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16504 papers
User ratings are widely used in web systems and applications to provide personalized interaction and to help other users make better choices. Previous research has shown that rating scale features and user personality can both influence users’ rating behaviour, but relatively little work has been devoted to understanding if the effects of rating scale features may vary depending on users’ personality. In this paper, we study the impact of scale granularity and colour on the ratings of individuals with different personalities, represented according to the Big Five model. To this aim, we carried out a user study with 203 participants, in the context of a web-based survey where users were assigned an image rating task. Our results confirm that both colour and granularity can affect user ratings, but their specific effects also depend on user scores for certain personality traits, in particular agreeableness, openness to experience and conscientiousness.
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Perceived density was examined as two architectural design features were varied: wider wall location in trapezoid-shaped apartments and window size. Subjects rated perceived density and positive affect following presentation of apartment units with these features changed but with the same amount of space. Two electroencephalogram (EEG) measures were examined: event-related desynchronization modulation (Mu-Rhythm) and Theta power – both associated with movement planning. There was an interaction of design features – the wide wall was at the entrance (appears narrowing) with a narrow window, was rated higher for perceived density compared to all other conditions. There was also an interaction for Mu Rhythm – greater modulation for incongruence: widening apartments with narrow windows or narrowing apartments with wide windows. Theta power results indicated a window size main effect – increased Theta power in wider window conditions. These findings support the idea that density perception is linked with movement planning and could lead to guidelines for architectural design in limited spaces to enhance wellbeing.
The proposed research is focused on different language means of verbalization of the concept SECURITY, namely on the comparative description of the cultural peculiarities of the notions of danger and risk as its basic constituents.Special attention is paid to the linguistic aspect of the SECURITY concept, which is accomplished due to semantic and pragmatic analysis of key lexical units, phraseological units, including special terms, related to the lexical fields of rescue actions, disasters and emergencies.The authors also highlight language means of expression of the concept of SECURITY, namely the lexical field "life safety" taking into consideration the conceptualization of natural disasters, technological disasters related to fire, water and other phenomena of everyday life in naive and scientific models of the cultural world (stereotypes, norms, evaluation, comparisons, beliefs, vernacular signs).The core of the concept SECURITY are such phrases as "to be in danger", "to expose anyone to danger or risk", "to be consciously exposed to danger", "to avoid danger" and some cognitive metaphors, that reflect naive ideas of the notions of danger, definitive, distributive, phraseological and idiom representation of danger and risk.The provided analysis showed numerous anthropomorphic signs of danger, its semantic categorization through the triad game of fate -care -protection as well as the correlation of physical, spatial, artifact and zoomorphic codes, symbolic archetypes of life and death, unbroken and damaged.
В последние десятилетия возможности вычислительной техники интенсивно расширяются, её применение ведет научные отрасли по пути прогресса. Исследованием частотности языковых единиц в различных идиомах с акцентом на устную и письменную речь занимается широкий круг лингвистов как в России, так и за её пределами. Фокусируется внимание и на языках коренных малочисленных народов, остающихся неизученными в статистическом аспекте. Настоящее исследование посвящено рассмотрению численного варьирования гласных и согласных фонем в эвенском языке. Проведенное исследование опирается на работу О. Н. Морозовой, С. В. Андросовой и Н. Я. Булатовой «Частотные характеристики фонем в эвенкийском языке: данные пилотного эксперимента» (2019). Актуальность состоит в отсутствии научных работ о численном соотношении вокалических и консонантных фонем в звуковом строе эвенского языка. Научная новизна обусловливается активизацией квантитативного подхода в лингвистических изысканиях для составления определенных матриц, иллюстрирующих те или иные языковые нормы и отклонения. Целью является установление синтагматической частотности гласных и согласных фонем в эвенском языке на материале эвенских нимканов. Нимкан – это один из жанров устного народного творчества эвенов, в котором совмещены урумкун нимкан (миф с элементами сказки) и икэлкэн нимкан (эпическое сказание с песенными диалогами). В соответствии с целью исследования в работе поставлены следующие задачи: транскрибировать орфографические записи эвенских нимканов с помощью символов международного фонетического алфавита, провести синтагматический анализ частотности звуков. При выполнении работы были использованы методы количественных подсчетов и сравнительно-сопоставительного анализа. Материал исследования: тексты эвенских нимканов, записанных в период с 1976 по 2003 гг. В. А. Роббеком, Е. В. Нестеревой, Е. Н. Ивановой и Н. П. Тарабукиным у эвенов села Березовка Среднеколымского района Якутии. Несомненно, устная традиция, как форма передачи информации в поколенческой последовательности, обладает множеством сложных конструкций как в лингвистическом, так и в семиотическом плане. Изучение фольклорного повествования в ракурсе статистики предполагает синтагматический анализ численного варьирования слов или их частей. Основными результатами исследования стали: подтверждение гипотезы о субъективном представлении эвенов относительно вокаличности их языка, выявление синтагматической частотности гласных и согласных звуков по признакам (ряд, подъем, способ и место образования и др.), получение коэффициентов, показывающих разницу между фонемами. Перспектива исследования состоит в парадигматическом рассмотрении частотности гласных и согласных звуков эвенского языка. In recent decades, the possibilities of computer technology have been intensively expanding, and its exploitation leads to progress in scientific fields. The study of the frequency of language units in various idioms, with a focus on spoken and written speech, is being carried out by a wide range of linguists, both in Russia and abroad. The focus is also on the languages of small-numbered indigenous peoples, which remain unstudied from a statistical point of view. The present study deals with the numerical variation of vowel and consonant phonemes in the Even language. The study is based on the work of Olga Morozova, Svetlana Androsova and Nadezhda Bulatova “Frequency characteristics of phonemes in the Even language: data from a pilot experiment” (2019). The relevance lies in the lack of scholarly works on the numerical ratio of vocalic and consonant phonemes in the sound structure of the Even language. The novelty stems from the activation of the quantitative approach in linguistic research to compile certain matrices illustrating certain linguistic norms and deviations. The aim is to establish the syntagmatic frequency of vowel and consonant phonemes in the Even language on the material of Even nimkans. Nimkan is a genre of the Even folk narrative, which combines urumkun nimkan (a myth with fairy tale elements) and ikelken nimkan (an epic tale with song dialogues). In accordance with the aim of the study, the following tasks were set: to transcribe orthographic records of Even nimkans using symbols of the international phonetic alphabet, to conduct a syntagmatic analysis of the frequency of sounds. The methods of quantitative counting and comparative analysis were used in performing the work. The material of the study is the texts of Even nimkans recorded between 1976 and 2003 by Vasiliy Robbek, Elena Nesterova, Elena Ivanova and Nikolay Tarabukin from the Even village of Berezovka (Srednekolymsky district of Yakutia). Undoubtedly, oral tradition, as a form of transmitting information in a generational sequence, has many complex structures both linguistically and semiotically. The study of folklore narrative from a statistical perspective implies a syntagmatic analysis of the numerical variation of words or their parts. The main results of the study are: the confirmation of the hypothesis about the subjective representation of the Even people with regards to vocalization of their language, the identification of syntagmatic frequencies of vowel and consonant sounds by features (row, rise, mode and place of formation, etc.), getting coefficients showing the difference between phonemes. The prospect of the study is a paradigmatic consideration of the frequency of vowel and consonant sounds of the Even language.
Анализируются орографические апеллятивы возвышенного рельефа на материале якутской оронимии в сравнительно-сопоставительном аспекте с тюркскими, монгольскими и тунгусо-маньчжурскими языками. Рассматривается их семантика, дистрибуция и определяется их роль в формировании оронимов. Материал исследования извлечен главным образом из двуязычных, лексикографических, этимологических, диалектологических, топонимических словарей, лингвистических работ, содержащих сведения об орографических апеллятивах. В исследовании также использовались материалы, собранные автором во время полевых экспедиций, проводимых с 2020 г. в центральных районах Республики Саха (Якутия). Цель статьи – выявление и сравнительно-историческое описание орографических апеллятивов возвышенного рельефа в якутской оронимии. Актуальность исследования обусловлена безотлагательной необходимостью фиксации, систематизации, изучения и сохранения в информационном поле лингвистов столь специфического пласта якутской топонимической лексики, как оронимия, находящегося под угрозой исчезновения в силу ряда причин социолингвистического и социоэкономического характера. Результат описательного метода показывает, что орографические апеллятивы, встречающиеся в якутской оронимии, отражают физико-географические особенности рельефа местности, на которой они функционируют. Статистический метод показал, что апеллятивы возвышенного рельефа составляют примерно 27 % всех якутских оронимов. Наиболее активными в образовании оронимов являются апеллятивы хайа ‘гора, скала’ (20 %), булгунньах ‘булгуннях, бугор пучения’ (19 %), таас ‘скала, гора’ (7 %), тумул ‘мыс’ (7 %). Словообразовательная структура большинства якутских оронимов с апеллятивами возвышенного рельефа представлена двусловными атрибутивными конструкциями и образуется по моделям типа «существительное + существительное» и «прилагательное + существительное». Сравнительно-историческим методом установлено, что орографические апеллятивы возвышенного рельефа в якутской оронимии представлены тюркскими, монгольскими, тунгусо-маньчжурскими, а также общими алтайскими основами. Этимологический анализ апеллятивов, обозначающих различные формы рельефа, позволяет углубить и расширить изучение генетического родства алтайских языков, путей их исторического развития. Некоторые апеллятивы возвышенного рельефа находятся в стадии своего становления, другие устоялись и существуют во многих тюркских, монгольских и тунгусо-маньчжурских языках. The article analyzes the orographic appellatives of high relief on the material of Yakut oronymy in a comparative aspect with Turkic, Mongolian, and Manchu-Tungus languages. The author examines their semantics and distribution. In addition, their role in the formation of oronyms is determined. The research material comes mainly from bilingual, lexicographic, etymological, dialectological, and toponymic dictionaries and linguistic works containing information on orographic appellatives. The study also used material collected by the author during the field expeditions conducted in the central regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) since 2020. The article aims to identify the orographic appellatives of the high relief in Yakut oronymy and to describe them comparatively historically. Nowadays, such a specific layer of the Yakut toponymic vocabulary as oronymy is considered endangered for a number of sociolinguistic and socioeconomic reasons and needs collection, systematization, study, and preservation in linguistic databases. The result of the descriptive method shows that the orographic appellatives occurring in Yakut oronymy reflect the physical and geographical features of the terrain in which they function. The statistical method has shown that high relief appellatives account for about 27% of all Yakut oronyms. The most active in forming oronyms are the appellatives haya ‘mountain, rock’ (20%), bulgunniakh ‘pingo’ (19%), taas ‘rock, mountain’ (7%), tumul ‘cape’ (7%). The word formation structure of most of the Yakut oronyms with appellatives of high relief is represented by two-word attributive constructions and is formed according to models such as “noun + noun” and “adjective + noun”. The comparative historical method has shown that the orographic appellatives of high relief in Yakut oronymy are represented by Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu-Tungusic, as well as common Altaic word stems. The etymological analysis of the appellatives denoting different forms of relief allows us to deepen and broaden the study of the genetic relationship of the Altai languages and the ways of their historical development. Some appellatives of high relief are in the stage of their formation, and others are well established and exist in many Turkic, Mongolian, and Manchu-Tungus languages.
