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18265 papers
The article examines the use of a linguistic corpus for the analysis of the lexical conjugation of relative adjectives with nouns within the framework of the development of a linguistic and informational toolkit for a multi-parameter description of the lexical semantics of relative adjectives of the Ukrainian language in an electronic explanatory dictionary. The aim of the study: to demonstrate the possibility and expediency of using the corpus of Ukrainian texts in modern semantic research, in particular for the analysis of the lexical compatibility of relative adjectives with nouns. An analysis of the lexical compatibility of relative adjectives with nouns was carried out on the material of the Ukrainian National Linguistic Corpus. Based on the results of the analysis, the types of semantic classes of nouns syntactically related to relative adjectives were identified as a tool for introducing the sign of semantic valence to describe the lexical meaning of relative adjectives, the interpretation of which was given according to the strong non-explicit interpretation formulas «Adjective to...» and «In relation to...» in the electronic version of the explanatory dictionary of the Ukrainian language in 20 volumes. On the basis of the compatibility of relative adjectives with nouns, the types of semantic classes are distinguished, the broadest of which are: «man», «animal», «plant», «building/facility/institution/structure», «substances and materials», «result of creative/scientific activity», «time», «space», «action», «transport», «furniture», «equipment/ equipment/appliance/device», «clothing/shoes», «miscellaneous material items», «fabric», «dishes», «decoration», «natural phenomena», «food/drinks», «term». The results of the analysis are included in the linguistic database «Semantics of relative adjectives», developed to solve the problem of explicit presentation of information in electronic explanatory dictionaries, which will contribute to the further implementation of computer technologies in research on lexical semantics, focused on the creation of natural language processing systems.
This study explores somatotype-based differences in body image awareness among 18–23-year-old Mesomorphs, Ectomorphs, and Endomorphs from Mysore University-affiliated colleges in Karnataka, India. Stratified sampling chose 150 male college students to test body image awareness using the Body Self-Image Questionnaire (Short Form). The three somatotype groups had significantly different body image awareness scores. Endomorphs had the most body image awareness, followed by Ectomorphs and Mesomorphs. After descriptive data, Mesomorphs had the lowest mean body image ratings (85.52) and Endomorphs the highest (98.98). A one-way ANOVA showed significant differences across groups (F = 111.31, p < 0.001). Tukey's HSD test post-hoc analysis showed significant pairwise differences, with Endomorphs scoring higher than Ectomorphs and Mesomorphs and Mesomorphs scoring lower than Ectomorphs. These findings imply that societal and cultural body type beliefs affect body image awareness as well as physical appearance. The findings emphasize the need of somatotype-specific body image therapies for young adults' body satisfaction and mental health.
Diffusion models (DMs) have achieved significant success in generating imaginative images given textual descriptions. However, they are likely to fall short when it comes to real-life scenarios with intricate details. The low-quality, unrealistic human faces in text-to-image generation are one of the most prominent issues, hindering the wide application of DMs in practice. Targeting addressing such an issue, we first assess the face quality of generations from popular pre-trained DMs with the aid of human annotators and then evaluate the alignment between existing metrics with human judgments. Observing that existing metrics can be unsatisfactory for quantifying face quality, we develop a novel metric named FaceScore (FS) by fine-tuning the widely used ImageReward on a dataset of (win, loss) face pairs cheaply crafted by an inpainting pipeline of DMs. Extensive studies reveal FS enjoys a superior alignment with humans. On the other hand, FS opens up the door for enhancing DMs for better face generation. With FS offering image ratings, we can easily perform preference learning algorithms to refine DMs like SDXL. Comprehensive experiments verify the efficacy of our approach for improving face quality. The code is released at https://github.com/OPPO-Mente-Lab/FaceScore.
1 IntroductionFacial expressions play a critical role in intra-individual emotional functions (Finzi & Rosenthal, 2016) as well as inter-individual social functions (Keltner & Kring, 1998). Facial expressions have been proposed to be more important in late adulthood, given the increased value placed on intimate social relationships (Carstensen, 2006, 2021; Carstensen et al., 1999). In studies examining changes in emotional functioning over the course of adulthood¸ older adults’ facial expressions in response to emotional stimuli have mainly been examined through comparison with those of young adults (e.g., Levenson et al., 1991).Consistent with the notion of emotional functions of facial expressions, several studies in young adults have reported that the production of facial expressions showed coherence with the subjective experience of emotional feeling (e.g., Mauss et al., 2005; Evers et al., 2014; Sato et al., 2020, 2021; Sato & Kochiyama, 2022). For example, a study measured dynamic ratings of subjective emotional valence (i.e., hedonic tone ranting from positive to negative; Barrett, 2006) and facial electromyography (EMG) activity of the corrugator supercilii (i.e., brow lowering muscle) and zygomatic major (i.e., lip corner-pulling muscle) while participants watched emotional films (Sato et al., 2020). The results showed that the EMG activity of the corrugator supercilii and zygomatic major muscles was negatively and positively associated with the dynamic valence ratings, respectively. These findings are theoretically important because they empirically support the long-lasting idea that subjective emotional experience depends on the perception of bodily responses (James, 1884; Friedman, 2010; Lang, 1994). Furthermore, this issue could be practically important, because a previous study showed that the coherence between subjective emotional experience and bodily responses to emotional stimuli is associated with psychological well-being (Brown et al., 2020).However, the coherence between emotional experience and facial expressions has not been fully examined in older adults. This issue could be interesting because several studies have suggested that older, compared with young, adults have improved emotional well-being (Carstensen, 2006, 2021; Charles, 2010; Carstensen et al., 1999; Charles & Piazza, 2023). One may expect that older adults would have stronger subjective–facial emotional coherence than young adults. This paper reviews the research conducted to date on this topic and describes our speculative hypotheses (cf. Currie, 2023).2 Coherence between facial expressions and subjective emotional experience in older adultsSeveral previous studies have examined either the production of facial expressions or subjective emotional experience in older adults and reported mixed findings (Supplementary Table 1). Specifically, a substantial number of studies showed no age-related differences in facial expression production (Emery & Hess, 2011; Kunz et al., 2008; Lohani & Isaacowitz, 2014; Malatesta et al., 1987; Nangle et al., 2018; Saito et al., 2022; Seider et al., 2011; Tsai et al., 2000; van Reekum et al., 2011), although some studies reported less intense (Kunzmann et al., 2017; Labuschagne et al., 2020; Levenson et al., 1991; Magai et al., 2006; Pedder et al., 2016; Rohr et al., 2017; Saito et al., 2023) or more intense (Magai et al., 2006; Malatesta-Magai et al., 1992; Phillips et al., 2008; Zempelin et al., 2021) facial expressions in older than young adults. Fölster et al. (2014) reviewed the literature and concluded that there are no age-related differences in spontaneous facial expressions. Likewise, studies have reported different results with respect to subjective emotional experience, including comparable (Emery & Hess, 2011; Kunz et al., 2008; Malatesta et al., 1987; Nangle et al., 2018; van Reekum et al., 2011), weaker (Kunzmann. et al., 2017; Labuschagne et al., 2020; Levenson et al., 1991; Malatesta-Magai et al., 1992; Saito et al., 2022, 2023; Tsai et al., 2000), or stronger (Labuschagne et al., 2020; Lohani & Isaacowitz, 2014; Magai et al., 2006; Pedder et al., 2016; Phillips et al., 2008; Rohr et al., 2017; Saito et al., 2023; Seider et al., 2011; Zempelin et al., 2021) subjective emotional responses in older adults relative to young adults. In short, the data do not consistently suggest alteration in either facial expressions or subjective emotional experience in older adults. Furthermore, the studies were not specifically concerned with coherence between these emotional responses.Few studies have compared the coherence of facial expressions with subjective emotional experience between older adults and their young counterparts (Lohani et al., 2017; Saito et al., 2022, 2023) according to our computer-based search of abstract and citation databases of the literature. In Lohani et al. (2018), the researchers presented film clips to induce sad feelings as emotion-eliciting stimuli and measured the dynamic ratings of arousal (i.e., the feeling of activation; Barrett, 2006) and facial EMG of the corrugator supercilii in older and young participants. The results showed no significant age differences in the correlations between the subjective ratings and facial EMG. However, the null finding may be at least partially explained by the ratings measured in the study. Previous studies testing young adults and reported subjective–facial emotional coherence reported the links between the ratings of valence, but not arousal, and facial expressions (Bradley & Lang, 2000).In Saito et al. (2023), five film clips that were