Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
The article discusses the grammatical competence in the English language of future teachers in the undergraduate program as a component of effective foreign language teaching in the form of ability to correctly apply the morphological, syntactic and lexical norms of the English language in solving practical problems. Taking into account the teaching of English as a pedagogical specialty, it is necessary to take into account the communicative and pedagogical components of professional competence. Based on theoretical provisions in the form of an analysis of pedagogical conditions of the organization of education, the current study views the specifics of improving morphological grammatical skills in the form of teaching tense forms of English verbs on the material of authentic texts from classical literature. As part of the study, as part of a pedagogical experiment, according to the results in the experimental group, difficulties in mastering the tense forms of verbs were identified. Increasing the level of foreign language communicative competence will contribute to the improvement of theoretical and linguistic knowledge, to the formation of practical skills in the form of teaching the norms of the literary language.
The article is devoted to language competence study of higher education institutions’ students as the basis of professional language culture. It was emphasized that students of higher education should develop language competence, follow the literal language norms, avoid morphological, lexical and phonetic violations. Mastering the Ukrainian language perfectly is the task of every conscious citizen, who is obliged to be able to use all the lexical wealth in the professional language. The theoretical basis of language competence is substantiated, it is emphasized that it should not be confused with communicative competence. Various aspects of research by scientists regarding language culture, language norms, language and stylistic advice aimed at improving the language of professional communication are highlighted. Violations of lexical norms in the students’ professional language were revealed. The most typical lexical errors were analyzed: 1) inappropriate use of paronyms. Such words should be checked in the dictionary of paronyms; 2) the use of pleonasms, excessive or redundant words and repetitions (tautologies); 3) the use of lexical Russianisms, which violates lexical norms, litters the literary form of the Ukrainian language, leads to mistakes regarding the use of tracing foreign words, surzhyk (mixed language dialect); 4) using words in a noncharacteristic or context-inappropriate meaning; 5) literal translation of phraseological units, words with a phraseologically related meaning, which have their counterparts in the Ukrainian language, or violations of phraseological accuracy; 6) inappropriate use of borrowed vocabulary, in particular anglicisms that have their counterparts in the literary language. A foreign word can be determined by phonetic-grammatical design and lexical meaning; 7) incorrect use of prepositional structures, which arises due to insufficient knowledge of the Ukrainian prepositional patterns. When translating the conjunction with the preposition “po” from Russian, one should take into account the peculiarities of prepositions’ use in the Ukrainian language, and not translate verbatim. Work on lexical errors’ elimination will make it possible to improve the language culture of students, to form language competence, and to observe the literary language norms.
The aim of this article is to complete and systematize affixal meaning definitions by examining the Old English derived nominal and adjectival lexicon from a structural-functional framework. The main dictionaries of reference in this language have proven to contribute limited affixal information; besides, one and the same dictionary organizes its affixal entries quite dissimilarly both formally and content-wise. Given this background, the present work offers an insight into the derived lexicon and suggests more accurate definitions based on an approach that explains form and meaning associations in terms of lexical functions and macrofunctions. The data of analysis have been retrieved from the lexical database of Old English Nerthus, which has supplied the inventory of affixes and of affixed nouns and adjectives performing a lexical function belonging to the semantic categories quantity, size or rank, which apply whenever an entity or a property experience an increase or a decrease in quantity, quality or status respectively. Each affix is defined conforming to the different meanings it conveys, the source and target categories involved in the derivation process and the predicates that fit the rule in each case. An approach based on form and meaning associations in the definition of affixal meaning has demonstrated to have major implications not only in the field of lexicology but also of lexicography inasmuch as it permits to revise, complete and enhance dictionary entries and gain systematicity in the manner the information is rendered.
The article is devoted to the description of the work of teachers of the Russian Language Department of MGIMO on the development of professional competence of foreign students. The authors describe some methods of active learning such as business games and student conferences. Business games allows teachers to solve the following tasks: activation of the studied lexical and grammatical material, the development of new vocabulary, syntactic constructions, norms of communicative behavior; training in the construction of monological speech and dialogue; motivation of students to increase their linguistic and cultural knowledge. Participation in student conferences helps to strengthen motivation for a more in-depth study of the Russian language, increase the level of education of students, proves the need for independent work. The article analyzes the experience of holding business games, conferences and the UN Model in MGIMO.
The proposed research is focused on different language means of verbalization of the concept SECURITY, namely on the comparative description of the cultural peculiarities of the notions of danger and risk as its basic constituents.Special attention is paid to the linguistic aspect of the SECURITY concept, which is accomplished due to semantic and pragmatic analysis of key lexical units, phraseological units, including special terms, related to the lexical fields of rescue actions, disasters and emergencies.The authors also highlight language means of expression of the concept of SECURITY, namely the lexical field "life safety" taking into consideration the conceptualization of natural disasters, technological disasters related to fire, water and other phenomena of everyday life in naive and scientific models of the cultural world (stereotypes, norms, evaluation, comparisons, beliefs, vernacular signs).The core of the concept SECURITY are such phrases as "to be in danger", "to expose anyone to danger or risk", "to be consciously exposed to danger", "to avoid danger" and some cognitive metaphors, that reflect naive ideas of the notions of danger, definitive, distributive, phraseological and idiom representation of danger and risk.The provided analysis showed numerous anthropomorphic signs of danger, its semantic categorization through the triad game of fate -care -protection as well as the correlation of physical, spatial, artifact and zoomorphic codes, symbolic archetypes of life and death, unbroken and damaged.
The article reveals the linguistic aspect of intercultural conflict communication with the help of a specially prepared linguistic experiment on “Interlingual homonyms” (conducted with English- and Ukrainian-speaking students of Vasyl’ Stus Donetsk National University), as well as through scientific observation (interesting conflict-generating communication situations during the educational process, the subject of which was the contradictory use of certain morphological forms and phraseological units, were identified). Intercultural communication is positioned as a process of verbal and non-verbal communication between people belonging to different national and cultural communities. Conflict in intercultural communication (i.e., intercultural conflict communication) is presented as a cultural phenomenon, the content of which is determined by cultural factors, and the process of emergence and development of conflicts is regulated by cultural norms, which under certain circumstances lead to the emergence of special cultural rituals that affect the process of conflict interaction between participants. The analysis of the linguistic aspect of intercultural conflict communication is to identify verbal and non-verbal markers of cultural information in order to achieve communicative interaction between representatives of different cultures and prevent the emergence of communicative conflicts. Specific examples demonstrate that intercultural conflict communication can be realized at several linguistic levels: lexical, phraseological, morphological, and syntactic. It is proved that the most effective way to regulate intercultural conflict communication is to develop intercultural communication competence in its real and potential participants as the ability to adequately use culturally significant language tools, concepts and behavioral stereotypes.