Linguists and media scholars have long noticed the declining use of Shanghai Wu in China's reform years, particularly since the 1990s. Yet this issue has been mainly explored in the field of Chinese (socio)linguistics, such as in Qian Nairong's work. Edward Gunn and Jin Liu briefly identified four factors accounting for the Shanghai media's preference for Putonghua Mandarin rather than Shanghai Wu, yet they did not elaborate further.1 Fang Xu's is the first book-length work devoted to this issue from the perspective of urban sociology. With a decidedly interdisciplinary nature, Xu's book situates the dialect crisis in the context of political agendas and language policies, economic development and urban transformation, and demographic migration and massive dislocation in contemporary China. With a rich trove of field research and resources, Xu's book provides a comprehensive and timely account of the dramatic changes in the linguistic and urban landscapes in Shanghai, particularly in the past two decades.Xu lays out the analytical framework for her research in the introduction. She clearly articulates and smoothly transits between different theories and concepts (linguistic capital, language ideology, right to the city, place identity, and nationalism) in relation to her research topic. In chapter 1, Xu traces the contested origin of both the city and its dialect and provides the necessary historical and socioeconomic context, including the city's history of migration, the traditional upper/lower corner divide, recent hukou (household registration system) reform, and the hybrid nature of the “young” Shanghai dialect formed “around the 1920s” (54).In the following chapters, drawing on rich and valuable empirical fieldwork data (70 interviews and 248 survey responses as well as personal experience and ethnographic observations), Xu dwells on three factors leading to Shanghai Wu's decline and possible demise. In chapter 2, Xu focuses on the state's political agendas and language policies, which have dramatically diminished the linguistic space for Shanghai Wu. Yet the author finds that although the dominant language ideology has been successfully promoted as top-down panopticon, the competing, alternative language ideology, in which Shanghai Wu is endowed with covert prestige, solidarity, and local pride, “still thrives in the city” (89). In chapter 3, Xu discusses in detail how the geographical displacement and involuntary relocation of local residents accelerates the disappearance of Shikumen vernacular architecture and the dispersal of their vernacular speech community. Coupled with her intimate knowledge of the city districts, particularly in Puxi, the author vividly cites many personal experiences of alienation and placelessness. In chapters 4 and 5, Xu focuses on the recent migrants who are highly educated and well off. Although the newcomers received the official identity of “new Shanghairen,” their authenticity is challenged by the earlier migrants due to the former's lack of proficiency in Shanghai Wu, which is seen as the “exclusive last pillar of Shanghairen identity” (133). For the recent migrants themselves, “language is the ultimate barrier for them to self-identify... as genuine Shanghairen” (181), too. This, again, highlights the intricate relationship between language and identity, the subtitle of this book.The book sets up to investigate the tension between the global (“Shanghai's emergence as a global city”) and the local (“the marginalization of... the Shanghai dialect”) (1–2). It ends up tackling the conflict between the national and the local by subduing Shanghai's globalization exclusively as a state project. The author is very explicit in her harsh criticism of the authoritarian nation-state and attributes all the factors for the dialect's endangerment simply to the top-down “state policies” (2). Yet, among others, the heterogeneous Shanghai Wu itself is also intrinsically a factor in the limited role played by mass media, which is “crucial for the fate of the dialect” (210). It is “virtually impossible” for Shanghai media to find performers with identical accents, and Shanghai Wu as a media language “evoked disparities and controversy as much as community.”2 In contrast, Xu's book treats the global largely with a sympathetic tone. She touches on the “uniformity and McDonaldization” of the urban landscapes (121), but the target is still the national. The arguments would be more sophisticated if the book recognized the globalization as a separate yet related homogenizing factor. In this sense, the function of the nation-state is more aligned with globalization and its concomitant homogenization.Another simplification may relate to the methodology, particularly sampling bias. According to the book, “more than one million households” (15) were displaced among the “sixteen million native Shanghairen” (17). Since all of the “native Shanghairen” whom the author interviewed experienced relocation (22), through synecdochic substitution, the “native Shanghairen” as a whole are depicted as victimized and marginalized. Readers may wonder about different narratives, such as the experiences of the wealthy and highly educated local elites. Have they developed a similar “flexible resident identity” as the recent migrants? The book only hints a little about this subgroup, such as by mentioning their professionalism (179), but does not provide a complex picture of Shanghairen's experiences.Moreover, in exploring the issue of language and identity, the book would benefit from a more solid scholarship in linguistics. For example, a statement such as “Shanghai Wu belongs to a different language family from Mandarin” (italics mine) is far beyond the linguistic norms. Similarly, the author consistently uses “artificial” or “newly invented” (92) to label Putonghua, which “inherited the Beijing-pronunciation-based Guoyin” (5). Xu confuses the old guoyin and new guoyin and misinterprets Robert Ramsey's The Languages of China (1989) when citing Ramsey on page 65. The allegation of artificiality only applies to old guoyin, not new guoyin. There are also some minor mistakes. For example, the place-names in the 1919 map, such as Whangpoo River (Xu misread it as Hwangpoo) and Soochow Creek used the Postal romanization, not the “Wade-Gile system” (45). In addition, Pinyin spelling mistakes such as yangjingbang as yangjinbang (44) and Minhang as Minghang (103) betray traces of her native tongue's influence, as the author honestly acknowledges.Despite these flaws, Xu's book is a unique addition both to the already rich scholarship on Shanghai and to the still fairly limited literature on language politics in contemporary China. It maps out Shanghai's dramatic social transformation in the past decades from a unique perspective of language/dialect. Besides rich firsthand materials on language attitudes and language shift, the book, written in a very approachable style, addresses broadly Shanghai's history, architecture, housing reform, resident permit policies, and new social classes in the making. I would recommend the book not only to scholars of language and urban studies but also to general readers interested in contemporary China, especially Shanghai.
Fear overgeneralization and perceived uncertainty about future outcomes have been suggested as risk factors for clinical anxiety. However, little is known regarding how they influence each other. In this study, we investigated whether different levels of threat uncertainty influence fear generalization. Three groups of healthy participants underwent a differential fear conditioning protocol followed by a generalization test. All groups learned to associate one female face (conditioned stimulus, CS+) with a female scream (unconditioned stimulus, US), whereas the other face (CS-) was not associated with the scream. In order to manipulate threat uncertainty, one group (low uncertainty, n = 26) received 80%, the second group (moderate uncertainty, n = 32) received 60%, and the third group (high uncertainty, n = 30) 40% CS-US contingency. In the generalization test, all groups saw CS+ and CS- again along with four morphs resembling the CSs in steps of 20%. Subjective (expectancy, valence, and arousal ratings), psychophysiological (skin conductance response, SCR), and visuocortical (steady-state visual evoked potentials, ssVEPs) indices of fear were registered. Participants expected the US according to their reinforcement schedules and the discriminative responses to CS+/CS- increased with more uncertainty in skin conductance. However, acquisition of conditioned fear was not evident in ssVEPs. During the generalization test, we found no effect of threat uncertainty in any of the measured variables, but the strength of generalization for threat expectancy ratings was positively correlated with dispositional intolerance of uncertainty. This study suggests that mere threat uncertainty does not modulate fear generalization.
The article characterizes the issue of correlation and demarcation of the terminological concepts “slang”, “jargon” and “sociolect” and emphasizes the need to define the terms “professional language”, “sublanguage”, “sublanguage”. The concept and structure of the communicative portrait are defined and the main features of the communicative portraits of the driver and dispatcher are defined. The characteristics of drivers’ speech are given, with the highlighting of slang elements in their speech and explanations of possible options for understanding and translating professionalism in drivers’ speech. The purpose of the study is to analyze the professional speech of English-speaking drivers in the USA and to develop and identify the main features of the communicative portrait of an English-speaking driver. The object of the study is the professional speech of English-speaking carriers (dispatchers and drivers), and the subject is slangisms in the professional speech of English-speaking drivers and the principles of creating an electronic dictionary of their slang. The source base includes recordings of the dispatcher’s conversations with English-speaking drivers (in total, more than 30 hours of audio recordings were analyzed), text messages in the corporate chat (more than 500 messages). Truck drivers from the USA were selected as communicators, whose logistics of movement and work are regulated by the online dispatcher. In general, the speech of five drivers is characterized based on the personal professional experience of the author of the study for the year 2023. Illustrative material is provided with the author’s translation into Ukrainian and relevant comments. It has been proven that the communicative portrait of an English-speaking driver covers the following features: speech behavior (style, lexical content and tone of voice, individual features of speech, pronunciation of sounds, pace, clarity, volume, etc.); the ability to express thoughts, the ability to listen and understand others; compliance with the accepted norms of communication, traditions, interaction skills in a certain culture or environment; responding to various communicative situations; psychological type of communicator.
This paper demonstrates the development and evaluation of a multilingual neural machine translation system for Indian languages based on the mT5 transformer, successfully utilized to develop multiple state-of-the-art NLP models. We used the modified Asian Language Treebank multilingual dataset to train the system for developing a Machine Translation model capable of translating text in English, Hindi and Bengali amongst each other. Our system was able to achieve acceptable BLEU scores of over 20 in five of the six language pairs, with the English to Bengali system achieving a maximum BLEU score of 49.87 and the Bengali to English system achieving an average BLEU score of 42.43.
This dataset is an extraction of the data contained in <em>LinkEast</em>, a lexical database of Eastern Polynesian languages. <em>LinkEast </em>is housed at the Université de la Polynésie française, within <em>Anareo</em>, a digital infrastructure dedicated to research on and documentation of the languages of French Polynesia. This data (v1.0) is based primarily on the Linguistic Atlas of French Polynesia (Charpentier & François, 2015). References:<br> Charpentier, Jean-Michel, & François, Alexandre, 2015, <em>Atlas linguistique de la Polynésie française</em>, Berlin et Papeete, Mouton de Gruyter et Université de la Polynésie française.
The article is devoted to the description of the work of teachers of the Russian Language Department of MGIMO on the development of professional competence of foreign students. The authors describe some methods of active learning such as business games and student conferences. Business games allows teachers to solve the following tasks: activation of the studied lexical and grammatical material, the development of new vocabulary, syntactic constructions, norms of communicative behavior; training in the construction of monological speech and dialogue; motivation of students to increase their linguistic and cultural knowledge. Participation in student conferences helps to strengthen motivation for a more in-depth study of the Russian language, increase the level of education of students, proves the need for independent work. The article analyzes the experience of holding business games, conferences and the UN Model in MGIMO.
The paper examines borrowed lexical units that entered the Russian language from Arabic, which were identified during the analysis of various dictionaries of foreign words. The reception of these lexemes into the Russian literary language and sub-standard vocabulary occurred in different time periods. Arabisms enriched the language system, gave names to lexemes belonging to different lexico-thematic groups. Penetrating into the Russian language, such borrowings have been fully or partially adapted, phonetically preserved or changed their Arabic pronunciation. The aim of the study is to identify the characteristic phonetic features that emerge during the reception of Arabisms. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the fact that the correspondences and discrepancies between Russian and Arabic vowels and consonants of the lexemes entering the language remain little studied. It is the first time that the phonetic systems of the Russian and Arabic languages have been analysed involving the borrowed vocabulary unused in other studies. The results of the study have shown that unlike the Arabic words themselves, the Arabisms included in the Russian language system are characterised in some cases by the devoicing of consonant sounds, in others by the adaptation to the norms of the Russian phonetic system, in yet other cases by the preservation of the phonetic form of the lexeme.
