Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
The article examines speech culture as a key component of language competence among higher education students. The author emphasizes that mastering the norms of the literary language, adhering to ethical and stylistic standards in communication, is an indicator not only of a person’s general education but also of their readiness for professional and social interaction. The main components of speech culture are analyzed, including accuracy, clarity, logic, appropriateness, purity, expressiveness, and aesthetic quality of speech. Particular attention is paid to common violations of linguistic norms observed in the student environment: the use of colloquial, slang, and foreign words without necessity, unjustified calques, bureaucratic expressions, as well as syntactic and orthoepic errors. The article outlines the main causes of linguistic carelessness, such as low reading culture, the influence of social media, and the decline in linguistic standards in everyday and educational communication. The author proposes a number of pedagogical and methodological strategies aimed at cultivating a high level of speech culture among students. These include the integration of communicative training into the educational process, regular involvement of students in stylistic text analysis, and the activation of creative language practices. Examples of typical speech situations are provided to demonstrate the contrast between cultured and uncultured language use, highlighting the importance of speaker selfreflection in improving overall language competence. The relevance of the study is due to the growing importance of speech culture in the modern educational environment, where effective communication is a key component of a specialist’s professional training.
Abstract Automatic dependency parsing of Thai sentences has been underexplored, as evidenced by the lack of large Thai dependency treebanks with complete dependency structures and the lack of a published evaluation of state-of-the-art models, especially transformer-based parsers. In this work, we addressed these gaps by introducing the Thai Universal Dependency Treebank (TUD), a new Thai treebank consisting of 3,627 trees annotated according to the Universal Dependencies (UD) framework. We then benchmarked 92 dependency parsing models that incorporate pretrained transformers on Thai-PUD and our TUD, achieving state-of-the-art results and shedding light on the optimal model components for Thai dependency parsing. Our error analysis of the models also reveals that polyfunctional words, serial verb construction, and lack of rich morphosyntactic features present main challenges for Thai dependency parsing.
a Real close relationship exists between transferring and public media, imposing a noticeable light on the importance of language especially translation in casting discourse media since translation goes on an essential role in representing the diversity between cultures and perspectives in media, however translation may distorting the culture disparities and context unless not managed cautiously,in this sense, translators have to create a balance between loyalty to the original texts and the target ones taking into consideration the diversity in linguistic and cultural norms, this balance can be molded by applying certain approaches and strategies, this article aims to present theoretical and analytical paths to explore the diverse techniques and mechanisms used in transferring media discourse which are important to be adopted in the process of translation given that translation in the media can play a really malicious role in spreading misinformation and tendentious narratives, faulty or biased translation effects the public perception dramatically and fabricates stereotypes of misconceptions, accordingly, this study deals with real world media discourse and examines the strategies adopted by the translators, the findings show that the process of transferring from one language to another comprises modifying the linguistic norms and cultural backgrounds,spotting the light on power and responsibility that emerge during the process of translation since societies become increasingly interconnected so it is an urgent matter for translators and journalists to maintain ethical, cultural and linguistic standards to preserve accuracy and solidity of translated content and to protect the public perception from distorted narratives and misinformation as much as possible.
Online media has become the primary source of information for modern society due to its quick access and ease of news presentation. However, this development also poses challenges, particularly in maintaining writing quality, such as diction accuracy. Appropriate diction plays a crucial role in delivering clear messages, avoiding misunderstandings, and preserving media credibility. This study aims to analyze diction errors in the daily online news jateng.akurat.co edition of November 12, 2024, including non-standard word usage and word mismatches. This research employs a qualitative descriptive method to identify the types of errors, their causes, and their impacts on readers. Data were collected using documentation techniques by observing, recording, and analyzing the news texts published in the selected edition. The analysis process involved comparing diction usage with applicable linguistic norms and relevant contexts. The findings reveal several common errors, such as the use of terms that do not align with formal language norms, inappropriate word choices, and the improper adaptation of foreign words. Diction errors can create reader confusion, diminish media credibility, and affect perceptions of the information conveyed. This study highlights the importance of accurate diction selection in journalism, especially for regionally based media, which must consider cultural contexts and local values. These findings are expected to serve as a guideline for enhancing linguistic accuracy in digital journalism, maintaining media credibility, and supporting journalism's role as a pillar of a healthy democracy.
