Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
The article provides a comparative analysis of lexical and semantic groups of words characterizing a person in the Azerbaijani and English languages.It is noted that a comparative study of such a layer of these languages, which includes vocabulary characterizing a person's temper, helps to identify common and individual features, describe the national image, mentality, ethical and moral norms in the culture of the Azerbaijani and English peoples.These groups of words characterizing a person by a variety of features constitute a fairly large volume in the languages under study and represent a set of a number of semantic associations that are grouped by the similarity of certain semantic features.They are divided into smaller groups and subgroups by the components of semantic features within themselves.Each of these subgroups can be considered as a member of another, larger group.Lexical and semantic groups of words defining various properties, attributes, character traits, appearance, as well as moral and ethical qualities of a person are represented quite widely in the languages under study.The listed lexicalsemantic groups and subgroups turned out to be closely interconnected and interdependent.
This study examines how racially charged language in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird (1960) has been translated into Arabic, focusing on the ethical, cultural, and pedagogical implications of translation strategies. Using Skopos Theory, Venuti's domestication/foreignization model, and Spivak's postcolonial ethics, the research analyses the rendering of terms such as the racial slur (“Nword”), "boy," "white trash," and African American Vernacular English (AAVE) across multiple Arabic translations. A comparative study, integrating Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) with crosslinguistic comparison against the French, Spanish, and German translations, detects a consistent pattern of defensive domestication among Arabic translations, including euphemization, omission, and lexical substitution. Though culturesensitive, the strategies tend to downplay the novel's critique of institutional racism and can efface its historical context. Western translations, however, typically retain racially marked words with Para textual glossing for critical reception. The study highlights the translator as a cultural mediator whose decisions are dictated by sociopolitical norms, institutionally imposed, and audience requirements. It recommends adopting ethical domestication or critical foreignization, facilitated by annotated bilingual editions, pedagogy underpinned by culture, and open translator commentary. These approaches strive to uphold historical faithfulness, foster intercultural understanding, and develop critical literacy. In this way, the research contributes to debates in translation ethics, postcolonial studies of translation, and language pedagogy, and argues for translation as a linguistic and ethical practice.
The future of healthcare delivery across the cancer continuum holds great promise and challenge. U.S. cancer mortality across all cancers combined decreased ~2% annually from 2015 to 2019 thanks to a range of factors including clinical and delivery innovations in cancer prevention, control, treatment, supportive care, and efforts to improve clinical trial access [1]. However, long-standing cancer health disparities remain. Accelerated progress is vital to reduce cancer deaths for all Americans and achieve National Cancer Plan goals [2-4]. Additionally, COVID-19 impacts on cancer are still emerging [5, 6] and the long-term cancer survivor population is growing—increasing sustained surveillance for recurrence, new cancers, late effects, and other long-term health concerns [7]. These and other individual, institutional, and societal trends are shaping cancer care delivery, treatment, and research. Cancer health services research has a role in tracking and understanding how such trends influence health service design, delivery, and outcomes, to inform care approaches, health system decisions, and policy innovation across the cancer continuum. Such trends also beg the question, what measurement and methodological innovations are needed for timely, valid evaluation of their impact on cancer-related health services and outcomes important to patients, caregivers, healthcare professionals, payers, and policy makers? Continued measurement and methodological development only stand to improve scientific quality, reproducibility, and practical impact. Therefore, in this commentary, we briefly summarize 10 trends in cancer care delivery, treatment, and research and explore potential implications for health services research measurement and methods. Our intent is not to comprehensively address all possible opportunities or ideas presented here, but to highlight pressing, foundational needs and promising directions for measurement and methods focused science. Our focus is cancer health services research. However, the challenges and opportunities discussed clearly have broader implications. Rededication to strengthening our research methods and measures is an investment in the foundational T0 basic science [8] of cancer health services research and, therefore, essential to generating and translating future evidence into practice and policy. A universe of trends influences health services at-large at any given moment, however, we highlight 10 trends elevating the necessity of methods and measures research in cancer-focused health services research, including: (1) precision oncology; (2) whole-person perspectives; (3) health technologies (e.g., artificial intelligence (AI), mobile health, telehealth); (4) expanding in-home and community-based services; (5) health system integration and efforts addressing care fragmentation; (6) workforce capacity and evolving roles; (7) population aging; (8) improving safety, quality, value and access while controlling costs and addressing financial toxicity; (9) addressing social drivers of health; and (10) leveraging data oceans with unstructured, semi-structured, and structured elements. Deep discussion of each is beyond our scope, but we discuss several of these trends with examples and then give focused attention to measurement and methodological implications. One trend with significant measurement and methodological implications is the rapid advancement of precision oncology paradigms. Precision paradigms are fundamentally changing the understanding