Wellbeing is an important predictor for overall health and favourable outcomes in life, i.e. less psychopathology, more self-worth, and positive work functioning. Like many complex traits, feelings of wellbeing fluctuate over time (i.e. across the day or week) and across different contexts (Eid & Diener, 2004; Li et al., 2014; Lyubomirsky, 2001). Different measures of such affect variability or affect dynamics can be computed. First, momentary affect reflects the average level of positive or negative affect across the measurement period. Second, the within-person standard deviation (SD) reflects the variability of affect across the measurement period. The SD is time insensitive and does not account for the moment-to-moment changes (Trull et al., 2015). Third, the first-order autocorrelation (AR) reflects the correlation between affect measurements at consecutive time points, i.e., temporal dependency. This measure is often referred to as inertia, i.e. the resistance to change (Koval et al., 2013; Kuppens et al., 2010; Suls et al., 1998). Fourth, the root square of the mean square successive difference (rMSSD) captures the fluctuations between moments and takes into account both the variability and temporal dependence (Jahng et al., 2008). The rMSSD is often referred to as affective instability (Koval et al., 2013; Trull et al., 2015). Fluctuations in positive and negative affect are thought to be adaptive and important for wellbeing and help to respond to environmental changes and demands (Carver, 2015; Frijda & Mesquita, 1994; Kashdan & Rottenberg, 2010). However, affective fluctuations are only functional within certain boundaries. If emotions do not change or change too strongly or abruptly this might signal dysregulation or is related to psychopathology. For example, abnormal affect dynamics have been associated with emotional dysregulation and a vulnerability of psychological problems later in life (Kuppens et al., 2012). Furthermore, depression has been found to be related both to a higher mean level of negative affect, and to a change in affect dynamics (Aan het Rot et al., 2012). The meta-analysis of Houben et al. (2015) showed that in adults, high variability and instability of emotions are associated with worse general wellbeing and depressive symptoms, with stronger effects of negative affect dynamics on general wellbeing than positive affect dynamics. However, most studies only take in account the linear relations between affect dynamics and mental health outcomes, whereas nonlinear effects, i.e. quadratic, could explain the relation as well. For example, both very high and very low levels of variability could be related to less wellbeing or more psychopathological symptoms. The first goal of the current study is therefore to explore the relation between affect dynamics and general measures of wellbeing in a large sample, taking into account both linear and quadratic effects. Individual differences Individual differences in the size of affect dynamics have been reported. Some people show relatively stable levels of wellbeing, e.g., stable levels of positive and negative affect over the day or week, while others fluctuate a lot (Eid & Diener, 1999; Gadermann & Zumbo, 2007). Genetically informative samples can be used to investigate the role of genetic and environmental factors playing a role in the individual differences. Mainly based on standardized and well-validated surveys, it is known that individual differences in general wellbeing are partly explained by genetic factors, i.e., the heritability is around 40% (Bartels, 2015; Nes & Røysamb, 2015). In contrast, the causes of individual differences in momentary wellbeing and affect dynamics have been estimated in only a few studies. Riemann and colleagues assessed positive and negative affect across five different mood-inducing situations in 300 twin pairs. The estimated heritability of momentary positive affect was small across the different situations, around 5-20% (Riemann et al., 1998). In a real-life setting, Menne-Lothmann et al. (2012) investigated momentary positive affect in female twins (N=260 twin pairs) using the experience sampling method. Positive affect ratings were averaged for each person across the 50 measurements to a single score of momentary positive affect. Genetic influences on this rough average momentary positive affect did not reach significance, with a heritability of 19% (95% CI = 0-50%). Similarly, Zheng et al. (2016) assessed daily positive affect in 275 twin pairs for a month and reported a non-significant heritability estimate for the average daily positive affect (18%, 95% CI = 0-56%). Finally, in a daily diary study of 237 twin pairs, genetic influences on daily positive affect were found to be small, but significant, i.e., around 25% (Burt et al., 2015). With respect to affect fluctuations, Jacobs et al. (2013) reported a heritability estimate of 18% for positive affect variability, using the experience sampling design for five days in 279 twin pairs. In a daily-diary design, Zheng et al. (2016) reported a heritability estimate of 34% (95% CI = 17% - 48%) for positive affect variability. However, in a recent daily-diary study, a non-significant heritability of 9% (0–25%) was reported for positive affect inertia, i.e., the extent to which individuals’ emotions carry over from one time point to the next (Zheng & Asbury, 2019). The inconclusive findings and large confidence intervals for the heritability of momentary positive affect, affect fluctuations and variability, and other momentary measures of wellbeing indicate the need for more research to affect dynamics in daily life in a large sample of twins. The second goal of this study is therefore to investigate the genetic architecture of the different affect dynamic measures in our large sample of twins of the Netherlands Twin Register.
Comme d’autres pays francophones, la Belgique a connu une tradition puriste séculaire, ciblant ses anathèmes sur la variation topolectale. Le primat d’une norme exogène (le français « de Paris ») n’y a été remis en question qu’à la fin du xxe siècle. Aujourd’hui, la légitimité de certaines normes endogènes est reconnue, en particulier dans le domaine lexical. On présentera les grandes étapes de cette évolution dans les attitudes et les représentations des Belges francophones et le parti qui peut en être tiré pour une meilleure prise en compte de la variation topolectale dans l’enseignement du français.
This article is about borrowed words from Mongolian into Russian lexical found in different sources: ancient and modern language dictionary, local dialects, dictionary of foreign words, Russian- Mongolian dictionary, ancient Mongolian dictionaries, translations from the Secret History of Mongolia, Russian National Corpus [https://ruscorpora.ru] There are 18,000 words and phrases in the Russian Dictionary of Origins, from which 125 words or about 0.6 percent are marked as Mongolian, indicating the historical relationship between the Russian and Mongolian people, as well as the interaction between the two languages. Words borrowed from Mongolian to Russian are transformed adapting to the phonetic, grammatical, punctuation, and semantic norms of the target language. Many of these words in the Russian language are recognizable in form and remain old structure. Mongolian words borrowed into Russian are still actively used modern Mongolian referring to the Mongolian dictionary by Ya. Tsevel. The use of Mongolian words in Russian is declining, and it is possible to say with certainty the time of use.
This paper introduces the journalistic portion of the Porttinari treebank, which aims to be a multigenre NLP resource for Brazilian Portuguese. We report the construction of the treebank, in particular, the human-revised portion with 8,418 sentences, whose annotation process lasted almost three years and involved more than a dozen trained annotators. The full treebank offers to the Portuguese-speaking NLP community nearly 4 million sentences annotated according to the Universal Dependencies framework.
Cariani’s The Modal Future is a book about future language. At its heart is a challenge to the received symmetric picture of temporal language. Many think past tense and future auxiliaries are mirror images of each other: one simply has “later” where the other has “earlier.” The Modal Future aims to supplant this symmetric picture with an asymmetric one, where future thought and talk is modal, and explores issues in the pragmatics, epistemology, and cognition of future claims in the light of this asymmetric picture.Cariani motivates the asymmetric picture with a dilemma. “Will” appears to have properties characteristic of modal expressions. But existing modal accounts face a variety of extremely serious problems. Take the Peircean view, where “will φ” is true at w and t if and only if φ is true in all futures that are possible at w and t. Cariani shows this view makes a mess of our future credences. If I am about to toss a fair coin, what should my credence be that the following is true?(1) The coin will land heads.It is 0.5, of course. But the Peircean predicts it should be 0: I should be certain this universal claim has a counterexample. Cariani argues, convincingly in my view, none of the standard modal views ultimately do better.Cariani’s alternative, building on Cariani and Santorio 2018, is the selection semantics for “will.” This theory draws on the selection functions from Stalnaker’s theory of conditionals, which, given a world and a proposition, select the closest world where that proposition is true. On Cariani’s semantics, “will φ” is true at w just in case φ is true at the selected world with the same history as the actual world. Of course, this selected world just is the actual world, so, in simple unembedded contexts, “will φ” is simply equivalent to φ. (This equivalence is broken in various embedded contexts, such as conditionals, which add further information to input proposition for the selection function.) We get a nice account of the dilemma: “will” is indeed a modal, but its true modal nature is hidden in simple, unembedded claims.After sketching the basic idea, Cariani addresses important technical questions for the semantics. A particularly pressing question is how to secure the future orientation of “will” without disrupting the scope relations between “will” and negation. Cariani solves this issue by adapting Condoravdi 2001 account of future orientation in modals. This involves an event semantics, where verbs quantify over events and tenseless clauses are interpreted relative to worlds and intervals. In this framework, “will” effectively shifts the interval of evaluation: the embedded tenseless clause is evaluated relative to the interval starting at the time of utterance and continuing into the future indefinitely. This accounts for the future orientation of “will” without unwanted scope relations.From here, the book addresses a range of related questions, and the selection semantics becomes an important background assumption. One cluster of issues centers on assertion and the open future. Cariani, who is ultimately agnostic about openness, argues for a conditional claim: if the future is open, we should adopt a particular bivalent approach to openness.Cariani first argues against venerable, Aristotelian approach, where future claims have a third indeterminate truth value, when the future is open. This view faces a puzzle about assertion and the open future. The Aristotelian seems to predict no future contingents are assertable. Truth is a very plausible necessary condition on assertability. But many future contingents are assertable: I can for instance tell my friend that I will be arriving on the 1:30 train.Cariani endorses a bivalent indeterminist Thin Red Line view. On the Thin Red Line view, even when multiple futures are consistent with the present, one particular history has the privilege of being ours. On bivalent indeterminism about the future, future claims have classical truth values, even when they are not settled; it is simply indeterminate which particular classical value they have. So on Cariani’s Thin Red Line view, one history has the privilege of being the one we live in, but it is indeterminate which future is that thin red line is. Unlike other modal views, Cariani’s selection semantics is a good fit for this kind of view.This view has two interesting consequences. First, it is often indeterminate whether one has violated a norm of assertion. When I make my assertion about the train, it is indeterminate whether I have spoken truly, so it is also indeterminate whether I have violated the truth norm. Second, this status will eventually be resolved one way or the other: if the train did arrive on time, my assertion came true and so it is now determinate that the norm was not violated; if it did not arrive on time, it is now determinate the norm was violated. (I did wonder whether the Aristotelian will be satisfied: are future contingents not often determinately assertable at their time of utterance?)The book also deals with the topic of future epistemology and cognition, concluding with a discussion of a puzzle from Ninan 2022. Future claims seem to require weaker evidence to be assertable than past claims. For instance, a meteorologist may be able, on the basis of a century of past weather data, to assert:(2) It will snow in Boston in winter 2023.But once winter 2023 has come and gone, the meteorologist cannot use the same meteorological data to assert:(3) It snowed in Boston in winter 2023To assert (3), they require further direct evidence. This is puzzling—are they not saying the same thing on both occasions?Cariani says they are not. Cariani proposes a lexical account, where predicate meanings place restrictions on the speaker’s evidence. For instance, the semantic value of “died” in a context is treated as a partial function from a world w and individual x to truth values, one which only returns a truth value if the speaker in the context has evidence that settles whether x died in w. Cariani proposes these evidential requirements are removed in certain embeddings, particularly by modals. For instance, “must” clearly removes the evidential requirement: the meteorologist can say(4) It must have snowed in Boston in winter 2023.Given Cariani’s earlier claim that “will” is a modal, the lexical account predicts that (2) does not require the same direct evidence as (3).Every section of this book is deserving of extensive discussion, and, because of the book’s modular structure, one can engage with many of the main claims both individually and as a package. That being said, the claim that “will” is a modal undergirds very much of the discussion. I am convinced that, if “will” is a modal, Cariani’s semantics is the best currently on the market. The guiding idea of the selection semantics idea is ingenious, and the problems for its competitors are extremely serious. But I am not yet completely convinced of the antecedent: is “will” really a modal? I close with some remarks about the argument Cariani regards as the strongest, the argument from modal subordination.Roberts 1989 directed our attention to discourses like:(5) A wolf might come in. It would eat you first.While the second sentence lacks any overt conditional, the modal “would” is understood conditionally: I am saying that if a wolf came in, it would eat you first. This kind of reading prima facie appears to require a modal. Consider:(7)a. If John bought a book at all, it’ll be a mystery novel.b. He’s at home reading it right now.But Klecha 2014 notes that “will” also gives rise to modal subordination:(8) A wolf might come in. It will eat you first.So, the argument concludes, “will” is a modal.But on closer examination the data are messy. First, to my ear, the contrast is strongest in discourses with a mixture of tenses and/or auxiliaries. But a natural hypothesis here is that this mixture of tense and auxiliaries, rather than the absence of “will,” somehow blocks the subordination in (7b).Second, and relatedly, when we consider more uniform discourses, apparent subordination is easier. Cariani acknowledges apparent subordination is possible with the past. Consider:(9) If he went to the park yesterday, he had a sandwich. He enjoyed it.I note that future directed uses of the present also permit apparent subordination:(10) If it doesn’t rain on Monday, we go camping in Yellowstone that evening. We leave Yellowstone early on Tuesday morning.In (9), Cariani suggests that the second sentence is understood as being conjoined to the conditional consequent. But of course this kind of move would explain the original subordination data too.To Cariani’s mind, the most powerful data point is that “will” appears to go in for modal subordination across clause type. Consider:(11) Please do not throw paper towels in the toilet. It will clog.(12) Does Cinderella stay at the ball? The carriage will turn into a pumpkin!The conditional interpretations here cannot be due to conjunction. Furthermore, Cariani argues there are no parallel data when it comes to the past. Imperatives are necessarily future oriented, but past-oriented questions do seem to bear out a contrast, at least initially. Compare (12) to:(13) Did Cinderella stay at the ball? The carriage turned into a pumpkin!I think Cariani is right that subordination is not possible here. But a possible confounder here is that it is not always entirely straightforward to subordinate material from a past tense question, even when “will” is present. Consider:(14) Did you throw paper towels in the toilet? It will clog.I find the subordinated reading harder to access here than in (11), maybe not as crashingly bad as (13), but not as effortless as (11). A final data point is that it does seem possible to get modal subordination across clauses with the future directed present:(15) If Cinderella doesn’t leave before midnight, her carriage turns into a pumpkin. Do the footmen turn back into mice?So I am not sure modal subordination is a straightforward diagnostic of modality. It still could well be that the best account requires “will” to be a modal. To decide the issue, I suspect we will need some sustained attempt to develop a nonmodal alternative. (An alternative starting point: perhaps rather than reinterpreting the apparently subordinated claims, we simply add them to a derived context containing extra suppositions.)However this turns out, The Modal Future does extremely important work in articulating a significant and novel picture of our thought and talk about the future. Cariani covers an impressive amount of ground, proposing a range of interesting and novel views in a range of debates, and the discussion is consistently of very high quality. It is a must read for anyone working in these areas.
