Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
статья посвящена проблеме языковой экспликации концепта Запрет в аварском языковом сознании. Исследуемое понятие рассматривается в лексико-семантическом и лингвокультурологическом аспектах. Проанализированы понятийная, ценностная составляющие указанного концепта, рассмотрены: парадигматика лексико-семантического поля Запрет; компонентный анализ значения ядерных лексем-вербализаторов данного понятия; разноуровневые средства репрезентации указанного понятия (лексические и грамматические); табу и запрет в религиозном дискурсе исследуемой лингвокультуры. В основе различных структур представления знаний о запрете как норме лежит концептуальная схема, где схема – абстракция, которая позволяет приписывать определенные объекты или события к общим категориям, способным наполняться конкретным содержанием. Концептуальная схема Запрета, понимаемого как норма поведения, поддерживаемая социумом или традицией, предполагает последовательность элементов, которая устанавливает определенное отношение между определенным субъектом, находящимся в определенных обстоятельствах, и определенным поведением. Принцип однозначности в текстах запретительного дискурса достигается за счет того, что предписание строится на определении используемых в них терминологических единиц. Тексты запретительного характера имеют в своей основе концептуальную схему нормы, отношения между элементами которой строятся в виде определения и предписания. the article is devoted to the problem of linguistic explication of the concept of Prohibition in the Avar language consciousness. The concept under study is considered in lexico-semantic and linguocultural aspects. The conceptual and value components of this concept are analyzed, the following are considered: the paradigmatics of the lexico-semantic field of Prohibition; component analysis of the meaning of nuclear lexemes-verbalizers of this concept; multilevel means of representation of this concept (lexical and grammatical); taboos and prohibition in the religious discourse of the studied linguistic culture. The basis of various structures of knowledge representation about prohibition as a norm is a conceptual scheme, where the scheme is an abstraction that allows you to attribute certain objects or events to general categories that can be filled with specific content. The conceptual scheme of Prohibition, understood as a norm of behavior supported by society or tradition, assumes a sequence of elements that establishes a certain relationship between a certain subject in certain circumstances and a certain behavior. The principle of unambiguity in the texts of prohibitive discourse is achieved due to the fact that the prescription is based on the definition of the terminological units used in them. Prohibitive texts are based on a conceptual scheme of the norm, the relations between the elements of which are built in the form of definitions and prescriptions.
Introduction Sleep loss is common during the perinatal period; however, few studies have assessed potential consequences of insufficient sleep for postnatal emotional responding, a key contributor to parenting behaviors with implications for parent-infant bonding and mental health. To generate hypotheses for future work assessing perinatal sleep and emotion-related outcomes, this pilot study explored whether prenatal sleep duration predicted postnatal emotional responding in a sample at risk for postpartum depression. Methods Participants were 9 birthing parents with a prior mood disorder who were not in a current episode at enrollment. We estimated sleep with actigraphy collected for one week at 33 weeks’ gestation and at 2 and 6 weeks postpartum. Following each week, participants completed an emotional evaluation task, rating the valence and arousal of standardized images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). We tested whether average prenatal (33 weeks) nighttime sleep duration predicted concurrent and future responsiveness to emotional images, quantified by participants’ reaction times and arousal/valence ratings. Results Shorter prenatal sleep duration predicted faster reaction times, both concurrently and at 2 weeks postpartum (ps≤.05), as well as lower arousal ratings for negative images at 2 and 6 weeks postpartum (ps≤.043). Conclusions In this small sample of birthing parents at risk for postpartum depression, shorter prenatal sleep duration predicted faster reactions to emotional stimuli and blunted arousal responses to negative images. Although preliminary, these findings justify further study of the role of prenatal sleep in postpartum emotional responses and how these factors may impact parent-infant outcomes.
Abstract Purpose Previous discussions have characterized hookup culture as ambiguous by nature, but social psychological theory tells us people dislike ambiguity in practice. Meanwhile, a myriad of undefined relationship terms (e.g., talking to, hanging out, having a thing) arose and have remained in use. I examine (1) whether these different “situationship” labels have distinct affective meaning and (2) what that suggests for those occupying the concomitant identities (i.e., assess the behavioral and emotional consequences of being “someone in a _____ relationship”). Approach Using affect control theory and a sample of young adults in defined (N = 50) and undefined (N = 43) relationship types, I test if affective ratings of various relationship label identities are statistically distinct. I then computationally model social events with each relationship label as actor (X identity performs [behavior]), compare their differing levels of social discomfort, and empirically predict the emotions each identity would feel. Findings Undefined relationship labels are not synonymous. Correspondingly, the nature, emotions, and expected behaviors of the individuals with those labels' related relational identities are not equivalent. In cultural evaluation, all undefined relationship labels are lower than all defined relationship labels. In event simulations, predicted deflection levels and actor consequent emotions (how normative is it and how jarring does it feel) were patterned by the labels' cultural evaluation ratings, these correlate with relationship commitment level. Implications By interpersonal necessity, individuals make fine distinctions in shared meanings within a cultural context of constant redefinition. Physically and emotionally negative behaviors are culturally more expected and accepted in undefined contexts by the culturally-understood nature of – and shared perspectives of participants concerning – those relationships’ parameters.
Objective This study aimed to assess the impact of the different concentrations of iodine contrast agents used on the quality of computed tomography (CT) images obtained intraindividually in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Methods In this retrospective study, data from a cohort of 29 patients diagnosed with primary hepatocellular carcinoma who had undergone two preoperative CT-enhanced examinations within a 3-month timeframe were analyzed. Each patient was randomly assigned to receive either a low-concentration contrast agent (300 mg I/mL iohexol) or a high-concentration contrast agent (350 mg I/mL iohexol) for the first scan and the alternative contrast agent for the second scan. CT images of different liver regions of each patient were compared between low-and high-concentration scans using their before-and-after control design. Subjective image quality scores for portal vein images were also assessed. Results The findings of this study indicate that patients in the high-concentration group presented significantly elevated CT values across various anatomical regions, including the liver parenchyma, abdominal aorta, and hepatic portal vein, compared to those in the low-concentration group ( p < 0.05). Moreover, the high-concentration group demonstrated superior subjective image ratings ( p < 0.05). Nevertheless, there was no statistically significant difference in the CT values observed in liver cancer parenchyma scans at different phases between the two groups ( p > 0.05). Conclusion In summary, using a high-concentration iodine contrast agent is efficient in enhancing the visual clarity of the liver parenchyma, the aorta, and the portal vein in individuals diagnosed with primary hepatocellular carcinoma.
Implementation intentions are if-then plans that create a mental link between a situational cue and a goal-directed response that people can form to help them achieve emotion regulation goals more effectively. The main goal of this study was to determine if forming the goal intention to not get disgusted together with a perspective taking implementation intention is more effective than forming the goal intention to not get disgusted that spells out the same perspective taking strategy but without linking it to the cue. Eighty-six female participants viewed disgusting, neutral, and pleasant pictures under four instructions: no emotion regulation instructions (CG), the goal intention to not get disgusted (GI), this goal intention furnished with the perspective taking regulation strategy (GI-PT), and this goal intention in tandem with the perspective taking implementation intention (PT-II). Compared with CG, GI, and GI-PT participants, PT-II participants showed a significantly larger decrease in disgust when seeing the disgusting pictures. This effect remained constant across repeated exposure to the critical contents and was larger among individuals who did not consciously try to reappraise the disgusting pictures than among individuals who consciously tried to reappraise them. Valence rating, arousal rating, and sympathetic activity did not significantly differ between conditions. We conclude that it is the if(situational cue)-then(goal-directed response) link created by forming the perspective taking implementation intention that accounts for the positive effect on disgust and not simply the information about the perspective taking behavior to adopt.
the systematic study of the lexicon of Orthodox versions of the biblical text in Polish from the perspectives of cultural and theological-dogmatic conditioning.Thus, the article contributes through the presentation of critical reflections on the ongoing standardization of
The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of eight digital radiography systems and to optimise the dose-image quality relationship for digital pelvis radiography. The study involved eight digital radiography systems used for general examinations at Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos. An anthropomorphic pelvic phantom (CIRS, US) was used to simulate a patient undergoing clinical pelvis radiography. Dose quantities entrance surface dose, dose area product (DAP) and exposure parameters (kVp, mA, mAs) were measured and the effects on the images were evaluated, considering physical contrast to noise ratio (CNR) and observer-based evaluations as image quality metrics. Increasing the tube voltage by 5 kVp from standard protocol led to a reduction in radiation dose (DAP) by 12%-20% with a slight impact on image quality (CNR decreases by 2%-10%). There was an inter-observer variability in image rating across different equipment (kappa value between 0 and 0.3); however, both observers agreed that increasing kVp up to 85-90 kV had no effect on perceived image quality. The results indicate that optimisation strategies should be tailored specifically for each x-ray system since significant performance differences and wide variations in radiation dose exist across various digital radiography systems used in clinical settings. The use of high kVp can be used for dose optimisation in digital pelvis radiography without compromising image diagnostic accuracy.