categorically labeled as anger, sadness, neutral, contentment, and amusement, were used, and the coherence between dynamic valence ratings and facial EMG of the corrugator supercilia and zygomatic major muscles was assessed by adopting the procedures used in a previous study that demonstrated emotional coherence in young adults (Sato et al., 2020). The researchers compared correlation coefficients between older and young adults and found that the negative correlation between valence ratings and corrugator EMG activity was weaker in older adults (Figure 1a). More specifically, lower valence ratings (i.e., greater unpleasantness) were associated with greater corrugator EMG activity, and the association between brow activity (i.e., frowning, which reflects unpleasant feelings) and unpleasant emotions was weaker in older adults than in young adults, indicating less emotional coherence between subjective experience and brow activity in the former group.Saito et al. (2022) used food to elicit emotions similarly showed age-related differences in the coherence between facial expressions and subjective experience. In that study, various subjective ratings and facial EMG activity of the corrugator supercilia, zygomatic major, masseter (i.e., chewing muscle), and suprahyoid (i.e., swallowing muscle) were assessed in older adults while they consumed the flavored gel-type foods. Compared with young adults, the coherence of valence and wanting ratings with masseter EMG activity was lower in older adults (Figure 1b).Taken together, among three studies that tested this topic, the two recent ones (Saito et al., 2022, 2023) suggested that the degree of coherence between subjective experience, specifically its qualitative aspects, and the production of facial expressions in response to emotional stimuli (film clips and food) differs according to age, i.e., is weaker in older adults. As described above, weaker subjective–facial emotional coherence in older adults appears not to be explained by their impairments in subjective emotional experiences or the production of facial expressions.3 DiscussionGiven that the mind–body coherence and well-being are related (Brown et al., 2020; Mauss et al., 2011), and that older adults tend to report higher levels of well-being than people in other stages of life (Carstensen et al., 1999; Carstensen, 2006; 2021), why is it that the coherence between subjective experience and facial expressions is weak in older adults?We hypothesize that the coherence between the subjective experience and facial expressions may weaken with age as an emotional coping. It has been reported that older adults are better able to cope with emotions (Burr et al., 2020; Charles & Carstensen, 2008; Eldesouky & English, 2018; Scheibe & Blanchard-Fields, 2009; Neubauer et al., 2018; Lohani & Isaacowitz, 2014; Sims et al., 2015; Shiota & Levenson, 2009; however, see Isaacowitz, 2022) and use more emotional coping than young adults (Puente-Martínez et al., 2020). For instance, older adults were more successful than younger adults in terms of both deploying attentional resources (Sheibe et al., 2015; Mikkelsen et al., 2021) and positive reappraisal (Lohani & Isaacowitz, 2014; Shiota & Levenson, 2009). It has also been demonstrated that, rather than implementing response-focused coping, older adults are likely to use antecedent emotional coping (i.e., situation selection) in their daily lives, which is assumed to contribute to their ability to cope with emotions (Sims et al., 2015). Interestingly, several studies have reported that a repressive emotional coping style (Weinberger et al., 1979), which can induce low mind–body coherence (Schwerdtfeger & Kohlmann, 2004) and is traditionally regarded as maladaptive coping (Schwartz, 1990), sometimes serves adaptive functions, such as promoting resilience following extremely aversive events (e.g., Coifman et al., 2007; for a review, see Bonanno, 2005). Likewise, it may be possible that low subjective–facial emotional coherence in older adults has adaptive benefits on their emotional well-being.However, there are several limitations in our speculation. First, few studies have investigated the coherence between facial expressions and subjective emotions in older adults, and those that did used limited methodologies compared with studies that were not specifically concerned with coherence. Thus, future research is warranted to confirm the robustness of the findings. Second, even assuming that older adults have weak subjective–facial emotional coherence, different factors may account for their high levels of well-being. The empirical evidence is needed to test the relationship between the subjective–facial emotional coherence and well-being in older adults. In conclusion, studies examining the degree of coherence between subjective experience and facial expressions have demonstrated that older adults showed less coherence of subjective experience with corrugator and masseter EMG activity in response to emotional stimuli (films and food). We speculated that the weak coherence between subjective experience and facial expressions may serve as an emotional coping that is seemingly functionally adaptive for people in late adulthood.
Abstract Gideon Toury, a leading theorist in linguistics and translation, contested the source-oriented approach to translation and introduced a target-oriented model that includes three categories of norms: initial, preliminary, and operational. This methodology was a crucial advancement in the standardization of translation. This study intends to apply this model by employing a descriptive-analytical approach and consulting library resources to evaluate and analyze the Persian translation of Naguib Mahfouz's novel "Zuqaq al-Midaq," translated by Mohammad Reza Marashi-Pour. This study's findings indicate that, regarding the initial norm, the translator emphasizes the linguistic standards of the target language, guaranteeing that the translated text operates efficiently and is well received within the cultural and linguistic framework of the target audience. The translator follows operational standards, adhering to structural norms like the insertion or exclusion of words, sentences, and footnotes, while also integrating linguistic norms, such as equivalence and stylistic elements. The translator has effectively produced a fluent and clear interpretation of the content.IntroductionHistorically, diverse civilizations and cultures have utilized writing and storytelling to articulate their situations and experiences. Stories, owing to their narrative characteristics and imaginative features, significantly contribute to the communication of written truths, realities, and cultural aspects. In this context, the art of translation is crucial for conveying fundamental facts and cultural features to other cultures. Translation facilitates the dissemination of a nation's culture. Nevertheless, due to the distinct cultural foundations inherent in each language, translation encounters specific problems. As a result, translation theorists have suggested multiple theories to address these issues. Among these theorists are Even-Zohar and Gideon Toury, who, adhering to the principles of formalism and the target-oriented approach, posited that translation cannot completely correspond to the original text, nor can equivalences be accurately determined. Such an outcome is due to the distinct textual, literary, and linguistic frameworks inherent to each language, rendering perfect translation unattainable in the target language. Their thesis posits that languages are distinct, with each writing style differing both structurally and culturally, hence complicating the attainment of universal acceptability (Gentzler, 2014: 163). Gideon Toury proposed a model based on translation norms. He said that a translator must follow standards that make the translation acceptable, lively, and alive in the target language. This promotes cultural growth and the development of language and literature (Toury, 2014: 85). Consequently, it can be asserted that a primary method for enhancing concept transmission and ensuring the fluency of a translated text is to focus on the structure and linguistic conventions of the target text, which should take precedence over the source text for the translator.Naguib Mahfouz is an Egyptian author who has portrayed the reality of Egyptian society across several epochs in his writings. His works have been translated into other languages, including Persian. Mohammad Reza Marashi Pour is an Iranian translator known for translating the works of authors including Naguib Mahfouz. He has translated significant works such as Palace of Desire, Sugar Street, The Beggar, and "Zuqaq al-Midaq" into Persian, therefore successfully presenting Mahfouz's literature to Persian-speaking audiences. Assessing the Persian translation of the novel "Zuqaq al-Midaq" with Toury's normative paradigm can significantly contribute to evaluating the quality of this translation. It is essential to formulate a thorough inquiry in this context:How is the Persian translation of the novel "Zuqaq al-Midaq" assessed according to Tory's normative model concerning initial, preliminary, and operational norms?Literature ReviewNumerous research studies have examined the applicability of Toury's normative paradigm to Arabic and Persian literary texts, a selection of which is succinctly summarized below: Afzali and Madani's article "The Application of Gideon Toury's Norms Theory in Evaluating the Quality of the Arabic Translation of Forough Farrokhzad's Poems" was published in the Journal of Comparative Studies of Persian and Arabic Literature in 2020. It looked at the Arabic translation of Farrokhzad's poems using Toury's notion of norms.Fazel Abbaszadeh (2021), in an article entitled "Critique of Shourabi's Poetic Translation of the First and Third Ghazals of Hafez Based on Gideon Toury's Model," published in the Journal of Criticism, Analysis, and Aesthetics, examined the translation of Hafez's first and third ghazals through the lens of Toury's target-oriented model."Examining Toury's Initial Norms in Audiovisual Translation (Case Study: Specific Cultural Elements in