This article is dedicated to the study of the use of derived nouns of the type Gegröle – Grölerei with the suffixes -ei/-erei and the prefix ge- in German online newspaper texts. The choice of material for the study is determined by the exceptional role of online media in modern society and their influence on public opinion, cultural, and linguistic norms. The author emphasizes the use of shorter text formats and concise headlines in online news portals to attract readers' attention, which can be achieved, among other ways, with the aforementioned derivatives. Such word formations arise from various derivational patterns and often express nuances in meaning and stylistic coloring. The main focus of the article is on the functional-semantic analysis of these parallel derivatives. For this purpose, their etymology, features of formation, and meanings based on lexicographic sources are first examined. Then, the denotative and connotative meanings of both forms in newspaper contexts are considered, and their role in expressing a sense of contempt is determined. The author analyzes how derivatives with Ge- and the suffix -erei create similar but slightly different meanings that can provoke differentiated perceptions in readers. For example, Gegröle is often used to denote an indefinite, annoying sound, while Grölerei adds a behavioral and more pejorative component. The analysis attempts, based on Harden's hypotheses, to establish authors' preferences in choosing one form or another capable of eliciting various emotional reactions from readers.
Across six experiments, we tested the hypothesis that acquired attitudes are moderated by memory retrieval of relevant evaluative information previously experienced with the attitude object. In Experiment 1, an evaluative conditioning effect was moderated by presenting the unconditioned stimulus (US) as a retrieval cue, using a design that controlled for valence priming effects. Experiment 2 replicated this moderation effect in an impression formation paradigm, where attitudes were based on behavioral descriptions. Experiments 3a and 3b used a similar design as Experiment 1, but with intermixed positive and negative information. Again, retrieval cues influenced attitudes, although the effects were smaller in magnitude and not significant in one of the studies. In Experiments 4 and 5, we examined memory retrieval in a setting with higher external validity: We assessed people’s liking of everyday objects and showed that liking was related to the valence of a related memory after the memory’s retrieval. We found this effect on valence ratings and on an adapted Affect Misattribution Procedure, but not in an evaluative priming task. Together, these studies demonstrate across multiple paradigms that acquired attitudes depend not only on the encoding and storage of evaluative information, but also on its retrieval. These findings suggest that, within the paradigms and timescales we investigated, acquired attitudes do not become fully semantically integrated into the representation of attitude objects but remain contingent on the retrieval of the original evaluative experiences.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the origin and development of the Russian literary language in the context of the historical and linguistic tradition of Moscow State University, headed by Professor M. L. Remneva. T. The key stages in the formation of the literary language of Ancient Rus', the interaction of the Church Slavonic written tradition with the living East Slavic language, and the emergence of two types of grammatical norms—strict and relaxed—are also examined. Particular attention is paid to the problem of the language norm and its historical determinacy, as well as the functional difference between bookish and non-bookish language in the context of diglossia. The author analyzes various concepts of the origin of the Russian literary language, including the views of I. I. Sreznevsky, A. A. Shakhmatov, S. P. Obnorsky and V. V. Vinogradov, comparing them with the modern point of view of the historical-linguistic school of Moscow State University. The article demonstrates that the formation of the Russian literary language is a complex process of interaction between the written tradition and the vernacular language, where the bookish language functioned as a means of codification and standardization, and the non-bookish language as a reflection of living vernacular speech. The study is significant for the study of the history of the Russian literary language, linguistic norms and the relationship between written and oral traditions.
This article reports a metalexicographical study of the headwords and indications of meaning which, based on information in the 14th edition of the Swedish Academy Glossary (SAOL 14, 2015), are used either exclusively or mainly in Finland-Swedish: (RQ1) How does it appear in the SAOL 14 that headwords (Hw) and indications of meaning (IoM) are deemed to be finlandisms alternatively Finland-Swedish entries?; (RQ2) What information is given about the relevant Hw and IoM in the SAOL 14? A majority of the Hw and IoM in the corpus are provided with explicit labels indicating their finlandism status. The Finland-Swedish-ness of a minority of the Hw and IoM is signaled only through explanations of their meaning/s. It is rather unusual for finlandism status to appear in terms of formal information and syntagmatic information in the SAOL. Instead, it is primarily a matter of semantic information and/or pragmatic information. Keywords: The Swedish Academy Glossary – SAOL, finlandisms, Finland-Swedish entries, The Swedish Academy Lexical Database – Salex
We introduce STUnD (Search Tool for Universal Dependencies), a corpus search tool designed to facilitate working with parallel data. STUnD employs a query language that allows describing syntactic structures and specifying divergence patterns, which in turn make it possible to look for systematic differences between texts. Furthermore, the tool can automatically detect the differences between two similar documents. To achieve all this, STUnD leverages Universal Dependencies (UD), a cross-lingually consistent standard for morphosyntactic annotation. Input can consist of preannotated UD treebanks or raw text, which the tool automatically processes through a third-party parser. As demonstrated in the case study included in the present chapter, STUnD is especially well-suited for comparing syntactic structures across languages, with applications in the context of typology and translation studies. Other use cases include retrieving grammatical errors from parallel learner corpora and comparing different analyses of the same text.
