Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
The article is devoted to the problem of normative and use of numerals in the information space (professional communication, communication in the media and everyday contacts). Attention is drawn to the consistently large number of errors in the functioning of this part of speech, analysed violations of the literary norm in numerals at the phonetic, accentual and morphological levels, provides typical errors and recommendations for their correction and prevention. The relevance of the study of this linguistic pathology is that the numerator occupies one of the first places in the register of non-normative use of linguistic units of modern Ukrainian literary language, although it is semantically limited exact lexical unit that expresses such an important conceptual category as quantitative. Violations related to this part of the language distort the content of the message, leading to significant errors in many areas of professional communication, where accuracy and completeness are paramount. In addition, they can cause negative consequences in the real technological process in production. Such non-normative use does not contribute to the establishment and development of normal communication of communicators at the household level, when there is a need for specific dosed information, and sometimes even becomes a lingual tool of fraudulent spheres. Theoretical postulates on the functioning of numerals do not sufficiently regulate the oral aspect of its use. Although these rules are not complicated and can be easily assimilated by native speakers, the number of errors in this part of the language not only does not decrease, but, conversely, increases exponentially. This, of course, requires the immediate intervention of linguists. The article provides brief recommendations for mastering certain grammatical categories that characterize this part of speech and allow you to easily get rid of negative lingual habits. Particular emphasis is placed on the specifics of the functioning of numerals in professional communication, as they are one of the main applicants in the professional field, including special text. Knowledge of language and literary norms is an important element of the linguistic portrait of a specialist, which is an important tool of competition in the modern world.
<strong>Résumé</strong><br> L’article analyse la place de l’espéranto dans le programme terminologique de Wüster. Cette dernière tient pour une bonne part aux caractéristiques formelles et notamment dérivationnelles de l’espéranto, qui apparaissaient propices à une représentation en réseau des unités terminologiques. Les rôles respectivement accordés à la norme et à l’usage, et la priorité donnée à l’intercompréhension montrent en revanche que ce projet diffère sensiblement des préoccupations logico-philosophiques illustrées à la même époque par l’ido promu par Couturat.<br> Loin d’être isolé, le programme wüstérien évoque plutôt les perspectives aréales, non diffusionnistes, alors développées par certains linguistes, et notamment la notion de parenté élémentaire (elementare Verwandtschaft) due à Hugo Schuchardt. Ces diverses démarches ont pour point commun d’accorder une place centrale aux unités lexicales et, plus généralement, d’adopter une perspective atomistique aujourd’hui ouvertement revendiquée par les héritiers de Wüster.<br> <br> <strong>Mots-clés</strong><br> arborescences, atomisme lexical, convergence aréale, espéranto, intertraductibilité, parenté élémentaire, Schuchardt (Hugo), soll-Norm, Wüster (Eugen)<br> <br> <strong>Abstract</strong><br> The article analyses the place of Esperanto in Wüster’s terminology programme. This is largely due to the formal and derivational characteristics of Esperanto, which appeared to be conducive to a networked representation of terminological units. On the other hand, the roles given to norms and usage and the priority of mutual understanding show that this project differs significantly from the logico-philosophical concerns typified at the same time by the Ido put forward by Couturat.<br> Far from being isolated, the Wüsterian programme rather recalls the areal, non-diffusionist, perspectives then developed by certain linguists, including Hugo Schuchardt’s notion of “element kinship” (elementare Verwandtschaft). These various approaches have in common that they give a central place to lexical units and, more generally, that they adopt an atomistic perspective that is now openly claimed by Wüster’s heirs.<br> <br> <strong>Keywords</strong><br> areal convergence, cross-translatability, element kinship, Esperanto, lexical atomism, Schuchardt (Hugo), soll-Norm, tree structure, Wüster (Eugen)
The article reflects the results of scientific and philological research, which made it possible to analyze the ways of translating the image of Ukraine in English translations of Ukrainian poetry. Based on the generalization of the research results of scientific sources, the concept of literary translation as a linguistic problem is revealed. A special connection between the artistic image and the linguistic category on the basis of which it is formed is noted. The main requirements for the translation of works of art are highlighted, among them: accuracy, conciseness, clarity and literacy. It has been established that the main difficulty of literary translation is the accurate understanding of lexical units and the relationship between what the author wanted to convey to the reader and what the translator translated. Two aspects of the Ukrainian poetry translation are highlighted: linguocognitive and linguocultural. It is determined that the linguistic and cultural aspect of translation analysis allows to identify the features of reflection in the English poetic translation of the value dominants of Ukrainian ethnoculture based on the comparison of the cultural concept name, symbols of culture and emotional expression, and linguocognitive allows to highlight the features of the concepts system reflection of the Ukrainian author in the figurative system of English translations of his lyrics. The concept and role of the cultural concept UKRAINE in English translations, which is expressed by lexical means of a particular language, are studied. There are four components of the cultural concept: conceptual, value, symbolic and figurative. It is revealed that the elements of imagery and symbolism are structural parts of the cultural concept. It has been found that the translator’s understanding of the author’s system of concepts is a condition for reproducing the image of his country in translation. The symbols of Ukrainian culture in poetic works are analyzed, which are multi-valued subject images that express values and worldviews. The artistic symbol is considered to be one of the types of figurative concept with a multilevel structure of reference and the main aspects of its analysis should include determining the depth of the original symbol and its culturological components. Analysis of the translation of symbols showed that the most commonly used way of reproducing Ukrainian poetic symbolism is tracing, less commonly used methods of transcription, transliteration and equivalent translation. It is determined that the symbolism reproduced in the translation cannot convey all the cultural components and semiological depth, because the associative connections with the place of its origin are interrupted. It causes a symbolic appropriation of the image of Ukraine in the target culture, and at the same time conveys its ethnic uniqueness. The main ways of conveying the image of Ukraine in translations of Ukrainian lyrics are revealed, as a result of which literary translation adapts to the norms of the language of translation and becomes accurate and clear. The following lexical transformations in translation have been singled out: transcription, transliteration, equivalent translation, tracing and contextual substitution method. A comparative analysis of the translation of symbols and images of Ukraine in translations of Ukrainian poetry. Comprehensive research has shown that the most prevalent methods of translation are contextual substitution, equivalent translation and tracing. Thus, the article fulfills all the tasks are fulfilled in the work and it is also determined that the components of symbolism and imagery are a structural part of the concept of UKRAINE in general.
The article discusses the modus concept of “graduality”, the author gives her own definition of the concept. To describe the structure of the modus concept “graduality”, it is proposed to use cognitive matrix analysis developed by N.N. Boldyrev. The main provisions of this type of analysis are summarized. The author believes that the structure of the concept of “graduality” consists of a core (knowledge that the feature of an object, state or action can vary, that is, manifest itself to varying degrees) and the matrix itself, which includes such conceptual areas as “comparison”, “feature”, “the degree of feature manifestation”, “norm”, “quantity”, “quality”, “assessment”, “language representation”. It is argued that on the basis of the concept of “graduality”, a category of graduality is formed in the language, which, like other language categories, is developing. The paper for the first time expresses the opinion that the formation and development of the category of graduality in the English language have their own conceptual foundations. An attempt is made to identify the conceptual foundations of the development of the modus category of graduality, which comprise the modus concept “graduality” itself, the conceptual basis of the category and its modus character, as well as specific features of the conceptual structure of the semantics of lexical units-members of the language category under analysis.
Using the linguistic indicator “correspondence of the lexical means of the artistic text to the literary language – non-literary forms”, the paper discloses the means of expressing the verbal-semantic level in the structure of the writer’s language and personality. The forms of colloquial language, colloquial speech (surzhyk), slang vocabulary and vulgarisms have been distinguished as examples of communication (mediated by the speech personality of the artistic work’s author) in the social group “schoolchild”. The descriptive method was used for the analysis. Correspondence to the colloquial literary language was evidenced by nouns (‘elektrychka’ – electric train), ‘zahranka’ – a trip abroad), verbs (‘vidchepytysia’ – get away, ‘dokopatysia’ – find out), adjectives (‘babskyi’ – womanly, ‘idiotskyi’ – idiotic), idioms (‘daty po shyi’ – to hit the neck, ‘mozolyty banky’ – to be an eyesore). Correspondence to non-literary forms. These are cases of the use of colloquial speech (surzhyk) – violation of lexical norms (‘vidminyatysia’ – get cancelled, ‘v pershu cherhu’ – first of all), grammatical norms (‘davai vyidemo’ – let’s go out, ‘davai hovory’ – talk now), of the orthographic norm (‘viyskomat’). Jargon words and inflections in the direct speech of schoolchild characters – nouns (‘babky’ – money, zanachka – saved money), verbs (‘valyty’ – leave, ‘zakumaryty’ – bore), adjectives (‘hnylyi’ – rotten, ‘dovbanyi’ – damned), adverbs (‘kliovo’ – cool, ‘chiki-piki’ – well), stable expressions (‘rozkataty hubu’ – want too much, ‘sto pudiv’ – definitely). Swear words and phrases in the dialogues of the characters, there are also nouns (‘mudak’ – idiot), verbs (‘zherty’ – eat too much), adjectives (‘debilnyi’ – moron), fixed expressions (‘khrin yoho znaye’ – nobody knows). School nicknames also served as a marker of communication in the social group “schoolchild”. The results of the research can be used as materials for practical classes in sociolinguistics, language culture, social onomastics, and text linguistics.
This work categorizes Japanese Sign Language (JSL) toponyms, or place names, and examines factors that potentially affect their structure. Exonyms, influenced by the source Japanese name, and endonyms, independent JSL names, contrast structurally in that exonyms tend to emerge as compounds while endonyms conform more closely to canonical monomorphemic JSL lexemes. Based on the contrast, one would expect the structurally more favorable, less marked, endonymic outputs to emerge as the norm; however, structurally inefficient exonymic forms do so. This study analyzes a collection of over 900 names from the 2009 Japan National Federation of the Deaf (JFD) National Toponym Sign Language Map to determine structural influences on JSL toponym outputs. A spreadsheet tracked morpheme counts and relationships between source name characters and their outputs to find categorical distributions. This study finds that JSL toponyms tend to disproportionally borrow Japanese morphemes associated with JSL character signs that map to the source characters. A character sign is a sign isomorphic in some respect to a Chinese-origin orthography. Favored indexation to such source morphemes demonstrates that source name familiarity can support the persistent spread of exonymic toponyms.