the Animation 'Prince of Rome')" was Mahdieh Alizadeh Ghouzzani's master's thesis from 2022. It looked at the audiovisual translation of the animation Prince of Rome using Toury's normative framework.Recently, numerous research studies have been undertaken on the novel Midaq Alley, including the following: Hassan Abdollahi and Omid Izanloo (2012), in their essay "Sociological Analysis of Naguib Mahfouz's Novel Midaq Alley," published in the Journal of Arabic Literary Criticism, examined the characters, socio-cultural framework, and realistic methodology of the narrative.Yahya Ma'ruf and Moslem Khazli (2016), in their article "Psychological Analysis of Naguib Mahfouz's Novel 'Zuqaq al-Midaq,'" published in the Journal of Contemporary Arabic Literary Criticism, analyzed the characters through a psychological lens, exploring the personality types within the novel and the motivations behind Mahfouz's character development.Jahanbakht and Parmas (2020), in their article "The Function of Non-Verbal Actions in Naguib Mahfouz's Novel 'Zuqaq al-Midaq,'" published in the Journal of the Iranian Association of Arabic Language and Literature, examined non-verbal behaviors and their roles in character development within the narrative.According to these studies, "Zuqaq al-Midaq" has mostly been looked at through the lens of narrative, with no research being done on the Persian translation or how it relates to Gideon Toury's normative paradigm. Consequently, analyzing the Persian translation of this novel according to the previously specified framework constitutes a significant contribution to the discipline.Research MethodologyWe employed a descriptive-analytical strategy to achieve the primary goal of this study. This task entailed the selection of Toury's normative paradigm and the examination of pertinent literature regarding this model. The subject of analysis is the Persian translation of the novel "Zuqaq al-Midaq." We examined both the Arabic and Persian versions of the work, extracting and evaluating instances using Gideon Toury's normative paradigm.ConclusionIn translating literary texts, especially novels, the translator must not only convey content and concepts but also consider cultural nuances and literary subtleties, ensuring fidelity to the original while presenting the literary language optimally. This is the essential understanding obtained from Gideon Toury's normative model. The assessment of the Persian translation of "Zuqaq al-Midaq" indicated, according to this model, that the translator employed a target-oriented strategy, prioritizing the Persian-speaking audience as the principal beneficiaries. The examination of the examples revealed that, in alignment with the original standard, the translator delivered a translation that is satisfactory in the target language. According to the first standard of translation policy, the Persian translation of "Zuqaq al-Midaq" was executed due to the cultural affinity between Iran and the Arab world, along with the imperative to familiarize Persian speakers with significant works from the Arab region. The translator, while conforming to structural and grammatical norms, integrated aspects such as the addition and exclusion of words and phrases, sentence restructuring, footnotes, transference, equivalence identification, and stylistic features into the translation. In conclusion, the translator effectively identified suitable replacements for terms and, while ensuring maximum fidelity, accurately communicated the material to the audience.
Статья посвящена проблемам выявления эмоционально-чувственной составляющей семантики слов изучаемого языка в языковом сознании обучающихся билингвов – китайских студентов, изучающих русский язык в Китае. Предлагается психолингвистический подход к семантике слова как к достоянию индивида, языковому сознанию (ментальному лексикону) билингва как динамической, не разделенной на разные языки функциональной системе. Актуальность статьи заключается в разработке проблемы выявления способов формирования семантики в сознании индивидов и шире – внутреннего содержания языка и его знаков. В работе используется анализ результатов психолингвистического эксперимента, проведенного автором по методу семантического дифференциала, стимулами для которого выступают существительные, прилагательные, глаголы и наречия, актуальные для ядра языкового сознания русских. Автор приходит к выводам о формировании семантики знаков чужого языка в сознании обучающихся билингвов как образов, отличающихся эмоциональностью. Разные показатели интенсивности, зафиксированные по разным шкалам оценки слов, зависят не от части речи, а от семантики слов, частотности их употребления в учебных текстах, а также от культурных и фоновых знаний. The article deals with the problem of identifying the emotional and sensory components of a foreign language words semantics in the linguistic consciousness of educational bilinguals (bilingual mental lexicon) - Chinese students studying Russian in China. A psycholinguistic approach is proposed to the semantics of the word as the property of the individual, the linguistic consciousness of a bilingual as a dynamic functional system not divided into different languages. The relevance of the article lies in the development of the problem of identifying ways of forming semantics in the minds of individuals and, more broadly, the internal content of language and its signs. The work is based on the results of a psycholinguistic experiment conducted using the semantic differential method, the stimuli for which are nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs that are relevant to the core of the linguistic consciousness (the core of the mental lexicon) of Russians. The author comes to conclusions about the formation of the semantics of signs of a foreign language in the minds of educational bilinguals as images characterized by emotionality. Different intensity indicators recorded on different word rating scales depend not on the part of speech, but on the semantics of words, the frequency of their use in educational texts, cultural and background knowledge.
The article studies peculiarities of organization of teaching of theoretical linguistic disciplines in the context of informatization of education. It emphasizes the importance of using internet technologies in the system of higher education, reveals main theoretical groundings of their implementation into the educational process and training teachers of English as a foreign language. The author analyses didactic parameters of using web-resources in the process of teaching linguistic theoretical academic subjects, taking as an example Theoretical grammar of the English language. The article gives an overview and brief analysis of some on-line linguistic databases, resources, free language theory courses which are widely available. The author demonstrates various possibilities of using specialized on-line resources for teaching the theory of the English language and organizing research work of undergraduate and graduate students. Reform of higher education in Ukraine is caused the needs of today society due to the building of information society and integration in the global intellectual space dimension. Modification of the requirements of educational process in higher education, its quality and semantic parties should ensure the quality of training to world standards. That is one of the main vectors and targets of the improvement of higher education in Ukraine should create a system of quality assurance and professional development aimed at forming professional independence and acquire new knowledge and skills in the conditions of intensive informational society. In this context particularly urgent search for new and upgrade existing forms of educational process appears. Thus, approaches to teaching theoretical subjects in a foreign language must be updated in view of the need for a informative professional competence. The systematic use of the Internet for relevant practical, research, creative tasks will improve professional skills improvement, skills will form the search, selection and analysis of scientific material. Further research prospects seen in a detailed study of the experience of using online technology in teaching linguistic disciplines at leading universities abroad.
When different people view a scene, they attend to different things, and these differences in attention influence how much they like the scene. Patterns of attention may be highly individually specific. However, the effects of different patterns of attention on preferences may not be. Here we demonstrate this, using a new method of ‘attentional transplants’. We show that, if an observer likes an image, it is possible to transplant their viewing pattern into another observer—and that this causes the recipient to like the image better, compared with transplanting the viewing pattern of a donor who disliked the image. In Experiment 1, 50 observers viewed images of landscapes by using their cursor to move a small circular viewing window around each image for three seconds. After viewing each image, they rated how much they liked it. For each image, we identified two ‘attentional donors'—the Liked-it-Best observer who rated the image highest (relative to their other image ratings) across observers, as well as the Liked-it-Least observer who rated the image lowest across observers. Next, we recruited 100 new observers to serve as ‘attentional recipients’. These observers viewed each image, but now passively, through a moving window which reproduced the viewing pattern of either the previous observer who Liked it Best, or the observer who Liked it Least. Recipients gave substantially higher ratings to an image when they received the viewing pattern of the observer who Liked it Best, compared to when they received the viewing pattern of the observer who Liked it Least. In subsequent experiments, we replicated this effect, and found that Liked-it-Best attention patterns are more predictable. We conclude that individual differences in preferences for scenes are partly explained by differences in how we attend—but that attention drives preferences in similar ways across observers.