The article focuses on orographic appellatives and oronyms derived from anatomical terms in the Yakut language through metaphorization. Given that the Yakut oronymy is endangered due to several sociolinguistic and socio-economic reasons, collecting, systematizing, studying, and preserving this specific layer of the Yakut toponymic lexicon in linguistic databases is relevant. We have identified more than 80 anatomical terms that contributed to the Yakut oronymy development. We divided the Yakut anatomical vocabulary used as orographic appellatives into two groups: 1) lexemes denoting the external parts of human and animal bodies and 2) lexemes denoting the internal organs of humans and animals. The comparative analysis covered the following anatomical terms: atax ‘leg’, bas ‘head’, sürex ‘heart’, tumus ‘nose; beak’, kulgaax ‘ear’, töbö ‘head’, meyii ‘brain’, emiy ‘udder’. The comparison has demonstrated a substantial similarity in the anatomical vocabulary used as orographic appellatives in the Turkic languages. However, some Turkic languages feature divergence in terms of content, possibly resulting from the influence of contact languages (related and unrelated). The abundance and variety of metaphorical anatomical terms in different Turkic languages may also be due to the physical and geographical features of the terrain on which they function. Given the above, the anatomical vocabulary can be considered an additional source for understanding the formation patterns and features of the Turkic-Mongolian geographical vocabulary of Siberia.
At the current stage of the development of Ukrainian proper vocabulary, in particular in the post-Soviet period, the subsystem of modern Ukrainian urban names has undergone deeper and more systematic changes. According to linguists, this situation was caused by a distinct development trend such as de-ideologization. After all, the massive nature of the changes observed in Ukrainian urbanonymy, in particular in the western and central parts of Ukraine, is explained by the democratic procedure of replacing the proper names of streets, squares, parks, squares, microdistricts, etc., which, according to current Ukrainian legislation, is implemented on the basis of a resolution of the local council, and not the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, as provided by the procedure for changing the proper names of settlements. However, the democratic nature of the procedure for changing Ukrainian urban names, in our opinion, became the main reason for the insufficient or superficial linguistic examination of both urban neologisms and already traditional onims, which enables the functioning of many proper names of urban objects, the structure of which contradicts the norms of the Ukrainian language. Spelling errors are a characteristic type of violation of the norms of the Ukrainian literary language in the subsystem of Ukrainian urban names of the post-totalitarian era. Most often, when writing modern Ukrainian urban names, the rules of capitalization are violated. Urbanonymy is a specific onymic subsystem, which reacts extremely actively to social changes and is especially dependent on the political regime, which is connected with the memorial function of the names of inner-city objects. In this connection, the analysis of the concept of historical memory in urbanonymy becomes especially relevant. the negative influence of the environment affects the ecolinguistic state of various levels and even classes of the Ukrainian onymic vocabulary of the post-totalitarian era differently. Ukrainian anthroponymy, in particular people’s proper names and patronymic names, as well as oikonyms, urbanonyms, ergonyms, are adversely affected at the lexical level. Key words: concept, ecolinguistics, onim.
Am 5. und 6. Dezember fand der "22. International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories" statt, auf welchem auch das SUB-Kooperationsprojekt "Edition des Ugaritischen Poetischen Textkorpus" (EUPT) vorgestellt wurde. Doch was sind "Treebanks" (z. Dt. "Baumbanken") überhaupt und welchen Nutzen haben sie für die Forschung und Entwicklung?
Background: The extent of ischemic injury in acute stroke is assessed in clinical practice using the Acute Stroke Prognosis Early CT Score (ASPECTS) rating system. However, current ASPECTS semi-quantitative topographic scales assess only the middle cerebral artery (MCA) (original ASPECTS) and posterior cerebral (PC-ASPECTS) territories. For treatment decision-making in patients with anterior cerebral artery (ACA) occlusions and internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusions with large ischemic cores, measures of all hemispheric regions are desirable. Methods: In this cohort study, anatomic rating systems were developed for the anterior cerebral (AC-ASPECTS, 3 points) and anterior choroidal artery (ACh-ASPECTS, 1 point) territories. In addition, a total supratentorial hemisphere (H-ASPECTS, 16 points) score was calculated as the sum of the MCA ASPECTS (10 regions), supratentorial PC-ASPECTS (2 regions), AC-ASPECTS (3 regions), and ACh-ASPECTS (1 region). Three raters applied these scales to initial and 24 h CT and MR images in consecutive patients with ischemic stroke (IS) due to ICA, M1-MCA, and ACA occlusions. Results: Imaging ratings were obtained for 96 scans in 50 consecutive patients with age 74.8 (±14.0), 60% female, NIHSS 15.5 (9.25-20), and occlusion locations ICA 34%; M1-MCA 58%; and ACA 8%. Treatments included endovascular thrombectomy +/- thrombolysis in 72%, thrombolysis alone in 8%, and hemicraniectomy in 4%. Among experienced clinicians, inter-rater reliability for AC-, ACh-, and H-ASPECTS scores was substantial (kappa values 0.61-0.80). AC-ASPECTS abnormality was present in 14% of patients, and ACh-ASPECTS abnormality in 2%. Among patients with ACA and ICA occlusions, H-ASPECTS scores compared with original ASPECTS scores were more strongly associated with disability level at discharge, ambulatory status at discharge, discharge destination, and combined inpatient mortality and hospice discharge. Conclusion: AC-ASPECTS, ACh-ASPECTS, and H-ASPECTS expand the scope of acute IS imaging scores and increase correlation with functional outcomes. This additional information may enhance prognostication and decision-making, including endovascular thrombectomy and hemicraniectomy.
Decision confidence is a prototypical metacognitive representation that is thought to approximate the probability that a decision is correct. The perception of being correct has also been associated with affective valence such that being correct feels more positive and being mistaken more negative. This suggests that, similarly to confidence, affective valence reflects the probability that a decision is correct. However, both fields of research have seen very little interaction. Here, we test this proposal in two perceptual decision-making experiments where we compare the relationships of theoretically relevant variables (e.g. evidence, accuracy, and expectancy) with both confidence and affect ratings. The findings indicate that confidence and affect ratings are similarly sensitive to changes in accuracy, evidence, and expectancy, indicating that both track the subjective probability that a decision is correct. We identify various mechanisms that can explain these results. We also envision future research for clarifying the role of cognitive and affective aspects of confidence relying on deeper integration of the respective research fields.
In the modern world, where technology and the internet have defined every sphere of our life, traditional communication models have changed and evolved. The growing popularity of the internet and social media has created new, unique forms that often differ from ordinary everyday communication. Electronic discourse is a new form of communication that not only allows users to connect easily and quickly but also creates and develops new linguistic norms. Online communication encompasses diverse platforms, each creating its own unique internet language where users actively employ new linguistic units. In this new reality, among other elements, the significant role of emoji as visual elements becomes apparent. These small symbols help us convey emotions, moods, and context. Emoji fill the emotional vacuum that often accompanies written communication. This article examines the phenomenon of emoji and their impact on modern digital communication. The paper reviews the history of emoji origins, their universal characteristics, and various aspects of their usage. The work discusses both the advantages and disadvantages of using emoji. The central part of the research is dedicated to detailed classification of emoji in YouTube video comments. The analysis of presented Georgian and English examples emphasizes the important role of emoji in online interactions and their ability to enrich online textual communication with emotional nuances. In conclusion, the growing importance of emoji in the digital age and their role in simplifying and diversifying communication is emphasized. Despite the difficulties in understanding emoji and the associated risks of their use, emoji remain a powerful tool in modern online communication, especially on social media platforms.
Previous work has shown that isolated non-canonical sentences with Object-before-Subject (OSV) order are initially harder to process than their canonical counterparts with Subject-before-Object (SOV) order. Although this difficulty diminishes with appropriate discourse context, the underlying cognitive factors responsible for alleviating processing challenges in OSV sentences remain a question. In this work, we test the hypothesis that dependency length minimization is a significant predictor of non-canonical (OSV) syntactic choices, especially when controlling for information status such as givenness and surprisal measures. We extract sentences from the Hindi-Urdu Treebank corpus (HUTB) that contain clearly-defined subjects and objects, systematically permute the preverbal constituents of those sentences, and deploy a classifier to distinguish between original corpus sentences and artificially generated alternatives. The classifier leverages various discourse-based and cognitive features, including dependency length, surprisal, and information status, to inform its predictions. Our results suggest that, although there exists a preference for minimizing dependency length in non-canonical corpus sentences amidst the generated variants, this factor does not significantly contribute in identifying corpus sentences above and beyond surprisal and givenness measures. Notably, discourse predictability emerges as the primary determinant of constituent-order preferences. These findings are further supported by human evaluations involving 44 native Hindi speakers. Overall, this work sheds light on the role of expectation adaptation in word-ordering decisions. We conclude by situating our results within the theories of discourse production and information locality.