We discuss Telugu Language and Treebanks briefly in this work. Initially, we'll go over the Telugu language briefly. The paninian grammatical model utilized for Telugu dependency representation is then described. Following that, we explain Telugu treebanks and the various formats used to express these treebanks. We also discuss the Telugu language and its representation in the Telugu Dependency Treebank, and we give information on the Telugu language and the Telugu Dependency Treebank. Natural languages are often morphologically rich, and they create sentences in a variety of ways. Researchers have been investigating approaches to annotate text with linguistic knowledge since the advent of machine translation in the 1960s. Previous studies on Indian languages were done at the chunk level. The present shallow parser morphologically parses the input text to the chunk label. Researchers are considering working at the phrase level in the future. They broke the phrases down into smaller parts. The relationship between chunk heads is essential to proceed to sentence-level parsing. This results in reliance parsing.
In this excellent book, Christoph Kelp and Mona Simion defend an etiological-functionalist account of the normativity of assertion. Specifically, the etiological function of assertion is to generate knowledge in hearers. Kelp and Simion argue that this functionalist thesis has two important implications: a) that epistemically good assertions are those that are disposed to generate knowledge in hearers, and b) that epistemically permissible assertions are those that conform to the Knowledge Rule of Assertion (KRA). One important feature of the book is a sophisticated defense of KRA by means of an etiological-functionalist framework.The book is lucidly written, rigorously argued, informed, and original. All of this is as expected, coming from two authors who have already made significant contributions to the topic. Indeed, the book draws on both their single-authored and coauthored work on related issues, including the normativity of assertion, the epistemology of testimony, epistemic norms, and epistemic normativity. The result is that an etiological-functionalist account of assertion is now front and center among competing views.The book also contains several other interesting and original discussions, all by way of applying the authors’ etiological-functionalist framework to prominent issues in the literature on assertion and beyond. These include a chapter on epistemic injustice (defending a duty to believe on the part of hearers), a chapter on whether there is a constitutive rule of assertion (rejecting Williamson’s strong constitution thesis, but defending a weaker version), a chapter on contextualism (arguing, contra DeRose, that KRA counts against a contextualist semantics of knowledge attributions), and an appendix on the value of knowledge (offering an original defense of our concern with knowledge, as well as a functionalist account of knowledge’s value). In my judgment, the book advances discussions on all of these topics in important and original ways.In the remainder of the review, I clarify what Kelp and Simion mean by a functionalist account of assertion, and I review what I take to be the authors’ most interesting arguments in favor of KRA and their etiological-functionalist account. I end by raising some questions about the view that results.Kelp and Simion tell us that they are arguing for a “function first” account of the normativity of assertion. Three points of clarifications are important here. First, this an account of the epistemic normativity of assertion, that is, an account of what makes an assertion epistemically (as opposed to practically, morally, or all-things-considered) good, proper, or right. Second, by “function,” the authors mean etiological function. This makes their account a competitor with ones that ground the normativity of assertion in human intentions (or what I will call the intended function of assertion). For example, it is a competitor with accounts that ground the normativity of assertion in human intentions embedded in speech acts or in other social practices or norms. Putting these two points together, Kelp and Simion are arguing for an etiological account of the epistemic normativity of assertion.Third, Kelp and Simion think that the normativity of assertion is multidimensional in the following way: there is a distinction between an assertion’s being good (or valuable) and its being permissible. As such, they argue, an adequate account of the normativity of assertion must address both of these dimensions. Specifically, rules of assertion such as KRA address the epistemic permissibility question. KRA says one must (epistemically) assert p only if one knows p. Alternatively, it is (epistemically) permissible to assert p only if one knows p. But this leaves open the question of the goodness of assertion—what makes an assertion epistemically good or valuable. Their function first account primarily answers this second question about goodness, and then derives an answer to the permissibility question from that. In turn, they argue, alternative accounts tend to conflate the distinction between these two dimensions for normativity, either assuming that good assertions must be permissible assertions or missing the distinction altogether.Regarding the epistemic permissibility of assertion, Kelp and Simion defend KRA in two stages. In the first stage, which comprises part 1 of the book, they look at the main arguments for and against KRA in the literature. Here they introduce a piece of theoretical machinery—their “Basic Normative Framework”—that I think moves discussion forward. In particular, a number of objections to KRA take the form of an apparent counterexample: a person S asserts p in a case where a) S does not know p, and yet b) S’s assertion seems permissible nonetheless. A common move by defenders of KRA is to interpret the case as a blameless norm violation. For example, KRA is indeed governing S’s assertion and violated, but S has an excuse. Objectors to KRA complain that this kind of move is ad hoc, inappropriately insulating KRA from apparent counterexamples. In the context of this dialectic, Kelp and Simion introduce an independently plausible framework for understanding criticism and blame, and they then show how the framework predicts patterns of criticism, apology, explanation, and excuse that favor KRA over other accounts. The Basic Normative Framework and the discussion around its application are too complex to present here. I will only register my agreement with Kelp and Simion on two central points: a) that their Basic Normative Framework is independently plausible and b) that it speaks decisively in favor of KRA in terms of how it predicts relevant conversational patterns.The second stage of KRA’s defense takes place in part 2 of the book, in the context of a broader defense of Kelp and Simion’s etiological-functionalist framework. Specifically, chapter 4 articulates and defends a functionalist account of the goodness of assertion. Roughly, one’s assertion is (epistemically) good just in case it has the disposition to generate knowledge in one’s hearers. Chapter 5 then shows how KRA, which speaks to the permissibility of assertion, can be derived from the account in chapter 4. The arguments of both chapters are central to the purposes of the book, and are of independent interest as well.The burden of chapter 4 is to establish the following evaluative norm:The argument begins by endorsing a standard account of etiological function:Kelp and Simon introduce some additional theoretical machinery that complicates the standard account and is employed to argue for their Evaluative Norm of Assertion. Specifically, a “simple economic system (SES)” is one that is constituted by a type of producer, a type of product, a type of consumer, and a type of return. For example, consider the practice of producing and consuming espresso at a local coffee shop (SES-Espresso). In SES-Espresso, baristas (producers) produce cups of espresso (product), which are consumed by customers (consumers) by means of a purchase (return). By E-function, tokens of espresso have the e-function of producing pleasant gustatory experiences in customers in SES-Espresso.Next, Kelp and Simion defend the following general evaluative norm:By this general evaluative norm, cups of espresso that have the disposition to produce pleasant gustatory experiences are good cups of espresso.The next step of the argument is to apply this machinery to assertions. Specifically, Kelp and Simion argue that our practice of making assertions qualifies as a simple economic system. In SES-Assertion, speakers (producers) produce assertions (products), which are consumed by hearers (consumers) by means of belief (return). By E-function, assertions have the e-function of generating knowledge in hearers. Finally, by means of the general evaluative norm for tokens with an e-function, we get The Evaluative Norm of Assertion.The task of chapter 5 is to provide a functionalist rationale for KRA, that is, to explain from a functionalist perspective why KRA should govern the permissibility of assertion. Kelp and Simion begin by describing a kind of situation where it makes sense to govern e-tokens by some rule or other. This is a situation where a) it matters that tokens of the type fulfill their e-function reliably (Reliability), b) there are numerous possible ways of producing tokens of the type, with varying reliability regarding whether tokens so produced fulfill their e-function (Variation), and c) tokens of the type are produced by human agents who are criticism-averse (Humanity). In such a situation, Kelp and Simion argue, it makes sense to govern the production of tokens by means of rules that promote reliability regarding e-function fulfillment. Moreover, they argue, SES-Assertion satisfies these conditions, so it makes sense that assertions should be governed by such a rule. The next step of the argument is to show that assertions should be governed by KRA in particular. That is, to show that governing assertions by KRA promotes the reliability with which assertions generate knowledge in hearers. Kelp and Simion offer several reasons for supposing that it does, thereby vindicating KRA from a functionalist perspective.First, why do Kelp and Simion think that the function of assertion is to generate knowledge rather than transmit it? The question arises because, on their own account, “cases in which testimony transmits knowledge predominate and cases in which testimony generates knowledge are rare exceptions” (114). But if generation cases are rare, it is unclear how assertions can have “the disposition to generate knowledge that p in one’s hearer(s) … by functioning normally in normal conditions.” (See the Evaluative Norm of Assertion, above). It is also unclear how knowledge generation “contributes to the explanation of why” assertions exist in SES-Assertion. (See E-function, above.) By their own reasoning, then, Kelp and Simion should think that the function of assertion is to transmit knowledge and that it is the disposition to fulfill this function that makes a token assertion good.Second, is FFAA supposed to give a full account or a partial account of the epistemic goodness of assertion? If it is supposed to give a full account, then FFAA is implausible. That is because assertions plausibly have an intended function as well as an etiological function, and it is plausible that intended function fulfillment also contributes to assertion’s epistemic goodness. For example, various authors have argued that the speech act of assertion is constituted by the intention to transmit knowledge, to give a reason to believe, or to give license to believe. If so, then it is plausible that the epistemic goodness of assertions is at least partly a matter of fulfilling their intended epistemic function. Suppose, then, that FFAA is supposed to give only a partial account of the epistemic goodness of assertion. In that case, it is unclear why FAA is a competitor to “intended function” accounts, including those that ground the goodness of assertion in the epistemic intentions embedded in constitutive rules, linguistic norms, or other social norms governing the practice of assertion.Suppose Kelp and Simion were to revise their view so as to accommodate these concerns. Many of their arguments and much of their view would be left intact, including their functionalist defense of KRA. And we would still have a compelling (now partial) account of the goodness of assertion, in terms of assertion’s etiological function of transmitting knowledge.
In this study, all video content was converted to MPEG-4 format and integrated into an online experiment. Each video clip had a five-second countdown timer and was accompanied by emotion sliders ranging from 0 to 100% intensity, with the question, "How does the person in the video make you feel?" The videos were divided into two blocks: the first block contained ambiguous or neutral facial expressions to establish a baseline, while the second block featured smiles from politicians associated with reward and affiliation. Participants in the study were exclusively from England and intended to vote for one of the three major political parties. To ensure a representative sample, participants came from all 124 postal code zones in England and were recruited through a Qualtrics survey panel, receiving £5 for their participation. A total of 344 participants took part, with an average age of 57 and a gender distribution of 219 males and 125 females. Most participants (58%) intended to vote for the Conservative and Unionist Party, followed by 22% for The Labour Party and 20% for The Liberal Democrat Party. Emotional responses were assessed using eight sliders, combined into four 100-point variables: anger, distress, happiness, and affinity. The Cronbach's α values for these scales ranged from 0.78 to 0.97. Data from participants who responded both before and after the UK General Election were analysed in this study. Key to dataset The variable names refer to affective rating that each voter reported when presented with one of three facial displays that were engendered by each of the political leaders from one of the two data collection timepoints i.e., 1 week before (T1) or 1 one week after (T2) the UK 2019 General election. For example, T1_JSNeutHap is the column header for data that was collected before the election and here participants were shown the video excerpt of the, then, leader of the Liberal Democrats, Joanna Swinson, engendering a neutral or ambiguous facial display. The data in this specific column is the collapsed data for participant rated measures of excitement and happiness which were collapsed to from the single variable of happiness.
The meaning of most words in language depends on their context. Understanding how the human brain extracts contextualized meaning, and identifying where in the brain this takes place, remain important scientific challenges. But technological and computational advances in neuroscience and artificial intelligence now provide unprecedented opportunities to study the human brain in action as language is read and understood. Recent contextualized language models seem to be able to capture homonymic meaning variation ("bat", in a baseball vs. a vampire context), as well as more nuanced differences of meaning-for example, polysemous words such as "book", which can be interpreted in distinct but related senses ("explain a book", information, vs. "open a book", object) whose differences are fine-grained. We study these subtle differences in lexical meaning along the concrete/abstract dimension, as they are triggered by verb-noun semantic composition. We analyze functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activations elicited by Italian verb phrases containing nouns whose interpretation is affected by the verb to different degrees. By using a contextualized language model and human concreteness ratings, we shed light on where in the brain such fine-grained meaning variation takes place and how it is coded. Our results show that phrase concreteness judgments and the contextualized model can predict BOLD activation associated with semantic composition within the language network. Importantly, representations derived from a complex, nonlinear composition process consistently outperform simpler composition approaches. This is compatible with a holistic view of semantic composition in the brain, where semantic representations are modified by the process of composition itself. When looking at individual brain areas, we find that encoding performance is statistically significant, although with differing patterns of results, suggesting differential involvement, in the posterior superior temporal sulcus, inferior frontal gyrus and anterior temporal lobe, and in motor areas previously associated with processing of concreteness/abstractness.