In the article the content and specifics of students’ work with Ukrainian historical dictionaries in the context of the educational paradigm of future lecturers of the Ukrainian language are clarified. This topic is covered in the context of the analysis of educational and professional programs developed and implemented in the educational process by the lecturers of the Department of Ukrainian Philology of Khmelnytsky National University. The presentation of theoretical positions in diachronic linguistics should be based on illustrative material of historical dictionaries of the Ukrainian language, which should be presented with the help of computer technology available to all participants in the educational process. It is necessary to involve both vocabulary material of academic lexicography and the latest developments of linguists. To acquire lexicographic skills, students solve cognitive, training, creative research tasks on the origin of words, development of lexical meaning of language units, foreign language parallels for borrowed tokens, grammatical characteristics of nouns, phonetic, graphic, spelling variability of words, chronology of their functioning, norms of the modern Ukrainian language, etc. It is expedient to carry out a comparative analysis of lexicographical publications of historical and linguistic courses, paying attention to the peculiarities of the description of language material, selection of source base, construction of dictionary articles, etc. When performing lexical, etymological, grammatical, stylistic exercises, future lecturers are aware of the need to refer to the dictionary. Skills in managing the acquired lexicographic knowledge are necessary to prepare students for research activities. Students perform creative and exploratory tasks that allow them to recognize, systematize, analyze, compare various phenomena and facts reflected in lexicographic sources, comment and evaluate them according to the topic and purpose of the study. Important factors in improving the effectiveness of such activities may be the participation of students in scientific problem groups, circles, participation in scientific conferences, preparation and publication of scientific articles, etc. We consider the creation of electronic dictionaries of various directions to be a promising direction of modern and historical lexicography.
The existence of language varieties has a considerable impact on communication. They influence the interaction between language users from various centres due to the number of linguistic differences observed on the level of phonetics, spelling, grammar, lexis, and pragmatics. On the one hand, pluricentric languages connect people from various centres by using the “same” language, and on the other hand, they separate them by developing national norms. This article aims to demonstrate the importance of teaching language varieties in foreign language classes because the knowledge of national norms of pluricentric languages is essential in communication with people from various centres. Both English and German are pluricentric languages. Advanced language users should be aware of the differences between language varieties and be able to use the appropriate variety according to the communicative situation. The research undertaken in this article is meant to verify the undergraduate students’ knowledge of English and German varieties, emphasising terminology used in everyday life and their abilities to communicate in languages other than English or German.
The training process of future journalists is of great importance in higher education institutions. The aim of it is to form creative, competent, innovation-oriented professionals who are good with words, able to express their thoughts and quickly adapt to a multicultural environment, and use knowledge, skills and abilities to succeed. This is due to modern requirements for the journalistic profession, society's demand for professional skills, improving the communicative and linguistic level of future professionals. The article examines the issue of studying stylistics of mass media as an academic discipline in the training process of media officers. It also reveals the problem of improving the stylistic skills of journalism students in the process of mastering the course as an important factor in their training. The necessity of work on stylistic dexterity of speech in the context of improving the professional skills of a journalist is substantiated as well. It points out the importance of stylistics of mass media in the modern teaching process of future media officers as a means of forming a highly educated language personality that a modern journalist should be like. It is concluded that the stylistics of the media has great communicative potential, which contributes to the communicatively appropriate use of language in the future journalistic profession. Additionally, the study of this educational component will contribute to the assimilation of future journalists of the norms of modern Ukrainian literary language, and the formation of skills to create and edit media texts of different genres and styles. During the study of the educational component "Stylistics of mass media" higher education students master the skills of literate, expressive, clear speech, acquire skills in stylistic editing, use of oral and written forms of all functional styles, following spelling, orthoepic, lexical and grammatical, punctuation, thus improving their communication skills.
Questions relating to feminization in linguistics are increasingly topical in relation to the invisibilization of women, the disproportion between male and female representations, LGBT+ media promotion and the "sudden need" to promote so-called inclusive writing. These concerns, which originated in the 18th century, are supported by the recommendations of the High Council for Equality (2015) and have an impact on the structural functioning of the French language. Such an avenue, which does not take into account the social specificities and the contexts of linguistic dissemination in the Francophonie, poses the problem of the dynamism of the French language, of its need to promote equity between male and female representations. This aspiration leads objectively to lexical creativity, the questioning of syntactic and morphological rules but also to a disruption of the grammatical norm.
De plus en plus d'études sur le monstre voient le jour en science humaines, notamment en histoire de l’art ainsi qu’en littérature. Toutes ces études semblent s'accorder à dire que la signification à attribuer aux monstres est tout aussi protéiforme que ses représentations. Notre thèse a pour ambition d'aider à une meilleure compréhension du concept de monstre en cherchant à répondre à la question suivante: de quoi parlons-nous quand nous parlons du monstre? En préférant aux formes esthétiques les occurrences lexicales, il est possible de montrer que, derrière l'hétérogénéité de ses représentations, le monstre cache une homogénéité de ces significations.Aussi loin que nous puissions remonter dans le cours de l’Histoire, il semble que le monstre soit intimement lié à l’idée de contre-nature. Malgré sa présence chez de nombreux auteurs, comme Aristote et Platon, ce lien dialectique n’a jamais fait l’objet d’une problématisation de la part des sciences humaines et sociales. Pourtant, depuis l’avènement de la tératologie au tournant du XIXe siècle, la science a montré que rien de ce que pouvait produire la nature ne pouvait être produit contrairement au respect des lois qui la fondent, à savoir celles de la biologie et de la physique. Comme le dit Goethe, après Tobler, dans les aphorismes sur la Nature publiés en première page du premier numéro de la fameuse revue du même nom: « Auch das Unnatürlichste ist Natur ». Par conséquent, si monstres il y a, ceux-ci ne peuvent être que contraires à une nature entendue comme une réalité sensible propre à un individu et dont certains éléments témoignent de la présence d’une « pensée sociale » faite de normes, de dogmes, d’idéologies ainsi que de représentations collectives et sociales.
Abstract Cultural norms of interactions influence Maasai people to apply animal names to address each other. This article explains that avoidance of personal names of certain categories of people in Maasai influences the use of animal names. In the theoretical framework of Cultural Linguistics, the author analyzed information from an ethnographic exploration through observations and interviews with Maasai informants in Tanzania. The article shows that Maasai’s categorization of people and avoidance system make senior members accumulate more animals through the process of selecting animal names to use. The patriarchal cultural beliefs and conceptualizations of domestic animals have implications on how animal names are applied between men and women. Only women married to polygamous men use animal names to address each other. There are some lexical, morphological and semantic differences between men and women’s names to mark gender categorizations.
The issue of restoring the authenticity of the Ukrainian language is timely even during the war in Ukraine, because, as it turned out, language itself is a powerful identifier of national belonging. The first significant step towards was the project of the new Ukrainian spelling (orthography) of 2019, which launched the process of reviving Ukrainian language norms at the phonetic, lexical, and grammatical levels. In this context, the analysis of ancient works written by Ukrainian authors before the Ukrainophobic decrees aims to restore the lost, to determine the ways of returning the long-forgotten, the expediency of using it in the modern language, which is extremely relevant today. Unfortunately, for many decades, the spelling norms of the Ukrainian language were adapted to the language of the state, which established not linguistic, but political rules. That is why even the existing spellings of the Ukrainian language of the 20th century cannot be recognized as proper Ukrainian. Therefore, the linguistic analysis of authentic texts in the Ukrainian language, those publications that were not "censored" by the state machine and contained a living language inherent to its speakers, is gaining great importance. The burlesque-travesty poem “Eneida” by Ivan Kotliarevskii, written at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century, is an example of the use of the colloquial Ukrainian language of that time, which is fully presented in the work. Of course, the development of a language at any stage has its own characteristics, so one cannot easily and thoughtlessly copy today what was inherent in the language in the XVIII-XIX centuries; it is important to find the authenticity of the language (at its various levels), which will be logically and correctly recorded in modern standards.
Abstract. Culture-specific item or CSIs are languages unique features which differentiate a language to another. The Javanese language and English are two languages which has a big gap in the lexical, social, and cultural. In producing the translation from Javanese to English and vice versa, the translator must consider a lot of things mainly the CSIs feature of the text to avoid a misleading information. The equivalence of SL to TL must met so that the audience get the exact information that the writer in SL wants to employ. This study aims to analyze the cultural loss and gain in some words related to the words in ST and TT in order to see the significance of those words to each of the language. The language used in this movie is Javanese language with English subtitle. This study applied descriptive qualitative research methodology which does not use any numerical data counting. Documentation, transcription, and note-taking are used to collect the data. This study used Aixelá’s term of CSIs and applied Newmark’s categorization of CSIs. Five categories are found in the data of the study which has ecology with geographical features, material cultures with time, social culture with addressing term, social norm, social activity and religious term, organization with political term, and gestures and habit with interjection and politeness manner. The loss and gain in the translation is bound to happen, to cope with the loss and gain, reduction, addition, generalization, compensation, and deletion is used by the translator. Keywords: Culture-Specific Items, Tilik, Loss, Gain, Translation
The article presents the fundamentals of liturgical translation in search for the core of this partial translation theory. Liturgical texts are known to combine three dimensions of religious discourse: semantics (especially dogmatic exegesis), poetics (the specifi c poetics of original Hebrew and Greek texts) and performability (covering particular features of aural perception). The history of investigating liturgical translation counts at least a century. Exactly 100 years ago, Ukrainian researcher Ivan Ohiyenko published a seminal paper whose issues and ideas were repeated and reverberated in most further studies which directly and specifi cally dealt with biblical phrasing cited in the Liturgy, doctrinal correctness and ideological infl uences, matters of interpretative and temporal retranslations, the problem of the correlation between the poetics of the original languages and that of the target language, relevant sound and music qualities of the text. Linguistic patterns and theological hermeneutics shape a special type of equivalence which is applicable to texts for liturgical use – dogmatic equivalence, which can be viewed from four perspectives: terminological essence; lexical or cultural ortheological interpretation; grammatical meaningfulness; phonetic means for theological interpretation and liturgical performability. It is a diffi cult task to keep a proper balance between the attitude of linguists (who concentrate on relations between a sacred text and a reading community) and that of theologians (who stress on the authoritative status of a sacred text although overlook cultural historicity). Thus, dogmatic equivalence is a structural phenomenon which can be divided into diff erent levels, components or dimensions. The interconnection of translation problems will have to deploy the approbated solutions from sci-tech, poetry and literary translation. The revoiltinary principle which is to be acknowledged properly is that even liturgical translation can benefi t from linguistic experimenting. Key words: translation theory, liturgical translation, interpretation, equivalence, cultural norms.