Western tonal music uses harmonic cadences as structural and syntactic markers. This study examines cadence perception regarding the role of pre-cadential and cadential mode congruence. Major-to-minor and minor-to-major mode shifts that occur in Parallel-Mode Tonic (PMT) and Deceptive cadences were of interest, with the former including a key change. Sixty-one adults with varied music training rated arousal, valence, and degree of completion (DOC) for four cadence types (Authentic, PMT, Deceptive, and Neapolitan) in two pre-cadential modes (major or minor). Arousal ratings did not vary much across all cadence types and mode variations. In contrast, valence perception was predominantly influenced by the pre-cadential mode with major mode receiving higher ratings, and DOC perception further correlated with the final chord’s within-context tonal stability. Importantly, the perception of PMT cadences was unique in that the mode of the final tonic chord became far more important in both valence and DOC ratings, pointing to privileged and distinct perceptual processing when mode shifts resolve on a tonic chord, especially of major mode (i.e., Picardy Third). Music training manifested as significantly enhanced rating tendencies that were most apparent for DOC. The results substantially extend our understanding of the interactive nature of modes, tonality, and expertise in music perception.
This paper explores the internal logic of ChatGPT, a generative large language model, to understand how it “thinks” before producing a response. By examining the model's architecture, linguistic behavior, and epistemic limitations, the paper reveals how AI simulates thought without engaging in reflection, intention, or creativity. While the system excels at producing fluent and plausible language, it does so through reconsolidation and probabilistic patterning rather than cognitive depth. As AI-generated content becomes ubiquitous in education, media, and research, humans are increasingly tempted to outsource imaginative and interpretive labor to machines. This paper argues that the result is a subtle erosion of originality, creativity, and critical thinking-driven not by overt misuse, but by the normalization of fluent but hollow language. Through an analysis of how ChatGPT generates responses, mimics creativity, reinforces linguistic norms, and shapes user cognition, the paper calls for a renewed commitment to interpretive sovereignty, friction-based learning, and human-centered authorship in the age of AI. Understanding how AI “thinks” is not only a technical question, but an ethical and educational one-crucial for preserving the distinctiveness of human thought in an increasingly synthetic linguistic environment.
Abstract This chapter examines the motivations and actions of Zaza women activists in revitalizing the endangered Zazakî language and preserving their cultural heritage in Türkiye. Drawing on interviews conducted with women involved in language revitalization efforts, the study explores how they navigate historical assimilation policies and contemporary challenges to reclaim their linguistic and cultural identity. The efforts of these women to keep the Zazakî language and culture alive contribute significantly to the continuity of their language and culture and to the transfer of their “’collective stories and histories”’ to future generations, despite the state’s oppressive policies. What drives the activists are personal experiences of shame and disconnection from their language; a desire to transmit cultural heritage; and the UNESCO classification of Zazakî as endangered. Their actions encompass a range of initiatives, from participating in Zazakî language courses and theater performances to collecting folklore and producing Zazakî content for television and the Internet. Through these endeavors, Zaza women challenge state-imposed linguistic norms, assert their linguistic human rights, and advocate for both language preservation and women’s rights. Their activism serves as a means of reclaiming agency, resisting assimilationist policies, and fostering a sense of belonging and pride in their linguistic and cultural heritage.