The paper focuses on the analysis of the means of representation of the informant’s linguistic personality at phonetic, lexical, grammatical, cognitive, and pragmatic levels in the oral discourse. The material of the study is a transcript of an audio recording of one interview from the author’s multimedia corpus “Everyone has their own war”. The interview was recorded in the Ukrainian language in one of the most emotionally, psychologically, and physically difficult moments of the informant’s life. Despite a certain limitation of language material, the peculiarities of the speech manifestations of the linguistic personality of the informant, a twenty-nine age widow (a woman and a mother), are representative since she describes her life and the life of her family after the full-scale invasion on February 24 and until May 2022. The analysis of the informant’s linguistic personality shows that the verbal and semantic specificity is determined by the volume of lexical items, the peculiarities of nominating speech objects and the choice of means for their characteristic, as well as the style of speech. The informant’s speech is characterized by violations of literary norms: it is full of adapted and unadapted lexical and morphological units of the Russian language, and improper pronunciation of words, which in general correlates with her cultural and educational level. The informant’s vocabulary is pragmatically functional and determined by the level of education, social status, type of employment and living conditions. It clearly reflects the essence and content of the linguistic personality. The vocabulary of the everyday sphere prevails, onyms (toponyms, anthroponyms, ergonyms) and a small amount of military lexicon are also registered. Emotional and evaluative interjections with a positive or negative assessment are representatives of the emotional, functional, and semantic sphere of the informant’s speech. The connotative coloration is provided, in particular, by the verbal characterization of the occupiers, which includes ethnonymic nicknames, including those based on appearance, language, and behaviour. In terms of content and values, the discursive activity of the informant, represented by referential semantic elements, is determined by extralinguistic factors and it correlates with universal values. The motivational and pragmatic aspect of linguistic personality is grounded on the desire to speak out, and includes life or situational goals, which are reflected in the discourse. It is manifested, in particular, in the manner of speech, in the choice of markers used to organize and control the discursive coherence. The analysis of the pragmatic markers included their functions, the specifics of their use and frequency.
Princeton University, including the various language programs it offers, has intentionally resisted distance learning for decades, primarily out of a desire to concentrate on the residential undergraduate educational experience. While the COVID-19 pandemic prompted sweeping changes to policies regarding remote instruction, they were temporary and are already, albeit irregularly, reverting to established, pre-pandemic norms. At the level of individual course or program curricula, however, potentially enduring adjustments have now taken root. In our second-year German courses, a convergence of factors, from video-based instructional modes and assignments to the poorly timed, as it felt then, roll-out of a new learning management system (LMS), have reshaped and helped redesign our approach to computer-assisted language learning (CALL) in the taught curriculum, classroom time, homework, and the modes of communication prioritized in assignments. Pandemic-related disruptions and institutional responses to them varied geographically and politically. In New Jersey, USA, state-level restrictions and institutional decisions resulted in the closure of campus instructional spaces from the halfway point of the 2020 spring semester through the end of the 2020–2021 academic year, with further precautions, mitigations, and flexible responses throughout the following academic year, including but not limited to frequent reversion to remote instruction during periods of high incidence, interior masking requirements, and social distancing when possible in classroom spaces. This situation prompted two sets of considerations, the first centered on adapting a remote instruction curricular and technological framework, the second on returning, however haltingly, to “normal” while adapting previous changes to unusual in-person environments. Our department was among the initial LMS implementation group in fall 2020. For the past six years, I have also redesigned, expanded, and aligned our second-year German program with the first year, which is based on a high-frequency core vocabulary and the development of contextual reading strategies, among other approaches (for a detailed description of approach, form, and function, see Oberlin, in press). In the spring semester of 2020 prior to the outbreak of COVID-19, I began testing the development of a new online curricular platform on the Canvas LMS (https://www.instructure.com/canvas), which has subsequently fully replaced Blackboard (https://www.blackboard.com/) at Princeton. The first semester of the Canvas implementation thus coincided with the first semester of fully remote instruction, while the remote half-semester prior remained on Blackboard; pre-pandemic, the LMS was used primarily as a repository for syllabi, electronic documents, and discussion boards. In the immediate context of the institutional shutdown effective March 14, 2020, which was announced just before the week of spring break, faculty had approximately 9 days to reenvision remote instruction to commence the week after. Of the many tools and approaches considered during this frantic and bewildering week, one stands out: the application of outside-of-class student-to-student communication via Zoom or other video-conferencing technologies with written follow-up to fulfill a number of desiderata: (1) that students speak more in an alternate assignment format given the realities of affective and technological hurdles while using video conferencing software; (2) that they are provided with an unsupervised opportunity to speak in an effort to reduce anxiety; (3) that self-scheduled partner work might offer flexibility necessary during home-based study and the various complications and distractions that entails, particularly during a period of ongoing disruptions; and (4) that a written response to this oral communication would generate classroom discussion, deepen engagement with materials, and present instructors with another avenue for teacher–student feedback and the assessment of sentence- or paragraph-level writing. While other types of oral communication were considered, for example, asynchronous recordings (see Ly, 2022), unrecorded and unobserved communication was selected for one type of assignment in order to foster confidence in speaking in an unusual environment of increased affective hurdles (Conroy & Lykens, 2022, pp. 119–120). This weekly assignment, a meaning-focused task (see Heift & Rimrott, 2012, on the efficacy of CALL task types in German) called a Partnergespräch in our curriculum, consists of a 20-min voice- or voice and video-based conversation between two or at most three students, based on a given prompt, usually a set of questions about curricular materials and the use of certain grammatical forms (e.g., the past subjunctive or the passive) and followed by a written exercise submitted on the LMS, either a summary of the partner's contributions or a reflection on the outcome of the conversation if a synthesis or agreement is requested. Any technology during remote instruction was allowed, provided that students did not simply text, email, or otherwise write to one another without speaking; students reported using Zoom, Facetime, Skype, Facebook Messenger, and telephone calls to complete the assignments. Now that we have returned to classroom teaching, some students choose to meet in person and others continue to meet virtually due to preference or ease of scheduling. Examples of current topics and materials across both second-year courses include analyzing specific themes or passages in novels and graphic novels (e.g., Heimat, Krug, 2018; Madgermanes, Weyhe, 2016; Im Westen nichts Neues, Remarque, 2014), films, and other materials tied to units on topics such as small text forms, rhetoric, phraseology, and media linguistics. Student responses from past semesters are shared anonymously after certain class discussions with current cohorts, particularly when opinions or perspectives diverge or shift over time. While instructors are unable to listen to the conversations (i.e., they are both unsupervised and unrecorded, a different approach than the dialogues discussed in Groepper, 2022), the conversations and the written responses have led to increased participation on assigned topics, materials, and questions in class, and course evaluations also suggest that they have been effective. For example, a student in an intensive intermediate course during the interrupted semester (spring 2020) mentioned that “I actually got more speaking practice than I would have due to the regularly scheduled discussions with the professor and my conversation partner. This sort of structure is great for online classes, and should be adopted more widely.” In the summer of 2020, a remote course took the place of our immersion program in Munich, during which a student in an intermediate class noted that “the structure of one-on-one partnered discussions” was “always helpful.” Another in an advanced course during the first fully remote semester (fall 2020) said “[m]y spoken German improved a lot in this course. The Partnergespräch was a big part of this.” After we returned to in-person instruction and the assignments were maintained as part of an increasingly utilized flipped-classroom approach, an advanced student in the tumultuous fall of 2021 provided feedback that has since proved beneficial: “Many of the assignments were great and wonderful [for] thinking and writing in German; however, I felt that the frequencies of the Partnergespräche were unhelpful and sometimes prioritized breadth over depth. I would prefer them to be longer and weekly rather than shorter and more frequent.” Both structures, twice and once weekly with shorter and longer prompts, are now in place in the third and fourth semesters, respectively. These assignments are broadly applicable to live, hybrid, and remote instructional modes. They can be scaled to a large extent in terms of the overall number, spacing, time span, prompts, and follow-up tasks and are technologically accessible to any student with a computer or smartphone or, in the case of live instruction, to all students without technological assistance and therefore bear no cost. The assignments support flipped curricula in providing a pre-lesson space for engaging with materials and one's peers before dealing with a topic in writing, all of which precede classroom discussions and activities. They can be minimally burdensome in terms of student time, that is, in our curriculum, they often replace other grammatical or lexical homework on days they are assigned rather than add to extant tasks. This is one small part of an overall Complex Adaptive Blended Language Learning System approach (Ortner, 2021; Wang et al., 2015) that seeks to center pedagogy over technology and adapt to changing circumstances, local conditions, student needs, and program goals. Furthermore, we hope that this and similar changes to the curriculum will continue to bridge the gap between theories of learner autonomy and the efficacy of task-based language learning (Schmenk, 2012). Adam Oberlin is a Senior Lecturer and the Academic Director of the Princeton in Vienna program in the Department of German at Princeton University, where he coordinates second-year courses and is developing new approaches to curricular development from corpus linguistic, lexicological, and historical linguistic perspectives.
This paper progresses the research on Leviticus, giving the first priority to syntax and results in a text-hierarchical structure, and the second priority to the analysis of participants’ roles and results in the discourse functions between the syntactic divisions. This study considers the ETCBC linguistic inventory that includes the annotated linguistic database of the Hebrew Bible at all linguistic levels such as grapheme, morpheme, phrase, and clause,49) together with the text-hierarchical structure constructed on the basis of the annotation of all clause relationships that occur in a text, using the text-linguistics of Eep Talstra. This methodology stems from the linguistics of Wolfgang Schneider, who adopted the linguistic model of Weinrich who had defined syntax as a means of communication. Schneider viewed that syntax is a description of the linguistic forms that conduct the process of communication, and that word order is a form that has its own function. In the same line, Talstra observes the verb form and its placement in the clause as well as the adjunct phrases in the clause, and describes the function of the word order. I call this an Elaborate Divine Speech Formula [divine speech formula + locative or time phrase]. In my conjecture, the EDSFs in the four books of the Pentateuch except Genesis demarcate the major divisions as follows: Exod 1:1-4:18, 4:19-11:10, 12:1-40:38; Lev 1:1-24:23 (subdivided into 1:1-15:33 and 16:1-24:23), 25:1-27:23; Num 1:1-8:26 (subdivided into 1:1-3:13 and 3:14-8:26), 9:1-36:13 (subdivided into 9:1-20:22, 20:23-33:49, 33:50-34:29 and 35:1-36:13); Deut 1:1-32:46 and 32:47-34:12.<br/> This paper focuses on the demarcations in Leviticus, which might be different from the demarcations of scholars who made thematic divisions. For example, most scholars propose Lev 17:1-26:46 as one literary unit with a holiness code. This paper does not seek to present syntactic division in competition with semantic divisions, but rather as an alternative way of looking at the text that puts Leviticus in the context of the Pentateuch in a different light and of the discourse functions between the syntactic divisions.
This repository contains the digitised Holle List in Stokhof (1980), namely the reference list of words in Dutch, English, and Indonesian, whose Index numbers can be linked to the Index of the word lists in the targeted languages (these lists are published independently in the subsequent volumes). Details and the interactive web version of the list can be accessed via https://engganolang.github.io/digitised-holle-list/ (Rajeg 2023). The work in this repository is part of the AHRC-funded project on <em>Lexical resources for Enggano, a threatened language of Indonesia</em> (central webpage of the Enggano project: https://enggano.ling-phil.ox.ac.uk/) <strong>Updates in version 1.3.0</strong> Adding the cross-linguistic data format (CLDF) version (Forkel et al. 2018) of the Holle List. In this CLDF version, the English column becomes the gloss for the Dutch and Indonesian forms (in the <code>forms.csv</code>). The parameters table contains the Concepticon concept sets mapping to the English gloss. Adding a GitHub action infrastructure to validate the CLDF format, adapting the one provided here as part of the Intercontinental Dictionary Series (IDS) (Key and Comrie 2023). Adding the code to validate the CLDF dataset in terminal. Adding the code to test-deploy locally the CLDF dataset in the cross-linguistic linked data (CLLD) web framework (Forkel 2023). <strong>References</strong> Forkel, Robert, Johann-Mattis List, Simon J. Greenhill, Christoph Rzymski, Sebastian Bank, Michael Cysouw, Harald Hammarström, Martin Haspelmath, Gereon A. Kaiping & Russell D. Gray. 2018. Cross-Linguistic Data Formats, advancing data sharing and re-use in comparative linguistics. Scientific Data. Nature Publishing Group 5(1). 180205. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.205. Forkel, Robert. 2023. clld: Python library supporting the development of cross-linguistic databases. Python. https://clld.org/. (14 June, 2023). Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) 2023. The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at https://ids.clld.org, Accessed on 2023-06-14.) Rajeg, Gede Primahadi Wijaya. 2023. Digitised, searchable Holle List in Stokhof (1980) (1.3.0). University of Oxford, UK. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7972273 https://engganolang.github.io/digitised-holle-list/ https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a511951b-86fb-4019-94d4-280efa83de02 Stokhof, W. A. L. (ed.). 1980. Holle lists, vocabularies in languages of Indonesia, vol. 1: Introductory volume. Vol. Materials in Languages of Indonesia. Canberra, A.C.T., Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University. https://core.ac.uk/reader/159464813.