The paper focuses on the problem of language ecology in modern academic texts and analyses Russianlanguage scientific articles on construction and building. The study is relevant due to the need to establish linguoecological norms to improve the effectiveness of scientific communication. The study aims to identify the main linguistic and ecological problems of scientific text, i.e. lexical, grammatical, style errors, excessive nominalization, and syntactic complexity. The material of the study includes Russian-language scientific articles of the thematic area “Construction and Architecture” published in the journal “Bulletin of SUSU” in 2023. Linguotoxic elements can be traced both in the title complex, in the abstracts and full texts of research papers. The most characteristic linguoecological problems of scientific texts of this area are syntactic complexity, excessive nominalization, as well as cliches. The formation of linguoecological competence of a researcher will improve academic literacy and develop the culture of academic writing.
Kljub porastu jezikoslovnih raziskav govorjene slovenščine, ki si prizadevajo za popis številnih doslej prezrtih posebnosti govorjenega jezika v primerjavi s pisnim, metodologija tovrstnih razprav večinoma temelji na kvalitativni analizi razmeroma majhnih ter zvrstno ali demografsko omejenih vzorcev jezikovne rabe, kar omejuje ponovljivost raziskav in možnost posploševanja spoznanj na govorjeno slovenščino kot celoto. Kot eno izmed možnosti za premostitev tega problema v prispevku predstavljamo drevesnico govorjene slovenščine SST (angl. Spoken Slovenian Treebank), prostodostopni oblikoslovno in skladenjsko označeni reprezentativni vzorec referenčnega korpusa govorjene slovenščine Gos, in ponazarjamo njen metodološki potencial za nadaljnje korpusne raziskave govorjene slovenščine. Na primeru treh tipično govorjenih pojavov (samopopravljanja, diskurzni členki in dodani ujemalni pridevniški prilastki) prikažemo uporabo drevesnice SST za enostaven priklic številnih avtentičnih primerov rabe, na primeru analize pogostosti samopopravljanj glede na različne sporazumevalne okoliščine pa ponazorimo tudi njeno uporabnost za raznolike statistične analize jezikovne rabe. Poleg najpomembnejših prednosti drevesnice SST, kot so uravnoteženost, odprta dostopnost, ročna slovnična označenost in neposredna primerljivost z drugimi tovrstnimi korpusi po svetu, v sklepnem delu izpostavimo tudi nekaj omejitev, kot sta razmeroma majhna velikost ter robustna, v pisni jezik usmerjena označevalna shema.
This study investigates the historical origins, linguistic diffusion, and socioeconomic impacts of cotton (Gossypium spp.) in the Indo-Pacific region. By reviewing secondary data from historical texts, linguistic databases, and archaeological reports, the research explores how Gossypium species, domesticated in both the Old and New Worlds, spread through complex trade networks and cultural exchanges. The study analyzes the dissemination patterns of cotton-related terminology across various language families and examines the socioeconomic effects of cotton cultivation and trade, including its influence on labor systems, economic structures, and cultural practices. While the findings highlight cotton’s significant role in shaping global markets and cultural inter-actions, the study’s limitations – such as its reliance on secondary sources, a two-month research duration, and a focus on a specific geographical area – warrant cautious interpretation. These constraints may limit the comprehensiveness and depth of the analysis, suggesting the need for future research to incorporate primary data collection, a broader geographical scope, and an extended study period. Despite these limitations, the study contributes to a nuanced understanding of cotton’s historical, economic, and cultural significance, emphasizing the need for sustainable agricultural practices in contemporary cotton production.
This study investigated gender representation in English textbooks from Classes 6 to 10 in Bangladesh, using corpus analysis. AntConc, a textual analysis tool, was used to quantify the occurrence of gender-related lexical items in resources. The corpus comprises approximately 147,698 tokens distributed across the four textbooks. The results revealed significant disparities in the distribution of male- and female-associated lexical items. Here, male-related words occurred 1,958 times (1.33 %), whereas female-related words occurred 1,165 times (0.79 %). The highest imbalance ratio (0.94 %) was found in textbooks of class 6 having male represented words (1.95%) and female represented words (1.01%). This male-dominated gender disproportion appeared in the other three textbooks at different ratios, which may reflect Bangladesh’s cultural and societal norms. These distinctive and male-centred gender-biased textbooks may have an impact on students’ perceptions of gender roles and societal expectations. The findings of this corpus analysis predict how much textbook content may affect female students’ sense of inclusion and their collective consciousness of gender rights. Finally, it recommends ensuring gender equality and inclusion in the textbooks.
Modern formal approaches to syntax propose different underlying structures for coordinate constructions. At the same time, none of them describe the entire set of properties of coordination, including variable predicate agreement in number (and gender). The goal of the paper is to define the internal organization of coordinate phrases. As the study of examples from the Russian treebank demonstrates, in addition to the previously known factors, the choice of agreement strategy is also influenced by the linear length of conjuncts and the distance between them and the verbal head. Additionally, the strategy of matching the nearest (and not necessarily the first) conjunct is relevant for Russian. We present and analyze the corpus data and conclude that there is no hierarchical organization in coordination. This lets us elaborate on some general ideas about syntactic derivation put forward by Noam Chomsky.
Introduction: Gestalt perception refers to the cognitive ability to perceive various elements as a unified whole. In our study, we delve deeper into the phenomenon of Gestalt recognition in visual cubist art, a transformative process culminating in what is often described as an Aha moment. This Aha moment signifies a sudden understanding of what is seen, merging seemingly disparate elements into a coherent meaningful picture. The onset of this Aha moment can vary, either appearing almost instantaneously, which is in line with theories of hedonic fluency, or manifesting after a period of time, supporting the concept of delayed but more in-depth meaningful insight. Methods: We employed pupillometry to measure cognitive and affective shifts during art interaction, analyzing both maximum pupil dilation and average dilation across the trial. The study consisted of two parts: in the first, 84 participants identified faces in cubist paintings under various conditions, with Aha moments and pupil dilation measured. In part 2, the same 84 participants assessed the artworks through ratings in a no-task free-viewing condition. Results: Results of part 1 indicate a distinctive pattern of pupil dilation, with maximum dilation occurring at both trial onset and end. Longer response times were observed for high-fluent, face-present stimuli, aligning with a delayed but accurate Aha-moment through recognition. Additionally, the time of maximum pupil dilation, rather than average dilation, exhibited significant associations, being later for high-fluent, face-present stimuli and correct detections. In part 2, average, not the time of maximum pupil dilation emerged as the significant factor. Face-stimuli and highly accessible art evoked stronger dilations, also reflecting high clearness and negative valence ratings. Discussion: The study underscores a complex relationship between the timing of recognition and the Aha moment, suggesting nuanced differences in emotional and cognitive responses during art viewing. Pupil dilation measures offer insight into these processes especially for moments of recognition, though their application in evaluating emotional responses through artwork ratings warrants further exploration.
Abstract The subjective experience of emotions is linked to the contextualized perception and appraisal of changes in bodily (e.g., heart) activity. Increased emotional arousal has been related to attenuated high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV), lower EEG parieto-occipital alpha power, and higher heartbeat-evoked potential (HEP) amplitudes. We studied emotional arousal-related brain- heart interactions using immersive virtual reality (VR) for naturalistic yet controlled emotion induction. 29 healthy adults (13 women, age: 26±3) completed a VR experience that included rollercoasters while EEG and ECG were recorded. Continuous emotional arousal ratings were collected during a video replay immediately after. We analyzed emotional arousal-related changes in HF-HRV as well as in BHIs using HEPs. Additionally, we used the oscillatory information in the ECG and the EEG to model the directional information flows between the brain and heart activity. We found that higher emotional arousal was associated with lower HEP amplitudes in a left fronto- central electrode cluster. While parasympathetic modulation of the heart (HF-HRV) and parieto- occipital EEG alpha power were reduced during higher emotional arousal, there was no evidence for the hypothesized emotional arousal-related changes in bidirectional information flow between them. Whole-brain exploratory analyses in additional EEG (delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma) and HRV (low-frequency, LF, and HF) frequency bands revealed a temporo-occipital cluster, in which higher emotional arousal was linked to decreased brain-to-heart (i.e., gamma→HF-HRV) and increased heart-to-brain (i.e., LF-HRV→gamma) information flow. Our results confirm previous findings from less naturalistic experiments and suggest a link between emotional arousal and brain-heart interactions in temporo-occipital gamma power.