This scientific article explores the methodological aspects of teaching German as a pluricentric language, with a specific focus on the role of the Austrian national variant. Pluricentrism theory suggests that the German language is characterized by equal national variants present in German-speaking countries. Researching these national variants is crucial, as it combines linguistics with ethnolinguistics and cultural studies, providing a deeper understanding of language phenomena through an anthropocentric lens. One important aspect of studying a national language and its variants is examining the national worldview and functioning of ethnically marked vocabulary. While textbooks and manuals for teaching German as a foreign language often overlook the norms and standards of Austrian German, the existing differences between national varieties encompass all linguistic levels. Several researchers have contributed to the study of German language variability, particularly the Austrian variant. They have examined grammatical, pragmatic, and phonological peculiarities, as well as the language’s functions in various styles and contexts. However, certain issues remain unresolved, such as linguistic processes in the Austrian German vocabulary, the functional capacity of Austriacisms (Austrian-specific terms) compared to Standard High German counterparts, and the impact of Austrian language policy and media on linguistic processes. The study employs a methodology that involves analysing Austriacisms found in dictionaries and verifying their usage in Austrian newspapers. The researchers explore the lexical and semantic aspects of Austriacisms, categorizing them into three groups: Austrian realia, semantic Austriacisms with different meanings in Austria, and lexical Austriacisms used in Austria instead of German counterparts. The article presents the results of this analysis, highlighting thematic groups such as gastronomy and management/administration, which are prominent in the Austrian variant. Understanding the methodological aspects of teaching German as a pluricentric language, specifically considering the Austrian national variant, is essential for language educators. By acknowledging and incorporating the linguistic peculiarities of Austrian German into language teaching materials, educators can provide a more comprehensive and accurate representation of the language, facilitating effective language learning and intercultural competence development.
This paper considers the fluctuation in the use of Russian converbs, active participles and the predicate verbs in the author's words in literary works from the point of view of semantic transitivity. The present form (PRF) and the past form (PAF) of Russian active participle of the imperfective aspect can be replaced without changing the meaning of a sentence. And in 18-19-th century Russian converb of the perfective aspect formed from the present-tense stem (PSPR) prevailed in parallel with the converb of the perfective aspect formed from the pasttense stem (PSPA). The verbs in the author's words are divided into two large groups according to their lexical meanings: verbs indicating speech or thought and verbs that do not denote speech or thought. We call the direct speech construction with verbs of the first group “the type of verb of speech (TVS)”, and the direct speech construction with verbs of the second group “the type of verb of non-speech (TVN)”. Previous studies have not paid sufficient attention to semantic differences between them (PRF – PAF, PSPR – PSPA, TVS – TVN). The result of research of frequency of use of the active participles, the converbs and the predicate verbs in the author's words is as follows: PRF, PSPR and TVN are marked. PAF, PSPA and TVS correlate with lexical meanings of high transitivity, while PRF, PSPR and TVN bear a close connection with lexical meanings of low transitivity. These results coincide with the fact that typologically the phenomena of lower transitivity often deviate from the linguistic norm.
The article examines the language means marking timeand spacerelated commemorative practices and explores ways in which the urban discourse communicates national values, norms and expectations to city residents. The 102 focus is made on the textual components of commemorative plaques functioning in the urban discourse from the angle of spatialtemporal relations. The motivation was that the choice of a certain historical event and linguistic means representing it reveals what values and attitudes are communicated and which models of socially expected behavior are cultivated by social agents. The empirical data for the study were selected from the official corpus of memorial plaques texts available on the Moscow government open data portal. The content analysis was performed with the Voyanttools and AntConc software to calculate word frequencies and analyze their contexts. The obtained data on the thematic and conceptual dominants of the texts were used to identify and describe commemorative narrative strategies, specific lexical markers and syntactic models typical of urban commemorative texts. As a result, the correlation was found between commemorative narrative strategies and verbal and syntactic linguistic means that emphasize certain cultural and historical events, locations of urban space not only targetting the axiological sphere of the addressee but also promoting certain models of social behavior.
In the article, an author attempted to specify the concept of dialect words as object of learning in the high school. The course «Ukrainian Linguistic Geography» is one of the leading places in the system of higher education disciplines. Possession of the Ukrainian literary norm is a primary task for a student-philologist, but one cannot ignore the fact that it was through the dialectal language that the Ukrainian literary language was formed and exists. The course «Ukrainian Linguistic Geography» in high school should familiarize students with Ukrainian dialectology as a science. Lecturer has inform to students find out subject, tasks, meaning and system of terms, teaches students to freely orient on the dialectological map of Ukraine, analyze dialectal texts, acquaint them with phonetic, morphological, lexical peculiarities of dialects of the Ukrainian language, develop skills of writing dialectal texts in phonetic transcription. In the process of presenting the theoretical and practical material of the course «Ukrainian Linguistic Geography», a number of problem points arise from the principles of analysis and representation of dialectal material. The author analyses the different and common features between linguistic geography and dialectology and takes aims to explore the core methodological and theoretical approaches of linguistic geography. Linguistic geography and dialectology are characterized by a number of common and distinctive features. First of all, it is found in the sources, purpose, subject, object, study conditions, methods of analysis. In the article there were determinate the main purpose, methods of research, sources of linguistic geography as a separate linguistic discipline. In both branches of linguistics the spatial variations of dialect language is object of interest and the visualization of language in spatial constructions is therefore also of growing significance. Accumulation of knowledge about the spatial distribution of linguistic phenomena, about the core and periphery structure language led to the formed of linguistic geography. Ukrainian linguistic geography is a separate linguistic discipline that emerged from dialectology in the nineteenth century and achieved development in the twentieth century. The high achievement of the modern Ukrainian school of linguistic geography was the publication of the three-volume Atlas of the Ukrainian language. Since linguistic geography is not only one of the domains with a lengthy tradition, it is also one of the most progressive fields in linguistics. In general, the course «Ukrainian Linguistic Geography» arranges the students theoretical knowledge, promotes creativity in independent work of students, development of skills of scientific researches, which must be thoroughly mastered by the future teacher-verb. Key words: linguistic geography, dialectology,teaching methods of the Ukrainian language, high school, atlas, core, periphery, vibrations zone, isogloss, contact zone.