The article discusses the specifics of teaching the culture of Russian speech to bilingual students. The authors pay special attention to the main speech and grammatical errors that arise while studying the lexical and grammatical norms of the modern Russian literary language. The article offers a system of tasks for working out practical aspects of the culture of Russian speech both in the classroom and in the format of an online course for self-preparation of students. The work contains a number of practical recommendations for teachers of the discipline “Business communications and culture of speech” on teaching bilingual students.
There are at least two problems that underlie the study of interference with Madurese speech, namely that interference can damage the preservation of good and correct Madurese speech and can damage its traditions. Bearing in mind, Madurese speech has a level of speech in which the term Madurese is called ondhagga bhasa. This is also because in general the Madurese are bilingual people who are able to master two or more languages. Interference in Madurese speech includes lexical, phonological, morphological, and syntactic interference. The targets of the study are as follows: (1) to obtain an overview of lexical interference from basic words or derived words in the form of loanwords, greeting words, idioms in the Indonesian language which are related to their meaning in Madurese speech at the in-laws tradition event in Sumenep; (2) obtain an overview of the causes of lexical interference from the root word or the derived word. This is based on the study of lexical interference theory of basic words and invented words regarding greeting words, borrowed words, idioms (idioms) and good and correct Madurese speech rules. This study uses a descriptive-qualitative research approach with the following procedure. The sources of data used are the speeches of the speakers, informants, events, and literature using speech recording techniques, interviews, observations, and documentation. The study resulted in findings and giving meaning to the existence of lexical interference from basic words and derived words regarding greeting words, borrowed words, idioms from a number of speakers in the speeches of the mantu tradition. The occurrence of this interference is caused by the lack of basic vocabulary and invented words regarding the level of fine speech and understanding of its use so that it is unable to represent what is conveyed. This can damage the good and correct norms of Madurese speech and damage the sacredness of its traditional events.
The article discusses the grammatical competence in the English language of future teachers in the undergraduate program as a component of effective foreign language teaching in the form of ability to correctly apply the morphological, syntactic and lexical norms of the English language in solving practical problems. Taking into account the teaching of English as a pedagogical specialty, it is necessary to take into account the communicative and pedagogical components of professional competence. Based on theoretical provisions in the form of an analysis of pedagogical conditions of the organization of education, the current study views the specifics of improving morphological grammatical skills in the form of teaching tense forms of English verbs on the material of authentic texts from classical literature. As part of the study, as part of a pedagogical experiment, according to the results in the experimental group, difficulties in mastering the tense forms of verbs were identified. Increasing the level of foreign language communicative competence will contribute to the improvement of theoretical and linguistic knowledge, to the formation of practical skills in the form of teaching the norms of the literary language.
This dataset is a corpus of five student's translation of Plato's Crito aligned at sentence-level with the original Ancient Greek text, one German translation, and two English translations. The Ancient Greek text is the Burnet edition, made available by Perseus Digital Library. For more information, see: https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0169%3Atext%3DCrito%3Asection%3D43a The details of the eight translations (five Persian, two English, and one German translations) are as follows: German Translation: The German translation of Schleiermmacher available on Project Gutenberg has been aligned at the sentence level. For more information, see: Plato, F. Schleiermacher, Platons Werke, In der Realschulbuchhandlung, 1809 Link to the text on Project Gutenberg: https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/platon/platowr1/kriton.html English Translations: Two different English translations of "Crito", one by Benjamin Jowett and the other by Harold North Fowler are included in the dataset. For more information on Jowett's translation, see: Plato, H. N. Fowler, W. Lamb, Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vol. 1 translated by Harold North Fowler; Introduction by W.R.M. Lamb, volume 1, Harvard University Press and Wiliam Heinemann Ltd., Cambridge, MA and London, 1966. Fowler's translation on Perseus Digital Library: https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=plat.+crito+43a For more information on Jowett's translation, see: Plato, B. Jowett, Crito, The Internet Classics Archive, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/crito.html. Persian Translations: The dataset consists of five Persian translations by students who have already completed a 30-hour Homeric Greek course. Each translator has translated the text into Persian using treebanks, commentaries, lexicon entries, and English and German translations. The translators themselves aligned the Persian translations to the Greek text at word-level using Ugarit. The alignments are available in their Ugarit profile: Shouresh Assimi: https://ugarit.ialigner.com/userProfile.php?userid=50956 Aylar Mahmoudzadeh Sarabi: https://ugarit.ialigner.com/userProfile.php?userid=63464&tgid=9576 Nima Mohammadi: https://ugarit.ialigner.com/userProfile.php?userid=52434&tgid=9362 Kimia Nikpour: https://ugarit.ialigner.com/userProfile.php?userid=52378 Farshid Rahimi: https://ugarit.ialigner.com/userProfile.php?userid=50932&tgid=9727 The group's initial goal was to produce one finalized translation of Crito to Persian, but due to the intriguing variations in the translations and the text's intricacy, it was decided to provide three finalized translations rather than one. The finalized translations will be available in Beyond Translation as part of the Perseus Digital Library under a Creative Commons license. For more information on our final versions of Crito, see: http://beyond-translation.perseus.org
“M. Marcel Proust has just published the third volume of his childhood memories,” wrote an exceptionally obtuse reviewer of Le Côté de Guermantes in 1920 (qtd. 130). That's one of the generic frames within which À la recherche du temps perdu has been read; other descriptions include “a psychological novel, a novel about time and memory, later a novel about art and aesthetic experience, a philosophical novel, a phenomenological one, and perhaps only later still a novel with a deeply anthropological and sociological bent, a novel interested in how culture happens, how language is a space in which culture happens, in which it is possible to watch culture happening over time, and to watch social change occur as culture happens” (125). The latter is of course the description closest to Michael Lucey's heart; his Proust is an ethnographer of the work done by language, and more generally a kind of wild sociologist who is deeply attentive to the playing out of social roles in conversation and in the idiosyncrasies of speech. The project of What Proust Heard is at once to analyze that narrative mode and to inculcate in the reader a novelistic form of attention to talk and to the social patterns that are revealed and enacted in talk.Two metadiscourses meet in this book. One is the series of reflections made by Proust's narrator on the conversations and the speech patterns of characters in the novel, including (by implication) those of the hero himself. The other is a set of theoretical languages elaborated by Mikhail Bakhtin, Erving Goffman, Pierre Bourdieu, and above all by the linguistic anthropologist Michael Silverstein.Let me start with the former. What the narrator notices and returns to again and again is a depth that underlies all talk (what Nathalie Sarraute calls the sous-conversation) (220). His interest is not in what is said but in how it is said and what that underlying subtext tells us about the speakers. Every act of speech carries with it the traces of a complex personal and interpersonal history, a linguistic habitus displaying the patterns of class, gender, and culture that are mobilized when characters speak. Everyday talk involves the attempt to decipher those traces and to ratify the social roles performed by speakers, as well as the social capital they claim and that is either granted or denied by their interlocutor; and much of the novel's comic force arises from its representation of the failed assumption of a shared habitus.Take, for example, a conversation centered on the Duc de Guermantes that Lucey analyzes at some length. The duke has expressed his regret that his nephew, Robert de Saint-Loup, has aligned himself with the supporters of Dreyfus: “With a name like ‘the Marquis de Saint-Loup,’” he remarks, “one isn't a Dreyfusard.” The narrator then appeals to one of two “laws of language” to explain the duke's use of the inappropriate phrase “with a name like” (“quand on s'appelle”). One of them “demands that we should express ourselves like others in our mental category and not of our caste”; the duke is speaking like a grocer. The other law is that from time to time there arise, as though by pure chance, “modes of expression that one hears in the same decade on the lips of people who have in no way concerted their efforts to use them” (qtd. 16). The first law, as Lucey paraphrases, “has to do with registers and how they are disseminated, and the second has to do, perhaps, with lexical innovation, borrowing, and diffusion” (17). The play of shifting registers continues in this conversation with interventions by an archivist and a historian: The former introduces a lexical novelty (the term “mentality” to describe a state of mind). The latter, “anxious to be part of the conversation,” points out that the word “mentality” occurs more frequently than the adjective “talentuous” (which the duke has just remarked on), citing as his authority the fact that “I'm on a committee at the Ministry of Education where I've heard it on several occasions, and also at my club, the Volney, and even at dinner at M. Émile Ollivier's.” To which the duke scathingly replies—“with false humility but with a vanity so deep-seated that his lips could not refrain from a smile”—that, since he doesn't have the honor of belonging to the Ministry of Education, nor of belonging to the Volney Club (“my only clubs are the Union and the Jockey—I don't believe you belong to the Jockey, monsieur?”), nor of having been invited to dine with M. Ollivier, he hasn't come across the word “mentality” (qtd. 20–21). Social caste is asserted, a social hierarchy reaffirmed.Although characters thus confirm their social roles by repeatedly performing them, their speech is not reducible to the expression of social position: the duke will, under certain circumstances, speak like a grocer. Much of the narrator's metadiscourse is directed to the slippery negotiations of position that take place in talk. Sexual codes are a particularly rich source of positional ambiguity: Charlus has to work out whether being called “one of us” by M. Verdurin means that his sexual proclivities (and thus, surprisingly, Verdurin's) have been revealed or that something more innocuous is intended, and the narrator is driven to anguish by Albertine's abruptly expressed desire to “me faire casser...,” which he reconstructs (“me faire casser le pot”) as referring to an obscene sexual act (158). Aesthetic codes similarly work both to shape a shared social space and to divide it through operations of distinction and exclusion: Elstir, Bergotte, and Vinteuil act as touchstones by which characters judge and are judged (Charlus signals reverence during a performance of the Vinteuil Septet, Mme. Verdurin performs absorption, and the narrator, anticipating Bourdieu, constructs and reconstructs the social field across which judgments of taste and the concomitant judgments of character are distributed).In a series of interludes between chapters Lucey extends Proust's narrator's fascination with the forms and uses of talk to other novelists who share that fascination: Honoré de Balzac, George Eliot, Virginia Woolf, Nathalie Sarraute, and Rachel Cusk. These interludes shift the focus from Proust to the description of a specific genre of the novel that culminates, paradoxically, in Cusk's tonally flat representations of talk which leave it entirely to the reader to make sense of motive and intention: her metadiscourse is present only as inference. We might wonder, though: Which novels would be excluded from this tradition? Which novelists are not particularly interested in the social dynamics of talk? And when Lucey speculates on how a reader would decipher motive and social patterning in a novel made up entirely of dialogue (Ivy Compton-Burnett comes to mind), he doesn't push this to think about how such deciphering might work in the limit case of drama and dramatic irony.The second metadiscourse elaborated in What Proust Heard is drawn from Bakhtin's account of speech genres (but not, unfortunately, except in passing, the early work of Bakhtin/Vološinov and Bakhtin/Medvedev); Goffman's account of the splitting of the author function between animator, author, and principal; Bourdieu's account of habitus, field, and the logic of practice; and Michael Silverstein's linguistic anthropology (but not, unfortunately, the social semiotics of Michael Halliday, which covers much of the same ground as Silverstein but more lucidly and with somewhat more linguistic complexity in its theorization of the interlocking determinations of speech registers). Here the key construct is the “social indexicality” of language, a concept that invites us to attend not to the denotational force of speech but to the social markers it carries and the social work it performs. Lucey's reading of Silverstein is grounded in a compelling critique of the limitations of speech act theory and of H. Paul Grice's “cooperative principle.” The tradition that stretches from J. L. Austin through Grice and John Searle understands language-in-use in ways that are instrumentalist and acontextual, oriented to the speaker's intention and to the truth-values carried by speech. As Goffman puts it, however, talk is less about giving information than about “giving shows” (98). For Silverstein, language has an indexical rather than an illocutionary force: it carries embedded information about role relationships and it projects “consequential social action”; its “indexical entailments” are “more various than normal construals of performativity allow for” (223–24). Whereas Grice's account of conversational implicatures expresses a kind of philosopher's fantasy about the use of talk for the rational and cooperative construction of a shared project, where participants are expected to speak transparently, economically, truthfully, and to the point, “neither Proust nor linguistic anthropology proceeds from the assumption of reciprocity, and so neither finds it normal that an easily or widely shared reference to a common repository of illocutionary possibilities or metapragmatic functions necessarily produces a uniform recognition of what transpires in this or that instance of language use” (32–33). To the contrary: what Proust takes from Dostoevsky is a thematics of mutual incomprehension, such that any conversation between, say, the narrator and Albertine is largely opaque to their respective “intentions,” and speakers are never fully the subjects or authors of their speech. Many of the most interesting and most subtle readings in the book are explorations of the tormented dynamic that holds the narrator and Albertine together and apart.The two metadiscourses elaborated in this book—that of the narrator, and a social-scientific discourse—are interrelated; but the form of their relationship is something of a problem. At times Proust (or the narrator) figures as a kind of precursor of social theory; at others that theory acts as a supplement, translating the narrator's analyses of talk into explicitly sociological terms. I'm not entirely convinced that that act of translation adds significant value, however, and I have a particular concern about Silverstein's concept of the social “indexicality” of language. The Peircean indexical sign operates by means of a direct existential or physical connection between the sign and its object: the connection may be causal, or it may be spatiotemporal, as in the case of deictic indices. The concept of social indexicality thus seems to indicate that role relationships can be read off from spoken text, with immediate legibility, and it points to actual relations of power and solidarity conveyed in talk rather than to relations that are projected but not necessarily accomplished: to discursive positions that don't simply or immediately reflect actual social positions (the duke speaking like a grocer). To put this differently, the logic of the concept of indexicality cuts short an analysis of the negotiation through talk of rhetorical positions, and the interpretive ploys that all such negotiation involves.One of the consequences of this logic is played out in Lucey's response to a reflection by Cusk on the instability of character in her novels. She tells her interviewer that “we're very used to a novel being carried by a self that we believe in, and we believe in it as a simulation, or a representation of us. We think that's what our experiences are like, and this is the form which that experience of being in a self is like, and I don't believe that. I don't think that's true. I think... that experience is much more lateral and oceanic” (258). To which Lucey replies that “of course, it is probably statistically more likely that certain kinds of people will share certain experiences than others, will be informed by certain kinds of experience than others, will talk in one way rather than another.... Cusk's novels constantly hover on the brink of this kind of self-reflexivity. Proust's narrator hovers on this same brink” (259).I don't want to make too much of this: Lucey's reading of Proust is fully attentive to the indeterminacies and instabilities of character and to the “distributive authorship” of speech (276). But one of the ways in which Proust is not doing the kind of norm-governed classificatory work that a sociologist like Bourdieu does has to do with his fascination with the dispersal of “character”: the atavism that finds us speaking the language of our parents and acquiring the racial features of our ancestors; the slippage of one character into another through the myriad transformations of desire and identity in this most fluid of novels. Proust may indeed have an ethnographic sensibility, but his commitment as a novelist is not only to the descriptive but also to the transformative and the Cratylic powers of language.