Abstract Semantic representation is the task of conveying the meaning of a natural language utterance by converting it to a logical form that can be processed and understood by machines. It is utilised by many applications in natural language processing (NLP), particularly in tasks relevant to natural language understanding (NLU). Due to the widespread use of semantic parsing in NLP, many semantic representation schemes with different forms have been proposed; Universal Conceptual Cognitive Annotation (UCCA) is one of them. UCCA is a cross-lingual semantic annotation framework that allows easy annotation without requiring substantial linguistic knowledge. UCCA-annotated datasets have been released so far for English, French, German, Russian, and Hebrew. In this paper, we present a UCCA-annotated Turkish dataset of 400 sentences that are obtained from the METU-Sabanci Turkish Treebank. We provide the UCCA annotation specifications defined for the Turkish language so that it can be extended further. We followed a semi-automatic annotation approach, where an external semantic parser is utilised for the initial annotation of the dataset, which is manually revised by two annotators. We used the same semantic parser model to evaluate the dataset with zero-shot and few-shot learning, demonstrating that even a small sample set from the target language in the training data has a notable impact on the performance of the parser (15.6% and 2.5% gain over zero-shot for labelled and unlabelled results, respectively).
Social mediator robots have shown potential in facilitating human interactions by improving communication, fostering relationships, providing support, and promoting inclusivity. However, for these robots to effectively shape human interactions, they must understand the intricacies of interpersonal dynamics. This necessitates models of human understanding that capture interpersonal states and the relational affect arising from interactions. Traditional affect recognition methods, primarily focus on individual affect, and may fall short in capturing interpersonal dynamics crucial for social mediation. To address this gap, we propose a multimodal, multi-perspective model of relational affect, utilizing a conversational dataset collected in uncontrolled settings. Our model extracts features from audiovisual data to capture affective behaviors indicative of relational affect. By considering the interpersonal perspectives of both interactants, our model predicts relational affect, enabling real-time understanding of evolving interpersonal dynamics. We discuss our model's utility for social mediation applications and compare it with existing approaches, highlighting its advantages for real-world applicability. Despite the complexity of human interactions and subjective nature of affect ratings, our model demonstrates early capabilities to enable proactive intervention in negative interactions, enhancing neutral exchanges, and respecting positive dialogues. We discuss implications for real-world deployment and highlight the limitations of current work. Our work represents a step towards developing computational models of relational affect tailored for real-world social mediation, offering insights into effective mediation strategies for social mediator robots.
In the context of computational models of dependency syntax, most dependency treebanks have the restriction that any valid dependency tree must have exactly one edge coming out of the root node in addition to respecting the spanning tree constraints.Many algorithms for dependency tree sampling were recently proposed, both for sampling with and without replacement.In this paper we propose a new algorithm called Wilson Reject SWOR for the case of sampling without replacement by adapting the Wilson Reject algorithm originally created for sampling with replacement and combining it with a Trie data structure.Experimental results indicate the efficiency of our approach in the scenario of sampling without replacement from dependency graphs with random weights.
Determinologisation is one of the actively growing tendencies in the modern Russian language development. However, the complex process of adapting a specialised lexeme to the general linguistic environment, its definition and criteria remain a controversial issue in modern linguistics, which determines the relevance of this study. The article aims to consider one way of transforming a term into a commonly used word. Based on the material of mass media texts of the 1990–2020s, the study traces the discursive migration path of the QR code term. The transformation of this term essential for modern society was complicated by the new loan word assimilation and consisted in a gradual transition from a term to a colloquial word. The research relied on distributional, source study, and corpus analysis in conjunction with comparative and statistical methods (using the "Integrum" database and the scientific electronic library elibrary.ru) when analysing the lexical material from the semantic, statistical, and functional perspectives to make reliable generalisations and obtain new conclusions. The article examines the process of adaptation to the Russian language environment the foreign language abbreviation, namely the first component of the word QR code, underwent. This adaptation is embodied in the functionally unrestricted variants k ’ yuar-kod/kuar-kod/kyuar-kod and in the colloquial variants kverkod/kver-kod/kiarkodkuar/k ’ yuar/k ’ yu-kod/kyuar/kyur-kod. Neutral variants are also analysed from the stand point of the principles of Russian orthography and norms. As one determinologisation stage, the study considers the process of semantic development of the neutral variants QR-kod/k ’ yuar-kod/kuar-kod/kyuar-kod, their derivational activity, and involvement in language game. The article also reveals extralinguistic factors that impacted on various stages of the QR code adaptation by the language environment. These include the approval of the QR code by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as a standard for mobile phones (2011) and the COVID-19 pandemic (2020).
The aim of the research is to identify the mechanisms for translating occasional units (nonce formations) in the English version of A. Platonov’s dystopian novella “The Foundation Pit” (1930). The originality of the research lies in the differentiation of units of occasional syntagmatics, i.e., occasional words, phrases, and constructions, and the identification of methods for translating these units from Russian into English. As a result, the research revealed that occasional words in the analyzed work are primarily translated using loose and descriptive translation. Occasional phrases created through intentional violations of lexical-semantic compatibility are translated through contextual substitution, calquing, mixed, descriptive, and loose translation, as well as addition and grammatical substitution. Occasional constructions created based on intentional violations of grammatical compatibility of words are translated through calquing, mixed translation methods, and through grammatical and contextual substitution. In many analyzed contexts, more than one syntagmatic violation was identified, including violations of stylistic norms of the Russian language, which pose a particular challenge in translation.
Bidirectional transformers excel at sentiment analysis, and Large Language Models (LLM) are effective zero-shot learners. Might they perform better as a team? This paper explores collaborative approaches between ELECTRA and GPT-4o for three-way sentiment classification. We fine-tuned (FT) four models (ELECTRA Base/Large, GPT-4o/4o-mini) using a mix of reviews from Stanford Sentiment Treebank (SST) and DynaSent. We provided input from ELECTRA to GPT as: predicted label, probabilities, and retrieved examples. Sharing ELECTRA Base FT predictions with GPT-4o-mini significantly improved performance over either model alone (82.50 macro F1 vs. 79.14 ELECTRA Base FT, 79.41 GPT-4o-mini) and yielded the lowest cost/performance ratio (\$0.12/F1 point). However, when GPT models were fine-tuned, including predictions decreased performance. GPT-4o FT-M was the top performer (86.99), with GPT-4o-mini FT close behind (86.70) at much less cost (\$0.38 vs. \$1.59/F1 point). Our results show that augmenting prompts with predictions from fine-tuned encoders is an efficient way to boost performance, and a fine-tuned GPT-4o-mini is nearly as good as GPT-4o FT at 76% less cost. Both are affordable options for projects with limited resources.
In the ever-evolving landscape of language education, this sociolinguistic study covers the discursive positioning of Indonesian adolescents in the intricate process of learning English. Language acquisition is a multifaceted phenomenon, often intertwined with complex social, cultural, and identity dynamics. This study covers the linguistic and sociocultural aspects of how Indonesian adolescents position themselves and are positioned by others within the discourse of English language learning. It used a qualitative design and conducted in-depth interviews with a diverse group of Indonesian adolescents aged 14-18 from various socio-economic backgrounds and educational settings. The analysis is rooted in positioning theory, a theoretical framework to examine how individuals construct their identities through language and interaction. The findings reveal a multifaceted picture of how Indonesian adolescents position themselves within the context of English language learning. Participants often engage in discursive practices that reflect their aspirations and struggles in mastering English. These practices are influenced by their social backgrounds, the role of English in their lives, and the educational settings they are part of. Furthermore, the study found distinct patterns of positioning, such as the "striver" positioning, where participants actively seek to align themselves with proficient English speakers, and the "resistant" positioning, where they push back against the pressure to conform to English language norms. The analysis also highlights the role of English language materials and classroom dynamics in shaping the discursive positioning of Indonesian adolescents. The materials often perpetuate certain linguistic norms and ideologies, impacting how students perceive themselves as language learners. Classroom interactions, on the other hand, provide a platform for students to negotiate their identities in relation to English. There is a need for a more nuanced and culturally sensitive approach to English language education in Indonesia.
Literature in music theory and psychology shows that, even in isolation, musical sounds can reliably encode gender-loaded messages. Musical material can be imbued with many ideological dimensions and gender is just one of them. Nonetheless, studies of the gendering of music within multimodal communicative events are sparse and lack an encompassing theoretical framework. The present study attempts to address this literature gap by employing a critical quantitative analysis of music in gendered toy marketing, which integrated a content analytical approach with multimodal affective and music-focused perceptual responses. Ratings were collected on a set of 606 commercials spanning a ten-year time frame and strong gender polarization was observed in nearly all of the collected variables. Gendered music styles in toy commercials exhibit synergistic design choices, as music in masculine-targeted adverts was substantially more abrasive-louder, more inharmonious, and more distorted-than in feminine-targeted ones. Thus, toy advertising music appeared deliberately and consistently in line with traditional gender norms. In addition, music perceptual scales and voice-related content analytical variables explain quite well the heavily polarized affective ratings. This study presents a empirical understanding of the gendering of music as constructed within multimodal discourse, reiterating the importance of the sociocultural underpinnings of music cognition. We provided a public repository with all code and data necessary to reproduce the results of this study on github.com/marinelliluca/music-role-gender-marketing.