Background. Electronic business communication is a complex and multifaceted subject for scientific research, since it operates in a specific computer-mediated environment that is characterized by dynamic development. In this regard, there is a need to develop the study of this linguistic phenomenon at the nexus of various scientific paradigms. Human society is continuously evolving and becoming more complex, which directly affects the language that society uses as one of its codes. Due to the improvement of information technologies in modern electronic business interaction, we can register significant changes in the lexical content, clichés typical of the officialese, and features of syntactic constructions. Considering the fact that electronic business communication determines the social and cultural specifics of the modern world business community, it seems relevant to study this form of speech from the ecolinguistic perspective.
 Purpose. The article deals with the linguistic and style-forming characteristics of modern electronic official business texts from the point of view of the linguo-ecological norm, and also examines the level of language digression in the genre of business e-mails.
 Materials and methods. The empiric material for the study is represented by a corpus of 70 units of international business e-mails in English, provided by one of the commercial organizations in Belgorod. In the course of the research, a functional-dynamic approach to the object, methods of comparative, stylistic, pragmalinguistic analysis, as well as the method of free associative experiment were applied.
 Results. The results of the study proved that the computer-mediated environment has a direct impact on the linguistic, structural and style-forming characteristics of official business electronic texts that function in this environment.
 Conclusion. Business e-mails are marked by certain functional characteristics, stylistic variation and linguistic digression.
Abstract We propose a novel graph-based approach for semantic parsing that resolves two problems observed in the literature: (1) seq2seq models fail on compositional generalization tasks; (2) previous work using phrase structure parsers cannot cover all the semantic parses observed in treebanks. We prove that both MAP inference and latent tag anchoring (required for weakly-supervised learning) are NP-hard problems. We propose two optimization algorithms based on constraint smoothing and conditional gradient to approximately solve these inference problems. Experimentally, our approach delivers state-of-the-art results on GeoQuery, Scan, and Clevr, both for i.i.d. splits and for splits that test for compositional generalization.
Objective: The current study investigated whether older adults’ cognitive test scores at the time of long-term care nursing home admission are associated with psychological well-being over the first six months. We analyzed the link between Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS-2) subscale scores and anxiety, depression, quality of life, and positive/negative affect. Participants and Methods: Participants were recently admitted long-term care residents from 13 nursing homes in the Louisville, KY area. Sixty-two older adults were administered the DRS-2 shortly after nursing home admission. Using a cutoff of less than 6 scaled score on the DRS-2, 52% of participants scored as cognitively impaired. Self-report measures of anxiety (RAID), depression (PHQ9), quality of life (QoL-AD), and positive/negative affect (Philadelphia Geriatric Center Affect Rating Scale) were collected at time of admission, and 3 and 6 months later. Results: The DRS-2 attention subscale significantly correlated with baseline depression symptoms. No other DRS-2 subscale or the DRS-2 total score correlated with anxiety, depression, quality of life, or affect ratings at admission. Baseline DRS-2 attention, initiation/perseveration, and memory had significant correlations with self-report measures at 3 and 6 months; these DRS-2 scores were selected for further analysis. Mixed ANOVAs found a significant main effect of group (impaired vs. not-impaired) for the initiation/perseveration subscale, memory subscale, and DRS-2 total score on negative affect; impairment in any of these domains was associated with lower reported negative affect at all three time points. There was no significant effect of cognitive scores on any other self-report measure. There was a significant, positive linear trend in quality of life over time. There was a significant quadratic trend in depression symptoms, with decreased depression reported at 3 months and increase at 6 months. Conclusions: Impaired performance on the DRS-2 was associated with lower negative affect over time. Cognitive impairment was not associated with anxiety, depression, quality of life, or positive affect. There appear to be reliable trends in some psychological factors regardless of cognitive scores, with an increase in quality of life over time and a temporary decrease in reported depression captured at 3 months. The relationship between cognitive impairment and negative affect should be interpreted with caution, as only 22 residents completed the affect self-report at all three time points. Overall, we found limited evidence of an association between cognitive scores at time of admission and self-reported psychological factors at 3 and 6 months.
This dataset is an extraction of the data contained in <em>LinkEast</em>, a lexical database of Eastern Polynesian languages. <em>LinkEast </em>is housed at the Université de la Polynésie française, within <em>Anareo</em>, a digital infrastructure dedicated to research on and documentation of the languages of French Polynesia. This data (v1.0) is based primarily on the Linguistic Atlas of French Polynesia (Charpentier & François, 2015). References:<br> Charpentier, Jean-Michel, & François, Alexandre, 2015, <em>Atlas linguistique de la Polynésie française</em>, Berlin et Papeete, Mouton de Gruyter et Université de la Polynésie française.
* Introduction This is the Khmer ALT of the Asian Language Treebank (ALT) Corpus. Please refer to<br> http://www2.nict.go.jp/astrec-att/member/mutiyama/ALT/index.html<br> for an introduction of the ALT project. The process of building the Khmer ALT began with sampling about 20,000 sentences from English Wikinews, and then these sentences were translated into Khmer language.<br> <br> The English Wikinews<br> https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Main_Page<br> is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License.<br> https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ * License Khmer ALT has been developed by NICT and CADT (a.k.a. NIPTICT). The license of Khmer ALT is Academic Research Non-Commercial Limited CC-BY-NC-SA Reference-Type License Agreement Terms and Conditions The use of this material (copyrighted material, data, etc.) is permitted under the conditions similar to the Creative Commons "Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike" License. However, the purpose of use shall not only be "NonCommercial" but must be “for Academic Research and Non-Commercial”.<br> The detailed legal provisions are listed at the end of the document, but the outline is as follows. You are free to:<br> Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format<br> Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material<br> The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms. Under the following terms:<br> Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.<br> Academic Research&Non-Commercial — You may use the material only for academic research purposes and may not use it for commercial purposes.<br> ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. In this Terms and Conditions, academic research purposes are not associated with the interpretation of the Creative Commons License, and shall refer to "the purpose of intellectual creative activities conducted by persons belonging to institutions of higher education and research institutes, etc. in order to develop a better and affluent society through exploration of the truth about nature, humans, society, etc., discovery of new principles and laws, and application of these in a wide range of fields from natural sciences to human and social sciences." Non-commercial means: not for the purpose of any contribution to a for-profit or commercial business. The outcome of research and development activities initially undertaken without the purpose of contributing in any way to a for-profit or commercial business shall not be permitted to be used later to contribute to one. The legal provisions of this license are: the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode) plus the following rider clauses. On that note, the Terms and Conditions of this license are not equal to that of the Creative Commons license—they were inspired by them and share most of the terms and conditions with them, but shall be considered as a different license. Rider Clauses<br> 1. "Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License" in the title and preamble shall read "Academic Research Non-Commercial Limited CC-BY-NC-SA Compliant License Agreeement Terms and Conditions".<br> 2. Article 1 c and g shall be deleted.<br> 3. Article 1 k shall be amended as follows:<br> k. "Academic Research Purposes" shall refer to the purpose of intellectual creative activities conducted by persons belonging to institutions of higher education and research institutes, etc. in order to develop a better and affluent society through exploration of the truth about nature, humans, society, etc., discovery of new principles and laws, and application of these in a wide range of fields from natural sciences to human and social sciences, and does not consider contribution to for-profit or commercial businesses as its main or secondary purpose. Activities initially undertaken without the purpose of contributing to a for-profit or commercial business, shall no longer be considered as "academic research purposes" as soon as they decide to contribute to one.<br> 4. Article 3 b.1. shall be replaced by the following:<br> 1. The Adapter's License that You apply must be this License.<br> 5. In all provisions, "NonCommercial" shall read "Academic Research Purposes" and "this Public License" shall read "this License". Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License<br> <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode> * Usage 1. Compile the source codes.<br> 2. Run with no option to see the instruction.<br> 3. Follow the instruction to generate the treebank.