Abstract Introduction During laboratory-based, voluntary exposure to total sleep deprivation (TSD), relatively large decreases in positive mood and relatively small increases in negative mood have been observed, with the magnitudes of change varying across individuals. People differ in their trait emotion reactivity, i.e., their sensitivity to emotion-evoking stimuli or events. As higher reactivity is associated with greater difficulty regulating emotion, we hypothesized this trait could moderate mood changes during TSD. Methods N=96 healthy adults (ages 21-38, 47% female) participated in one of three 4-day/3-night in-laboratory TSD studies. In each study, after 10h baseline sleep, participants were exposed to 38h TSD, followed by 10h recovery sleep. Participants completed the Emotion Reactivity Scale (ERS), and their self-reported affect was assessed every 2-4h during wake using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The 11 test bouts during TSD shared across studies were included in analyses (day 2: 09:00, 13:00, 21:00, 23:00; day 3: 01:00, 03:00, 05:00, 07:00, 09:00, 13:00, 21:00). Positive and negative affect ratings were analyzed with linear mixed-effects regression with fixed effects of test bout (categorical), ERS score (continuous), and their interaction, covariates for study, sex, and age, and a random intercept over participants. Results Participants showed the expected decrease in positive affect as a function of test bout (time awake and time of day, p&lt; 0.001), and a smaller, non-significant increase in negative affect (p=0.17). Higher ERS scores were associated with increased negative affect during TSD (p=0.002), but this effect was small, and negative affect showed a floor effect. Emotion reactivity was not a significant predictor of decreased positive affect during TSD (p=0.97). Conclusion As hypothesized, emotion reactivity predicted individual variability in negative affect during TSD, but unexpectedly it did not predict the decrease in positive affect associated with TSD. This suggests that the trait measured by the ERS may be biased toward negative affect, and/or that positive affective changes may be more difficult to predict during the low arousal state induced by TSD. Studies inducing greater variability in negative affect during TSD (e.g., through exposure to a stressor) are needed to confirm our findings. Support (if any) NIH CA167691, ONR N00014-13-1-0302, and CDMRP W81XWH-16-1-0319 and W81XWH-20-1-0442.
Myocardial blood flow can reflect the hemodynamic status of the myocardium and play a crucial role in the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia. However, the derivation of myocardial blood flow requires a series of dynamic-computed tomography perfusion scans, which lead to high radiation exposure. We explore a convolutional neural network-based parametric image generation method for accessing parametric images without dynamic scans. With a simulated static computed tomography perfusion scan as the input, the network can generate corresponding myocardial blood flow. With the assistance of bolus triggering, this method can realize accessibility of myocardial blood flow even without dynamic computed tomography perfusion, therefore reducing the radiation dosage in radiology examination and significantly boosting the duration of postprocessing. First, we pretrained the network with the averaged dynamic computed tomography perfusion scans for better default parameters. Fine-tuning with the simulated static computed tomography perfusion scans was then implemented for desired end-to-end image translation. The performance of the issued image translation method was evaluated by using the usual image rating criteria and a clinical functional assessment. The results illustrated that the synthetic image quality is fine and that the clinical functionality of the synthetic myocardial blood flow is satisfactory. The proposed method showed great potential in dose reduction; the effective dosage was reduced by 90% in our cases and the postprocessing time was shortened from 19 minutes to approximately 10 seconds.
The article is devoted to classification and analysis of lexical-semantic deviations from language norms in the materials of the UNIAN news tape. Considering the dramatic events in our country over the past year and a half, the citizens consume much more actively the information products, from which they gain knowledge of the Ukrainian language, striving to improve it in this way. However, not all journalists conscientiously fulfill their professional duty, assuming various deviations in their texts, including lexical and semantic ones. The objective of this study was to identify the erroneous lexical norms in media texts and to draw attention of authors‘ journalistic materials to them. It was determined that all collected abnormal cases are primarily divided into intentional deviations, consciously used by the journalists in the texts and unintentional deviations, caused by low professional competence of their authors. Among the intentional deviations, there are often inappropriately used emotionally expressive and stylistically marked lexemes, such as colloquial, slang, swearing and vulgar words. Purposeful use of such language units aims to attract attention to the publications, which cannot be justified based on the requirements for language style of informational texts. Unintentional deviations include semantically modified lexemes; tautologies and pleonasms; confusion of the meanings of paronyms and cross-language homonyms; interferems and Russianisms as evidence of professional carelessness and inattention to the created materials. A significant amount of materials collected during the month testifies to the improper attitude of journalists of this news agency to their professional duties. After all, it is news texts that today belong to the most widely read, from where citizens replenish their vocabulary and learn the rules of using words and their combinations. Eliminating the listed problems will make it possible to improve the language competence of both the journalists themselves and the readers of their materials.
Abstract One of the most interesting aspects of natural language is how texts cohere, which involves the pragmatic or semantic relations that hold between clauses (addition, cause-effect, conditional, similarity), referred to as discourse relations. A focus on the identification and classification of discourse relations appears as an imperative challenge to be resolved to support tasks such as text summarization, dialogue systems, and machine translation that need information above the clause level. Despite the recent interest in discourse relations in well-known languages such as English, data and experiments are still needed for typologically different and less-resourced languages. We report the most comprehensive investigation of shallow discourse parsing in Turkish, focusing on two main sub-tasks: identification of discourse relation realization types and the sense classification of explicit and implicit relations. The work is based on the approach of fine-tuning a pre-trained language model (BERT) as an encoder and classifying the encoded data with neural network-based classifiers. We firstly identify the discourse relation realization type that holds in a given text, if there is any. Then, we move on to the sense classification of the identified explicit and implicit relations. In addition to in-domain experiments on a held-out test set from the Turkish Discourse Bank (TDB 1.2), we also report the out-domain performance of our models in order to evaluate its generalization abilities, using the Turkish part of the TED Multilingual Discourse Bank. Finally, we explore the effect of multilingual data aggregation on the classification of relation realization type through a cross-lingual experiment. The results suggest that our models perform relatively well despite the limited size of the TDB 1.2 and that there are language-specific aspects of detecting the types of discourse relation realization. We believe that the findings are important both in providing insights regarding the performance of the modern language models in a typologically different language and in the low-resource scenario, given that the TDB 1.2 is 1/20th of the Penn Discourse TreeBank in terms of the number of total relations.
Semantic feature norms, lists of features that concepts do and do not possess, have played a central role in characterizing human conceptual knowledge, but require extensive human labor. Large language models (LLMs) offer a novel avenue for the automatic generation of such feature lists, but are prone to significant error. Here, we present a new method for combining a learned model of human lexical-semantics from limited data with LLM-generated data to efficiently generate high-quality feature norms.
Abstract A growing literature suggests that having a sense of purpose in life is key to supporting optimal aging outcomes. One proposed mechanism for such benefits posits that having strong sense of purpose facilitates better management of and less reactivity to daily negative experiences, which over time may impact health. However, there remains a paucity of research investigating sense of purpose, affective experiences, and biological stress markers as individuals engage in their daily life routines. The present study sought to examine everyday associations between sense of purpose in life, negative affect, and salivary cortisol using repeated daily life assessments. A sample of 170 older adults aged 60 to 87 (M =71.18 years, SD=6.06) completed affect ratings and provided concurrent salivary cortisol samples 4 times per day over 7 consecutive days. Multilevel growth modeling was used to examine whether trait sense of purpose in life moderated within-day associations between negative affect and log-transformed cortisol levels (nmol/L), adjusting for relevant demographic information and factors that may impact cortisol (e.g., time since waking, caffeine intake). Analyses revealed that sense of purpose was indeed associated with lower daily negative affect, but it did not predict everyday cortisol and was also not moderating the within-person couplings between everyday negative affect and cortisol. Our results suggest that purpose in life shapes daily affect dynamics of older adults, yet not through modulating the physiological implications of negative affect. Follow-up analyses will explore whether these findings generalize to vulnerable groups of very old adults and those in poor health.
Linguistics is the research based study of language and its structure which includes sounds, words, grammar, meaning and context. It plays a crucial role in research across various disciplines due to its adaptable and cross-disciplinary nature. It is important in research because language is a fundamental aspect of human communication and linguistics helps us grasp how humans make use of language, how they convey their thoughts and emotions and put them into words. It is also about how language is acquired through language acquisition device i.e. LAD, present in human mind. It was proposed by Noam Chomsky, a prominent linguist. Through LAD present in children, they effortlessly learn the grammar of any language, they are exposed to during their early development stage. Research in linguistics contributes to our understanding of cognitive processes, their way of perceiving and problem solving. Linguistic research contributes to our understanding of cognitive processes. Cognitive process deals with human perception, thinking and learning. Linguistics is crucial in the development of natural language processing NLP technologies and machine learning algorithms. Sociolinguist explores the relationship between language and social factors, like ethnicity, gender, social class and identity. It will shed light on language variation and the ways in which people use language to express their social identity. Daniel Jones was a prominent British phonetician who made significant contributions in the field of phonetics. He is known for his work on the description and analysis of speech sounds and their articulation. Phonetics delves with how humans produce and perceive sounds. Daniel Jones was a Phonetic professor at University College London and is remembered as “The Father of Phonetics.” Overall linguistics is essential in various research fields as it provides a deeper understanding of human language and its impact on the society. Its interdisciplinary nature allows it to intersect with numerous disciplines, making it a valuable tool for researchers seeking to explore the intricacies of language and its significance in our lives. Phonetics is the subfield of linguistics that deals with the study of speech sounds. It throws light on the physical properties of sounds and how they are produced, perceived and transmitted in human language. “Standard Indian English" refers to a variety of English that is spoken in India and conforms to certain linguistic norms and standards. English is one of the many languages spoken in India due to the country's colonial history under British rule, and it has developed into a distinct form known as Indian English. Phonetics is essential in understanding the sounds that make up languages and how they are used in communication. This study draws the attention of the reader towards the fields of phonetics which are essential and dominant for a linguistic to understand and work upon.