<em>"Native language" not only teaches lexical and grammatical norms, but also develops the student's ability to listen and understand texts in the field of the subject, read correctly, apply spelling and orthographic norms in the student's speech activity. science that serves. In this article, we want to share with educators our thoughts on today's problem, that is, on the methods that students can use to achieve spelling literacy.</em>
The present article is concerned with multilingual similarities of Europeanisms that have similar lexical and semantic structures in modern multilingual multi-genre European media-discourse. The cross-linguistic investigation of Europeanisms covers three European languages, namely German, English and Ukrainian. The purpose of this scientific research is to characterize the semantics, creation and functioning of Europeanisms-neologisms in modern multilingual, multi-genre media-discourse The Europeanisms will be understood here in terms of its geographic boundaries, European cultural heritage, European mental, social and material culture, their cultural foundation, the modern European self-awareness, the common norms and values of Europe, the European spirit as a worldview guide. First I take a short retrospective view on Ukrainian and European approaches to the problems discussed in this article. Europeanisms are sufficiently represented in the modern medical, economic, political, military, household, educational, digital media-discourse und cyber-discourse. It was found that the most active processes of word formation occur in the modern European media-discourse. Common methods of word formation of Europeanisms are affixation, compounding, contamination, and contraction. The negative ideological connotation of new eponymous pejoratives formed from the surnames of modern political leaders, and of new Europeanisms-exoethnonyms was revealed. The given European eponyms and exoethnonyms acquire an emotional and evaluative color with additional connotative meaning. By several similar examples of Europeanisms in diverse discourses it is qualified that English is the most important donor language for them. Despite the extremely unfavorable conditions of the pandemic and the (cyber)war, a number of original occasionalisms have become established in the European multilingual multi-genre media-discourse.
The pragmatic and connotative characteristics of the new etiquette forms of the Russian language are far from obvious, and this causes increased difficulties in intercultural communication in general and in the process of teaching RFL in particular. The article is devoted to the analysis of the pragmatic content of traditional and new etiquette formulas of the Russian language in their lexical and grammatical design. With the dynamics of etiquette references much attention is paid to the grammar of etiquette and dynamic processes. It is implied the methods of linguopragmatic and sociolinguistic analysis. Various approaches to the assessment of variant formulas of etiquette are analyzed, the main trends of the functional dynamics of Russian etiquette in the field of greetings, addresses and wishes. Most relevant is to consider and teach etiquette with the general norms and rules, as well as in the aspect of the predicted consequences of the statement and prevention of possible communication failures.
The aim of this article is to discuss the Yiddish varieties of Courland and Estonia in the general context of the co-territorial languages: Baltic German, Latvian, Livonian, and Estonian. As a rule, discussion of Yiddish in the region is mostly based on the classical descriptions of the Yiddish varieties from the beginning of the 20th century. It is demonstrated that common features in phonology and lexicon of Courland (and Estonian) Yiddish and Baltic German are, in fact, regional and attested at least in varieties of Estonian but often in Latvian and Livonian as well. It is argued that due to the multilingualism of Jews in the region, a wider perspective of modern contact linguistics and multilingualism and analysis is needed. In the 20th century, multilingual speech was a norm at least among Estonian Jews, and, based on fieldwork data from the 1990s among multilingual Estonian Jews, there is no clear preference of insertional or alternational code-switching. However, if alternational code-switching is preferred in a community, it might explain the low number of conventionalised lexical borrowings (as is the case for Latvian borrowings in Yiddish). Kokkuvõte. Anna Verschik: Jidiši keelekujud liivi kontaktalal. Artikli eesmärk on kirjeldada Kuramaa ja Eesti jidiši keele variante naaberkeelte (s.o. baltisaksa, läti, liivi ja eesti keele) kontekstis. Reeglina põhineb kohalike jidiši keelekujude analüüs nn klassikalistel, 20. sajandi algusest pärit kirjeldustel. Artiklis näidatakse, et fonoloogilised ühisjooned Kuramaa ja Eesti jidišis ja baltisaksa keeles on tegelikult regionaalsed ning esinevad vähemalt eesti keeles, aga tihtilugu ka läti ja liivi keeles. Kuna tegu on mitmekeelsusega, oleks vaja laiemat, moodsa kontaktlingvistika põhist analüüsi. 20. sajandil oli vähemalt Eesti juutidele omane nn mitmekeelne kõne ning 1990ndatel kogutud välitööandmete põhjal saab väita, et ei ole kindlalt domineerivat koodivahetuse tüüpi (sisestav vs. vahelduv). Kuid siis, kui kogukonnas domineerib vahelduv koodivahetus, seletab see leksikaalsete laenude väikest arvu (nagu nt läti laenude puhul jidišis). Kubbõvõttõks. Anna Verschik. Jidiš kīelvīțõd līvõ kīel kontaktõd arāl. Kēra merk um kēraldõ Kurmō ja Ēstimō jidiš kīel variantidi kāimad kīeld (s.t. Baltijmōd saksā, lețkīel, līvõ ja ēsti kīel) kontekstõs. Kūožpēļizt jidiš kīelvīțõd analīz alīzõks ātõ n.n. irdizt 20. āigastsadā īrgandõks kēraldõkst. Kēra nägțõb, ku ītizt fonolōgij eņtšsuglitõd Kurmō ja Ēstimō jidišõs ja Baltijmōd saksā kīels āt regionālizt ja nǟdõb ka ēsti kīels, saggõld ka lețkīels ja līvõ kīels. 20. āigastsadās Ēstimō zīḑõdõn vȯļ ummi n.n. setmiņkēļi rõk, ja 1990. āigastis kūoŗdõd tieut pǟl vaņtlõs võib kītõ, ku kīels pūtõb ikšāinagi dominīeriji kōd vaidimiz tīp (sizzõlpandõb vs. mõitantiji). Sīegid siz, až kubgõns dominīerõb mõitantiji kōd vaidimi, se sēļțab piškīzt leksikālizt täpīņtõkst luggõ (nägț. lețkīel täpīņtõkst jidiš kīels).
Au Moyen Âge, les vieilles femmes concentrent plusieurs formes de marginalité et des caractéristiques sociales et existentielles problématiques. Ce travail propose d’étudier les représentations littéraires qui en sont faites en Occident en utilisant un corpus large constitué d’œuvres vernaculaires et latines, littéraires mais aussi médicales et religieuses, de l’Antiquité jusqu’au début de la Renaissance. La production majoritairement masculine est marquée par une certaine misogynie dans le contexte de discours religieux, savants et populaires qui, généralement négatifs envers la vieillesse au féminin, l’utilisent préférentiellement pour aborder la laideur, la déchéance et la monstruosité esthétiques et morales. Cependant, les personnages de vieilles femmes sont rares et leurs emplois ne se limitent ni à un unique rôle stéréotypé d’adversaire dévalorisé, ni au type monolithique de l’entremetteuse ou de la sorcière. Tantôt épisodique, tantôt obsédante; insignifiante ici, là chargée de significations symboliques complexes et parfois ambivalentes; tour à tour pure utilité narrative et personnage au sens plein du terme, la vetula interroge les normes médiévales, entre conformisme moral, transgression sexuelle, subversion idéologique et menace de l’ordre masculin. Mais il s’agit aussi d’une figure proprement littéraire, située au croisement stratégique d’enjeux stylistiques, rhétoriques et de querelles de clercs à la portée considérable, tant à propos des pratiques d’écriture qu’en ce qui concerne la question de la misogynie. Profondément orienté dès le plan lexical, cet imaginaire a été analysé sous l’aspect thématique, qui a permis de singulariser les problèmes posés par le corps féminin sénile et la question du contrôle des dames de grand âge soupçonnées de déviance, mais aussi sous l’angle des rôles actantiels et symboliques. Cet examen permet de constater que la vieille femme est ambivalente, à la fois périphérique et étonnamment incontournable, malgré le silence et sa relégation dans les marges, dès lors qu’on s’attache à comprendre les ressorts des discours sur les femmes au Moyen Âge et à sonder l’histoire littéraire, qui a réservé à la figure une place inattendue dans la fabrique des textes.
In this chapter linguistic variations are examined by focusing on the different dimensions that influence them, including the communicative situation, the interlocutor, and the linguistic repertoire. Variations are discussed within the new theoretical perspective that considers language as a social action and social factors as part of language functioning. The diachronic and synchronic lexical change is explored and the development of a linguistic norm for sign language together with a consideration of the role of sociolinguistic factors in the shaping of metalinguistic reflection are discussed. Finally, euphemisms and taboo in LIS are explored as an area that shows how usage interacts with pragmatic and social norms.
The phenomenon of repetition actually exists in language.The general concept of repetition can be defined as the repetition of separate elements of the language (glossems) -sounds, morphological parts of the word, words and syntactic constructions.Accordingly, it is possible to say that there is a whole system of repetitions in the language: sound repetition, morphological repetition, lexical repetition, syntactic repetition.Thus, the place of lexical repetition in the general repetition system is determined.More or less research work has been carried out on syntactic and morphological, as well as phonetic repetitions in Azerbaijani linguistics.But lexical repetitions have not yet attracted attention.However, in our language, such repetitions are very widespread and have rich features.All types of repetition that will be discussed here are related to grammatical events and the sentence structure of the Azerbaijani language.We would like to pay particular attention to the words "sentence structure" (also "sentence structure").Because sometimes "lexical repetition" means that two expressions (sentences, phrases) have the same structure or the phenomenon of syntactic parallelism.However, lexical parallelism is more of a stylistic phenomenon than a grammatical one.One of the verbalization ways of background knowledge is the use of constructions with lexical repetitions.In theory, background knowledge can be described on the basis of three tandems:-Extralinguistic and metadyl knowledge -Descriptive and prescriptive -General and local knowledge The first one of these tandems deals with either extralinguistic factors in reality or linguistic conventions, the latter concerns with either statistic norms based on inductive generalizations or normative imaginations.The third one deals with the scope of information or its importance for the speaker of a given language.Interpretations of the texts can be realized not only with linguistic knowledge, but also extralinguistic and contextual knowledge.