This dataset offers a multilingual corpus for studying Persian translations of Plato’s Crito in comparison with the Ancient Greek source text. It is designed for scholars and students working in fields such as translation studies, computational linguistics, and philology. This repository includes: The Ancient Greek text of Crito (Burnet edition) Five Persian student translations, word-level and sentence-level alignments Three finalized Persian translations, word-level andsentence-level alignments, including UD treebank annotations Two English translations (Jowett and Fowler), sentence-level aligned One German translation (Schleiermacher), sentence-level aligned A Greek–Persian lexical wordlist for Crito Source Texts & References Greek text: Plato. Platonis Opera, ed. John Burnet. Oxford University Press. 1903.Source: Perseus Digital Library – https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0169%3Atext%3DCrito%3Asection%3D43a Student Persian translations: Produced during a Greek translation course by elementary students after a 30-hour introductory course to Ancient Greek. Each translation was made using Ancient Greek commentaries, lexicons, and parallel English and German translations available in this dataset. Alignments were created by the translators using Ugarit.These translations are available as word-level and sentence-level alignments. The word alignments are extracted from Ugarit, but they are still visualized on Ugarit. Translators’ Ugarit profiles: - Shouresh Assimi: https://ugarit.ialigner.com/userProfile.php?userid=50956- Aylar Mahmoudzadeh Sarabi: https://ugarit.ialigner.com/userProfile.php?userid=63464&tgid=9576- Nima Mohammadi: https://ugarit.ialigner.com/userProfile.php?userid=52434&tgid=9362- Kimia Nikpour: https://ugarit.ialigner.com/userProfile.php?userid=52378- Farshid Rahimi: https://ugarit.ialigner.com/userProfile.php?userid=50932&tgid=9727 Finalized Persian translations: Three finalized Persian translations, revised under the supervision of Farnoosh Shamsian.These translations are available as word-level and sentence-level alignments, accompanied by UD treebank annotation English translations: Fowler’s translation:Plato, H. N. Fowler, W. Lamb, Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vol. 1, translated by Harold North Fowler; Introduction by W.R.M. Lamb, volume 1, Harvard University Press and Wiliam Heinemann Ltd., Cambridge, MA and London, 1966.Fowler's translation on Perseus Digital Library:https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=plat.+crito+43aAlignment: Sentence-level Jowett's translation:Plato, B. Jowett, Crito, The Internet Classics Archive, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/crito.html.Alignment: Sentence-level German translation: Plato, F. Schleiermacher, Platons Werke, In der Realschulbuchhandlung, 1809Link to the text on Project Gutenberg:https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/platon/platowr1/kriton.html Alignment: Sentence-level Dataset Contents To ensure proper rendering of Persian RTL text, files are available in both CSV and XML formats when necessary. Student translations aligned at sentence-level:Sentence-level alignments of the Ancient Greek text of Plato’s Crito with all five student Persian translations, two English translations (Jowett and Fowler), and one German translation (Schleiermacher).The sentence number is the treebank sentence ID followed by the Stephanus paginations.Files and Formats available:crito_sentence_alignments_student_translations.csvcrito_sentence_alignments_student_translations.xlsxNotes: All eight translations aligned to the same sentence boundaries as the Greek text. Student alignment data extracted from Ugarit:Word-level alignments of the student translations, which were done throughout the course by each student on Ugarit. The zip file includes five folders, each containing the Ugarit user ID of the student who did the translation and the alignment, followed by their last name in parentheses. Each folder includes the alignments of Crito done by the student, exported from Ugarit as a JSON file. The name of each JSON file is the identifier of the alignment on Ugarit.Formats available:student_alignments_ugarit.zip, containing JSON files Three finalized Persian translations aligned at sentence-level:Sentence-level alignments of the Ancient Greek text of Crito with the three finalized Persian translations under the supervision of Farnoosh Shamsian. The sentence number is the treebank sentence ID followed by the Stephanus paginations. Formats available:crito_finalized_translations_sentence_alignment.csvcrito_finalized_translations_sentence_alignment.xlsx Three finalized Persian translations aligned at word-level to the UD treebanks:Word-level alignments of the three finalized Persian translations to the Ancient Greek text, accompanied by UD Treebank annotations. These alignments are done by a single annotator according to alignment guidelines previously published on Zenodo here:Shamsian, F. (2023). Alignment Guidelines for Greek-Persian. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.8039931Formats available:crito_finalized_translations_treebank_word_alignment.csvcrito_finalized_translations_treebank_word_alignment.xlsxNotes: The translations are aligned to the treebanks provided by the Pedalion project, which were automatically generated and manually corrected. See more here: https://perseids-publications.github.io/pedalion-trees/ A Greek-Persian wordlist:A bilingual wordlist containing Greek–Persian lexical correspondences for every Greek word attested in Plato’s Crito.Formats available:crito_greek_persian_wordlist.csvcrito_greek_persian_wordlist.xlsx Notes This is the actively maintained and most complete release. An earlier version (only the three finalized translations) is now outdated, but still archived on Zenodo for reference here: Shamsian, F., Assimi, S., Mahmoudzadeh Sarabi, A., Mohammadi, N., Nikpour, K., & Rahimi, F. (2023). Persian Translations of Crito, Three Versions with Word-level Alignment. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8333681 Refrences to the consulted print sources and other Persian translations: Adam, J. (1888). Platonis Crito. Cambridge University Press. Emlyn-Jones, C. (1999). Crito. London: Bloomsbury Academic. Fowler, H. N., Lamb, W. R. M., & Shorey, P. (1966). Plato in Twelve Volumes: With an English Translation. Harvard University Press. Jowett, B. (1909). The Apology, Phaedo, and Crito of Plato, with introduction, notes and illustrations. New York P.F. Collier & son. http://archive.org/details/apologyphaedocri0000plat Plato (1938) Hekmate Soghrāt va Aflātun (M. A. Foroughi, Trans.) Tehran: Majles Publishing house. Plato (1979) Dore-ye Āsāre Aflātun (H. Lotfi, Trans.) Tehran: Kharazmi. Plato (1989) Vāpasin Ruzhāye Soghrāt (J. Jahanshahi, Trans.) Tehran: Porsesh. Plato (2013) Mohākeme-ye Soghrāt (L. Golestan, Trans.) Tehran: Markaz. Plato (2023) Kriton (I. Shafi’-Beyk, Trans.) Tehran: Ney. Schleiermacher, F. (1910). Platons Apologie und Kriton. Verlag Philipp Reclam.