Social power can activate behavior toward goal attainment. In the context of romantic and sexual relationships, social power may facilitate competitor derogation tactics and self-promotion tactics to attract a partner. We hypothesized that perceived invulnerability to harm would provide a pathway linking social power to competitor derogation, whereas self-perceived mate value would provide a pathway linking social power to self-promotion. Findings from 218 participants (Mage = 38 years) revealed that experimentally manipulated social power enhanced perceived invulnerability, which in turn was positively associated with competitor derogation. Social power did not affect ratings of self-perceived mate value. Women more strongly endorsed self-promotion in pursuit of a short-term (vs. long-term) relationship, whereas men’s ratings did not vary by relationship goal. Our findings suggested that social power may influence goal-directed thinking and behavior in the context of romantic and sexual relationships.
Purpose of reseach is to conduct a comparative analysis of texts generated by an artificial intelligence system in the process of processing source text in natural language and counter texts that are the result of human understanding of the source literary text. Methods. To achieve the goal and objectives of the study, the author used an experimental technique to conduct a comparative analysis of the denotational structures of counter texts. Participants in the experiment (7 4th year students of the Faculty of Additional Education “Translator in the field of professional communications”, 3 associate professors of the Department of Foreign Languages of South- West State University) assessed the success of recreating the semantic structure of the text of 10 counter texts of different nature - generated by AI and humans. Results. The results of the experiment indicate that the completeness of the semantic content of the generated text does not depend on the structure of the source text. Modern methods of semantic text processing by an AI system make it possible to obtain the output of full-fledged text works created taking into account the rules and norms of natural language. AI systems successfully recreate the denotational structure of the text and reconstruct the syntactic structure. Conclusion. Access to large databases allows you to train a neural network on large text corpora, which results in an increase in the accuracy and variability of the lexical units and constructs used. The accuracy of conveying the semantic content of the text varies. It depends on the degree of text compression - the higher it is, the less accuracy can be, because the neural network is unable to classify denotational connections for relevance to the underlying meaning. The degree of accuracy in conveying semantic content is determined by the success / failure of understanding the deep hidden meaning, which is determined by the understanding of the linguistic and extralinguistic context. The ability to recognize the situation model recreated in the source text is the key to understanding the hidden meaning. The AI system can recreate the surface denotational structure of the text quite correctly and accurately, but is not able to construct a model of the situation at this stage of development.
Abstract The exact nature of French liaison as a phonological or morphological alternation is still debated. Under the phonological analysis, liaison is allophony: liaison consonants are special phonemes that alternate between a consonant allophone and zero (e.g., [t] ∼ ∅), the zero allophone being derived from the consonant phoneme through deletion (/t/ → ∅). Under the morphological analysis, liaison is allomorphy: liaison words have two underlyingly listed allomorphs, a consonant-final allomorph and a shorter allomorph that lacks this consonant (e.g., grand ‘great’ /gʁɑ̃t, gʁɑ̃/). This paper uses evidence from lexical statistics to arbitrate between these two analyses. The form without liaison consonant (and with deletion, under the phonological analysis) has been found in previous research to become less likely with increasing lexical frequency. The paper shows that this is problematic for the phonological analysis of French liaison, as deletion typically applies more frequently in high-frequency words across languages. The paper further shows, using evidence from a large lexical database, that words involved in liaison alternations generally have lower type frequency but higher token frequency than non-liaison words when phonotactic and morphological effects on lexical frequency are controlled for. This result is in line with the predictions of the morphological analysis, as allomorphy typically involves a relatively small number of words that occur frequently. Due to its empirical nature, this argument constitutes to date one of the strongest arguments in favor of the morphological analysis.
Abstract Translation shift which can be categorized as either “obligatory” or “optional” have been studied extensively in translation studies. When such shift occur at the macro-level, that is above the sentence level, a translation can then be said to have transitioned into what Stetting (1989, p. 374) described as “transediting”. Where transediting in journalism has received a considerable amount of attention in translation studies, examples of transedited literature are comparatively rare, and research on such transedited works is proportionate. This article analyzes the translation of the award-winning Uzbek novel The Eternal Wanderer as a notable example of a transedited work. Written by Isajon Sulton, a prolific Uzbek novelist, and translated by Christopher Fort, The Eternal Wanderer represents a notable example of a transedited work that is the product of a collaborative effort between author and translator. The novel is rich in its references to Islam as well as the native language, history, and culture of Uzbekistan, none of which are readily accessible for a Western audience that is not familiar with these things. As such, the translator, in his introduction to the book, notes that he worked with the author to edit as much as five to ten percent of the novel. The product of such a collaborative effort presents a unique opportunity for textual analysis in order to gain insights into literary transediting. A paratextual and qualitative content analysis was conducted to determine the types and levels of optional shift present in the translation in order to determine the extent of transediting and the motivations that underpinned each instance of transediting. The findings of the article indicate that at the word/phrase and sentence level, the translator opted to use shifts such as annotations, modifications, additions, and deletions to address disparate cultural and linguistic norms. At the paragraph and chapter level, large segments were deleted as part of the translator’s strategy to adapt the source material and produce a translation that is more accessible for its intended audience.
Bilingualism is the cornerstone of linguistic proficiency and the ultimate objective of communication in our increasingly diverse and multilingual global context. François Grosjean, emeritus professor at the University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland, has synthesized his extensive contributions to the domain of bilingualism over more than four decades in a seminal work titled On Bilinguals and Bilingualism. This comprehensive volume meticulously documents his scholarly trajectory, delineating the evolution from his formative research initiatives to his current preeminence in the field. Specifically, the book provides a unique perspective on understanding bilingualism by combining personal stories of bilingual people with new research on bilingualism.The book contains 11 chapters on several subtopics in bilingualism, which can be categorized into three main parts. Part I (Chapter 1) introduces the author's personal experiences with bilingualism. Part II (Chapters 2–6) outlines the author's constructed concepts and theories related to bilingualism. Part III (Chapters 7–11) elaborates on the theoretical explanations of social phenomena related to bilingualism.In Part I, Chapter 1, the author introduces his personal journey as a bilingual person, transitioning from a monolingual background to becoming proficient in French, English, Italian, and American Sign Language. This narrative illustrates the significant influence of various language settings on one's linguistic skills and cultural identity. Grosjean also reflects on the evolution of bilingualism research, exploring the shifts in its definition, methods, and areas of focus through an analysis of his master's thesis, completed at Sorbonne University, and his subsequent work in the field. He notes that initial studies concentrated on linguistic knowledge and error analysis, with subsequent research shifting toward language use and cultural integration. Moreover, the author shares his insights from involvement in bilingual research initiatives, such as conducting English–French bilingual interviews with colleagues, which shed light on the real-world application and difficulties encountered by bilingual people in their language practices.Part II (Chapters 2–6) mainly covers the research experience of the author on the phenomenon of bilingualism, including the holistic view of bilingualism, the language modes, and the complementarity principle. These chapters collectively present the author's theoretical contributions to the study of bilingualism, offering a significant analytical framework for understanding the linguistic behavior and characteristics of bilingual speakers.In Chapter 2, the author critically examines the traditional monolingual perspective by analyzing two papers from 1985 and 1989. The author argues that bilingual people are not simply the combination of two monolingual speakers but rather possess a unique and specific linguistic configuration. Then, the author presents the holistic view of bilingualism, which refers to how bilinguals seamlessly integrate two languages into a unique linguistic system during their everyday communication. He introduces a definition of bilingualism as “the use of two or more languages (or dialogues) in everyday life,” a perspective that aligns closely with the views of many scholars, prioritizing language usage over linguistic proficiency (García & Li, 2014). This chapter also delves into the language skills, language acquisition processes, and the impact on language research of bilingual people, highlighting the importance of conducting independent and comprehensive research on bilinguals.Chapter 3 delves into the intricate language modes of bilingual people, exploring the shifts in their linguistic behavior when interacting with monolinguals and other bilinguals, as well as across various communication settings. This analysis encompasses the monolingual mode, the bilingual mode, and the transitional intermediate mode, as delineated by Grosjean. The chapter elucidates how bilinguals fine-tune their language activation and processing strategies in response to different linguistic contexts. Furthermore, it examines the consequences of these language modes on the production and perception of language.Chapter 4 introduces the complementarity principle, which describes how bilingual people typically acquire and use their languages for distinct objectives, across various domains of existence, and with different interlocutors. The proficiency levels in diverse linguistic competencies among bilinguals are subject to fluctuation, contingent on the specific language necessitated and the situational context in which it is applied. Moreover, Grosjean and his team have undertaken empirical investigations to quantify the linguistic practices of bilinguals through comprehensive questionnaire surveys and in-depth interviews. As a result of this research, they have crafted the Complementarity Index, a tool designed to measure the distribution of language usage and proficiency within particular domains.Chapter 5 delves into the mechanisms and strategies underlying the oral processing capabilities of bilingual people. Key phenomena such as the gender-marking effect, the base language influence, and the recognition of borrowed words are examined in depth. The chapter introduces the groundbreaking computational model of bilingual lexical access, called BIMOLA, which is grounded in the interactive activation framework. BIMOLA