of cancer risk, diagnosis, disease profiling, treatment monitoring, therapeutic development, trial eligibility, and have birthed new health services (e.g., genetic counseling, in-house molecular pathology) [9-11]. Precision approaches highlight potential pitfalls of analyses by organ site (e.g., lung, breast) that lump together variations in genetic or social risks, different genomic signatures, treatments, and implications for prognosis and quality of life (QOL) [12-14]. Population aging and movement toward whole-person health similarly underscore opportunities to assess and model a broader constellation of factors (e.g., multiple chronic conditions, functional status, degrees of caregiver support) and understand the effects of incentivizing wholistic care approaches on cancer-related outcomes [15, 16]. Paralleling rapid clinical advancements is increasing attention on controlling costs, including addressing financial toxicity and financial distress [17, 18]. Cancer care costs increasingly outpace other areas; for example, they comprised 43% of 2020 Medicare Part B spending [19]. Additionally, recent analyses found cancer survivors were nearly 4 times more likely to declare bankruptcy and experienced credit score declines persisting up to nearly 10 years post-diagnosis [20]. Financial distress is associated with higher symptom burden, worse QOL, and lower adherence to recommended care [21-23]. Challenges quantifying costs or balancing cost with access to high-quality care and clinical innovations are certainly not new [24]. However, the scope and duration of cancer care costs at individual, family, and population levels beget opportunities for multilevel measure development, innovative modeling approaches, and data linkages, as well as interventions that integrate financial considerations into goals of care discussions and financial navigation [25-27]. The speed of cancer care innovation is also matched by rapid transformations in the healthcare system landscape across the cancer continuum. For example, in 2017 more oncology physician practices (50%–55%) reported vertical integration with a hospital or health system compared with any other specialty, up from ~20% in 2007 [28, 29]. Trends toward greater health system integration, new affiliation models, expansion of non-traditional players into the care delivery sector, and pervasive care fragmentation underscore opportunities to develop and adopt richer measures of organizational structure, functioning, policies, norms, and coordination across the cancer continuum [30]. Similarly, evolving roles and approaches to care are arising from clinical innovation (e.g., home-based screening, oral anti-cancer agents) paired with patient volumes rapidly outpacing oncology workforce capacity. For example, some care delivery models, state policies, and billing guidelines are enabling Advanced Practice Professionals, community health workers, patient navigators, home care, and other care team members to practice at the top of their license or certification [16]. These trends challenge future research to more precisely assess where and who is delivering care and to advance methods suitable for evaluating contributions of a growing constellation of collaborators and settings to cancer-related outcomes of interest. Additionally, the field has seen increased focus on understanding and addressing adverse social drivers of health, financial hardship, and social risks (e.g., transportation, food, housing instability) and their influence on persistent cancer health disparities [31]. For example, eliminating cancer health disparities was one of eight goals in the 2024 National Cancer Plan [32, 33]. NCI has a long history of supporting efforts to improve cancer health disparity measurement [34] given quantifying heterogeneity in cancer incidence and mortality is part of the Annual Report to the Nation on Cancer. However, efforts to address social risks and drivers of health via the healthcare system—as well as related measures and approaches for tracing impact on cancer outcomes—are still nascent. Collectively, these trends and others noted at the opening of this section underscore numerous opportunities for cancer health services scientists to address persistent and emerging measurement and methodological challenges. We highlight several opportunities for future measurement and methods development or refinement below. We simultaneously encourage the field to identify and pursue numerous others not discussed here. Many trends above may necessitate new measurement paradigms (e.g., whole-person cancer care, measurement-based care). Others underscore the need for dedicated attention toward solving persistent, yet fundamental measurement challenges (e.g., evolving care delivery settings, usual care, organizational characteristics). Given these trends, we discuss five example areas for measurement-focused research attention below. Evidence exists for the benefit of whole-person care models, yet defining components of whole-person cancer care requires conceptual elaboration, refinement, and standardization [35]. Both new measures and novel person-centered methods are essential to designing and optimizing whole-person focused systems of cancer care. In 2024, building from work in primary care, the Integrative Oncology Leadership Collaborative (IOLC) defined whole-person cancer care as an approach that integrates conventional cancer treatments with evidence-based complementary therapies and/or lifestyle interventions, addresses the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual aspects of a person's life, and focuses on what matters most to the patient [36, 37]. The IOLC definition and related minimal-required elements are based on the Two-Circle Model of Whole-Person Care [38], which reframes current disease-focused approaches toward one that is person-centered, relationship-based, and recovery and health-promotion focused. An emphasis on person-centered care, coordination, continuity and integration, and relationships are distinguishing characteristics of the whole-person paradigm and are conceptualized as features most likely to improve population health, access, quality, and lower costs. The Two-Circle framework also highlights roles, services, and workforce changes needed to implement, scale up, and sustain this type of care. New payment models are also important to support and incentivize a transition to whole-person care. Many health services measurement and methodological approaches developed or operationalized