Perceived density was examined as two architectural design features were varied: wider wall location in trapezoid-shaped apartments and window size. Subjects rated perceived density and positive affect following presentation of apartment units with these features changed but with the same amount of space. Two electroencephalogram (EEG) measures were examined: event-related desynchronization modulation (Mu-Rhythm) and Theta power – both associated with movement planning. There was an interaction of design features – the wide wall was at the entrance (appears narrowing) with a narrow window, was rated higher for perceived density compared to all other conditions. There was also an interaction for Mu Rhythm – greater modulation for incongruence: widening apartments with narrow windows or narrowing apartments with wide windows. Theta power results indicated a window size main effect – increased Theta power in wider window conditions. These findings support the idea that density perception is linked with movement planning and could lead to guidelines for architectural design in limited spaces to enhance wellbeing.
Russian constructicon is an open-access linguistic database containing detailed descriptions of over 3,800 Russian grammatical constructions. In this paper we present a new, enlarged and updated version of Russian Constructicon (RusCxn) as well as new trajectories of development which were opened for the resource after the update. Since its first release, RusCxn, has undergone many significant changes. Our team has expanded the number of constructions present in the database 1,5 times, introduced new meta-information features such as glosses, significantly reworked the architecture and the design of Russian Constructicon’s website, and improved the search facilities. The above-mentioned changes not only make RusCxn more attractive and convenient-to-use, but they can also greatly facilitate typological research in the field of Construction Grammar and improve the mapping between constructicography-orinented resources for different languages.
PURPOSE: Slow speech rate and abnormal temporal prosody are primary diagnostic criteria for differentiating between people with aphasia who do and do not have apraxia of speech. We sought to identify appropriate cutoff values for abnormal word syllable duration (WSD) in a word repetition task, interpret them relative to a data set of people with chronic aphasia, and evaluate the extent to which manually derived measures could be approximated through an automated process that relied on commercial speech recognition technology. METHOD: Fifty neurotypical participants produced 49 multisyllabic words during a repetition task. Audio recordings were submitted to an automated speech recognition (ASR) service (IBM Watson) to measure word duration and generate an orthographic transcription. The transcribed words were compared to a lexical database, and the number of syllables was identified. Automatic and manual measures were compared for 50% of the sample. Results were interpreted relative to WSD scores from an existing data set of 195 people with mostly chronic aphasia. RESULTS: ASR correctly identified 83% of target words and 98% of target syllable counts. Automated word duration calculations were longer than manual measures due to imprecise cursor placement. Upon applying regression coefficients to the automated measures and examining the frequency distributions for both manual and estimated measures, a WSD of 303-316 ms was found to indicate longer-than-normal performance (corresponding to the 95th percentile). With this cutoff, 40%-45% of participants with aphasia in our comparison sample had an abnormally long WSD. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend using a rounded WSD cutoff score between 303 and 316 ms for manual measures. Future research will focus on customizing automated WSD methods to speech samples from people with aphasia, identifying target words that maximize production and measurement reliability, and developing WSD standard scores based on a large participant sample with and without aphasia.
В статье анализируется историческая динамика политической корректности, ее положительные и отрицательные стороны, а также прослеживается ее связь с вежливостью, которая заключается в неиспользовании конфронтационных, ликоповреждающих коммуникативных стратегий при указании на гендер, расу, этнос, возраст, физическое состояние и социальное положение адресата. Исследуются факторы, затрудняющие формирование политкорректного русского языкового сознания: 1) не вполне сформировавшееся понятие ПК применительно к отечественному социальному контексту, осложненное его концептуализацией через призму западного восприятия; 2) отсутствие правовых механизмов ПК, несмотря на недопустимость дискриминации, закрепленную в Конституции РФ; 3) неразработанность языковых основ применения ПК в российском публичном дискурсе; 4) англоцентричность правил ПК для международного общения. Сделан вывод о необходимости выработки российских норм политической корректности с участием широкого лингвистического сообщества. The paper explores the historical dynamics of political correctness (PC), its positive and negative aspects, as well as its connection with politeness as an avoidance of confrontational, face-threatening strategies in reference to the interlocutor’s gender, race, ethnic background, age, physical condition and social status. The study also deals with the factors hindering the formation of the Russian PC awareness, which include: 1) the incompletely formed notion of political correctness in the Russian social context complicated by its conceptualization through the prism of Western comprehension; 2) absence of legal PC mechanisms, in spite of non-discrimination enshrined in the RF Constitution; 3) underdeveloped linguistic norms of political correctness in Russian public discourse; 4) anglocentrism of PC rules in intercultural communication. The article concludes by proposing a wide discussion of Russian political correctness norms involving a wider linguistic community.
The review is devoted to the analysis of the new lexicographic work of the Bulgarian dialectologists of the Prof. L. Andreichin Institute of the Bulgarian Language. BAN, ―a dictionary of one archaic dialect of the Ropka region in the Western Rhodope Mountains. The book is a logical continuation of S. Keremedchieva’s 1993 monograph, which describes the grammar of this dialect. The dictionary significantly complements the understanding of it, which makes it the first comprehensive study of the Rhodope dialect at several linguistic levels: phonological, morphological and lexical. Due to its basic linguistic features, this dialect became a link between the Thracian and central Rhodope dialects, whose speakers, due to a number of geopolitical reasons and events, found themselves outside the borders of modern Bulgaria, in Greece and Turkey. The local Bulgarian population was mostly Islamized in the XVII century, and after the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1879–1882 and 1912, part of the families of Bulgarian Muslims from the villages of Pavelsko, Orekhovo and Studenets were resettled to Asia Minor, Turkey. According to one of the etymological versions of the origin of the name of the village Pavelsko, the fact of the existence here in the past of adherents of the Pavlikian heresy, whose center was the village of Pavelsko, is likely. This hypothesis is supported by numerous linguistic links between the Ropkа dialect and the Pavlikian dialect in Bulgaria. The Ropka dialect has accumulated features of a certain stage in the development of the Bulgarian language, preserving a number of its archaic features, including vocabulary and morphology. Despite the modern intensive changes taking place in everyday life, culture and language, the inhabitants of the Ropka region have preserved their ancestral memory and customs, songs and legends, melodious Rhodope dialect with its ancient features and inimitable architectonics. Rich authentic dialect material is a serious lexical database and a source for scientific research in various fields, including ethnolinguistics.