is designed to replicate the complex language network and cognitive processing strategies that bilinguals use during spoken word recognition, as proposed by Léwy and Grosjean (2008). This computational model provides a theoretical framework for understanding and interpreting the language processing abilities of bilinguals.Chapter 6 delves into the reciprocal interplay between languages, examining how one linguistic system affects the vocabulary, syntax, and other facets of another language in a predominantly monolingual context. It scrutinizes how these interlinguistic influences mirror the linguistic architecture and communicative patterns of bilingual people. Grosjean posits a distinction between static interference, dynamic interference, and the broader concepts of interference and transfer. Drawing on empirical evidence, the author elucidates the process of linguistic restructuring experienced by Spanish–French bilinguals in the French-speaking cantons of Switzerland. This research surfaces clear indications of the first language's enduring influence on the second language within an extended bilingual milieu. Furthermore, it validates the significance of this nuanced differentiation in comprehending and investigating the interplay between languages, as underscored by Grosjean and Py (1991).Part III (Chapters 7–11) predominantly extends the application of the bilingual theory established in Part II, providing a comprehensive analysis of various bilingual phenomena across social contexts, professional domains, and unique demographic groups. Collectively, these chapters delve into a richer understanding and a nuanced examination of bilingualism, spanning a wide array of dimensions—from individual particularities to societal collectives, from scholarly inquiry to practical application, and from linguistic competence to cultural identity.Chapter 7 delineates the nuanced distinction between bilingualism and biculturalism, clarifying that the ability to speak two languages does not inherently imply a dual cultural identity, and conversely, biculturalism is not solely the province of bilingual people. The author elucidates three defining attributes of biculturalism: active engagement in the lives of two or more cultural milieus, the capacity to adapt to disparate cultural norms and behaviors, and the synthesis of cultural attributes into a cohesive identity. Although these traits resonate with the definition of bicultural phenomena posited by Nguyen and Benet-Martinez (2007), the latter's conceptualization places a stronger emphasis on the integration of cultures. Subsequently, the author delves into the ways in which biculturals forge a unique sense of self and navigate the dual classifications imposed by disparate cultural communities. Additionally, the chapter challenges the prevalent notion that bilinguals undergo personality shifts with linguistic alternation, contending that changes in demeanor are more profoundly influenced by the social environment and contextual factors than by the language being spoken.Chapter 8 initially analyzes the similarities and differences in language use between deaf bilinguals and their hearing counterparts. It delves into the bilingual proficiency and bicultural experiences of deaf people, underscoring their distinctive and multifaceted status as a linguistic and cultural minority. Deaf people constitute a unique demographic, characterized by their bilingual and bicultural competencies (Ritzmann & Gore, 2019). The author advocates for attention to the bilingual education rights of deaf children, pointing out the importance of sign language and mainstream language (written or spoken) in their development. Concurrently, the chapter addresses the societal misconceptions surrounding deaf bilingualism and biculturalism, issuing a call for greater inclusivity and support. This advocacy is aimed at ensuring that deaf children have equitable access to and mastery of both languages, thereby enabling them to engage fully in both the deaf and hearing communities.Chapter 9 explores the complex statistical terrain of global bilingualism, shedding light on the nuanced differences and methodological challenges encountered when attempting to measure bilingual populations across different countries. By analyzing census data from the United States, Canada, Switzerland, and France, the chapter illuminates the extensive reach, intricate patterns, and shifting dynamics of bilingualism within these nations. Concurrently, it underscores the untapped potential and critical significance of bilingual statistics as a vital domain for scholarly inquiry, advocating for a more sophisticated approach to capturing the rich and varied aspects of bilingualism on a global scale.Chapter 10 focuses on the intriguing subset of people known as “special bilinguals,” a category that encompasses those whose professional roles or unique talents are inextricably linked to their bilingual proficiency. This group includes such diverse professions as bilingual authors, translators, and educators of second languages, as well as those whose work relies on the mastery of specific linguistic skills, such as pilots, air traffic controllers, and international journalists. Grosjean advocates for the establishment of a novel branch within bilingual research, dedicated to delving deeper into the contrasts and commonalities between special bilinguals and the broader population of ordinary bilinguals.In Chapter 11, Grosjean underscores the imperative of educating the public about bilingualism and biculturalism. He is convinced that the findings of bilingual research hold significant social implications, particularly in the realms of bilingual children's education and the linguistic rights of deaf children. Fellow scholars, such as Higgins and Lieberman (2016), concur with the necessity of guaranteeing language access for deaf children. Despite the fact that approximately half of the world's population is bilingual, research in this area remains scarce. Consequently, Grosjean is dedicated to the dissemination of bilingual insights to both the public and professional spheres. He accomplishes this mission through diverse platforms, including academic instruction, publications, blogging, and public lectures, thereby fostering a broader understanding and appreciation of bilingualism.Throughout these chapters, Grosjean showcases a profound and nuanced understanding of bilingualism, informed by his personal experiences and decades of scholarly inquiry. He delves into the linguistic intricacies of bilingualism and investigates its cultural and societal implications, providing robust theoretical foundations and empirical evidence to underpin the field of bilingual studies. His central thesis can be encapsulated thus: Bilingual people are not merely the sum of two monolingual parts but are distinct linguistic entities whose language abilities are influenced by a tapestry of social settings, communicative demands, and individual backgrounds. Grosjean underscores that bilingualism is a pervasive global occurrence, with bilinguals exhibiting a rich variety of language behaviors. Moreover, he challenges the notion that bilingualism is a linguistic anomaly, advocating instead for a perspective that recognizes it as an integral part of the human experience, deserving of equitable and unbiased consideration.In On Bilinguals and Bilingualism, the author offers readers a richly textured portrayal of the bilingual universe, drawn from more than four decades of immersion in bilingual research, as well as from personal experiences and insights. This work vividly illustrates the intricate and multifaceted nature of the bilingual experience. A standout attribute of the book is Grosjean's meticulous approach to simplifying complex concepts, breaking them down into coherent and accessible parts. Readers emerge with a deeper appreciation for the singular and nuanced aspects of bilingualism. Grosjean's talent for rendering complex ideas in straightforward language is truly remarkable, as is his ability to simultaneously provide subtle and nuanced explanations, which speaks to his profound expertise in the subject matter. Notably, Grosjean's contributions to the field extend beyond academic discourse. He is proactive in promoting the benefits of bilingual education to the wider public, to parents of bilingual children, and to educators, particularly in his advocacy for the bilingual educational rights of deaf children. This commitment highlights his role as a scholar with a strong sense of social responsibility.In many theoretical perspectives, Grosjean has maintained consistent perspectives with those previously held and has offered more comprehensive justifications. For the relationship between bilingualism and personality issues, Grosjean believes that it is the environment and the culture as a whole that cause the bilingual to change languages, along with attitudes, feelings, and behaviors. However, Grosjean has also revised certain viewpoints and introduced fresh perspectives, building on the foundation of the original argument. In two articles published in 1985 and 1989, he emphasized significant distinctions between bilinguals and monolinguals. Grosjean highlights in the book that such distinctions should not be interpreted as monolinguals being linguistically disadvantaged. He asserts that both monolinguals and bilinguals have the potential to become highly skilled communicators.In general, this book offers a thorough and panoramic survey of the historical development and contemporary landscape of bilingualism research. The book delves into the multifaceted aspects of bilingual phenomena, examining language modes, the complementarity principle, cross-linguistic influences, and the formation of a bicultural identity. The author skillfully weaves personal bilingual insights with a wealth of research illustrations, leading to an engaging and methodical scholarly discourse within the realm of bilingual studies. This integrative method brings theoretical explanations to life, rendering them concrete, precise, and accessible to a broad audience.A further commendable feature of the book is Grosjean's dedication to updating the reader on the shifting focal points and advancements within the field. Across its pages, he engagingly discusses the reactions to, replications of, and extensions of his work, showcasing the development and refinement of his theories over the years. This approach not only heightens the book's scholarly significance but also fosters a spirit of critical thinking among readers. Thus, this volume is an invaluable resource for courses in psycholinguistics, linguistics, cognitive sciences, speech and language pathology, and the study of bilingualism, as well as first and second language acquisition. It is an apt text for academics and students in the disciplines of linguistics, psychology, education, and cross-cultural communication, and it holds broad appeal for any reader with a keen interest in bilingual phenomena, particularly for those seeking to delve deeper into the lived experiences of bilingual people, the strategies of bilingual education, and the social dynamics of bilingual communities.Although On Bilinguals and Bilingualism offers significant insights, it is important to acknowledge certain limitations of the book. First, the temporal scope of the book is broad, encompassing a wide range of studies and examples. This extensive coverage means that some of the discussions are grounded in earlier theories and research outcomes, which may diminish in relevance over time. Second, there is a lack of integration between theory and practice. Although the book covers many theoretical viewpoints and academic research, the actual cases of bilinguals included are limited in scope and quantity, and there is little practical application, especially in terms of specific guidance on how to cultivate bilingual children in the education field and family environment. Last, although the book emphasizes the positive impacts of bilingual abilities, it falls short in discussing the negative social biases and pressures that bilingual people may encounter in certain environments.In conclusion, On Bilinguals and Bilingualism by François Grosjean is a must-read for anyone intrigued by the complexities of bilingualism and its associated disciplines. Grosjean's opus marks a substantial advancement in the domain of bilingual research and offers an invaluable trove of knowledge for language learners and enthusiasts.