Abstract This paper examines the capability of contemporary large language models (LLMs), such as GPT-5 and DeepSeek-R1, to identify and classify communicative errors in papers of students learning Russian as a foreign language (RFL). While existing tools primarily focus on formal errors, this study emphasizes the communicative aspect, evaluating the extent to which an error disrupts comprehension (i.e., communicatively significant errors) or merely affects linguistic norms (i.e., communicatively insignificant errors). To this end, a corpus of papers by B2-level students (TORFL-2) was created and annotated by experts, and a multi-stage pipeline for testing LLMs was developed, incorporating structured prompting and heuristic voting methods to enhance result reliability. The experiment revealed that while models can localize errors with certain accuracy, they experience considerable difficulties in their proper communicative classification. The models tend to systematically underestimate the degree of error impact on comprehension, confuse error types, and encounter challenges in identifying multiple errors within a single fragment. The study demonstrates both the potential and current limitations of LLMs as tools for automated, communicatively oriented feedback in educational technologies.
This study examines phonological variation in Korean honorific speech styles among female speakers in an online context. Data consisting of 1,041 instances of Korean honorific expressions such as -supnita and -yo, were collected from a chat board in the internet café Mom’s Holic Baby (MHB). Statistical analyses revealed that: 1) users in their 40s demonstrated a clear preference for the deferential speech style-supnita over the polite form -yo, 2) users in their 30s and 40s predominantly maintained the standard forms -supnita and -yo, exhibiting limited use of non-standard variants, and 3) the non-standard deferential variant -supnitang, and polite variants such as -yong, -yom, -yeo frequently appeared mostly among users in their 20s. The findings suggest that younger speakers are reconfiguring honorific forms to align with the informal, affective, and interactive nature of digital discourse, indicating that online platforms function as dynamic sites where linguistic norms are continuously negotiated and reshaped. This study contributes to ongoing discussions of sociolinguistic change by demonstrating how digital communication facilitates innovation in honorific practices.
This paper is exploring the transformative influence of social media on contemporary English language usage from a theoretical standing point.With the platforms of social media such as Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp are altering the communication patterns, the English language has undergone the significant shifts in vocabulary, syntax, spelling, and also semantics.This study is majorly investigating how the informal digital spaces have been contributing to the evolution of linguistic norms, especially through abbreviations, emojis, slang, and also hybrid language forms like textese, drawing from sociolinguistic and the discourse analysis theories, this paper discussing that how digital communication has been blurring the lines in between spoken and written English, and also leading to the emergence of the new dynamic register in the Digital English.Additionally, this research reflects on the implications for the standards in language teaching and the tension between linguistic innovation and preservation.Rather than relying on the data-driven by hypotheses, this is a theoretical inquiry which synthesizes the academic perspectives to map the changing landscape in English and prompts for future discussions on how the language educators and linguists should respond to this digital evolution in the world.
Abstract It is unknown how rare sound changes appear and spread through the lexicon. The bilabial trills of Malekula are one such example of a rare sound, and the recent assembly of a lexical database for Vanuatu (the Vanuatu Voices database) affords a unique opportunity for a quantitative historical analysis. We built a linguistic phylogeny of Malekula languages, and performed phylogenetic ancestral state reconstruction of fourteen semantic values which exhibit bilabial trills to track their historical evolution. We found a surprising degree of dynamism, with trills spreading gradually through the lexicon and showing frequent losses and reappearances. Our results are consistent with frequent borrowing of trills between neighbouring languages. We suggest that the rapid dynamism and evidence for borrowing are explained by the low functional load and identity attachment of trills respectively.
There are limited discussions on how translanguaging practices may be tailored according to needs and contexts by providing examples of the implementation of translanguaging in different countries. Thus, this chapter reports on implementing translanguaging premises and pedagogies in light of critical needs analysis to compare and offer practical recommendations. Türkiye (at a state university where medical English was delivered using CLIL), Brazil (at a state university where linguists and computer scientists develop annotated treebanks of diverse dialects to be used in Natural Language Processing applications, among them a language used by the Warao refugees in Brazil, emerging from the contact between the Warao language, Venezuelan Spanish, and Brazilian Portuguese). Here, the target situation is a site for possible transformation and a translanguaging approach allows. To the knowledge of this chapter's authors, this study in two different contexts is the first of its kind on translanguaging.