Language communities must be conversant with the vocabulary and word combinations used by speakers in order to build communication amongst languages of the world. Understanding grammar and syntax norms may greatly aid in expressing the idea and bolster the message's accuracy. Noam Chomsky established grammatical rules in 1957. According to these rules, the internal workings of languages are the same, and the only differences are in the form, phonetic structures, and commands. This means that the sentences and concepts that exist in mind about various topics have the same concepts and only differ in the quality of their expression in the form of syntax. A disadvantage of translation occurs when various equivalents are used for the same term in the same language since different words affect how concepts are presented, in addition to differences in linguistic structure. Knowing the terms, when to use them, and how to deal with the association issue can help you use words correctly, grasp the text clearly, and prevent translation errors. As a result, the researchers in this work used the descriptive-analytical technique to assess the word equivalency while focusing on the accuracy of the translation using the genealogical method. The findings demonstrate that there are two aspects to translating astrology into Arabic and Persian: the infrastructure and superstructure. The infrastructure demonstrates the action of gesturing by applying elements (deletion, insertion, replacement, and transposition) of the example sentence in the target language, which by using different equivalents, causes both semantic multiplicity and vocabulary diversity in the text.
В статье предпринята попытка дать общую характеристику толкования норм, регламентирующих международное сотрудничество в сфере уголовного судопроизводства, вследствие чего показаны некоторые особенности уяснения подлинного смысла положений международного и внутригосударственного права. В ходе подготовки работы в основном были использованы лингвистические методы (компонентный анализ лексических значений и анализ переводческих трансформаций). Автором доказано, что в ходе взаимодействия государств в уголовно-процессуальной сфере прежде всего стоит опираться на комплексный подход, заключающийся в сочетании буквального и функционального принципов. Продемонстрировано, что акцессорным элементом в этой деятельности является использование подготовительных материалов к договорам о международном сотрудничестве в сфере уголовного процесса. The article attempts to give a general description of the interpretation of the norms governing international cooperation in the field of criminal justice, as a result of which some features of understanding the true meaning of the provisions of international and domestic law are shown. During the preparation of the work, linguistic methods were mainly used (component analysis of lexical meanings and analysis of translation transformations). The author proves that in the course of interaction between states in the criminal procedure sphere, first of all, it is worth relying on an integrated approach, which consists in a combination of literal and functional principles. It is demonstrated that an accessory element in this activity is the use of preparatory materials for agreements on international cooperation in the field of criminal procedure.
The aim of the article is to analyze the scientific linguistic dictionaries of the early 21st century that describe the poetic and scientific heritage of Mikhail Lomonosov and the rhetorical system he proposed, in terms of the heuristic possibilities that these lexicographic experiments provide to the researcher of the Lomonosov language and style. The research material is five editions of the academic Dictionary of the Language of M. V. Lomonosov, the dictionary Rhetoric of M. V. Lomonosov. Tropes and Figures, the second volume of the Syntactic Dictionary of Russian Poetry of the 18th Century. The main methods are general scientific (analysis, synthesis, inductive and deductive, comparative, quantitative) and specific philological (contextual, comparative-descriptive, functional-descriptive, etc.). The analysis showed that a series of vocabulary materials created by the project team of the Institute of Linguistic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, made an important contribution to the comprehensive description of Lomonosov’s poetry in terms of its metric and stanzaic repertoire, the rhyming system and the lexical and grammatical design of verse endings, presentation of individual groups of vocabulary participating in the formation of the scientific and odic styles of the middle of the 18th century. Using the example of the lexicographic description of the word azure, the author of the article reveals the rich informative potential that a researcher can extract from Volumes 1-5 of the Dictionary of the Language of M. V. Lomonosov. The data of the dictionary show the frequency the word has, the range of its meanings, grammatical variants, the genre and stylistic range of the use of the word in Lomonosov’s works, the word’s participation in the rhyme lexicon, the rhythm-metric organization of Lomonosov’s poetic experiments. The analysis of the lexeme azure allows the author of the article to come to the conclusion that it was not Lomonosov’s poetic practice but his scientific work that contributed to the consolidation in the general literary use of the feminine gender of azure. Comparison of the Rhetoric of M. V. Lomonosov. Tropes and Figures and the materials of the Syntactic Dictionary of Russian Poetry of the 18th Century proves the closest connection between the rhetorical theory set forth in the Rhetoric and Lomonosov’s own poetic practice: all the tropes and figures Lomonosov described are found, albeit with varying frequency, in his poetry. In addition to the devices of “decorated” speech presented in the Rhetoric, Lomonosov also uses others that are not mentioned in the Brief Guide to Eloquence as special phenomena, and this confirms the idea of the poverty of any classifications in comparison with real literary practice. Lomonosov dictionaries make it possible to present in a systematized form many features of the idiostyle of the poet and scientist, to highlight the stages of the formation of general literary, general poetic, genre and individual norms of the era of linguistic reforms, to clarify and check many of the theoretical principles concerning the evolution of Russian literature. The author declares no conflicts of interests.
The purpose of the study, the results of which are presented in the article, is to develop the optimal composition and method of presenting data in the developed corpus of Russian speech samples with errors made by foreign students. The development of such a corpus is conditioned, firstly, by the need for a scientific description of erroneous linguistic expressions, as all significant facts of the use of the language are currently being described, and secondly, by the need to create a unified database of systematized data on errors in the speech of Russian language learners for linguodidactic purposes. The creation of such a corpus requires an in-depth description of errors in speech, therefore, in this article, it is proposed to describe an erroneous linguistic expression as a violation of a certain language norm, a certain semantic, morphological, syntactic or lexical language model underlying the normatively correct expression, indicating the type of speech activity, speech situation, native language, specialty of the student. Within the framework of the task of creating a corpus, an error is understood as a failure at a certain level of speech generation, therefore, the model for describing errors is based on the model for describing language expressions developed by domestic researchers when creating an explanatory-combinatorial dictionary. The model of deep annotation of erroneous expressions proposed in the article includes schematized models of semantic representation, syntactic and lexical compatibility (depending on the nature of the error) of a linguistic expression, which is intended, on the one hand, to accurately localize the error in the use of the language, on the other hand, to serve as educational material in linguodidactics. It is concluded that when a statistically significant number of annotated samples with errors in Russian speech made by foreign students is reached, these corpora may well be used as a source of empirical data for a comprehensive scientific description of the facts of linguistic reality. It was also concluded that for the proposed corpus to be viable, it must be an open system that involves the inclusion of new description parameters in deep annotation.
The subject of this paper were anglicisms in current sports texts in the daily newspapers in Serbian, and the aim was to carry out the descriptive analysis of the forms and stylistic features of these lexical units in order to find out the contemporary trends in the field of anglicization of Serbian sports language and Serbian language in general. The corpus con- sisted of the sports newspapers Sportski žurnal, and the daily newspapers: Politika, Euro Blic, Večernje novosti, Informer, Kurir, Nova, Danas, which were published in the period from June to September 2021. The theoretical background included Prćić (2005) who defined ortographic, grammatical and pragmatical level of lexical anglicization and classified anglicisms into three groups: obvious anglicisms, hidden anglicisms and lexical units in the original English form, and Milić (2011) who classified anglicisms as stylistic synonyms in daily newspapers into five groups: trendy anglicisms, advertisement anglicisms, associative anglicisms, metaphorical angli- cisms, ironic anglicisms and inertial anglicisms. Our analysis showed that the forms of lexical anglicization described in the previous linguistic studies, which we relied on in this research, are still frequently used in the Serbian language. We came to the conclusion that in the selected corpus of printed sports texts in daily newspapers, apart from the terminological anglicisms that represent an indispensable part of the vocabulary within sports texts, the remaining language forms taken from the English language turn out as synonyms, mainly in the form of obvious inertial and metaphorical anglicisms. The example of hidden anglicism is a frequently used ’noun + noun’ construction as a form of noun phrase which is not in line with the Serbian language norm. Some word forms – compoundings and acronyms – indicate that within the use of lexical anglicisms in sports texts in daily newspapers there are certain deviations from the orthographic norm of the Serbian language. Although the analysis of anglicisms in such a selected corpus could not show all the forms of English influence in Serbian that we would have discovered by examining a different language corpus, this research revealed which forms of lexical angliciza- tion are currently most infiltrated into the language of sports daily newspapers in the Serbian language, which indicates possible tendencies of anglicization of the language of sports and the Serbian language in general in the following years.
The aim of the study is to determine what kind of lexical substitutions can influence the genre nature of translation. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the lexical deviations of the translation from the original are analysed and evaluated not in a stylistic manner, not at the level of the separate expression meaning, but in the genre aspect, since compliance with genre norms, according to the author of the article, is the dominant factor in the success of translating the original into another language. The obtained results indicate that even one inaccurate word, if it is a representative of the concept, can prevent an adequate transfer of the genre features of a text in another language.
The article explores the use of proper names as a source of wordplay in the classroom bilingual interaction in English as a second language. It is noted that wordplay becomes a means of accommodation to the onomastic system of a foreign language when proper names trigger bilingual metalinguistic reflection. The author emphasizes that wordplay is a process of deliberate deviation from language norms in which the proper name is a standard language unit (‘normema’) that undergoes linguistic reinterpretation and turns into a non-standard language unit (‘igrema’) developing both formal and semantic changes. It is exactly the non-standard nature of onomastic units under study and the specificity of the material that explain the novelty of the present research. This paper aims to identify the reasons why proper names become a source of non-standard language units in the classroom bilingual speech. Two groups of such reasons are distinguished, namely, the features of the formal morphological structure of proper names and features of their lexical meaning. It appears that wordplay occurs in proper names that include a ‘transferable’ component, creating an associative metatextual reference in the bilingual mind. Proceeding from the fact that such components can be found on the phonemic, morphemic, or lexical level, the author describes three corresponding models of wordplay. It is noted that wordplay mostly involves proper names with a distinct social component that is also relevant in the community of native English speakers. These include personal and place names, names of organizations and products. For each type of proper names, the author suggests two types of the development of the semantic connection between a standard language unit and a non-standard language unit: the one that does not involve the internal form of a proper name and another one that is based on it.