Here we propose a new design strategy for mixed and virtual reality designers, which we call ‘attentional transplants‘. The strategy is to direct a user's visual attention in a way which mirrors the attention of a previous user, in order to produce similar affective or cognitive responses in the second user. Attentional transplants may be useful across a wide range of design situations in which one's manner of attending reliably drives affective and cognitive outcomes. In order to test whether transplanting one participant's pattern of attention into another can produce similar downstream responses in the second participant, we ran two online experiments. In Experiment la, 50 observers viewed images of landscapes by using their cursor to move a small circular viewing window around each image for three seconds. After viewing an image, they rated how much they liked it. For each image, we identified two ‘attentional donors' - the Liked-it-Most observer who rated the image highest (standardized relative to their other image ratings) across observers, as well as the Liked-it-Least observer who rated the image lowest across observers. In Experiment 1b, we recruited 100 new observers to serve as ‘attentional recipients’. These observers viewed each image, but now passively, through a moving window which reproduced the viewing pattern of either the Experiment 1 observer who Liked it Most, or the observer who Liked it Least. Recipients gave substantially higher ratings to an image when they received the viewing pattern of the observer who Liked it Most, compared to when they received the viewing pattern of the observer who Liked it Least. Based on this success, we speculate about several additional ways in which attentional transplants could be used in virtual and mixed reality systems, in order to achieve desired cognitive and affective outcomes.
Background Accurate assessment of self-perceived stress is crucial because perceived stress has been linked to post-stroke depression in persons with aphasia and may be related to linguistic performance. Measuring self-reported perceived stress can be difficult in persons with aphasia (PWA) due to linguistic impairments; therefore, using proxy ratings could be an alternative. The accuracy of proxy ratings of perceived stress may be influenced by the proxy’s familiarity with the person with aphasia and/or the condition of aphasia. Additionally, accuracy may be affected by genuine or mistaken signs of perceived stress in PWA due to linguistic behavioural markers common in both stress and aphasia. An observation of stress in a PWA may also trigger a stress response in the proxy. This physiological stress response, known as stress contagion, may be mediated by trait empathy and impact proxy ratings of perceived stress in PWA.Aims The current study investigates the accuracy of proxy ratings of perceived stress made by proxy reporters unfamiliar with PWA and unfamiliar with aphasia by exploring the agreement between PWA self- and unfamiliar proxy-reported stress ratings, the effect of aphasia severity on proxy ratings, stress contagion, and the contribution of trait empathy to proxy ratings.Methods & Procedures Fifty-five proxy reporters unfamiliar with aphasia self-reported their trait empathy and perceived stress, then watched two video cases of unfamiliar PWA and rated the stress of the PWA and their own stress level.Outcomes & Results No correlation was found between self-report and unfamiliar proxy report of PWA perceived stress. Aphasia severity did not affect proxy ratings. The proxy reporter’s self-reported stress matched the PWA’s stress level. Trait empathy did not predict proxy ratings.Conclusions The lack of association between PWA self-report and the ratings of proxy reporters unfamiliar with PWA and aphasia indicates that unfamiliar proxy ratings are not ideal for representing objective measures of perceived stress. While aphasia severity does not affect ratings by proxy reporters unfamiliar with PWA and aphasia, unfamiliar proxy reporters may overestimate perceived stress levels in PWA. The correlation between proxy reporter self-report and PWA self-report suggests that some aspect of stress contagion is present.
Purpose Music performance facilitates prosociality across many cultures and contexts. Interestingly, the relationship between prosociality and sensorimotor synchronization (SMS) has so far primarily been demonstrated in the context of in-phase synchrony with only a few mixed results for anti-phase coordination. In anti-phase coordination, participants move at the same rate, at opposite phases, which also requires high levels of coordination and attention. This case is particularly relevant for music and prosociality, as music regularly involves naturalistic anti-phase coordination. We thus tested whether anti-phase synchronization is as effective as in-phase synchronization at eliciting prosocial behavior. Methods Dyads ( N = 50 dyads) were randomly assigned to complete four trials of a drumming sensorimotor synchronization-continuation task (SCT) either alone, synchronously or in anti-phase. Before and after the drumming task, dyads completed a behavioral economics game involving trust. Additionally, a questionnaire about trust, cooperation, affect, and similarity was given after the drumming task. Results Cooperation rates in the stag-hunt game were near ceiling (~87%) across all conditions pre-SCT, with negligible change after the drumming task. Questionnaire items were analyzed using Bayesian probit mixed effects models to account for dyadic sampling and ordinal data, and to provide evidence in favor of the null hypothesis. Models provided moderate to extremely strong evidence that the anti-phase and in-phase coordination conditions rated their affect, trust, similarity, and cooperation more strongly than dyads in the alone condition (all BF 10 &gt; 3). When only comparing the anti-phase and in-phase conditions, moderate evidence in favor of the null (i.e., that phase does not affect ratings) was found for all questions (all BF 10 &lt; 0.3). Descriptions of the posterior, as well as leave-one-out cross validation (LOO) results, were in general accordance with the Bayes Factor results. Conclusion Evidence indicates anti-phase drumming coordination is as effective as in-phase in increasing perceived trust, cooperation, affect, and similarity. Future analyses will examine how other characteristics of the drumming coordination, such as the lag-1 autocorrelation and variability of the inter-tap interval time-series, relate to prosocial behavior and ratings of trust and cooperation.
Background: Distinctive aspects of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to internal carotid artery occlusion (ICAO) include severe presenting deficits, extensive infarct volumes, frequent poor functional outcome, and mortality. Decision-making for thrombectomy, hemicraniectomy, and palliative care depends crucially upon infarct extent but the most widely used current image rating scale, ASPECTS, assesses only 10 regions confined to the MCA field. Methods: We developed the hemispheric-ASPECTS (H-ASPECTS) rating scale that assesses the entire extent of the ICA-supplied brain. The 16-point H-ASPECTS score adds to original MC-ASPECTS (10 regions), assessments of 3 ACA regions, 2 supratentorial PCA regions (thalamus, occipital - potentially fetal ICA-supplied), and 1 anterior choroidal artery region (Figure). We rated initial and 24h CT/MR in consecutive AIS-ICAO patients. Results: Among the AIS-ICAO patients (n=17), age was 68.5 (±15.8), 52.9% female, NIHSS median 20 (IQR 14-22). Occlusion locations were: carotid T 47%; cervical 47%; isolated intracranial ICA 6%. Treatment included EVT ± IV lysis in 59% and hemicraniectomy in 6%. Time from last known well to 1st imaging was 9.6h and 2nd imaging 35h. On 1st imaging H-ASPECTS scores were median 12 (IQR 11-14); on 2nd imaging 10 (IQR 6.5-12.5). Involvement of regions outside MCA, detected by the H-ASPECTS, occurred in 47% of patients, including ACA in 35%, PCA in 12%, and AChA in 6%. Second image H-ASPECTS correlated strongly with discharge mRS, r=0.66 (p=0.007). Conclusions: H-ASPECTS expands the scope of AIS imaging scores, captured abnormalities outside the MCA field in 47% of patients with ICAO, and correlated well with discharge disability level outcome. The additional information H-ASPECTS provides may enhance decision-making in ICAO patients with large ischemic cores, including for endovascular thrombectomy and hemicraniectomy.