Poor relationship quality common among individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) may result, in part, from biased interpersonal decision-making. We examined memory biases for hypothetical interpersonal partner choices varying in the degree of familiarity. In Part 1 of our study, participants (n = 192) were asked to choose between novel or familiar partners based on lists of traits across six vignettes, and in Part 2, they completed a trait recognition task 36-60 hours later. Lower perceived social support was associated with a memory bias toward novel (over familiar) partners. BPD features were negatively related to an overall interpersonal memory bias (i.e., remembering both partners more negatively). However, when accounting for idiographic valence ratings, BPD features were positively related to this bias among those also low in social support. Memory biases may be related to partner choices associated with BPD features; however, it is critical to assess the role of perceived social support.
Abstract This paper argues that the study of binary personal pronouns needs to move beyond European languages and the focus on third-person pronouns, and it supports this argument by presenting the problem of the Japanese linguistic norm of binarily gendered first-person pronouns. The Japanese case illustrates five ways in which this field of study should expand. First, binary pronoun studies cannot continue to neglect first-person pronouns. Second, in addition to pronoun systems, the norms of usage must be considered. Third, Japanese requires different forms of resolution for the problem of binary pronouns. Fourth, research should explore linguistic self- and other-referring expressions by examining the distinct functions of first- versus third-person pronouns. Finally, the Japanese case demonstrates that the parties directly affected by binarily gendered pronouns include girls and women as well as gender-nonconforming and trans people. Considering the Japanese case thus potentially contributes to expanding the field in five important ways.
French is often celebrated for its clarity and precision – a legacy shaped by Cartesian rationalism and prescriptive language policies. However, the evolving forms of spoken French challenge this ideal of fixed linguistic norms. This study examines one such feature: the right-peripheral duplication of the subject pronoun je with its tonic counterpart moi, a recurrent but underexplored phenomenon in spoken French. The primary objective is to understand how this syntactic feature functions pragmatically and emotionally in real-life discourse. Using a corpus of movie dialogues, the analysis shows that duplication plays a role in managing conversational flow, expressing personal stance, and enabling self-repair. Through a multidisciplinary lens that draws from sociolinguistics, pragmatics, and applied linguistics, the study argues that such variation enriches the expressive potential of French and complicates the rigid divide between written norms and spoken practice. It also suggests that incorporating these features into language pedagogy can support a more inclusive, realistic understanding of French as a living language.
Analysis code and data for "Asymmetric admixture decouples gene–language coevolution in Eastern Eurasia" This repository contains all computational code and the TyDEE (Typological Dataset of Eastern Eurasia) linguistic database used in our study examining gene-language relationships across Eastern Eurasia. The dataset comprises 541 language varieties across 10 major language families, paired with genome-wide genetic data from 135 populations.
Abstract Combining research in developmental sociolinguistics and L1 acquisition, this study explores how caregivers may orient children towards (socio)linguistic norms through parental feedback. Based on self-recorded family interactions in the Belgian-Dutch setting, it applies a top-down quantitative perspective to examine feedback on non-conventional versus non-standard language use, alongside a bottom-up qualitative perspective highlighting factors that influence parental feedback occurrence. Findings reveal limited feedback on children’s non-standard language use, with participation frameworks and multiactivity contexts emerging as possible constraints. The combined approach also foregrounds possible tensions between researcher categorisations and participants’ perspectives. Overall, this study offers a first step in bridging research on parental feedback and sociolinguistic variation, identifying patterns that merit further investigation.
Human–human interaction studies have shown that live performances of dynamic emotional facial expressions, compared to pre-recorded videos, enhance emotion contagion and spontaneous facial mimicry. While robotic emotional facial expressions can also induce emotion contagion and facial mimicry, the statistical significance of the live presence effect has not been demonstrated. This study utilized a live image relay system to deliver real-time performances of positive (smiling) and negative (frowning) facial expressions by the android Nikola to participants, alongside prerecorded video presentations. Subjective valence and arousal ratings were collected, along with facial electromyography (EMG) from the corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus major muscles. Results indicated that live negative facial expressions elicited lower valence and higher arousal compared to their video counterparts. Facial EMG revealed that live facial expressions induced greater congruent facial muscular activity than pre-recorded videos. These findings suggest that the robotic live presence may enhance affective engagement in socially interactive contexts.
Abstract: This article reports on a corpus-based study of the pronoun “se” in Brazilian Portuguese aimed at developing a proposal for annotating the different uses of the pronoun in corpora to be leveraged in Natural Language Processing (NLP). We analyzed 732 occurrences of “se” retrieved from Porttinari-base, a treebank annotated following the Universal Dependency guidelines. The results allowed us to develop a proposal for syntactic and morphosyntactic annotation, which is expected to make human annotation simpler and more consistent as well as aid supplementary annotation, as in thematic role annotation, and enhance the performance of NLP tasks, as in automatic extraction of information.