Statement of the problem. The vocabulary of a particular language is constantly updated, getting rid of redundant words, and simultaneously, enriching with new lexical units. The process of word obsolescence is a complex phenomenon, the result of which may be its gradual disappearance. Apart from sporadic cases of reactivation of passive vocabulary, most of the words from the obsolete vocabulary are gradually forgotten, eventually becoming completely incomprehensible to native speakers. Archaic words belong to the field of vocabulary, which is characterized by mobility and changeable sphere of use in any language. The most vivid manifestation of author’s style is in deviation from the literary norm of the language when the writer actively searches for the new linguistic forms or reinterprets archaic ones. One of the urgent problems in modern linguistics is the writer’s influence on the language he uses as the most important element of his individual style. The language of a literary work as a way of conveying content, is not only correlated, but also connected with this content; the lexicon depends on the content and on the author’s attitude towards it. The purpose of the article is to identify the role of archaisms in the formation of the individual J.R.R. Tolkien’s style on the example of the novel “The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring”. Methodology is as follows: method of linguistic description, component analysis method, methods of lexicographic and contextual analysis. Conclusion. The modern trend of studying individual style of a writer is based on the principle that every literary work has certain specific features which characterize the writer’s style. The analysis of the language material reveals the fact that J. R. R. Tolkien’s individual style dictionary includes a large number of obsolete words as a hallmark of his individual style. The suggested passages clearly show how the writer uses morphological features in combination with poetic and archaic vocabulary to model the represented reality. The motivated selection of certain lexical units is dictated by the content and genre of the work and includes the use of archaizing syntactic structures, the entire spectrum of obsolete vocabulary, poetic words, author’s neologisms.
In their provocative article, Nelson Flores and Jonathan Rosa have captured how dominant notions of competence reinforce normative whiteness as universal and fail to account for processes of racialization in language learning. Building upon their goal of “shifting the locus of enunciation in ways that provide a glimpse into alternative worlds beyond colonial logics,” in this commmentary, we illustrate one such alternative in which language and languaging are anchored in Indigenous notions of relationality, the worldview that everything is interrelated, and by extension, interdependent. This view aligns with the deep connection that Indigenous communities make to their languages and the specific geographical, sociopolitical, and cultural contexts of their use. Relational frameworks thus counter the dispossession experienced by many Indigenous communities due to the colonial practice of separating languages from these contexts (see Davis, 2017, pp. 40–42). Similarly, by facilitating knowledge coproduction in ways that are locally specific and accountable, a relational approach serves to undo practices of teaching and assessing language learning in ways that uncritically adopt Eurocentric (“universal”) norms (McIvor, 2020; Mellow, 2000). We enter this discussion as scholar–practitioners based at a public university in the lands of the Cahuilla, Tongva, Serrano, and Luiseño peoples. Melissa Venegas is a white settler, PhD student, and former K–12 Spanish instructor. Her current research involves critical approaches to language education that examine language hierarchies and validate US varieties of Spanish. Wesley Y. Leonard is a citizen of the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma and a linguist who serves as a Native American Studies faculty member. His experiences being told that his community's efforts to learn their “extinct” language from documentation would not succeed inspired his current work in language reclamation, a mode of language recovery that replaces colonial logics with Indigenous community needs, goals, and worldviews. Clearly, in its narrow conceptualization, linguistic competence is theoretically lacking. Its assumptions about language ignore the social contexts that are fundamental to language learning and use, and its focus on an ideal speaker–hearer as the unit of analysis misaligns with how languaging actually occurs. In contrast, an analytic that considers language users and learners as networks of relations points to different metrics and units of analysis––language ecologies rather than languages-as-objects and diverse communities rather than an abstract prototype. Below, we explore examples of how language learning can be framed through an approach anchored in relationality and the ensuing notion of relational accountability, the responsibility of being accountable to relationships such as those between people and nonhuman relations, institutions, and lands. While this principle applies for all language communities, we draw special attention to those that have experienced severe ruptures to core relationships due to colonial dispossession and cultural genocide. In these contexts, exercising relational accountability entails active interventions to restore the relationships that have been disrupted or severed. The initial goal may not be “proficiency,” but rather to strengthen cultural ties or relationships with Elders (Lukaniec & Palakurthy, 2022, p. 344). As Flores and Rosa have pointed out, narrow definitions of language, as well as dominant notions of linguistic competence, render racialized students as “deficient” in academic language because of their supposed reliance on home or community language patterns. In addition to erasing the legitimacy of current language users’ practices, we further note how these dominant frameworks have replicated colonial logics that inhibit language reclamation potential. For instance, Miami people at one point had shifted fully to English, thus becoming “incompetent” in relation to myaamiaataweenki (speaking Miami) with relationships anchored in language similarly damaged. Decolonial framings of “competence,” however, might instead reference a community's collective ability to use their language(s), including future use as a result of reclamation (Leonard, 2008). Relational accountability entails building capacity to realize this potential through appropriate interventions in language teaching, development, and assessment. This is exemplified in ANA ‘ŌLELO, a Hawaiian proficiency scale developed by and for Hawaiians to reflect community values and ways of being (Kahakalau, 2017). The tool was designed to not only measure linguistic proficiency but also to perpetuate the Native Hawaiian culture. For example, the scale considers the ability to perform protocol, an important aspect of Native Hawaiian culture. Moreover, as Flores and Rosa have described, normative notions of competence elevate some people to a fully human status while diminishing the humanity of racialized Others. We observe that this conceptualization also advances colonial violence by erasing the nonhuman relatives that have central roles in many Indigenous cultures. However, appropriate interventions can counteract these erasures. For example, Engman and Hermes (2021) described an ecological approach to language learning that recognizes land as a relative. Young Ojibwe learners participated in forest walks near what is now Hayward, Wisconsin, and the Lac Courte Oreilles Ojibwe Reservation. The participants engaged in collective meaning-making involving discussions of naming items, with the land as an interlocutor. Requests for names of items in Ojibwe went beyond lexical labeling, instead serving as invitations to consider broader relationships, for example, How did it get here? Who put it in this configuration? What is our relationship to the object? As another example, Corntassel and Hardbarger (2019) described land-based pedagogies with Cherokee youth and Elders in the territory of the Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma. Participants took photographs of items meaningful to them that could exemplify Cherokee community sustainability and perpetuation of Cherokee lifeways (p. 96), which they then presented at a community symposium. Such an approach exemplifies relational accountability to the land, community, and intergenerational knowledge, and acknowledges learners’ experiences and expertise as vital to community well-being. As Opaskwayak Cree scholar Shawn Wilson concluded in his foundational Research Is Ceremony: Indigenous Research Methods, knowledge production and sharing become accountable to Indigenous ways of being and knowing through a relational framework because “relationships do not merely shape reality, they are reality” (Wilson, 2008, p. 7). The activities described above demonstrate language learning as a process anchored in relationality. People are learning language, but rather than this being a decontextualized goal assessed through normative notions of linguistic competence, it represents an outcome of cultivating relationships that allow communities to thrive.
The article examines the functioning of prefixless lexemes with the root 'gramot-' in the Russian language in synchrony and diachrony, and also the changes in the vocabulary of the language. The work is based on the research of linguists postulating linguistic semantics as a means of comprehending and understanding culture. The root 'gramot-' has suffi-cient semantic and derivational potential in Russian, so it enables us to trace how the semantic space of the members of the root nest has been changing. Word-formation derivatives with the root 'gramot-' are considered as a significant fact of the lexical word family with the dominant 'gramota' (literacy) in the linguistic world picture of a Russian person. The special attitude towards literate people in ancient Russia was the basis for the worldview of the Russian people and the formation of their culture, and determined the norms of behavior and the attitude towards others, which is reflected in the language. This article undertakes a historical and lexicological analysis of the word 'gramota' and its derivatives: the development of the root family with the apex gramot- is examined at different chronological periods. The examination of the vocabulary at different stages of language development has shown that the viability of the root gramot- has not been lost: new units have appeared, fixing realities of a certain time period in the word. The author shows some trends characteristic of modern Russian: fewer derivatives with the root under study and wider combinabil-ity of most derivatives, narrowed meaning of some lexical units, the word 'gramota' and its derivatives are included in the processes of naming. Examples of using the lexemes in question are taken from the national corpus of the Russian language.
The field of psycholinguistics has recently questioned the primacy of word frequency (WF) in influencing word recognition and production, focusing on the importance of a word’s contextual diversity (CD). WF is operationalized by counting the number of occurrences of a word in a corpus, while a word’s CD is a count of the number of contexts that a word occurs in, with repetitions in a context being ignored. Numerous studies have converged on the conclusion that CD is a better predictor of word recognition latency and accuracy than frequency (see Jones, Johns, &amp; Dye, 2017 for a review). These findings support a cognitive mechanism based on the principle of likely need over the principle of repetition in lexical organization. In the current study, we trained the semantic distinctiveness model of Johns (2021) on communication patterns in social media platforms consisting of over 55-billion-word tokens and examined the ability of theoretically distinct models to explain word recognition latency and accuracy data from over 250,000 participants from the Brysbaert, et al. (2019) norms, consisting of approximately 57,000 words across six age bands ranging from ages 10-60. There was a clear quantitative trend across the age bands, where there is a shift from a social environment-based attention mechanism in the “younger” models, to a clear dominance for a discourse-based attention mechanism as models “aged.” This pattern suggests that there is a dynamical interaction between the cognitive mechanisms of lexical organization and environmental information across aging.
Scientific and technological progress contributes not only to the rapid development of science and technology, but also makes significant changes to the linguistic model of the world due to the appearance of both individual terms and entire term systems. This causes revision, systematization and codification of the actual terminology and determines the relevance of the research. The modern Ukrainian terminology of land management and land cadastre has become an independent system of terms, formed in the process of long searches and is based on achievements in many areas of knowledge related to land as the main attribute of human existence. This fact makes it possible to speak about it as an open, dynamic and evolving linguistic system. Many modern scientists talk about the need for linguistic, logical and conceptual regulation, codification and standardization of the terminology, correction of the term units in accordance with the norms of the modern Ukrainian literary language. These tasks have determined the purpose of the scientific research, namely the study of the lexical and semantic organization of modern Ukrainian terminology of land management and land cadastre, identifying the features of the manifestation of polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, homonymy, paronymy and hyper-hyponymy in it. The solution of such research problems determines the logic of presentation of the studied material, that corresponds to the academic view of lexical and semantic relations in the modern Ukrainian language, including terminology. Methodology. A comprehensive research methodology, in particular descriptive, comparative and structural-functional methods, the method of analysis and partially the method of quantitative analysis have been used to clarify the features of the manifestation of lexico-semantic phenomena in modern Ukrainian terminology of land management and land cadastre. The use of such methods as comparative analysis, modelling, terminological analysis, forecasting, as well as elements of system analysis and synthesis have been contributed to the solution of certain research problems. Resultsof the study showed that polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, homonymy, paronymy, and hyper-hyponymy in the Ukrainian terminology of land management and cadastre are important systematic categories that provide a comprehensive description of land management and cadastral phenomena, processes, and concepts. Practical implications. Identifying the peculiarities of the manifestation of lexical-semantic phenomena in the modern Ukrainian terminology of land management and land cadastre will contribute to an exact understanding of their essence and, accordingly, the correct use of lexemes and standardization of this terminological system. Value/originality.The scientific research will allow to return to the active vocabulary the native-language terms that had been withdrawn from scientific usage in different periods, to select native-language terms from tracing papers and unsuccessful borrowings, i.e., to implement a set of measures aimed at ensuring that the branch terminological system can adequately represent the system of concepts nominated by terminological lexemes.