While several dimensional sentiment resources with valence-arousal annotations exist, they are not appropriate for domain-specific sentiment applications, especially psychological counseling texts which usually contain more high-negative and high-arousal words and phrases. This study (1) builds a Chinese valence-arousal resource in the psychological counseling domain called CVAT-PC, the first text corpus including 2,400 multi-sentence texts for psychological counseling with valence-arousal ratings manually annotated based on the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) rating scale, and (2) evaluates the proposed resource using different transformer-based models, including ELECTRA, XLNet, BERT, MacBERT and RoBERTa. We plan to release the entire CVAT-PC corpus with fully annotated valence-arousal ratings to facilitate future development in related research areas.
This work considers implementation of a diachronic predictor of valence, arousal and dominance ratings of English words. The estimation of affective ratings is based on data on word co-occurrence statistics in the large diachronic Google Books Ngram corpus. Affective ratings from the NRC VAD dictionary are used as target values for training. When tested on synchronic data, the obtained Pearson‘s correlation coefficients between human affective ratings and their machine ratings are 0.843, 0.779 and 0.792 for valence, aroused and dominance, respectively. We also provide a detailed analysis of the accuracy of the predictor on diachronic data. The main result of the work is creation of a diachronic affective dictionary of English words. Several examples are considered that illustrate jumps in the time series of affective ratings when a word gains a new meaning. This indicates that changes in affective ratings can serve as markers of lexical-semantic changes.
Emotional properties of words can profoundly affect their processing, depending on both the valence (pleasantness) and the degree of arousal (excitation) that the word elicits. Words that are strongly emotionally arousing (such as taboo words) can interfere with subsequent language processing (White & Abrams, 2021). However, little is known about whether or how aging affects the processing of highly arousing language. The present study provides a characterization of how adults across the lifespan evaluate highly arousing language with a simple rating task that included taboo words, which have previously been used to examine lexical interference caused by arousal, and humorous words, which are also highly arousing without being negatively valenced. While arousal ratings were strongly positively correlated with both tabooness and humor ratings for young adults, these relationships weakened with age and overall arousal ratings were lower for middle-aged and older adults compared to young adults. Age effects cannot be readily accounted for by age-related differences in psychosocial variables such as self-reported profanity avoidance or religiosity. The effect of age on arousal should be considered in the design of studies examining age-related changes in emotional language processing. Furthermore, age differences in arousal should be considered as a potential mechanism in studies exploring emotional language processing across adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Using validated stimulus material is crucial for ensuring research comparability and replicability. However, many databases rely solely on bidimensional valence ratings, ranging from negative to positive. While this material might be appropriate for certain studies, it does not reflect the complexity of attitudes and therefore might hamper the unambiguous interpretation of some study results. In fact, most databases cannot differentiate between neutral (i.e., neither positive nor negative) and ambivalent (i.e., simultaneously positive and negative) attitudes. Consequently, even presumably univalent (only positive or negative) stimuli cannot be clearly distinguished from ambivalent ones when selected via bipolar rating scales. In the present research, we introduce the Trier Univalence Neutrality Ambivalence (TUNA) database, a database containing 304,262 validation ratings from heterogeneous samples of 3,232 participants and at least 20 (M = 27.3, SD = 4.84) ratings per self-report scale per picture for a variety of attitude objects on split semantic differential scales. As these scales measure positive and negative evaluations independently, the TUNA database allows to distinguish univalence, neutrality, and ambivalence (i.e., potential ambivalence). TUNA also goes beyond previous databases by validating the stimulus materials on affective outcomes such as experiences of conflict (i.e., felt ambivalence), arousal, anger, disgust, and empathy. The TUNA database consists of 796 pictures and is compatible with other popular databases. It sets a focus on food pictures in various forms (e.g., raw vs. cooked, non-processed vs. highly processed), but includes pictures of other objects that are typically used in research to study univalent (e.g., flowers) and ambivalent (e.g., money, cars) attitudes for comparison. Furthermore, to facilitate the stimulus selection the TUNA database has an accompanying desktop app that allows easy stimulus selection via a multitude of filter options.
Abstract Discourse analysis is a highly applicable area of natural language processing. In English and other languages, resources for discourse-based tasks are widely available. Thai, however, has hitherto lacked such resources. We present the Thai Discourse Treebank, the first, large Thai corpus annotated in the style of the Penn Discourse Treebank. The resulting corpus has over 10,000 sentences and 18,000 instances of connectives in 33 different relations. We release the corpus alongside our list of 148 potentially polysemous discourse connectives with a total of 340 form-sense pairs and their classification criteria to facilitate future research. We also develop models for connective identification and classification tasks. Our best models achieve an F1 of 0.96 in the identification task and 0.46 on the sense classification task. Our results serve as benchmarks for future models for Thai discourse tasks.
The growing interest in harnessing natural environments to enhance mental health, including cognitive functioning and mood, has yielded encouraging results in initial studies. Given that images of nature have demonstrated similar benefits, they are frequently employed as proxies for real-world environments. To ensure precision and control, researchers often manipulate images of natural environments. The effectiveness of this approach relies on standardization of imagery, and therefore, inconsistency in methods and stimuli has limited the synthesis of research findings in the area. Responding to these limitations, the current paper introduces the Salford Nature Environments Database (SNED), a standardized database of natural images created to support ongoing research into the benefits of nature exposure. The SNED currently exists as the most comprehensive nature image database available, comprising 500 high-quality, standardized photographs capturing a variety of possible natural environments across the seasons. It also includes normative scores for user-rated (801 participants) characteristics of fascination, refuge and prospect, compatibility, preference, valence, arousal, and approach-avoidance, as well as data on physical properties of the images, specifically luminance, contrast, entropy, CIELAB colour space parameter values, and fractal dimensions. All image ratings and content detail, along with participant details, are freely available online. Researchers are encouraged to use this open-access database in accordance with the specific aims and design of their study. The SNED represents a valuable resource for continued research in areas such as nature-based therapy, social prescribing, and experimental approaches investigating underlying mechanisms that help explain how natural environments improve mental health and wellbeing.
This paper examines the challenges involved in creating a lexical database for Georgian dialects. It begins by outlining the methodological approaches to data collection and formatting, followed by an overview of the current version of the database, and its applications for linguistic analysis. Designed to facilitate a wide range of research, the database supports investigations such as Levenshtein distance calculations and diachronic and diatopic comparisons. The long-term goal of this project is to develop an open, accessible resource that can be gradually enriched with new data, advancing computational tools and deepening our understanding of Georgian and Kartvelian dialects.
This study investigates the potential of large language models (LLMs) to provide accurate estimates of concreteness, valence, and arousal for multi-word expressions. Unlike previous artificial intelligence (AI) methods, LLMs can capture the nuanced meanings of multi-word expressions. We systematically evaluated GPT-4o's ability to predict concreteness, valence, and arousal. In Study 1, GPT-4o showed strong correlations with human concreteness ratings (r =.8) for multi-word expressions. In Study 2, these findings were repeated for valence and arousal ratings of individual words, matching or outperforming previous AI models. Studies 3-5 extended the valence and arousal analysis to multi-word expressions and showed good validity of the LLM-generated estimates for these stimuli as well. To help researchers with stimulus selection, we provide datasets with LLM-generated norms of concreteness, valence, and arousal for 126,397 English single words and 63,680 multi-word expressions.