The article analyses the phenomenon of linguistic deviations in online communication, including both linguistic errors and deliberate innovations. It presents the characteristics of the language in the digital space, drawing attention to the speed of communication, user anonymity and the use of abbreviations, neologisms and emoticons. The analysis of online comments revealed the most common deviations from the norm, including starting sentences with a lowercase letter, omitting or using punctuation in a non-standard way, spelling mistakes, and pleonasms. The potential causes of these phenomena were discussed, as well as their possible effects, including permanent changes in the perception of linguistic norms and the development of new forms of communication. The role of education, social campaigns and self-education in maintaining a balance between the innovation and creativity of social media users and the care for linguistic correctness were emphasised.
Interactive internet platforms allow speakers to comment on linguistic variation in utterances from around the world to which they are exposed. Digital platforms thus function not only as spaces for discussing linguistic usage but also as arenas for negotiating language norms. Participants in these discussions often adopt strongly asserted normative positions. In this context, a project developed at the University of Kiel is presented in the article. It aims to analyse such normative discourses from a comparative perspective, with the goal of highlighting the specificities of different linguistic cultures. The article draws attention to a gradual shift in the conception of linguistic norms: traditional regulatory institutions increasingly see their authority challenged by a significant portion of language users, who formulate normative claims grounded in social arguments. This shift reflects a normativisation process that is now shaped by more participatory and transnational dynamics.
The influence of lyrics on music aesthetics has long been a prominent research topic in the fields of aesthetics, musicology, and psychology.However, empirical studies have yielded inconsistent findings concerning the effects of lyrics.Accordingly, the present study examines the effect of lyrics on music aesthetics across historical periods.We selected representative popular music from the late 20th century, known as "era music", and representative popular music from the contemporary period, known as "modern music", both with and without lyrics, as materials.After listening to each music clip, participants sequentially completed aesthetic rating, preference rating, and familiarity rating tasks.We found that the aesthetic rating and its inter-subject correlation for era music with lyrics were significantly higher than those for the version without lyrics, while no significant difference was observed between the two versions of modern music.These results illustrate the era-dissociation effect of lyrics in music aesthetic ratings, suggesting the era-dissociation characteristics of lyrics and the difference in individual subjective aesthetic standards.
This paper proposes the S M Nazmuz Sakib Event–Nesting Hypothesis for Bangladiscourse and introduces two quantitative notions: the Sakib Cohesion Constantand the Sakib Bangla Narrative Cohesion Index (S–BNCI). The hypothesis statesthat, in Bangla narrative and expository prose, there is a systematic local trade–off between (i) event chaining realised by serial and conjunctive–participle verbsequences and (ii) propositional nesting realised by finite complement clauses introduced by the complementizer je. Building on resources such as the Bangla RSTDiscourse Treebank [1, 2], DiMLex–Bangla [3] and Universal Dependencies treebanks for Bengali [5, 6, 7], the paper formulates S–BNCI as a windowed indexcombining densities of serial verbs, je–complements, discourse particles, discourseconnectives and zero subjects. The Sakib Cohesion Constant is defined as the negative slope parameter linking event–chain density to the probability of embedded complement clauses in a logistic regression model over local windows. Using corpusstatistics reported for Bangla RST–DT, DiMLex–Bangla and UD_Bengali–BRU,we present fifteen genuinely data–based illustrations that anchor the ranges of theproposed parameters and show how Bangla grammar distributes resources betweenevent chaining and embedding. The proposal is positioned as a falsifiable, computationally testable hypothesis and is, to the best of current bibliographic knowledge,not explicitly formulated in prior work on Bangla cohesion, serial verb constructionsor complementizer placement [8, 9, 10, 11, 4].