Despite the recent popularity of contextual word embeddings, static word embeddings still dominate lexical semantic tasks, making their study of continued relevance. A widely adopted family of such static word embeddings is derived by explicitly factorising the Pointwise Mutual Information (PMI) weighting of the co-occurrence matrix. As unobserved co-occurrences lead PMI to negative infinity, a common workaround is to clip negative PMI at 0. However, it is unclear what information is lost by collapsing negative PMI values to 0. To answer this question, we isolate and study the effects of negative (and positive) PMI on the semantics and geometry of models adopting factorisation of different PMI matrices. Word and sentence-level evaluations show that only accounting for positive PMI in the factorisation strongly captures both semantics and syntax, whereas using only negative PMI captures little of semantics but a surprising amount of syntactic information. Results also reveal that incorporating negative PMI induces stronger rank invariance of vector norms and directions, as well as improved rare word representations.
In 2004 I composed a small polemic for GLQ ominously titled “Geopolitics Alert!” That effort was followed by a cautionary essay in 2007 called “The Voyage Out: Transacting Sex under Globalization,” and finally, in 2016, a coedited special issue, “Area Impossible,” on the fraught couplings of area studies and queer studies (Arondekar and Patel 2016). If you're sensing a theme, or even a tiresome repetition of cautions and concerns, you're not wrong. At stake then and now remains the critical labor of geopolitics in the mappings of queer/trans studies or, more precisely, the instrumentality of area/region in the legitimacy of sexuality/ gender's discursive regimes. While the early debates around the geopolitical cleaved largely to a language of lament, erasure, and general outrage (hence my alarmist early polemic in 2004), there was a seeming clarity of corrective purpose. Queer studies was (is?) too exhaustingly white and not right, a by-product of an extractive US-centered knowledge supply chain. The turn to the transnational, the global, the geopolitical, the regional, was seen as an intervention, an epistemic dike that would stem the tide of US-funded queer takeovers. Alongside the rise of queer of color critique and many other theoretical kin in indigenous, disability, animal studies, and more, there was a sense that queer/trans studies was experiencing a radical sea change.1Even as such transnational turns and voyages out expanded the terrains of our engagements, I wonder now, as I did then, could such geo/histories, geo/objects forge critical vernaculars both within and without a US-based queer studies? After all, Gayatri Spivak's (2003) early pronouncement (yes, it was 2003!) on the enduring asymmetries of knowledge economies has hardly been reversed. The “inconvenience” of too many languages, too many histories, too many divergent objects of studies colors much of what we continue to do today. As a scholar who works in South Asia, I am always nudged (however gently) to provide glossaries, translations of terms that at least 1 billion folks else/where inhabit and understand. We still live inside monolingual and/or metrolingual landscapes, populated by an appetite for geopolitical diversity that nevertheless returns us to the gift of the master language. To be clear, such monolingualism (epistemic and literal) exists as much in the rest as it does in the West. There remains a dearth of scholarly writing in nonmetropolitan languages across all hemispheres, even as queer/trans subjects flourish and proliferate every day.2 As such, Spivak's (2003: 10) principled “too bad” rejoinder still demands attention, and perhaps further translation. Is the “too bad” an incitement to action, a rousing yet paradoxical acceptance of the necessary but impossible task of learning other/wise? Or more bluntly, is it a plangent admonishment that learning from below is always an exercise in humility and incommensurability?3 All I can say is that the punchy “too bad” stands as a stark reminder that we will never know enough, learn enough, and indeed extract enough, for the subaltern to speak. And that endures as our inconvenient truth.I have returned often to this Spivakian dictum, more so when I sat down to compose this review essay. Even as queer/trans-ness is lambasted as the new neoliberal, crony capitalist mission, a messy bricolage of pinkwashed ideology, homonationalism, feminist governance, and a whole lot of gay and trans internationals (I may have missed a few more choice descriptors), could trans/queer studies think with and along these geopolitical knowledge asymmetries as the very conditions of scholarly production? Could queer hermeneutics, slanted through geopolitics, help us bypass this worlding industry in which state and capital continually refurbish refusal as product? While it is laudable to have scholarship on India, Egypt, Philippines, or Brazil (pick your favorite queer else/where) take center stage for an issue or two, would such scholarship become the citational foundation for queer understanding? Would we ever bypass the hoary press of the North/South binary and focus more on South-South conversations? After all, queer/trans epistemologies are always spaced forms, familiar lexical imaginaries, housed within the languages of geopolitics and difference. Reproductive futurism is always geopolitical futurism; queer utopia is equally queer geography, where other worlds are continually reproduced as contexts, exemplars, at best interruptions in a journey that inevitably and necessarily shepherds us back into the diversified holdings of an American studies project. If sexuality's difference is always marked by gender, race, class, caste, and more (jettison that white child please), it is equally a story of spatialized difference. To put it more ambitiously, could our voyages out forge a queer/trans geopolitics? Or as my coeditor Geeta Patel and I asked in our special issue, could histories of area be histories of sexuality?Such foundational concerns and more animate the wide-ranging scholarship of Rahul Rao, Evren Savcı, and Howard Chiang, the three authors whose timely and trenchant works are in conversation here. Axiomatic for all three scholars is the clear understanding that there can be no coherent theory of geopolitics. For each, their varied geographies rattle and rouse the very concepts (nation, identity, history, religion) that they are summoned to translate and theorize. Each text extrapolates from a sedimented history of area and/or region that mobilizes the abstractions and institutions of the geopolitical as cautious signs and sites of scholarship on gender/sexuality. As such, we have divergent and sometimes contradictory translations of the geopolitical that render gender/sexuality in different tenors, genres, and politics: postcolonial studies (Rahul Rao), Middle Eastern/Islamic studies (Evren Savcı), and Sinophone studies (Howard Chiang). In what follows I will engage with each author's efforts to think of the geopolitical (in all its varied avatars) less as a mark of distinguishing exemplarity (or contextual specifics) but more as a signifier and episteme of histories of gender/sexuality. At stake thus is less a summation of their complex and rigorous arguments (for that, read their wonderful books please!) but more an attention to the epistemological and disciplinary conventions that summon geopolitical heterogeneity. Rahul Rao speaks through his vexed disciplinary and intellectual home in international relations; Evren Savcı marshals the vernaculars of sociology, ethnography, and affect; and Howard Chiang wrestles with the evidentiary regimes of historiography and area studies. Conceived amidst escalating climates of authoritarianism, sectarianism, militarization, and political violence in India, Uganda, Turkey, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and mainland China (PRC), the three books dexterously embrace the challenge of writing histories of gender/sexuality within conditions of peril and possibility. Legal rights and representation of queer/trans collectivities expand and/or contract alongside the surveillance and persecution of all forms of dissent, protest, and refusal.While each book signals the stakes of its interventions through a central concept-metaphor, be it Rao's focus on postcolonial temporalities, Savcı’s project of queer translation, or Chiang's turn to transtopia, there is a shared agon of arrival in every narration. A “productive paradox” (Savcı 2021: 2) propels the three authors into their writing, a displacement, if you will, of the inherited temporalities and epistemologies of queer/trans theory. Most stridently, for Rao, it is his unease with the “temporal lag and rupture” of histories of sexuality (xx), the tiresome dialectic of Western imposition and non-Western incorporation that he wishes to exceed, and indeed jettison. Rao's work is clearly derivative of Jasbir Puar's critical corpus, especially her insight on statecraft and homo/nationalism, and in many ways, Out of Time is an effort to extend Puar's (2002, 2007) work across more comparative and divergent geopolitical contexts. Indeed, one of the striking achievements of Rao's analysis is his ability to think comparatively within a South-South postcolonial framework, providing a rare reading of empire's shadow across continents and collectivities. Uganda (the worst place to be gay) and India (the most aspirational place to be gay) set the stage for us as the multipronged project of queer freedom unfolds across conflicted and collaborative relationships with inherited colonial laws, postcolonial statecraft, and transnational supply chains, fueling both resistance and compliance. Rao is at his critical best, for example, when he charts genealogies of homophobia as homegrown iterations of the “foundational grammar” of the postcolonial state (215), in his careful reading of the mythology of Mwanga, a nineteenth-century Ugandan king. Mwanga, whose alleged homosexuality ironically sutures the “native” past to a neoliberal postcolonial present (214), is equally embraced and disavowed within Ugandan public memory as a source and scourge for the emergence of LGBTQ freedoms.Rao's theorization of homocapitalism (a new kin of/to homonationalism) emerges as the text's key intervention. Unlike more rehearsed denigrations of capitalism that uphold romanticized movement histories as counterpoint, Rao's contributions seek more nuanced ground. What is lost, Rao asks, when the postcolonial state and postcolonial queer movements both cede to networks of capital that mobilize gender and sexuality inclusion (let's bring in the queers) at the very moment of their continued erasure (let's bring in the upper-class, upper-caste queers)? More resources (and rights) are accessed even as nonmarket-allied queer lives survive amidst landscapes of precarity and deprivation. Given that Rao begins his book by querying “how time matters differently in the queer postcolony” (2), it is only thus fitting that he ends with a temporality of resistance and possibility against the relentless march of homocapitalism.4 To do so, Rao turns to the “backwardness” movements of trans/Dalit collectivities who choose pathways of nonlinearity to secure economic rights and legal representation (174). While the census category of Other Backward Castes (OBC) delegates lower-caste bodies to a telos of stalled development and progress, the same category is refurbished to amplify lower-caste struggle. To be “backward” within the topographies of census and data is not to surrender the time of modernity, but to seize it from the stranglehold of upper-caste and normative linearity. To be “backward” is to belong multiply: past colonial categories revitalize and rupture present bodies of resistance.Rao's invocation of a resilient homocapitalism translates into the more specific complex of “neoliberal Islam” in Turkey in Savcı’s provocative Queer in Translation: Sexual Politics under Neoliberal Islam. If Rao suggests that the rise of neoliberalism proliferates morality crises in Ugandan society that in turn spawn myriad representations of homo/trans phobia, Savcı amplifies that claim through the twinning rise of neoliberal Islam and the explosion of LGBTQ movements in Turkey. Savcı charts a lively and counterintuitive history of trans/queer movements in Turkey (2000s), which emerge at the very moment of the ascension of the so-called moderate Islamist party, Adalet ve Kalınma