The expression of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) can be attenuated by presenting the CS by itself (i.e., extinction, Ext). Though effective, Ext is susceptible to recovery effects such as renewal, spontaneous recovery, and reinstatement. Dunsmoor et al. (2015, 2019) have proposed that pairing the CS with a neutral outcome (novelty-facilitated Ext [NFE]) could offer better protection against recovery effects than Ext. Though NFE has been compared to Ext, it has rarely been compared to counterconditioning (CC), a similar procedure except that the CS is paired with a US having a valence opposite to the US used in initial training. We report two aversive conditioning experiments using the rapid-trial streaming procedure with human participants that compare the efficacies and susceptibilities to ABA renewal of Ext, CC, and NFE. Associative learning was assessed through expectancy learning and evaluative conditioning. CC and NFE equally decreased anticipation of the US in the presence of the CS (i.e., expectancy learning). Depending on how the CS-US association was probed, they were either as or more effective at doing so than Ext. All three interference treatments were equally susceptible to context manipulations. Only CC clearly altered the valence of the CS (i.e., evaluative conditioning). Valence ratings after Ext, CC, and NFE, as well as a no-interference control condition, were all equally susceptible to context effects. Overall, the present study does not support the assertion that NFE is consistently more resistant to recovery effects than Ext. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
This paper introduces the Cosine-Gated Long Short-Term Memory (CGLSTM), a novel architecture that integrates a cosine similarity-based gate with the vailla LSTM framework to improve sequence prediction accuracy. It addresses long-term dependencies in sequence data. Through experiments across multiple datasets and tasks such as the adding problem, MNIST and Fashion-MNIST classification, IMDB sentiment analysis, and language modelling on the Penn Treebank, the CGLSTM's performance is evaluated against LSTM, Gated recurrent unit, Recurrent Attention Unit, and Transformer models. Additionally, its effectiveness is demonstrated in the SocNavGym environment, highlighting its potential for real-world applications. Results show the CGLSTM model's superior capability in complex sequences, providing evidence that the integration of cosine similarity into LSTM leads to a 17% improvement in predictive accuracy and efficiency, offering a promising solution for various deep learning applications.
Different historical periods are characterized by different attitudes of native speakers of the Russian language to its norms. Russian history during the Soviet period was marked by the struggle for the purity and correctness of the Russian speech. The process of protecting the Russian language was filled with deep ideological meaning, since the Russian language acts as a single means of communication for the multinational population of the USSR. The period of perestroika is characterized by the struggle against Soviet officialese, which took the form of the democratization and vulgarization of speech, the abolition of censorship in the media. This resulted in a stream of substandard and non-literary vocabulary penetrating into public speech, a special literary-jargonizing type of speech culture being formed in the journalistic environment. The second and third decades of the 21st century demonstrate an easy attitude of native speakers of the Russian language to its norms, the decreasing concern about the form of thought expression, the active penetration of colloquial speech into other spheres of communication. Digitalization of communication leads to a decrease in the level of speech culture, the development of clip thinking and the predominance of “point” attention (this is especially noticeable among adolescents and young people). Globalization of the most important spheres of society, on the one hand, contributes to the expansion of the morphemic and lexical repertoire of the Russian language, the development of the meanings of its lexemes, on the other hand, it brings about a fashion for anglicisms and a focus on foreign speech culture. Nowadays, protecting Russian literary language standards is becoming one of the most important national tasks; finding an effective solution will help preserve the Russian culture.
This article is focused on the rules for stressing words in Ukrainian language. All stress tendencies of Ukrainian words are given by parts of speech. The article gathers the work of scientists who are mastering the Ukrainian accentual system. To demonstrate the rules of Ukrainian accent and the difficulty of determining the accent depending on the meaning of words for a foreign audience, we could take the story “Why” by Liudmyla Starytska-Cherniakhivska, whose work demonstrates a high level of culture of written speech and deserves consideration in the Ukrainian philology curriculum for foreigners, demonstrating the beauty and the power of the Ukrainian word, the philosophy of the heart and freedom of our people. The Ukrainian accentuation system is based on the Middle Transdnieper dialects in the South-East dialect, which have become accepted in Ukrainian literature. To study the Ukrainian accent effectively, it’s essential to outline the general regularities of the accent system for foreign speakers at the beginning stage. They need to explain that there is a literary standard to which we strive and whose rules we try to adhere to, and there are dialect features that sometimes differ from the literary norm and become identifiers of the speaker’s belonging to a certain social or dialect group. It is also important to teach the stress system of the Ukrainian language, analyzing as many texts as possible to distinguish between different lexical and grammatical forms, the forms of which are identified by stress. In addition, a foreigner should be aware that the normalization of the Ukrainian literary accent is ongoing, which is connected with the existence of parallel variants of the accentuation of words and the presence in everyday linguistic practice of developed and fixed national variants – doublets, which blur the accent system, because they do not show a tendency to distinguish meaning words, but only “encumber”.
The (inter-)dental non-sibilant fricatives, consonants articulated with the tongue tip or blade against or between the front teeth, are rare among the world’s languages but, nevertheless, are present in the sound inventories of some of the most spoken languages in existence. Here we try to shed light on the reason(s) for their distribution using multiple approaches, ranging from examining large cross-linguistic databases and phylogenetic reconstructions to the analysis of speech production data and anatomical measurements of rigid oral cavity structures obtained using intraoral 3D optical scanning. With these, we don’t only confirm that dental fricatives are rare among the present-day languages, but also that they have likely been so as far back as language families can be reconstructed, and that they are rarely borrowed between languages. The experimental data from L2 English speakers seem to suggest that details of the anatomy of the anterior vocal tract may play a role in the success of their acquisition. Therefore, dental fricatives are rare speech sounds for a multitude of reasons touching upon their articulation, acoustics, and confusability with other speech sounds, including the difficulty to produce in both L1 and L2 acquisition, the difficulty to perceive in L2 and in borrowing situations, and the rarity of attested sound changes producing them. Nevertheless, their frequent loss and merging with other phonemes in language change. Moreover, our data suggest that tiny, continuous, and overlapping patterns of variation in the anatomy of the anterior oral vocal tract may help explain their instability and geographic patterning.
In this paper, we present a study of transformerbased Named Entity Recognition (NER) as applied to Ancient Greek texts, with an emphasis on retrieving personal names.Recent research shows that, while the task remains difficult, the use of transformer models results in significant improvements.We, therefore, compare the performance of four transformer models on the task of NER for the categories of people, locations and groups, and add an out-of-domain test set to the existing datasets.Results on this set highlight the shortcomings of the models when confronted with a random sample of sentences.To be able to more straightforwardly integrate domain and linguistic knowledge to improve performance, we narrow down our approach to the category of people.The task is simplified to a binary PERS/MISC classification on the token level, starting from capitalised words.Next, we test the use of domain and linguistic knowledge to improve the results.We find that including simple gazetteer information as a binary mask has a marginally positive effect on newly annotated data and that treebanks can be used to help identify multi-word individuals if they are scarcely or inconsistently annotated in the available training data.The qualitative error analysis identifies the potential for improvement in both manual annotation and the inclusion of domain and linguistic knowledge in the transformer models.