This study characterize mood and emotional regulation in women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and mood assessments. Hemodynamic responses in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were measured while participants viewed emotion-inducing images during both the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Emotional valence and arousal ratings for each image were obtained immediately after the task. In addition, mood states were evaluated prior to the task using the Profile of Mood States Second Edition (POMS2). Forty-six women completed the procedures across both menstrual cycle phases. After excluding five participants diagnosed with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), data from 41 participants (non-PMS: n = 25, PMS: n = 16) were analyzed. During the follicular and luteal phases, the PMS group showed significantly lower integrated oxyhemoglobin (oxy-Hb) responses to positive emotional stimuli in the right prefrontal region compared to the non-PMS group (follicular phase: p =.03, r = 0.35; luteal phase: p <.001, r =.0.52). These r values represent effect sizes (rank-biserial correlations) corresponding to the Mann–Whitney U tests. No significant group differences were found in the left prefrontal region and response to negative stimuli. Based on POMS2 scores, the PMS group showed significantly higher scores on six negative mood scales and a lower score on one positive mood scale during the follicular phase. During the luteal phase, only one negative mood subscale score was significantly higher in the PMS group. Group differences in subjective emotional valence and arousal ratings were evident only during the follicular phase. These findings suggest that women with PMS exhibit attenuated neural responses to positive emotional stimuli and altered mood states even during the follicular phase when symptoms are often not consciously recognized. This may highlight the possibility that early-phase emotional dysregulation may precede overt symptom manifestation in PMS, providing insights into its temporal dynamics.
Background/Objectives: Obesity and insulin resistance (IR) increase the risk for mood disorders and may impair emotional experiences. This study investigated whether obesity and/or IR moderated the links between brain potentials and affective processing during young adulthood. Methods: Thirty young adults completed a passive picture-viewing task utilizing the International Affective Picture System while real-time electroencephalography was simultaneously recorded. Two event-related potential components—early posterior negativity (EPN) and late positive potential (LPP)—were quantified. Affective processing parameters included the mean valence ratings and stimulus-to-response-onset reaction times in response to unpleasant, pleasant, and neutral images. Body fat percentage and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance values were measured. Hierarchical moderated regression analysis was utilized to test the interrelationships between brain potentials, adiposity, IR, and affective processing parameters. Results: In the Negative–Neutral valence condition, lean and insulin-sensitive participants gave less negative valence ratings to unpleasant versus neutral images when late-window LPP amplitudes were larger, whereas respective counterparts showed no such relationship. Contrariwise, obesity and IR did not moderate the links between LPP amplitudes and affective processing parameters in the Positive–Neutral or Negative–Positive conditions. Additionally, EPN amplitudes and affective processing scores were not moderated by obesity or IR across any of the valence conditions. Conclusions: Lean and insulin-sensitive young adults showed attenuated negative affective processing of unpleasant versus neutral stimuli through increased brain activity, whereas obese and insulin-resistant young adults did not. In contrast, obesity and IR did not modify the relationship between neural activity and positive affective processing in young adults.
This chapter examines the relationship between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Contextual responsiveness in language learning for the sake of meeting increasing demand for flexible, inclusive and morally sound educational technology. It explores how AI can either help or hinder intercultural communication competence. As a researcher and educator who works with multilingual and multicultural students, I argue that AI systems must take into account a variety of linguistic norms, contextual values, and communication styles. This chapter provides solutions that could be used to improve contextual responsiveness through inclusive data practices, adaptive learning systems, teacher preparation, and community-driven design in addition to identifying cultural bias in training data and the danger of linguistic imperialism. The effects of AI contextual responsiveness on learner engagement, performance, and identity formation are illustrated empirically
This article explores the shifting balance between codified linguistic norms and actual usage patterns in contemporary Kazakh. The main focus is on changes observed in youth colloquial speech and in the rapidly evolving discourse of digital communication. The expansion of social media platforms such as Telegram, Instagram, and WhatsApp has led to the frequent use of non-standard constructions, calques, and hybrid forms. The study demonstrates how these trends are influencing the perception of linguistic correctness, as widespread usage (usus) is increasingly being favored over traditional literary norms. The research is based on a qualitative corpus consisting of social media posts, informal spoken language data, and scholarly opinions on language norms. The methodological foundation includes discourse analysis, comparative syntactic analysis, and contextual-semantic interpretation. The analysis identifies key mechanisms of deviation from the norm, including calquing from Russian, syntactic transfer, non-standard punctuation, abbreviations, and examples of digital slang. The study reveals that in contemporary Kazakh speech, especially among youth, the gap between normative rules and actual linguistic behavior is widening. While traditional grammar is still taught in the educational system, everyday language use increasingly reflects global and media-driven influences. The article frames this shift not merely as a linguistic phenomenon but also as a reflection of deeper sociocultural transformations within individual identity, modern culture, and the digital environment. The findings provide important recommendations for language education, media literacy, and language codification policy. The study underscores the need to reconsider how linguistic norms should be defined, maintained, and taught in the digital age.