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According to the Facial Feedback Hypothesis (FFH), feedback from facial muscles can initiate and modulate a person’s emotional state. However, this assumption is debated, and existing research has arguably suffered from a lack of control over which facial muscles are activated, when, to what degree, and for how long. To overcome these limitations, we carried out a pre-registered experiment recruiting 58 participants in 2023 in which we applied facial neuromuscular electrical stimulation (fNMES) to the Zygomaticus Major (ZM) and Depressor Anguli Oris (DAO) muscles for 5 seconds at 100% and 50% of the participants individual motor threshold (MT). After each trial, participants reported their emotions’ valence and arousal. Heart rate and electrodermal activity were recorded throughout. Results showed that muscle activation through fNMES, even when controlling for fNMES-induced discomfort, modulated participants’ emotional state as expected, with more positive emotions reported after stronger stimulation of the ZM than the DAO muscle. The addition of expression-congruent emotional images increased the effect. Moreover, fNMES intensity predicted arousal ratings and skin conductance responses. The finding that changes in felt emotion can be induced through brief, controlled activation of specific facial muscles is in line with the FFH and offers exciting opportunities for translational intervention.
Abstract We propose a Slovak language model for the spaCy library in Python. These models are easy-to-use for basic natural language processing tasks in a single package. The package contains several components for basic preprocessing tasks, such as tokenization, sentence boundary detection, syntactic parsing, lemmatization, named entity recognition, morphology analysis, and word vectors. It is based on the state-of-the-art monolingual SlovakBERT model. Named entity recognition is trained on a separate, publicly available WikiAnn database. The other statistical classifiers use a Slovak Dependency Treebank corpus. Morphological tags are compatible with the conventions of the Slovak National Corpus. The part of speech tags use conventions of the Universal Dependencies framework. We trained a separate word vector model on a web-based corpus. The training uses fastText with Floret modification. We present a series of experiments that confirm that the model performs similarly to other languages for all tasks. Training scripts and data are publicly available.
This paper presents a study that investigates the role of confidence in predicting performance in a business strategy game (The Business Strategy Game, Thompson et al., 2022), specifically when making complex decisions as part of a team.The study distinguishes between an individual's confidence in their decision-making process and their confidence in specific decisions.Because complex business decisions are typically team-based, it also examines an individual's confidence in the team's decision-making process and actual decisions.Decision performance 92 The BRC Academy Journal of Business Vol. 13, No. 1 was measured two ways: financial performance (earnings-pershare) and non-financial performance (company image rating).Results show that an individual's confidence in their specific decisions positively predicts financial performance, whereas their confidence in the team's specific decisions positively predicts both financial and non-financial performance.Decision-makers consistently lost confidence in both their team's decisions and decision process after receiving performance feedback but regained that confidence before the next decision.However, this pattern was less evident for an individual's confidence in their own decisions or process.Over time, individuals gained confidence in their own decisions, the team's decisions, and the team's decision process, but this gain was not evident for confidence in the decision process.
status: Published online
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common metabolic disorder in the world and an important risk factor for peripheral arterial disease (PAD). CT angiography represents the method of choice for the diagnosis, pre-operative planning, and follow-up of vascular disease. Low-energy dual-energy CT (DECT) virtual mono-energetic imaging (VMI) has been shown to improve image contrast, iodine signal, and may also lead to a reduction in contrast medium dose. In recent years, VMI has been improved with the use of a new algorithm called VMI+, able to obtain the best image contrast with the least possible image noise in low-keV reconstructions. Purpose: To evaluate the impact of VMI+ DECT reconstructions on quantitative and qualitative image quality in the evaluation of the lower extremity runoff. Materials and Methods: We evaluated DECT angiography of lower extremities in patients suffering from diabetes who had undergone clinically indicated DECT examinations between January 2018 and January 2023. Images were reconstructed with standard linear blending (F_0.5) and low VMI+ series were generated from 40 to 100 keV, in an interval of 15 keV. Vascular attenuation, image noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were calculated for objective analysis. Subjective analysis was performed using five-point scales to evaluate image quality, image noise, and diagnostic assessability of vessel contrast. Results: Our final study cohort consisted of 77 patients (41 males). Attenuation values, CNR, and SNR were higher in 40-keV VMI+ reconstructions compared to the remaining VMI+ and standard F_0.5 series (HU: 1180.41 ± 45.09; SNR: 29.91 ± 0.99; CNR: 28.60 ± 1.03 vs. HU 251.32 ± 7.13; SNR: 13.22 ± 0.44; CNR: 10.57 ± 0.39 in standard F_0.5 series) (p < 0.0001). Subjective image rating was significantly higher in 55-keV VMI+ images compared to the other VMI+ and standard F_0.5 series in terms of image quality (mean score: 4.77), image noise (mean score: 4.39), and assessability of vessel contrast (mean value: 4.57) (p < 0.001). Conclusions: DECT 40-keV and 55-keV VMI+ showed the highest objective and subjective parameters of image quality, respectively. These specific energy levels for VMI+ reconstructions could be recommended in clinical practice, providing high-quality images with greater diagnostic suitability for the evaluation of lower extremity runoff, and potentially needing a lower amount of contrast medium, which is particularly advantageous for diabetic patients.