Partisi (AKP: Justice and Development Party), a pro-West, pro-globalization party. The efflorescence of queer/trans history alongside the electoral affirmation of a Muslim vote in a Muslim-majority country stages the central translation of the book, making the combative dichotomy of Islamist extremism versus Western neoliberalism an untenable fiction. Such a coupling between Turkey's AKP and queer/trans movements, Savcı notes, however, is short-lived. In 2015 the AKP renewed police persecution of PRIDE marches, spawning a new generation of dissent and activism. The book is a riveting account of that seismic shift, from AKP's embrace of queer/trans rights to their rejection of them, from the encouragement of queer visibility to the crushing of all dissent.Savcı’s analysis of such a shift bypasses the familiar and tired mantra of a radicalizing Islam in a Muslim-majority country. Instead, Savcı attributes AKP's reliance on modalities of securitization, surveillance, and moral conservatism to a burgeoning neoliberal citizenry that nestles Islam within supply chains of capital distribution. To speak of a neoliberal Islam, or more radically to center neoliberal Islam as a vector of queer analysis, reorders the grammar of queer critique. No more an object of search and rescue, or the maligned and “subjugated other of Western modernity” (3), neoliberal Islam confounds the very languages of Euro-American queer articulation. As Savcı pointedly notes, the caricature of locals (the treasure trove of anthropology) either as failed/foiled subjects of queer freedom, or alternately as exemplary radical forms, evacuates any thick engagement with queer/trans movements in Muslim-majority countries. It is only critical translation that troubles such staged binaries and provides us with a historically situated “ethnographic study of the contemporary Turkish Republic as a lived reality grounded in political economy and government rule” (3).At times, Savcı’s theorizations of queer translation rest on a linguistic turn and, at other moments, on an interruption of a conventional geopolitical rendering of Islam. We are reminded (as Spivak noted all those years ago) that there are multiple and often competing category forms that make up the histories of gender and sexuality. The English-centrism of queer/trans studies eschews the multilingualism of diverse bodies of Islam. After all, Turkey's Sunni majority is counterposed by other minoritized Islams, just as queer/trans history inhabits a myriad of layered and contrasting forms. What is most compelling in Savcı’s emphasis on queer translation as a modality of geopolitics is that it speaks to the historical ontologies of linguistic categories, mediated through transfers of power and capital. Translation becomes the episteme of the geopolitical, moving us away from the focus on subjects and subjectivity as the only pathway to queer justice.Governance with and in neoliberal Islam translates the cultural into the economic, requiring new vernaculars of queer analysis. Savcı reminds us (as does Rao) that gay (neo) liberalism (through its alliances with racial capitalism) creates subjects who consume and migrate into homonormative kinship forms (family, marriage), even as they are seen to be in constant need of protection, surveillance, and security. Yet such broader repudiations of neoliberalism often presume Islamophobia as its active component. How does one engage such critiques in spaces where Muslims are not the minority, as they are in the Euro-American translation of Islamophobia? Turkey decisively ruptures such inherited languages of queer critique in its relationship to Islam as a lived, contradictory, and vibrant ethos. From the confounding and sensational murder of a gay Kurdish man, to unholy kinships between religious hijabi women and LGBTQ activists, from the emergence of the public commons that is Gezi Park, to new economic alliances, Savcı leaves us with a rich compendium of queer keywords. We are in constant living translation.To close, I want to turn to Chiang's Transtopia in the Sinophone Pacific, a dizzyingly ambitious book that wrestles with asymmetries of disciplinary forms and historiographical evidence amidst ongoing geopolitical upheaval in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the PRC. While Rao and Savcı speak to the paradoxical and “out of time” couplings of neoliberal governance and queer/trans movements and their translations, Chiang invests more in a “continuum” model whereby “transtopic” historical thinking dwells in the plethora of representations (material, psychic, social, etc.) that yoke themselves to transgender existence. Identarian models of transgender forms, Chiang argues, limit the horizons of epistemic possibility, requiring a recuperative and/or stabilizing presence that elides the vastness and ubiquity of their histories. And we have a wide array of histories available for perusal: Harry Benjamin's (1885–1986) sexological treatises, the genealogy of a spectacular Chinese trans category, renyao (literally “human prodigy”) castrated subjects in Sinophone cinema, and, finally, the checkered history of transgender activism in the Asia Pacific. And like Rao and Savcı, Chiang too brings together studies and transgender stage and of the of Chiang's however, remains less After all, by now, we know that there exists a of gender and Western What does is Chiang's on the and of geopolitics in our of forms. The book, for begins with Chiang's at the Queer in where the of as historical presence is just as on in Hong Western historiography to and Chinese to of the of at the very moment when Hong police across a few Chiang, such asymmetries of the central geopolitics in any history of gender and not to of but to the historical that our analysis. Savcı and Rao, Chiang is equally to shift the for neoliberalism the critique of models of and capital. The is less to and Hong to the stage of history, but more to the of history As such, one key of the book is a of what Chiang of (3), in which the multilingualism and of Chinese as a historical object are or Chiang works with of Sinophone and on the of where remains the and Sinophone collectivities in Hong and work in with Chinese in the from Hong of to a place with as We the of and to an understanding of gender as of the with no trans As a of Chiang does his best work in 1 when he follows the rise of the American through the and representations of From and to and a historiography of emerges in which each geopolitical of a different story of gender's difference. Transtopia is thus a of historical of and difference is not in it the very forms of its emergence in histories of sexuality. That may be the of this book, as it demands new for the of trans there is clearly much more to say all three what remains clear is their of queer of analysis. To say that there is within these around would be an Each text dwells on the of such epistemologies of and to queer/trans studies to the task of geopolitics, not as an for or but as a of and often impossible that task may it the of queer/trans studies.
The transitory nature of interlanguage, seen as a temporary linguistic system of a foreign language learner, requires the use of methodologies that go beyond the narrow framework of compliance with the norm. In this article, we aim to present a methodology for analyzing the lexical diversity of interlanguage, using the CTTR index. We will also present the results of a pre-test that applies this approach to the language production of international RFL students.
В статье обращается внимание на важность владения выпускниками современных российских вузов не только профессиональными, но и коммуникативными компетенциями, способностью к эффективному общению в процессе профессиональной деятельности. В связи с этим отмечается значимость курса «Основы деловой коммуникации», в рамках которого в высшей школе изучаются различные аспекты устной и письменной коммуникации, уделяется большое внимание культуре речи делового человека, коммуникативным качествам речи, в том числе правильности, нормам современного русского литературного языка. В работе обобщается опыт изучения орфоэпических и лексических норм современного русского литературного языка студентами экономического факультета Ивановского государственного энергетического университета в процессе изучения данной дисциплины. Кратко описаны этапы работы студентов при изучении орфоэпических норм, приведены примеры заданий на этапе работы со связными текстами, включающими «проблемные» слова. Описывается опыт работы над лексическими нормами, отмечается важность знакомства студентов с классификацией возможных лексических ошибок, в том числе неверным выбором слова из ряда подобных, речевой избыточностью, нарушением лексической сочетаемости. Приведены примеры специально смоделированных связных текстов и заданий к ним. В данных текстах «запрограммированы» разные виды языковых ошибок, в том числе орфоэпических и лексических. Автор приходит к выводу, что подобные тексты и задания, при выполнении которых от студентов требуется не только найти языковые ошибки и отредактировать текст, но и указать характер ошибок, обосновать свой выбор языковых средств в связном тексте, формируют у первокурсников навыки редактирования текста на более высоком уровне по сравнению со школьным, открывают возможности более осознанного отношения к языку как важнейшему средству коммуникации. The article draws attention to the importance for modern Russian universities’graduatesto have not only professional, but also communicative competencies, as well as the ability to communicate effectively in the process of professional activity. In this regard, the importance of the course «Fundamentals of Business Communication» is discused, paying attention to the fact that various aspects of oral and written communication are studied at the higher school.Moreover, great attention is paid to the culture of speech of a business person, communicative qualities of speech, including correctness, norms of modern Russian literary language. The article summarizes the experience of studying the orthoepic and lexical norms of the modern Russian literary language by students of the Faculty of Economics of the Ivanovo State Power University while studying this discipline. The stages of students' work in the study of orthoepic norms are briefly described, examples of tasks at the stage of working with connected texts including «problematic» words are given. The experience of working on lexical norms is described, the importance of students’ being aware of the classification of possible lexical errors, including incorrect choice of a word from a number of similar ones, speech redundancy, violation of lexical compatibility is noted. Examples of specially modeled coherent texts are given, in which all kinds of language errors, including orthoepic and lexical errors, and tasks for these texts are programmed. The author comes to the conclusion that such tasks, in which students are required not only to find language errors and proofread the text, but also to indicate the nature of the errors, justify their choice of language means in a coherent text, form first-year students' text editing skills at a higher level as compared to school, open up opportunities for a more conscious attitude to language as an essential means of communication.
This research discusses the lexicon used for traditional technology systems in the Tolaki community. Lexicon is a language component containing all information about the meaning and usage of words; the richness of words a language has. Lexicon runs into a shift due to certain factors such as changes in norms, culture, and environment caused by the development of science and technology. This research aims to analyze the level of shift and change in the meaning of the lexicon for traditional technology systems in the Tolaki community in Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. The method is qualitative descriptive. The data are taken from written sources, literature studies, by examining and recording some lexicons from the book “Tolaki Culture” by Abdurrauf Tarimana related to the lexicon in the traditional technology system of the Tolaki community. The validation of the data is then substantiated by questionnaire distribution in which the informants fill in lexicon data about agricultural technology systems and imply them in Tolaki language. The theory used is the lexical-semantic theory proposed by Pateda. The results showed that the lexicon for the Tolaki agricultural technology system is extinct and there is a shift in the lexicon.