Introduction: In recent works, a new psycholinguistic concept has been introduced and studied that is socialness of a word. A socialness rating reflects word social significance and dictionaries with socialness ratings have been compiled using either a survey or machine method. Unfortunately, the size of the dictionaries with word socialness ratings created by a survey method is relatively small. Purpose: The study objective is to compile a large dictionary with English word socialness ratings by using machine extrapolation, transfer the rating estimations to other languages as well as to obtain diachronic models of socialness ratings. Method: The socialness ratings of words are estimated using multilayer direct propagation neural networks. To obtain synchronic estimates, pre-trained fasttext vectors were fed to the input. To obtain diachronic estimates, word co-occurrence statistics in a large diachronic corpus was used. Results: The obtained Spearman`s correlation coefficient between human socialness ratings and machine ones is 0.869. The trained models allowed obtaining socialness ratings for 2 million English words, as well as a wide range of words in 43 other languages. An unexpected result is that the linear model provides highly accurate estimate of the socialness ratings, which can be hardly further improved. Apparently, this is due to the fact that in the space of vectors representing words there is a selected direction responsible for meanings associated with socialness driven by of social factors influencing word representation and use. The article also presents a diachronic neural network predictor of concreteness ratings using word co- occurrence vectors as input data. It is shown that using a one-year data from a large diachronic corpus Google Books Ngram one can obtain accuracy comparable to the accuracy of synchronic estimates. Conclusion: The created large machine dictionary of socialness ratings can be used in psycholinguistic and cultural studies. Changes in socialness ratings can serve as a marker of word meaning change and be used in lexical semantic change detection
LAGT is s a dataset of lemmatized ancient Greek texts, combining works from the Perseus Digital Library, the First 1000 Years of Greek project, the GLAUx corpus, and a subset of additional early Christian texts added gradually. The scripts used to produce this dataset are available from Github. Version v4.1 is the last independently released version of the dataset. Since v5.0, we publish only the code for the preprocessing pipeline, while the textual data are ported directly into the GreLa database. In version v4.1, LAGT includes 1,958 works from more than 475 authors, covering 35,809,325 tokens of raw text. It includes only works from the period from the 8th c. BCE to the 6th c. CE. Since version 4.0, LAGT dataset consists of two parts: Main tabular dataset, containing all metadata and also lemmatized filtered sentences, offered here as a parquet file, to be loaded into python directly as a pandas dataframe object. Morphological data for each document within the corpus with one JSON file per document. Each file is represented as a list of sentences, and each sentence is accompanied by a simplified morphological annotation, containing token, lemma, simplified postag and a positional index of the token. The directory with these files has to be downloaded and unzipped, e.g. in "data/large_files/ subdirectory of a repository or so. The tabular dataset might be loaded directly into a Python environment as a dataframe using the Pandas library. You can load the dataset directly into your Python environment using the following piece of code: import pandas as pdLAGT = pd.read_parquet("https://zenodo.org/records/13889714/files/LAGT_v4-1.parquet?download=1") Individual works are represented by rows and columns represent attributes, such as the author ID (“doc_id”, e.g. “tlg0086”) and document ID (“doc_id”, e.g. “tlg010”) inherited from the source corpora, the date of creation expressed by means of an interval (“not_before” and “not_after”), manually annotated religious provenience as either pagan, Jewish or Christian (“provenience” attribute) etc., which allow various forms of sorting and filtering. The dating information is coded by means of the “not_before” and “not_after” attributes on the level of authors and with the precision of centuries. Concerning lemmatization, the dataset contains lemmatized sentences in the "lemmatized_sentences" attribute in form of a list-of-lists, with sublist elements representing individual lemmata. It contains only nouns, proper names, verbs and adjectives.Wherever available, the lemmata are based on avaialable Treebank data, such as the GLAUx corpus (see below).Where not, the GreCy model for spaCy is employed for automatic annotation. The source of the lemmata for individual documents is documented in the "lemmata_source" attribute. Since version 4.0, the lemmata come exclusively either from GLAUx or from grecy. "glaux": lemmata from a large portion of *automatically* annotated ancient Greek texts, extracted from https://github.com/perseids-publications/glaux-trees/tree/master/public/xml "grecy": lemmata obtain from *automatically* annotated ancient Greek texts by means of the *grecy* model for *spaCy*.
Perception of passing time can be distorted. 1 Emotional experiences, particularly arousal, can contract or expand experienced duration via their interactions with attentional and sensory processing mechanisms. 2, 3 Current models suggest that perceived duration can be encoded from accumulation processes 4, 5 and from temporally evolving neural dynamics. 6, 7 Yet all neural dynamics and information processing ensue at the backdrop of continuous interoceptive signals originating from within the body. Indeed, phasic fluctuations within the cardiac cycle impact neural and information processing. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 Here, we show that these momentary cardiac fluctuations distort experienced time and that their effect interacts with subjectively experienced arousal. In a temporal bisection task, durations (200–400 ms) of an emotionally neutral visual shape or auditory tone (experiment 1) or of an image displaying happy or fearful facial expressions (experiment 2) were categorized as short or long. 16 Across both experiments, stimulus presentation was time-locked to systole, when the heart contracts and baroreceptors fire signals to the brain, and to diastole, when the heart relaxes, and baroreceptors are quiescent. When participants judged the duration of emotionally neural stimuli (experiment 1), systole led to temporal contraction, whereas diastole led to temporal expansion. Such cardiac-led distortions were further modulated by the arousal ratings of the perceived facial expressions (experiment 2). At low arousal, systole contracted while diastole expanded time, but as arousal increased, this cardiac-led time distortion disappeared, shifting duration perception toward contraction. Thus, experienced time contracts and expands within each heartbeat—a balance that is disrupted under heightened arousal.
Muitas organizações têm dificuldade em recuperar e extrair informações dos seus repositórios de documentos técnicos, em especial operadoras de óleo e gás que há várias décadas acumulam relatórios e documentos geocientíficos. No entanto, a maior parte dos recursos linguísticos para o processamento de linguagem natural é extraída de páginas da internet em inglês. Neste artigo, apresentamos os recursos linguísticos desenvolvidos ao longo do projeto Petrolês, com ênfase no PetroNer, corpus padrão ouro anotado com entidades do domínio, dependências sintáticas, e alinhado a uma ontologia de conceitos geológicos. Relatamos o processo de construção do PetroGold, treebank padrão ouro usado na geração de um modelo customizado para anotação de dependências sintáticas, e detalhamos o processo de anotação de entidades no PetroNer, realizado por meio de regras. Também realizamos um estudo sobre a aplicação das regras no corpus e, por fim, descrevemos características linguísticas do material que compõe o Petrolês, comparando-o com um corpus de textos jornalísticos.
Emotion measurement is crucial to conducting emotion research. Numerous studies have extensively employed textual scales for psychological and organizational behavior research. However, emotions are transient states of organisms with relatively short duration, some insurmountable limitations of textual scales have been reported, including low reliability for single measurement or susceptibility to learning effects for multiple repeated use. In the present article, we introduce the Highly Dynamic and Reusable Picture-based Scale (HDRPS), which was randomly generated based on 3,386 realistic, high-quality photographs that are divided into five categories (people, animals, plants, objects, and scenes). Affective ratings of the photographs were gathered from 14 experts and 209 professional judges. The HDRPS was validated using the Self-Assessment Manikin and the PANAS by 751 participants. With an accuracy of 89.73%, this new tool allows researchers to measure individual emotions continuously for their research. The non-commercial use of the HDRPS system can be freely accessible by request at http://syy.imagesoft.cc:8989/Pictures.7z. HDRPS is used for non-commercial academic research only. As some of the images are collected through the open network, it is difficult to trace the source, so please contact the author if there are any copyright issues.
The beginnings of words are, in some informal sense, special. This intuition is widely shared, for example, when playing word games. Less apparent is whether the intuition is substantiated empirically and what the underlying organizational principle(s) might be. Here, we answer this seemingly simple question in a quantitatively clear way. Based on arguments about the interplay between lexical storage and speech processing, we examine whether the distribution of information among different speech sounds of words is governed by a critical computational unit for online speech perception and production: syllables. By analyzing lexical databases of twelve languages, we demonstrate that there is a compelling asymmetry between syllable beginnings (onsets) versus ends (codas) in their involvement in distinguishing words stored in the lexicon. In particular, we show that the functional advantage of syllable onset reflects an asymmetrical distribution of lexical informativeness within the syllable unit but not an effect of a global decay of informativeness from the beginning to the end of a word. The converging finding across languages from a range of typological families supports the conjecture that the syllable unit, while being a critical primitive for both speech perception and production, is also a key organizational constraint for lexical storage.