Previous research on linguistic relativity and economic decisions hypothesized that speakers of languages with obligatory tense marking of future time reference (FTR) should value future rewards less than speakers of languages which permit present tense FTR. This was hypothesized on the basis of obligatory linguistic marking (e.g., will) causing speakers to construe future events as more temporally distal and thereby to exhibit increased "temporal discounting": the subjective devaluation of outcomes as the delay until they will occur increases. However, several aspects of this hypothesis are incomplete. First, it overlooks the role of "modal" FTR structures which encode notions about the likelihood of future outcomes (e.g., might). This may influence "probability discounting": the subjective devaluation of outcomes as the probability of their occurrence decreases. Second, the extent to which linguistic structures are subjectively related to temporal or probability discounting differences is currently unknown. To address these, we elicited FTR language and subjective ratings of temporal distance and probability from speakers of English, which exhibits strongly grammaticized FTR, and Dutch, which does not. Several findings went against the predictions of the previous hypothesis: Framing an FTR statement in the present ("Ellie arrives later on") versus the future tense ("…will arrive…") did not affect ratings of temporal distance; English speakers rated future statements as relatively more temporally proximal than Dutch speakers; and English and Dutch speakers rated future tenses as encoding high certainty, which suggests that obligatory future tense marking might result in less discounting. Additionally, compared with Dutch speakers, English speakers used more low-certainty terms in general (e.g., may) and as a function of various experimental factors. We conclude that the prior cross-linguistic observations of the link between FTR and psychological discounting may be caused by the connection between low-certainty modal structures and probability discounting, rather than future tense and temporality.
Abstract This paper provides an overview of all the meaningful sub-sign form units (form-meaning units; FMUs) in lexical signs in Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT). We investigated the potential meaning of all form features that were previously established in analyses of NGT form by analyzing their distribution in lexical signs. The data set consisted of 500 NGT signs in the lexical database Global Signbank, and a set of 163 elicited newly-formed lexical signs. All features in these data sets appear to bear meaning (at least once). No completely arbitrary features were found, and some features appeared to be always associated to a specific meaning. This toolkit and the set of FMUs in NGT provides a possible basis for cross-linguistic study and for a more fine-grained approach in various research disciplines, for instance psycholinguistics and acquisition, and it may thus advance the theoretical and applied study of sign languages.
In task-based second language (L2) writing research, genre effects on linguistic features are usually explained by either task complexity hypothesis or differences in communicative demands. The basic distinction between the two explanations is determined by whether cognitive factors are at work. To date, the actual causes for L2 learners' different linguistic features in different genres are still unclear. Aiming at providing empirical evidence for explaining the mechanism of genre effects, this investigation uses dependency-grammar-based measures to examine the role of cognitive factors in L2 argumentative, narrative, and descriptive writings. A total of 540 compositions from three different proficiency groups of English as a foreign language learners were collected, and their mean dependency distances and their distributions of dependency distance were calculated. It was found that in all proficiency groups of compositions, dependency distance distributions of five types showed significant differences between genres. Since dependency distance reflects cognitive load, those five dependency types were able to show that cognitive factors are at play in the writing process. Among the five types, the phrasal dependency relation types could reveal genre effects regardless of learners' language proficiency, and clausal dependency relation types might pinpoint learners' threshold of perceiving task complexity. The findings suggest that genre effects on linguistic features in L2 writings may result from different cognitive demand imposed by writing tasks with different genres, and genre effect may exhibit variation among different proficiency groups.
Purpose: The growing interdisciplinary nature of medicine has prompted increased leadership by physicians, both in administration and as informal team leaders. A formal leadership curriculum is essential to best prepare trainees for these roles.1 Physician Executive Leadership (PEL) is an organization at Thomas Jefferson University that provides medical students with leadership education by facilitating sessions led by established medical experts in executive positions. Each session is rooted in 1 or more of PEL’s leadership pillars: Applied Leadership, Quality Improvement, Health Finance, Entrepreneurship/Innovation, Health Policy, and Law/Ethics. In response to COVID-19 public health precautions, PEL sessions were shifted online. Literature is contradictory on the relative benefits and harms of online coursework in a leadership curriculum; although it increases accessibility, it may decrease student engagement.2 We therefore aimed to analyze the effectiveness of in-person versus virtual PEL curriculum sessions and to determine if certain topics were better taught in-person or virtually. Method: Six hundred eighty-four total responses (from 361 first-, 226 second-, 78 third-, and 19 fourth-year medical student submissions) were collected from 24 sessions from January 2018 to May 2022, including 13 in-person (2018–2019) and 11 virtual (2020–2022) sessions. Six Applied Leadership, 4 Quality Improvement, 8 Health Finance, 5 Entrepreneurship/Innovation, 2 Health Policy, and 3 Law/Ethics sessions were assessed. Following each session, students rated changes in their engagement and comprehension of the topic area (Likert scale 1–7: 1 = strongly disagree; 7 = strongly agree). One-way nonparametric ANOVA and unpaired t tests were used to compare responses between the 2 curricula. Results: Health Finance engagement ratings were higher online than in-person (6.49 versus 5.85; P <.001). Similarly, Health Finance (6.31 versus 5.79; P <.01) and Care Quality sessions (6.29 versus 5.73; P <.01) demonstrated improved comprehension with online delivery, while Health Policy demonstrated the opposite trend (5.72 versus 6.64; P <.01). Overall, student engagement and comprehension following the session were nonsignificantly higher virtually compared to in-person (6.33 versus 6.21; P =.08 for engagement, and 6.22 versus 6.09; P =.09 for comprehension). Comprehension and engagement scores were not significantly affected for the remaining pillars. Medical school class of participants (MS1 through MS4) did not affect ratings. Discussion: Overall ratings for both comprehension and engagement of each event remained high (> 6.0) across pillars in-person (2018–2019) and online (2020–2022). Most notably, the Health Finance sessions scored higher in comprehension and engagement in online formats. This may be explained by the ability of students to look up clarifying information during the session. Conversely, the decline in comprehension of Health Policy may be attributed to the inability to quickly find answers to complex health policy questions online. Students may therefore benefit from directly asking questions to the experts during in-person sessions. A controlled study that compares particular events both in-person and virtually would be necessary to confirm these findings. Significance: Comprehension and engagement improvements for Health Finance sessions indicate that an online format may be better suited to teach this core leadership pillar, while the decline in comprehension of Health Policy indicates this pillar may benefit from being taught in-person. Importantly, there was not a drastic decrease in engagement nor comprehension for most pillars once sessions became virtual; therefore, the increased accessibility, availability of multimedia tools, and decreased cost (for travel, lodging, etc.) suggests virtual events may be superior to their in-person counterparts for the majority of leadership curricular events.
This research paper aims to present the feminist side of translation. It aims to reconsider and reshape translation from the feminist point of view. It does so by introducing the feminist theory to translation and applying it to some excerpts. These excerpts are taken from the great English novelist Virginia Woolf’s (1977) A Room of one’s own. The theory in this study is the feminist theory in translation by the famous theorist Louise von Flotow (1991). This theory contains three strategies. The first is supplementing. It means adding elements to the translation to compensate for what the language lacks, such as gender agreement in English. This strategy fills the gap between conventional linguistic norms and feminist purposes. The second strategy is Footnotes and prefaces which present explanations for translational choices and linguistic references at the beginning of the text or throughout it to make women’s voices visible. The third strategy is Hijacking which is an appropriation of the text, including the changes applied to it to suit feminist translators’ aims.