The study aims to explore features of the realization of the neological potential of lexemes created or rethought by the new reality and included in the COVID-19 concept sphere. It identifies the specifics of derivation and lexical-semantic ways of forming these neologisms. The research material includes more than 1000 articles from the most influential Hispanic and French-language publications and correspondence of native speakers in social networks and telephone applications in a synchronous cut over eight months of the pandemic. A vital factor for choice of material refers to the fact that the mentioned channels have formed a global communication environment that intensively contributes to the creation and dissemination of neology products. The methodology rests on the discursive and communicative approaches. It includes analysis and synthesis of theoretical research and applies continuous sampling of research material from the mentioned sources. The study establishes that the multidirectional processes distinguish the media and social networks’ discourse during the pandemic. Changes in the lexical-semantic discourse are carried out by creating neologisms, which, along with borrowings assimilated into the grammatical system or functioning in parallel with the national concept definition, are productive means of replenishing the lexis. The semantic neology’s main mechanisms are metaphorization and metonymization and changes in the semantic volume of a lexeme. Modern new formations perform pragmatic functions, making it possible to strengthen the emotional and modal interaction. The author concludes that neological processes demonstrate each language’s national and cultural originality and establishes that the linguistic norm in Spanish and French discourse does not conflict with the “disruptive” nature of linguistic innovations. The society positively evaluates the formation of individual speech meanings and linguistic meanings and the expansion of their functioning boundaries.
Common Usage vs Codified Standard: Problems with the Codification of Anglicisms in the Contemporary Russian Language This article focuses on the important problem of codification of the most recent borrowings of British and American English origins in the contemporary Russian language. Standardization of loanwords is a current issue of vital importance, as it has a global reach, which means that it affects not only the Russian language but many other national languages that are under the influence of the English language – the contemporary lingua franca. The codification of the lexis of foreign origin is examined based on material obtained from contemporary lifestyle magazines published in Russian. This type of press disseminates borrowed neologisms particularly intensively and, at the same time, creates the language use of the given discourse. The excerpted vocabulary items have been confronted with the lexis of the most recent Russian spelling dictionaries. The deliberations contained in this paper show a fragment of linguistic reality changing under the influence of ubiquitous English language, where common usage competes with the linguistic norm. The article shows the difficulties caused by lexical transfer of loanwords faced by specialists in prescriptive linguistics (e.g. a common problem of orthographic variation). Norma uzualna vs norma skodyfikowana. O problemach kodyfikacji anglicyzmów we współczesnym języku rosyjskim Niniejszy artykuł zwraca uwagę na istotny problem kodyfikacji najnowszych zapożyczeń anglo-amerykańskiej proweniencji we współczesnej ruszczyźnie. Temat standaryzacji zapożyczeń jest aktualny i niezwykle ważny, bowiem ma on zasięg globalny, zatem dotyczy nie tylko języka rosyjskiego, lecz wielu innych języków narodowych, które znajdują się pod wpływem angielszczyzny – współczesnej lingua franca. Badanie kodyfikacji leksyki obcego pochodzenia oparto na materiale zaczerpniętym z najnowszych rosyjskojęzycznych czasopism kolorowych typu life style. Ten rodzaj prasy szczególnie ochoczo rozpowszechnia zapożyczone neologizmy, jednocześnie kreuje uzus danego dyskursu. Wyekscerpowany materiał porównano z leksyką zawartą w najnowszych słownikach ortograficznych języka rosyjskiego. Niniejsze rozważania dają obraz fragmentu rzeczywistości językowej zmieniającej się pod wpływem wszechobecnej angielszczyzny, w której uzus konkuruje z normą językową. Ponadto wskazano tu szereg problemów wywoływanych zapożyczeniami leksykalnymi, z którymi zmagają się specjaliści z obszaru językoznawstwa normatywnego (np. powszechny problem wariantywności ortograficznej zapożyczeń).
The paper addresses lexical factors of stress shift from nouns to prepositions in the modern Russian literary language. The purpose of the study is to determine the conditions that promote or hinder accentuation of functional lexemes in live spoken speech. Scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the author for the first time conducts a comprehensive sociolinguistic study on accentuation of prepositional phrases “preposition + noun” and compares codified and usual norms of accentuation of these phrases. As a result of the research, the linguistic and sociolinguistic factors that affect stress shift have been determined and described in detail and trends in the development of the considered norms have been identified.
The problem and the aim. Modern linguodidactics pays special attention to identifying the role of vocabulary in learning a foreign language, determining strategies for learning foreign language vocabulary, finding methods for testing vocabulary, mastering the vocabulary of scientific discourse, using mnemonics in memorizing lexical norms. New training formats necessitate the use of information visualization technologies and digital means in the study of a foreign language. The purpose of the study is to identify and confirm effectiveness of using digital services of infographics in mnemonics to improve the quality of teaching foreign language vocabulary. Research methods. Digital tools for data visualization are used in the system of mnemonic operations (grouping, classification, structuring, systematization, analogy, association, repetition) and methods (rhyme, association, mnemonics, chain method, memory cards, mnemonic cards). Infographic services support semantisation of lexical material and its activation, explanation of rules, situational illustration, and foreign language communication. A special test is developed, it includes questions on English vocabulary and assignments based on the methodology of A.R. Luria. Auxiliary visualization methods are used: data design in the form of mind maps, tables, charts, graphs. The experiment involved 30 students of the training program Pedagogical education (Bachelor's programme) of Vyatka State University. WordArt is used as a digital service of infographics. Statistical processing of the results is performed using the nonparametric method - Wilcoxon's T-test. Results. Students learn digital infographic services, use them to study new lexical material, memorize and present concepts/terms, set expressions, and combine familiar lexical elements in a variety of contexts. Statistical assessment of the reliability of positive dynamics of students' skills to recognize words, understand lexical units, to construct new phrases was carried out Temp <Tcrit0.05 (45<107). In conclusion rules and conditions, implementation of which ensures effectiveness of using digital services of infographics in mnemonics to improve quality of teaching a foreign language, are summarized.
This article analyzes the role of phraseology as a field in linguistics, phraseological units formed by means of art terms in French and Uzbek languages and their lexical-semantic features on the basis of two incompatible language norms.
The field of psycholinguistics has recently questioned the primacy of word frequency (WF) in influencing word recognition and production, instead focusing on the importance of a word's contextual diversity (CD). WF is operationalised by counting the number of occurrences of a word in a corpus, while a word's CD is a count of the number of contexts that a word occurs in, with repetitions within a context being ignored. Numerous studies have converged on the conclusion that CD is a better predictor of word recognition latency and accuracy than frequency. These findings support a cognitive mechanism based on the principle of likely need over the principle of repetition in lexical organisation. In the current study, we trained the semantic distinctiveness model on communication patterns in social media platforms consisting of over 55-billion-word tokens and examined the ability of theoretically distinct models to explain word recognition latency and accuracy data from over 1 million participants from the Mandera et al. English Crowdsourding Project norms, consisting of approximately 59,000 words across six age bands ranging from ages 10 to 60 years. There was a clear quantitative trend across the age bands, where there is a shift from a social environment-based attention mechanism in the "younger" models, to a clear dominance for a discourse-based attention mechanism as models "aged." This pattern suggests that there is a dynamical interaction between the cognitive mechanisms of lexical organisation and environmental information that emerges across ageing.
The study aims to provide a comprehensive characteristic of lexical parameters of legal discourse, the communicative-pragmatic meaning of which is realised at the structural-semantic, content-thematic levels of the utterance. It is noted that legal discourse has peculiar lexico-semantic features due to its main purpose to regulate the communicants’ behaviour in situations of institutional communication established by law in accordance with the system of social role characteristics, prescriptions, instructions, requirements and standards of conduct. Scientific novelty lies in identifying the discursive-semantic patterns of institutional communication formation based on the lexico-semantic organisation of legal discourse. As a result, it has been found that the lexical continuum of legal discourse conforms to the stylistic norms of the modern Russian literary language. Lexical means, being verbal formulas of interpretation of the essence of legal communication, occupy a special place in legal discourse and specifically reflect its significant elements.
The purpose of this study is to describe and analyse the interference of the Kazakh and Russian languages at the lexical level as a result of the interaction of the two languages and to identify the special features of the use of the Russian language among Kazakhs. The material of the study is the results of an experiment conducted in a school with 29 pupils in Grade 9 with Kazakh as the language of instruction at the Nur-Sultan Lyceum School No. 48. The first part of the study consists in the fact that the subjects were offered words with which they had to form phrases from the proposed pairs. In the second part of the experiment, students were offered sentences in Kazakh that had to be translated into Russian. The study considered various views on the definition of the phenomenon of interference resulting from the interaction of language systems in the context of bilingualism, during linguistic contacts. Interference is expressed in deviations from the norm and the system of the studied language under the influence of the native. In addition, the causes of interference were described, which are explained not only by linguistic, but also by extralinguistic factors.
Introduction. At the moment the territory of the Russian Federation comprises 138 endangered languages, which determines the relevance of studying the influence of the state’s language policy on the development of the Karelian language. The purpose of the study is to analyze the way language contacts influenced Karelian. The novelty of the study lies in the consideration of linguistic interference in the historical context. Methodology and sources. The study is conducted using the publications in Karelian of the pre-Soviet and Soviet periods, as well as articles from modern electronic periodicals. The research material was broadened by interviewing several informants. The data was collected and analyzed using the method of continuous sampling, questioning, participant observation, and comparative analysis. The theoretical basis of the research is the social typology of languages and the typology of language situations. Results and discussion. Different historical periods ended in changing Karelian in different ways and making it adopt some features of Finnish, Vepsian and Russian. The texts of the pre-Soviet period show that lexical units of Russian origin denote everyday realities or religious concepts. The Soviet period texts demonstrate the maximum number of Russianbased lexical units, that are related to everyday life or Soviet ideology and realities. In the texts of the modern period, there is the least number of words of Russian origin, that are mostly borrowings that have long been a part of the language norm of Karelian. Conclusion. With the distinctive features relevant to the typology of language situations taken into account, the present language situation in the Republic of Karelia can be defined as multicomponent multilingual, being demographically out of equilibrium and communicatively unbalanced. In different historical periods Karelian was influenced, in varying degrees, by Russian; this is clearly reflected in the vocabulary. Nowadays professional and amateur activists striving to revitalize the Karelian language are oriented mainly towards its Baltic-Finnish basis.