The present study aimed to establish and develop an online de novo conditioning paradigm for the measurement of conditioned disgust responses. We further explored the effects of explicit instructions about the CS-UCS contingency on extinction learning and retrieval of conditioned disgust responses. The study included a sample of 115 healthy participants. Geometric figures served as conditioned stimuli (CS) and disgust-evoking pictures as unconditioned stimuli (UCS). During disgust conditioning, the CS+ was paired with the UCS (66% reinforcement) and the CS- remained unpaired; during extinction and retrieval, no UCS was presented. Half of the participants (n = 54) received instructions prior to the disgust extinction stating that the UCS will not be presented anymore. 1-2 days or 7-8 days later participants performed a retrieval test. CS-UCS contingency, disgust and valence ratings were used as dependent measures. Successful acquisition of conditioned disgust response was observed on the level of CS-UCS contingency, disgust and valence ratings. While some decline in valence and disgust ratings during the extinction stage was observed, contingency instructions did not significantly affect extinction performance. Retrieval one week later revealed that contingency instructions increased the discrimination of the CSs. Extinction of conditioned disgust responses is not affected by explicit knowledge of the CS-UCS contingencies. However, contingency instructions prior to extinction seem to have a detrimental effect on long-term extinction retrieval.
Abstract Stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms can be reduced by listening to music, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To address this gap, we measured brain connectivity while participants listened to songs of different genres: ambient, pop, and metal. Additionally, affective ratings were obtained while participants ( n = 30) listened to the six different songs, and subjective ratings of state anxiety were solicited at the terminus of each song. Electroencephalography (EEG) connectivity combining weighted Phase Lag Index and graph theory was utilised to document brain activity during listening. Repeated-measures ANOVA indicated that listening to more pleasant and less arousing songs was associated with lower self-reported state anxiety levels than songs rated unpleasant and highly arousing. Of interest, EEG alpha connectivity differed across two ambient songs, particularly in the frontal lobes, despite being from the same genre and rated as highly pleasant and low in arousal. We also observed a sex effect on EEG results, where female participants ( n = 18) displayed stronger connectivity than male participants ( n = 12). Combined, these results suggest that ambient songs reduce state anxiety but have divergent brain responses, possibly reflecting the complex nature of music listening, including sensory processing, emotion and cognition.
The paper traces the dynamics of the interpretation of the grammatical nature of the vocative in Ukrainian grammars from the 16th century until the present. The subject of the analysis is the content and presentation of this category in two sections of Ukrainian grammar books: (1) morphological, which clarifies the status of the vocative in the inflectional paradigm of the noun, and (2) syntactic, in which the means of expressing address are characterized. Based on the findings of the research, various trends in the description of the vocative in different historical periods have been identified, in particular: (1) until the beginning of the 20th, it was unequivocally qualified as an equal member of the inflectional paradigm of the noun, equal to other cases; (2) from the beginning of the 20th century to 1933 was a period of competition between two theories (the vocative is a case the same as others or the vocative is not a true case, but a “special” form in the inflectional paradigm of the noun); (3) the canonization of the “fake case” status theory; (4) from 1991 to the present there has been an unanimity of authors in qualifying the vocative as a case. Comparing the stages of fundamental changes in the scientific definition of the vocative in grammars with defining events in the history of Ukraine provides the basis for discussions about the influence of socio–political factors on the representation of linguistic theories and the codification of the linguistic norms.
This study aimed to examine whether Japanese participants condition spoken words' meanings to written pseudowords. In Survey 1, we selected spoken words associated with negative (α =.91) and positive (α =.79) features for Experiment 1 and passive (α =.90) and active (α =.80) features for Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, participants evaluated four written pseudowords' emotional valence using a 7-point semantic differential scale (1: negative; 7: positive) before and after conditioning spoken words with negative, neutral, or positive features to each pseudoword. In the conditioning phase, participants read each pseudoword, listened to a spoken word, and verbally repeated each spoken word. The results showed that a pseudoword was conditioned to spoken words with positive and negative features. In Experiment 2, participants evaluated four pseudowords' activeness using a 7-point semantic differential scale (1: passive; 7: active) before and after conditioning spoken words of passive, neutral, and active features to each written pseudoword. In the conditioning phase, the participants read each written pseudoword, listened to a spoken word, and repeated the spoken word. The results showed that the activeness evaluations were more increased for pseudowords conditioned to spoken words of active and neutral features after conditioning than before conditioning but were unchanged for a pseudoword conditioned to those with passive features before and after conditioning. Additonally, Survey 2's results showed that although the positiveness and activeness responses of the words used in Experiments 1 and 2 were controlled well, the lack of significant differences among positiveness responses of words may influence the evaluative conditioning in Experiment 2. That is, when participants condition passive (low arousal) words' activeness (arousal) ratings to those of pseudowords, words' positiveness (valence) ratings would be important in the evaluative conditioning. Our findings suggest that participants can condition spoken word meanings of preference and activeness to those of written pseudowords. It also indicates that linguistically evaluative conditioning's effects are robust in a non-alphabetic language.
Feeling happy, or judging whether someone else is feeling happy are two distinct facets of emotions that nevertheless rely on similar physiological and neural activity. Differentiating between these two states, also called Self/Other distinction, is an essential aspect of empathy, but how exactly is it implemented? In non-emotional cognition, the transient neural response evoked at each heartbeat, or heartbeat evoked response (HER), indexes the self and signals Self/Other distinction. Here, using electroencephalography (n = 32), we probe whether HERs' role in Self/Other distinction extends also to emotion - a domain where brain-body interactions are particularly relevant. We asked participants to rate independently validated affective scenes, reporting either their own emotion (Self) or the emotion expressed by people in the scene (Other). During the visual cue indicating to adopt the Self or Other perspective, before the affective scene, HERs distinguished between the two conditions, in visual cortices as well as in the right frontal operculum. Physiological reactivity (facial electromyogram, skin conductance, heart rate) during affective scene co-varied as expected with valence and arousal ratings, but also with the Self- or Other- perspective adopted. Finally, HERs contributed to the subjective experience of valence in the Self condition, in addition to and independently from physiological reactivity. We thus show that HERs represent a trans-domain marker of Self/Other distinction, here specifically contributing to experienced valence. We propose that HERs represent a form of evidence related to the 'I' part of the judgement 'To which extent do I feel happy'. The 'I' related evidence would be combined with the affective evidence collected during affective scene presentation, accounting at least partly for the difference between feeling an emotion and identifying it in someone else.
Listening to music is an enjoyable behaviour that engages multiple networks of brain regions. As such, the act of music listening may offer a way to interrogate network activity, and to examine the reconfigurations of brain networks that have been observed in healthy aging. The present study is an exploratory examination of brain network dynamics during music listening in healthy older and younger adults. Network measures were extracted and analyzed together with behavioural data using a combination of hidden Markov modelling and partial least squares. We found age- and preference-related differences in fMRI data collected during music listening in healthy younger and older adults. Both age groups showed higher occupancy (the proportion of time a network was active) in a temporal-mesolimbic network while listening to self-selected music. Activity in this network was strongly positively correlated with liking and familiarity ratings in younger adults, but less so in older adults. Additionally, older adults showed a higher degree of correlation between liking and familiarity ratings consistent with past behavioural work on age-related dedifferentiation. We conclude that, while older adults do show network and behaviour patterns consistent with dedifferentiation, activity in the temporal-mesolimbic network is relatively robust to dedifferentiation. These findings may help explain how music listening remains meaningful and rewarding in old age.