Emotions comprise multiple coordinated responses, including facial expressions and subjective experiences. Although functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have identified brain regions associated with facial or emotional responses, few have simultaneously assessed and statistically dissociated components. Additionally, the functional networks associated with these emotional responses and the dynamic interplay between such networks remain uncertain. To investigate these issues, we measured fMRI while participants viewed emotional films, as well as their facial videos and dynamic valence ratings. Regional activity analysis revealed that facial responses (lip-corner-pulling actions) were associated with activation in the limbic regions and somatosensory motor cortices. Subjective emotional responses (the absolute values of valence ratings) were associated with activity in the medial parietal and lateral temporoparietal cortices. Independent component analysis revealed that the independent components associated with facial and subjective responses included the abovementioned activated regions. Dynamic causal modeling of these independent components supported a model in which the visual/auditory processing component modulated the facial response component, which subsequently influenced the subjective response component. Our findings imply that, during emotional processing, facial responses are initially generated by the limbic and sensorimotor cortical networks; subsequently, these responses give rise to subjective experiences through activity in the medial parietal-lateral temporoparietal networks.
This paper presents a new version of the Spoken Slovenian Treebank (SST), a balanced and representative collection of transcribed spontaneous speech with manually annotated lemmas, part-of-speech tags, morphological features, and syntactic dependencies, recently expanded with over 3,000 newly annotated utterances. After a brief overview of the data sampling, anno-tation, and consolidation processes—presented in detail in previous work—we evaluate the significance of this new language resource for both linguistic research and natural language pro-cessing by first highlighting its distinctive lexical and morphosyntactic features in comparison to writing, and then assessing their impact on the performance of tools for automatic grammatical annotation. Finally, we reflect on the methodological insights gained during treebank creation, discuss the potential of SST for advancing spoken language research, and argue for the necessity of such resources in supporting linguistic diversity in language technology.
Abstract The paper introduces Parallel Trees, a novel multilingual treebank collection that includes 20 treebanks for 10 languages. The distinguishing property of this resource is that the sentences of each language are annotated using two syntactic representation paradigms (SRPs), respectively based on the notions of dependency and constituency. By aligning the annotations of existing resources, Parallel Trees represents an example of exploiting pre-existing treebanks to adapt them to novel applications. To illustrate its potential, we present a case study where the resource is employed as a benchmark to investigate whether and how BERT, one of the first prominent neural language models (NLMs), is sensitive to the dependency- and constituency-based approaches for representing the syntactic structure of a sentence. The case study results indicate that the model’s sensitivity fluctuates across languages and experimental settings. The unique nature of the Parallel Trees resource creates the prerequisites for innovative studies comparing dependency and phrase-structure trees, allowing for more focused investigations without the interference of lexical variation.
This paper presents the creation of a Universal Dependency (UD) treebank for Amahuaca (Peru), marking the first UD treebank within the Headwaters subbranch of the Panoan family, spoken mostly in Peru and Brazil. While the UD guidelines provided a general framework for our annotations, language-specific decisions were necessary due to the rich morphology of the Amahuaca language. The paper also describes specific constructions to initiate a discussion on several general UD annotation guidelines, particularly those concerning clitics and morpheme-level dependencies.
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM) is thought to process emotions via memory reactivation. Such REM reactivation can be triggered by presenting a tone associated with the target memory. This reduces subjective arousal ratings for negative stimuli. Here, we measure arousal objectively in brain and autonomic system. Participants rated negative image-sound pairs, half of which were then re-presented during subsequent REM. All images were re-rated in a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner with pulse oximetry 48 h after encoding. Reactivation in REM reduced responses in the brain's Salience Network (SN), including Anterior Insula and dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC), and associated emotion-processing regions: orbitofrontal cortex, subgenual cingulate, and left amygdala. Memory reactivation in REM reduced heart rate deceleration (HRD). Subjective arousal ratings were reduced for more upsetting images and increased for less upsetting images. Our findings have implications for the use of memory reactivation to treat depression and anxiety disorders.