The objective of this study is to analyze the strategies employed in translating English movie titles into Thai within the Monomax Application. A total of 501 English movie titles spanning the decade of 2011 and 2020 were examined because a decade provides clear guidelines for data collection, analysis, and interpretation. The strategies for translating film titles into Thai conducted by Thongwan (2012) served as a framework for this study. The findings revealed that all 10 translation strategies were employed as follows respectively: 1) naming a new name regardless of the old name, 2) naming a new name based on the original name, 3) partial translation and adding Thai language, 4) partial transliteration and adding Thai language, 5) all translation and adding Thai language, 6) all transliteration and adding Thai language, 7) all transliteration without adding Thai, and 8) all translation without adding Thai language. Meanwhile, the last two which are 9) partial transliteration without adding the Thai language and partial translation without adding the Thai language were found used only once per each. Notably, the translated movie titles in Thai often featured distinctive and attractive elements, such as rhyme and alliteration. These findings corresponded to Nida & Taber (1974) translation theory that translation process is related to purpose and cultural linguistic norms. Future studies could explore the reception and perception of these translated titles among Thai audiences, shedding light on which strategies resonate most effectively and why.
The topicality of undertaken research is determined by the constantly changing social norms in modern society, which are reflected in the cinematographic world. Cinematography provides a golden opportunity to consider and analyze a range of unique linguistic phenomena. The major purpose of the present paper is to study the phenomenon of dysphemisation in the English-speaking film space based on the set of the following films in English: Green Book by the American film director, Peter J. Farrelly, the screen adaptation of the autobiography 12 Years a Slave by Terrence S. McQueen, the well-known film The Help by Tate Taylor and the biographical drama Hidden Figures by Theodore Melfi. In the films the main storyline is generally based on the aspect of discrimination against persons of certain racial backgrounds and women, based on the policy of the United States of America during the infamous period of slavery (XVII–XIX centuries) and the historical era of segregation (XIX–XX centuries). During the study theoretical methods (analysis and synthesis) and empirical methods (observation and description) were used. As a result of the conducted study, the classification of dysphemistic lexical units was determined in terms of author’s intentions (dysphemisms with an emphasis on a different skin color; dysphemisms-comparisons with animals, plants and inanimate objects; dysphemisms-designations of social status; dysphemisms expressing gender discrimination), as well as their role and reason for use in the selected set of films – demonstration of a biased, cruel attitude towards recipients and also a reflection of the socio-cultural environment that encompassed US society during the historical time period under study.
Recent advances in deep learning and Vision-Language Models (VLM) have enabled efficient transfer to downstream tasks even when limited labelled training data is available, as well as for text to be directly compared to image content. These properties of VLMs enable new opportunities for the annotation and analysis of images. We test the potential of VLMs for landscape scenicness prediction, i.e., the aesthetic quality of a landscape, using zero- and few-shot methods. We experiment with few-shot learning by fine-tuning a single linear layer on a pre-trained VLM representation. We find that a model fitted to just a few hundred samples performs favourably compared to a model trained on hundreds of thousands of examples in a fully supervised way. We also explore the zero-shot prediction potential of contrastive prompting using positive and negative landscape aesthetic concepts. Our results show that this method outperforms a linear probe with few-shot learning when using a small number of samples to tune the prompt configuration. We introduce Landscape Prompt Ensembling (LPE), which is an annotation method for acquiring landscape scenicness ratings through rated text descriptions without needing an image dataset during annotation. We demonstrate that LPE can provide landscape scenicness assessments that are concordant with a dataset of image ratings. The success of zero- and few-shot methods combined with their ability to use text-based annotations highlights the potential for VLMs to provide efficient landscape scenicness assessments with greater flexibility.
The modulation of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) dynamics is a fundamental aspect of emotional response. However, the dynamics of the interplay between ANS activity and subjective perception of emotional states are still an open question. In this preliminary study, we explored the causal relationship between continuously annotated emotional ratings and physiological time series. We used a subset of the publicly-available Continuously Annotated Signals of Emotions (CASE) dataset, focusing our analysis on time-varying self-assessed arousal ratings (AR), electrocardiographic signals, and electrodermal activity (EDA), simultaneously acquired from 30 healthy participants during two different video-based emotional stimuli, i.e. scary and relaxing. We applied the Convergent Cross Mapping (CCM) approach to investigate the causal links between EDA, AR, and heart rate variability (HRV) time series. The results were compared against surrogate series, generated using the Amplitude Adjusted Fourier Transform, to assess their significance. Regardless of the stimulation type, a statistically significant <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$(\mathbf{p}-\mathbf{value} < \mathbf{1}\mathbf{e}-\mathbf{14})$</tex> causal inference was found between the HRV and both the EDA and AR signals, and a statistically significant <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$(\mathbf{p}-\mathbf{value} < \mathbf{1}\mathbf{e}-\mathbf{18})$</tex> bidirectional coupling was observed between EDA and AR. Our findings support previous literature about physiologically-driven emotional processes, testing, for the first time, this hypothesis on the three-variable system of real-time arousal, HRV, and EDA recordings.
The subject of this study is the functioning of English-language borrowings (Anglicisms) in the Ecuadorian national version of the Spanish language based on examples of their use in the texts of local mass media. The object of the study is the texts of the Ecuadorian media, in particular news articles published on the websites of the most widely read newspapers in Ecuador. The paper examines such issues as the sociolinguistic influence of English on Ecuadorian Spanish, the frequency and nature of the use of Anglicisms in it, as well as their dissemination through the media. Special attention is paid to the analysis of specific examples of the use of Anglicisms in journalistic texts, which allows us to identify key trends in their functioning. In this study, Anglicisms are considered as one of the factors influencing the development of the Spanish language in Ecuador. The study uses methods of content analysis and qualitative analysis of examples of the use of Anglicisms in Ecuadorian journalistic texts, which revealed the frequency of their use and their role in the formation of modern linguistic norms. The relevance of the chosen topic is dictated by the fact of the increasing influence of Anglicisms on Ecuadorian Spanish. The Spanish language variant, which is widespread in the territory of the Republic of Ecuador, currently seems to be less studied in comparison with the neighboring Latin American variants. Thus, there is a need to conduct a study of the main trends in its development. It follows from this that the novelty of the work lies in the implementation of a comprehensive sociolinguistic analysis of English-language borrowings used in the Ecuadorian media, which contributes to the formation of a deeper understanding of the processes underlying the formation and functioning of the Ecuadorian national version of the Spanish language. The results of the study showed that Anglicisms are actively penetrating into various spheres of Ecuadorian society, acting as a social marker and reflecting the influence of Western culture on the local population.
Pre-trained Language Models (PLM) have enabled a cost-effective approach to handling various downstream applications via Parameter-Efficient-Fine-Tuning (PEFT) techniques. In this context, service providers have introduced a popular fine-tuning-based product service known as Model-as-a-Service (MaaS). This service offers users access to extensive PLMs and training resources. With MaaS, users can fine-tune, deploy, and utilize their customized models seamlessly, leveraging a one-stop platform that allows them to work with their private datasets efficiently. However, this service paradigm has recently been exposed to the possibility of leaking user private data. To this end, we identify the data privacy leakage risks in MaaS-based PEFT and propose a Split-and-Privatize (SAP) framework, mitigating the privacy leakage by integrating split learning and differential privacy into MaaS PEFT. Furthermore, we propose Contributing-Token-Identification (CTI), a novel method to balance model utility degradation and privacy leakage. As a result, the proposed framework is comprehensively evaluated, demonstrating a 65% improvement in empirical privacy with only a 1% degradation in model performance on the Stanford Sentiment Treebank dataset, outperforming existing state-of-the-art baselines.
further explains how these feelings work: as properties of individuals' perceptual experiences, these feelings influence perception. Notably, this hypothesis based on affective feelings with different valences has been substantiated, whereas the existing evidence is not compelling enough. Moreover, whether specific affective feelings can be experienced as properties of target perception remains unclear. Addressing these two issues deepens our understanding of the nature of emotional representation. Hence, we investigated the affective realism hypothesis based on affective feelings with different valences and specific emotions, comparing it with the affective misattribution hypothesis. In Experiment 1, we examined the effects of affective feelings with various valences on targets' perception through the AM (1a) and CFS paradigms (1b). In Experiment 2, we investigated the effects of affective feelings with anger, sadness, and disgust using similar methods. Results from Experiments 1a and 1b consistently indicated significant differences in valence ratings of neutral faces under emotional contexts with varying valences. Experiment 2a revealed significant differences in specific emotion ratings of neutral faces under different specific emotional contexts in the AM paradigm, whereas such differences were not observed in the CFS paradigm in Experiment 2b. We concluded that affective feelings with different valences, rather than specific emotions, can be experienced as inherent properties of target perception, validating the affective realism hypothesis. These findings supported the view that the nature of emotional representation should be described as affective dimensions.