This article reports data from a qualitative study conducted within the elitist English-medium schools in three cities of Pakistan to claim that theory building, and English teaching practices are still modeled on monolingual biases inherent in the orthodox notions of linguistic purism and Anglo-normative traditions of the 1990s. Orthodoxy is manifest in schools’ strong emphasis on direct method and communicative language teaching, and essentialist language management where English is enforced as the sole legitimate language of academic and non-academic transactions. Native language use is attached a stigma and viewed as deficiency in the English language. Such Anglo-normative culture invokes guilty conscience in teachers and students as they disapprove native languages even when they know that they can serve as useful meditating tools for effective content transfer. Crucially, amid English gatekeepers’ celebratory attitudes toward English as the sole legitimate language, some teachers still demonstrate deviation from the pervasive linguistic norms. Showing reflexivity and agency, these teachers ideologically oppose the official policy. They discursively generate spaces for negotiating and appropriating the official policies, which signifies that language policy can be a complex multi-layered process rather than a linear, discrete, or top-down phenomenon. Teachers’ agency is interpreted as ‘decolonial performativity’.
The Wall Street Journal section of the Penn Treebank has been the de-facto standard for evaluating POS taggers for a long time, and accuracies over 97\% have been reported. However, less is known about out-of-domain tagger performance, especially with fine-grained label sets. Using data from Elder Scrolls Fandom, a wiki about the \textit{Elder Scrolls} video game universe, we create a modest dataset for qualitatively evaluating the cross-domain performance of two POS taggers: the Stanford tagger (Toutanova et al. 2003) and Bilty (Plank et al. 2016), both trained on WSJ. Our analyses show that performance on tokens seen during training is almost as good as in-domain performance, but accuracy on unknown tokens decreases from 90.37% to 78.37% (Stanford) and 87.84\% to 80.41\% (Bilty) across domains. Both taggers struggle with proper nouns and inconsistent capitalization.
Background Reducing the amount of contrast agent needed for contrast-enhanced breast MRI is desirable. Purpose To investigate if generative adversarial networks (GANs) can recover contrast-enhanced breast MRI scans from unenhanced images and virtual low-contrast-enhanced images. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study of breast MRI performed from January 2010 to December 2019, simulated low-contrast images were produced by adding virtual noise to the existing contrast-enhanced images. GANs were then trained to recover the contrast-enhanced images from the simulated low-contrast images (approach A) or from the unenhanced T1- and T2-weighted images (approach B). Two experienced radiologists were tasked with distinguishing between real and synthesized contrast-enhanced images using both approaches. Image appearance and conspicuity of enhancing lesions on the real versus synthesized contrast-enhanced images were independently compared and rated on a five-point Likert scale. P values were calculated by using bootstrapping. Results A total of 9751 breast MRI examinations from 5086 patients (mean age, 56 years ± 10 [SD]) were included. Readers who were blinded to the nature of the images could not distinguish real from synthetic contrast-enhanced images (average accuracy of differentiation: approach A, 52 of 100; approach B, 61 of 100). The test set included images with and without enhancing lesions (29 enhancing masses and 21 nonmass enhancement; 50 total). When readers who were not blinded compared the appearance of the real versus synthetic contrast-enhanced images side by side, approach A image ratings were significantly higher than those of approach B (mean rating, 4.6 ± 0.1 vs 3.0 ± 0.2; P <.001), with the noninferiority margin met by synthetic images from approach A (P <.001) but not B (P >.99). Conclusion Generative adversarial networks may be useful to enable breast MRI with reduced contrast agent dose. © RSNA, 2023 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Bahl in this issue.
We examined the effects of an informative pitch and multisensory contexts as potential factors influencing individuals’ experience of tofu with soy sauce and the amount consumed outside the lab. Two hundred and sixteen participants watched one of two pitches (promoting either vegetarian diets or exercise) and were guided into one of three multisensory contexts (‘sustainable’, ‘meat’, or ‘neutral’ theme). Participants rated the aroma and appearance of soy sauce and the taste of tofu dipped in it using the intuitive ‘one touch’ EmojiGrid valence and arousal measuring tool. Our results showed that the ‘meat’ context increased arousal ratings for soy sauce and the tendency to consume more tofu relative to the other contexts. Pitch did not influence affective ratings or amounts consumed. We conclude that the multisensory context has the potential to positively affect peoples’ choices and perceptions of plant-based and sustainable food and promote its consumption.
International audience
Numerous studies have been conducted on the interpretation and translation of English terms into other languages. The purpose of this study was to identify the adequate Indonesian equivalent terminology for hotel amenities, services, and facilities applied in English and the strategies utilized by both domestic and international hotel guests in understanding the equivalent terms in their native language. Qualitative research methodology was used. The subjects included 10 domestic guests from a 5-star hotel, 10 domestic guests from a 4-star hotel, 5 international guests from a 3-star hotel, and 2 hotel staff from a 5-star hotel, 3 staff from a 4-star hotel, and 1 staff from a 3-star hotel. The findings demonstrated that some of the English terms commonly used in hotels had Indonesian equivalents, and some did not. The international guests strategies were: 1) searching in an online dictionary or a Google search; 2) asking people they met nearby immediately; and 3) guessing the meaning. Domestic guests’ strategies included: (a) asking other guests or hotel staff for clarification; and (b) guessing the meaning. Future research should overcome the limitations of this study, considering translations and linguistic norms training strategies.
Abstract This chapter discusses the preparatory work of creating a collection of corpora, together functioning as a multifaceted corpus of the same sign language, across three data subsets of signing in different modalities and on different learning levels, namely visual signing (deaf/hard-of-hearing/CODA), tactile signing (deafblind), and L2 signing (hearing second-language learners). This work, led by native signers and based on personal experiences in the research field, involved planning and adapting data collection and annotation of the Swedish Sign Language corpora over time to ensure a corpus infrastructure that is uniform across data sets, compatible with a parallel lexical database, and available as a searchable resource for the public.
The goal of the work is to enhance existing financial market forecasting frameworks by including an additional factor–in this example, a collection of carefully chosen tweets—into a long-short repetitive neural channel. In order to produce attributes for such a forecast, this research used a unique attitude analysis approach that combined psychological labelling and a valence rating that represented the strength of the sentiment. Both lexicons produced extra properties such 2-level polarization, 3-level polarization, gross reactivity, as well as total valence. The emotional polarity explicitly marked into the database contrasted well with outcomes of the innovative lexicon approach. Plotting the outcomes of each of these concepts against actual market rates of the equities examined has been the concluding step in this analysis. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), preciseness, as well as Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) were used to evaluate the results. Across most instances of market forecasting, attaching an additional factor has been proven to reduce the RMSE and increase the precision of forecasts over lengthy sequences.
Analiza glagolskih valencijskih okvira obuhvaća opis i popis broja i vrste dopuna kojima određen glagol otvara mjesto u rečenici, odnosno kojima glagol upravlja na sintaktičkome i morfološkome planu. Nakon teorijskoga razmatranja karakteristika valencije i prijelaznosti te pregleda hrvatskih jezičnih resursa koji se na njima temelje, u ovome se radu predstavlja računalni opis glagolskih okvira koji počiva na stvarnoj jezičnoj uporabi. Kao izvor korpusnih podataka odabrana je ovisnosna banka stabala SETimes-HR, trenutačno najveći korpus za hrvatski jezik obilježen na sintaktičkoj razini, koji je označen i mrežno dostupan u sklopu projekta Universal Dependencies (https://universaldependencies.org/hr/). Na primjeru dvoprijelaznih glagola razrađen je model izvlačenja valencijskih okvira uz pomoć paketa pyconll u programskome jeziku Python. Utvrđene su pogreške kod označivanja i poteškoće pri računalnome modeliranju ovisnosne strukture glagola te su predložena rješenja za njih. Kvantitativna analiza dobivenih podataka pokazala je da su dvoprijelazni okviri rijetki u korpusu, ali da se dvoprijelazni glagoli često ostvaruju u drugim valencijskim okvirima. Naposljetku je uveden koncept sintaktičkih n-grama i kolokacija, kojima se mogu proširiti mogućnosti izvlačenja okvira i poboljšati točnost modela. Predstavljena metoda pokazala se korisnom i primjenjivom u budućim istraživanjima valencije i glagolske sintakse te razvoju jezičnih tehnologija za hrvatski jezik.