, yet there are distinct national specificities. In Russian PUs, the number "three" often carries the meaning of "more than the norm," reflecting the transition from ancient to modern linguistic worldview. In Chinese PUs, the meaning "less than the norm" is entirely absent, but the overall usage of the number "three" is more ambiguous, often serving to generalize similar characteristics. The research findings have practical implications for cross-linguistic communication and cultural understanding. The authors conclude that Russian PUs with the number "three" conveying the meaning of "more than the norm" are prevalent in contemporary speech, while those with the meaning of "norm" have become outdated. The analysis of evaluative language in Chinese PUs shows a preference for metaphors related to objects or concepts rather than groups of people. The study underscores the significance of cultural context in the analysis of the symbolic semantics of the number "three" in phraseology and demonstrates the potential of contrastive linguistics in better understanding linguistic peculiarities and cultural nuances.
The article is devoted to the relationship between the linguistic and cultural aspects of communicative behavior and their consideration in the content of teaching Russian as a foreign language. The object of our study is the norms and traditions of everyday behavior of Russian and Chinese culture representatives in the field of public food service. The purpose of the study is to compare Russian and Chinese traditions of communicative behavior in the gastronomic field, to determine the level of ethnocultural and linguistic knowledge of international students in this study area, to identify the relationship between their level of knowledge and the development of the students’ intercultural communicative competence, which is an integral characteristic of the personality. We aim to substantiate the need to take into account the features of the national communicative behavior in the field of public food service in the content of teaching the Russian language to Chinese students. The study was conducted using the methods of the analysis of scientific and educational literature on the research problem, the survey of 962 students from higher educational institutions of China, mathematical processing of the obtained data and a comparative analysis. Quantitative and substantive processing of the survey data showed considerable differences in the norms and traditions of Russian and Chinese culture representatives in this study area, a low level of students’ ethnocultural knowledge, a high level of students’ lexical knowledge in the field of public food service and cultural barriers affecting the level of Chinese students’ intercultural communicative competence development. The article comes to the conclusion about the need to take into account the communicative-behavioral aspect of everyday life culture and the norms and traditions of Russian and Chinese cultures in the field of public food service in teaching Russian as a foreign language. Research prospects are connected with the development of the educational interactive platform “Gastronomic trip through time”.
This article continues the study of the problem of systemic reconstruction of legal norms (See: Voronin, M. V., Avramenko, A. V., Belous, A. A. (2022). Systematic reconstruction of legal norms: needs, methodology, prospects. Legal world, 9, 30-38).
 The aim of the present article is to develop and describe a method of systemic reconstruction of legal norms in its linguistic aspect to solve the problem of converting legal texts in natural language into a database. The advantage of the method is a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach that combines jurisprudence, linguistics and subject matter expertise. This approach ensures high quality of the converted data.
 Drawing on the case of The Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), the substantial factors that make it difficult to interpret unambiguously the regulatory material are analyzed; with these factors in view, a model of a formalized wording is proposed. The model makes it possible to present normative material in a standardized form and to combine it into a database. Based on the reconstruction experience of the Rules of GMP, lexical and syntactic transformations of the source text, as well as typical semantic tasks that the expert solves at the synthesis stage are described. The article shows the effectiveness of transformational grammar rules at that stage to achieve semantic equivalence of the original and transformed textual information within the framework of the described method.
 The method of systemic reconstruction in its linguistic aspect is significant for further work related to improving the language of technical regulations.
The article deals with the study of lexical and grammatical features of the English slang.The authors note that slang is a special type of speech activity that arises in a certain social community and is characterized by the use of non-traditional words, expressions and constructions.The article finds that Internet slang is often formed by shortening words, using abbreviations, symbols, as well as using language games, imitations and hints.Special attention is paid to the grammatical features of the formation of Internet slang, such as the use of incorrect word forms, changing the order of words in a sentence, creating new grammatical constructions, and other phenomena.The authors emphasize that Internet slang is an integral part of communication in social networks, it is used to express emotions, indicate certain group affiliations and create a specific language environment; ways of forming Internet slang include a variety of lexical, grammatical and stylistic techniques that vary depending on the context and purpose of use; grammatical features of the formation of Internet slang are manifested in the use of incorrect forms of words, changes in grammatical constructions and deviations from the standard language norm; methods of lexical and grammatical analysis are effective for the study of Internet slang, as they allow to find out the lexical-semantic features of words and their grammatical context.The article examines the semantics of these words, analyzes possible polysemantics, defines their synonyms, antonyms, and homonyms.Attention is also paid to the semantic and emotional loading of these words, which makes it possible to understand their use and contextual meaning.With the help of grammatical analysis, the morphological characteristics of words were determined, their ways of word formation were clarified, and their possible syntactic role in the sentence was analyzed.This analysis helps to understand the peculiarities of the construction of words in Internet slang and their interaction with other linguistic units.