The article deals with the problem of translating military-related journalistic texts in terms of the functions of the journalistic style, among which we distinguish the informative and the influence functions. The informative function, which is often embodied in the chronicle genre and consists in presenting information without influencing the recipient's reaction, leads to the avoidance of the use of words and techniques that achieve this effect. The function of influence, which is present in analytical articles in particular, requires the use of lexemes and artistic devices through which the author manipulates the recipient's reaction. The main objective of the article is to establish the pragmatic purpose and lexical means used in different genres of journalistic texts with a view to their further adequate translation, as well as to identify the peculiarities of using translation transformations in the translation of military texts. The study found that this feature of the style complicates the translation process, as it creates problems related to lexical, stylistic and pragmatic components. Translation transformations help the translator to systematise the source material and retranslate it into the target language without violating its language norms. The analysis of the translated article excerpts revealed that the most commonly used transformations were transcription, transliteration, loan translation, concretization, substitution, omission and antonymous translation. The study has shown that the use of translation transformations is heterogeneous and is usually caused by the author's communicative goal, compliance with the rules of grammar of the target language, and the desire to facilitate the recipient's perception of the text without losing the semantic and stylistic elements of the original.
Charles Dickens (1812-1870) achieved a recognizableplace among English writers through the use of the stylisticfeatures in his fictional language. This study is concernedwith Dickens' unique fictional language, used in one of hisnovels entitled "Hard Times", in relation to phonologicaldeviation from settled norms in English. It endeavors toshow Dickens' manipulating language and the effectsachieved through this manipulation.This research investigates Dickens' use of languagewhich deviates from the linguistic norm phonologically. Assuch, it is hypothesized that Dickens used phonologicaldeviation to show the character's social class.The study aims to analyze the types of phonologicaldeviations in Dickens' "Hard Times". It determines thereasons behind these deviations, and how that reflects
Abstract We describe the first steps in preparation of a treebank of 14 th -century Czech in the framework of Universal Dependencies. The Dresden and Olomouc versions of the Gospel of Matthew have been selected for this pilot study, which also involves modification of the annotation guidelines for phenomena that occur in Old Czech but not in Modern Czech. We describe some of these modifications in the paper. In addition, we provide some interesting observations about applicability of a Modern Czech parser to the Old Czech data.
OBJECTIVES: We used three-dimensional (3D) virtual images to undertake a subjective evaluation of how different factors affect the perception of facial asymmetry among orthodontists and laypersons with the aim of providing a quantitative reference for clinics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 3D virtual symmetrical facial image was acquired using FaceGen Modeller software. The left chin, mandible, lip and cheek of the virtual face were simulated in the horizontal (interior/exterior), vertical (up/down), or sagittal (forward or backward) direction in 3, 5, and 7 mm respectively with Maya software to increase asymmetry for the further subjective evaluation. A pilot study was performed among ten volunteers and 30 subjects of each group were expected to be included based on 80% sensitivity in this study. The sample size was increased by 60% to exclude incomplete and unqualified questionnaires. Eventually, a total of 48 orthodontists and 40 laypersons evaluated these images with a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS). The images were presented in random order. Each image would stop for 30 s for observers with a two-second interval between images. Asymmetry ratings and recognition accuracy for asymmetric virtual faces were analyzed to explore how different factors affect the subjective evaluation of facial asymmetry. Multivariate linear regression and multivariate logistic regression models were used for statistical data analysis. RESULTS: Orthodontists were found to be more critical of asymmetry than laypersons. Our results showed that observers progressively decreased ratings by 1.219 on the VAS scale and increased recognition rates by 2.301-fold as the degree of asymmetry increased by 2 mm; asymmetry in the sagittal direction was the least noticeable compared with the horizontal and vertical directions; and chin asymmetry turned out to be the most sensitive part among the four parts we simulated. Mandible asymmetry was easily confused with cheek asymmetry in the horizontal direction. CONCLUSIONS: The degree, types and parts of asymmetry can affect ratings for facial deformity as well as the accuracy rate of identifying the asymmetrical part. Although orthodontists have higher accuracy in diagnosing asymmetrical faces than laypersons, they fail to correctly distinguish some specific asymmetrical areas.
The article examines the main processes associated with the formation and development of writing in the Old High German period of the formation of the German language. The Old High German period is primarily the period of the formation of the German nation, first within the Frankish state, and later the East Frankish state, ending with the proclamation of the German Empire in 962. Actually, the written tradition of the German language is connected with church life. In the monastery cells, theological treatises, prayers, and psalms were translated into German, historical works were written, and biblical commentaries were compiled for the school and for the education of priests. Monasteries became the centers of education and spiritual life of the early feudal society. At this time, a new form of existence of the German language was formed in the form of a set of territorial dialects. The article notes that The Old High German dialects differ from each other in phonetic, morphological, lexical, and even syntactic aspects. In other words, almost every dialect had its own spelling and phonetic features. However, the unity of the German language was always ensured by the kinship of the dialects, the general trends in the development of their phonetic and grammatical structure, and interaction with a particularly strong influence of the Frankish dialect on others. The development of the graphic system in this period is complex due to the adaptation of the Latin alphabet to German pronunciation. At that time, there was not only a single orthographic norm for the German language in general, but also a single spelling of certain words or morphemes within the framework of a single written document. The main written works of that time are analysed, taking into account the dialectal features of each of them. It has been found that under the influence of Latin, the German script undergoes significant changes, but retains its linguistic independence, particularly in the consonant system.
The growing interaction between humans and machines raises the necessity to more sophisticated tools for natural language understanding. Dependency parsing is crucial for capturing the semantics of a sentence. Although graph-based dependency parsing approaches outperform transition-based methods because they are not exposed to error propagation as their compeer, their feature space is comparatively limited. Thus, the main issue with graph-based parsing is how to expand the set of features to improve performance. In this research, we propose to expand the feature space of graph-based parsers. To benefit from the global meaning of the entire sentence content, we employee the sentence representation as an additional token feature. Also, to highlight local word collaborations that build sub-tree structures, we use convolutional neural network layers over token embeddings. We achieve the state-of-art results for Turkish, English, Hungarian, and Korean by getting the unlabeled and labeled attachment scores respectively on the test sets; 82.64% and 76.35% on Turkish IMST, 93.36% and 91.34% on English EWT, 90.85% and 87.39% on Hungarian Szeged, 92.44% and 89.58% on Korean GSD treebanks. Our experimental findings show that augmented global and local features empower the performance of graph-based dependency parsers.