In this work, we introduce a framework that unifies existing implementations for the tasks of constituent and dependency parsing as sequence labeling problems. The system provides a way to encode both formalisms as sequences of one label per word, so they can be used with any existing general-purpose sequence labeling architecture. More particu- larly, we implement three linearizations to encode constituent trees and four linearizations for dependency trees. All encoding functions ensure completeness and injectivity. We will also train a sequence labeling neural system to learn such encodings, and compare their ef- fectiveness on standard constituent (PTB and SPMRL treebanks) and dependency parsing (a subset of treebanks from the UD collection) evaluation frameworks.
Abstract Background Recent evidence in Alzheimer’s diseases suggests that early dysfunction of emotional processing may precede the onset of cognitive decline and dementia. Altered functional brain connectivity patterns also occur along with other brain changes many years before clinical AD symptoms. Method We combined baseline multimodal neuroimaging data from cognitively healthy older adults (N = 125) enrolled in the Age‐Well trial of the Medit‐Ageing study. The aim was to elucidate the relationship of five AD risk factors (amyloid‐beta depositions and hypoperfusion with AV45‐PET, hippocampal atrophy, cognition with PACC‐5, cardiovascular risk with CAIDE) with carry‐over effects of social emotions and related brain functions. Using k‐means clustering analysis with the AD risk factors, we first defined participants with higher or lower preclinical risk for AD. We then used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to probe functional brain connectivity in resting periods following negative socio‐emotional videos in the SoVT‐Rest paradigm. Result Participants with a higher preclinical AD risk showed reduced positivity bias in affect ratings and reduced connectivity patterns between control‐related frontal brain regions and emotion‐related limbic regions (amygdala). In particular, this fronto‐limbic connectivity was associated with higher cardiovascular risk on the CAIDE composite score. Conclusion We find evidence for changes in post‐emotion functional recovery patterns in fronto‐limbic brain networks in at‐risk individuals for AD. These changes might reflect impaired emotion regulation processes.
This paper presents a study that investigates the role of confidence in predicting performance in a business strategy game (The Business Strategy Game, Thompson et al., 2022), specifically when making complex decisions as part of a team.The study distinguishes between an individual's confidence in their decision-making process and their confidence in specific decisions.Because complex business decisions are typically team-based, it also examines an individual's confidence in the team's decision-making process and actual decisions.Decision performance 92 The BRC Academy Journal of Business Vol. 13, No. 1 was measured two ways: financial performance (earnings-pershare) and non-financial performance (company image rating).Results show that an individual's confidence in their specific decisions positively predicts financial performance, whereas their confidence in the team's specific decisions positively predicts both financial and non-financial performance.Decision-makers consistently lost confidence in both their team's decisions and decision process after receiving performance feedback but regained that confidence before the next decision.However, this pattern was less evident for an individual's confidence in their own decisions or process.Over time, individuals gained confidence in their own decisions, the team's decisions, and the team's decision process, but this gain was not evident for confidence in the decision process.
Abstract Introduction “Sleep to forget and sleep to remember” model postulates that the content of emotional memory is strengthened during sleep while the arousal component is attenuated. Experimental sleep deprivation studies in healthy individuals have supported the model, but it is not known if sleep in individuals with insomnia, a condition of chronic poor sleep, provides the same effect on emotional memory. Methods Individuals reporting insomnia and good sleepers (n = 76 and n = 83 respectively; 83% female, mean age of 43.2 years) completed a picture-rating task to assess a) emotional valence ratings pre and post sleep and b) recognition accuracy post-sleep. In addition, an autobiographical memory task was completed during the day to assess a) the number of recalled memories in a 2-minute period for good and bad past events respectively, and b) emotional intensity ratings of the retrieved memories at the time the event occurred and how they feel now. Results Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to assess group differences. Sleep diary variables on the experimental night showed that individuals with insomnia experienced a significantly more disrupted sleep than good sleepers (SOL: r = 0.537; WASO: r = 0.620; TST: r = 0.669). In the picture-rating task, there was no significant group difference for recognition accuracy (neutral stimuli: r = 0.016; negative stimuli: r = 0.018) or change in emotional valence pre-to-post sleep (neutral stimuli: r = 0.003; negative stimuli: r = 0.008). In the autobiographical memory task, individuals with insomnia remembered significantly fewer good days (r = 0.245) and rated their bad days at the time of its occurrence as significantly worse than good sleepers (r = 0.235). There was no significant group difference in the extent to which emotional intensity faded more for bad days than good days (r = 0.113). Conclusion We have shown that autobiographical memory is altered in insomnia which may have important influence on mental health. Our findings also suggest that overnight memory consolidation for negative stimuli is not affected in insomnia versus good sleepers. This may be a reflection of our one-night protocol; future work is needed across consecutive days. Support (if any) Dr-Mortimer-&-Theresa-Sackler-Foundation
يعد مبحث الآباء من أهم مباحث المشنا التي تتناول التعاليم والوصايا الأخلاقية والحكم والمواعظ ذات الطابع الفلسفي، حيث يطلق عليه باللغة الإنجليزية " Ethics of the Fathers"، أي "أخلاقيات الآباء". حيث لا يحتوي هذا المبحث على أحكام تشريعية على غرار غيره من مباحث المشنا. ونتيجة لاختلاف محتواه عن سائر مباحث المشنا، فقد تميزت لغته فيما يتعلق بمستويات بناء النص، سواء على المستوى الصوتي، والمستوى الصرفي والمعجمي، والمستوى التركيبي، والمستوى الدلالي. وتهدف هذه الدراسة إلى عرض مستويات بناء مبحث الآباء كنص أدبي ديني، وبيان مدى اتفاقه واختلافه مع لغة المشنا التي ينتمي إليها النص. وقد انتهجت الدراسة المنهج التحليلي التطبيقي، والذي يعني بتحليل النص وتطبيق الظواهر اللغوية على النص، بغرض إبراز العلاقات الشكلية والدلالية التي تسهم في الربط بين عناصر النص. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى التعرف على مستويات البناء النصي في مبحث الآباء، ومدى تشابه لغته مع لغة المشنا، وفيما اختلفت عنها وأضافت إلى طبقات اللغة العبرية في فترة المشنا.The study focuses on Pirkei Avot as a central theme within the Mishna, delving into its teachings, moral directives, wisdom, and philosophical discourses. Unlike other sections of the Mishna, Pirkei Avot lacks legal statutes, setting it apart due to its distinctive content. This distinction is reflected in the text's linguistic characteristics, spanning phonetics, morphology, lexicon, syntax, and semantics. The research aims to comprehensively present how Pirkei Avot, as a religious literary text, is constructed across various linguistic levels, while also highlighting its alignment and divergence from the linguistic norms of the Mishna. Employing an applied analytical approach, the study meticulously analyzes the text, employing linguistic principles to unveil formal and semantic connections that bind its elements. The outcome of the study involves identifying the textual structural layers intrinsic to Pirkei Avot, assessing its linguistic congruity with the Mishna's language, and elucidating its distinctive contributions to the evolving Hebrew language during the Mishnaic era.
The present study focuses on the corpus-based lexico-semantic analysis of Pakistani English to identify the variations in the language of newspapers. It also investigates how Pakistani English newspapers consider their readers' cultural and social ideals for intelligible contact while selecting language posts. As a result, they often deviate from the native norms of the language adopting many indigenous linguistic features and emerging new varieties of New English to define their tasks easier in order not only to facilitate but to attract people’s attention. Therefore, Moag’s model on New Englishes, Boas’s theory of cultural relativism, and Kachru’s Theory of Nativisation and Acculturation with the conception of the Outer Circle (1986) mainly connected to institutionalize Second Varieties of English have been used for the theoretical analysis within Pakistani context dependent socio-cultural scenario. The usage of these lexical items shows that Pakistani English is derived from the source, namely, Standard British English, for example, shadi hall, Jihadi outfits, etc. These lexical item categories followed in coinage, borrowing, idiomatic collocations, and semantic shift. This study also attempts to create lexicographical entries to represent the diverse Pakistani English and become available to society's educational and global communication. The study purposively compiled the 2 million corpora from the websites of two major Pakistani English Newspapers, The Nation and The News, and then analyzed it by using corpus software tools Antconc 3.5.8w to search for the key terms and to identify these elements of the stance. The study's finding highlights the New English variety of Pakistani English Newspapers and the adapted lexemes used in the local sociolinguistics context. One of the study's most significant findings shows that the New Englishes lexemes are infused with Islamic, historical, and social culture, highlighting the diverse local colours adapted to the Pakistani setting. The New Englishes in Pakistan comprises the amalgamation of Arabic, Urdu, Punjabi, and English lexemes. The study also broadens the horizon of society's educational and communicational usage while maintaining the endonormative standard.
In this study, I utilize previous scholarly work on the diachronic nature of the language used in the Book of Esther to propose that diachronic variety elements would be indicative of the author’s literary intent. The Book of Esther is commonly regarded as exemplifying a transitional language style. However, it is crucial to recognize that the language employed in the Book of Esther, categorized as belonging to the novella genre also reflects the deliberate linguistic choices made by the author.<br/> With this in mind, I focus on the discourses found within the text of Esther. In the Book of Esther categorized as the genre of novella, discourses serve as a critical driver of the main plot. I argue that the distinct Jewish and Persian identities are linguistically evident in the discourse. Particularly, I have examined specific discourses from the text of Esther and analyzed their usage of language elements which were considered as the diachronic marker. I find that expressions categorized as Early Biblical Hebrew and Late Biblical Hebrew are not used haphazardly or without criteria; rather, they are deliberately selected and employed to differentiate between Jewish and Persian identities. The findings suggest that certain language elements are best understood as authorial choices that reflect the deliberate literary intentions of the author rather than being solely attributed to natural diachronic development.<br/> To comprehensively comprehend linguistic diversity, it is essential to not only consider external factors such as the social context and historical period in which the text was written but also carefully examine the author’s literary intentions embedded within the text itself. An author’s language is not invariably constrained by the linguistic norms prevailing during their specific time and within their social milieu. Authors of later texts, particularly those who experienced a transitional phase of linguistic development might have been acquainted with both older and newer linguistic forms and skillfully employed elements from these two distinct linguistic phases for specific literary purposes.<br/> The language employed in the Book of Esther appears to possess characteristics of a transitional work, blending elements from Early Biblical Hebrew and Late Biblical Hebrew. However, as evidenced in this study, the various linguistic expressions in the Book of Esther can be more effectively understood in terms of the author’s literary intent rather than solely through the lens of diachronic complexity. This approach allows for a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of the language used in the Book of Esther.
OBJECTIVES: To examine the interaction between child temperament and caregiver linguistic input (i.e., syntactic complexity and lexical diversity) on receptive language in children who are deaf or hard of hearing (DHH). DESIGN: Families of 59 DHH children ( Mage = 5.66 years) using spoken language for communication participated in this cross-sectional study. Caregivers completed the Child Behavior Questionnaire-Short Form, which measured child temperament across three established factors (i.e., effortful control, negative affectivity, surgency-extraversion) and participated with their child in a semi-structured, dyadic play interaction that occurred during a home visit. Caregivers' language during the play interaction was quantified based on lexical diversity and syntactic complexity. Children also completed norm-referenced receptive language measures (i.e., Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language-2, age-appropriate Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals) during the home visit that were combined into a composite measure of child receptive language. RESULTS: When caregivers used lower to moderate levels of lexical diversity, child effortful control was positively related to child receptive language. However, when caregivers used higher levels of lexical diversity, child effortful control and child receptive language were not related to each other. CONCLUSIONS: Family environments rich in caregiver lexical input to children might provide a protective influence on DHH child language outcomes by helping to ensure DHH children with varying self-regulatory abilities achieve better spoken language comprehension. These findings highlight the importance of encouraging caregivers to provide rich and stimulating language-learning environments for DHH children.