around a single disease, organ system, specific health care setting, or payer will continue to be useful in evaluating models of whole-person cancer care (e.g., cancer registries, Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers & Systems [CAHPS]) [39-41]. However, person-centered measures of unmet needs, experiences of care involving larger care teams, well-being (physical, emotional, social), care costs, and medical financial hardship will require further conceptual, lexical, and methodologic development in the context of whole-person care [42]. Ensuring such measures are accessible and meaningful for all patients, and interpretable as predictors and moderators of whole-person health outcomes will require mixed methods studies that go beyond traditional psychometric approaches to establish validity and interpretation [43]. Measurement of whole-person outcomes also requires accommodating, sometimes simultaneously, for within-person and group-level change, and methods able to address differences between individuals on a collection of measures or scale dimensions (e.g., almost matching exactly methods) [44]. The NIH National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health's 2021 Workshop on Methodological Approaches for Whole Person Research discussed several such measurement and methodological opportunities [45]. Measurement-based care (MBC) is an emerging approach in chronic disease management, including cancer care [46], generally defined as “systematic evaluation of patient symptoms before or during an encounter to inform” [47](p324) care-related decisions. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) form MBC's foundation, providing critical tools for assessing targeted needs for distinct populations (e.g., older adults, adolescents), tumor and treatment types, and care phase [48]. Well-validated instruments essential for MBC in oncology exist (e.g., needs assessment, symptoms, functional status, social risks) [49-51]. However, some domains remain underdeveloped, including measurement of treatment burden, patient engagement, and care experiences. Both existing and newly developed measures also require adaptation and validation to meet accessibility needs of all patients, including groups understudied in measure development research such as older adults and people with differing degrees of English language proficiency. Additionally, integrating these measures into feasible, efficacious MBC interventions and coupling them with evidence-based decision support necessary to prioritize and comprehensively address the constellation of needs identified, requires further development. Alternative settings of care beyond traditional inpatient-outpatient distinctions are also rapidly arising, including: telehealth, remote patient monitoring, home-based care (e.g., hospital-in-the-home, self-management support), distributed clinical trials, and consumer-oriented platforms (e.g., Amazon Care, CVS MinuteClinic). These settings offer new opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration, improved efficiency, and access. However, the field lacks screening measures to match these settings to patient needs and resources, risk stratify, and predict clinical complications. Also needed are bespoke measures demonstrating solid measurement properties in these settings for care quality, safety, clinical outcomes, budget impact, costs, value, and experiences of patients, caregivers, and staff [52-54]. Measuring strategies and contextual factors contributing to the adoption and sustainment of delivery models employing alternative care settings are also important for dissemination and adaptation [54, 55]. Usual care is a frequent comparator in randomized trials and pragmatic trials (e.g., cluster randomized, stepped wedge), particularly those evaluating health interventions or healthcare delivery interventions studies or in health services also usual care as a comparator usual care is the is important to understand the to which any pragmatic exists in the comparator to treatment However, significant and challenges exist in the and measurement of usual care and of the heterogeneity in what usual care Usual care is a and and between settings usual care may and is context the of valid usual care is not well in studies and approaches to and modeling usual care, and related and between settings are important Cancer health services for example, approaches to to evidence-based practices and interventions in science characteristics of the care delivery and across the cancer continuum influence access, coordination, clinical outcomes, and costs. in new affiliation models, and expansion of non-traditional players in care delivery underscore opportunities to develop and adopt richer measures of organizational integration, structure, functioning, policies, norms, and coordination across the cancer continuum. For example, the promise of improved access, quality, and costs, studies the impacts of health system integration the cancer and studies from the broader field effects in to differing and measures across studies The field beyond measures of toward richer measures different and degrees of organizational integration to understand drivers of costs, quality, of guidelines and clinical and of or cancer care. on and approaches to and organizational health system characteristics For example, and of organizational integration of and integration, with for measures policy and other of inform at the population understanding of care, and health system efforts to improve health for all the COVID-19 and focus on addressing social risks underscore opportunities to develop richer measures of integration and coordination with health and community Additionally, are opportunities to develop measures in degrees of affiliation or integration to understand emerging affiliation and clinical trial and opportunities to advance development and access to measures of payer organizational and characteristics Care and other trends methodological advancements focus on approaches able to model factors simultaneously, and address heterogeneity across or levels of methods effects of a of factors on cancer outcomes will continue to have a particularly However, is great for cancer health services scientists to and develop methods and mixed methods. and modeling are critical for understanding and effects of factors at different levels (e.g., health system, on cancer outcomes, costs, care and understanding the of factors cancer Additionally, they are important for evaluating or interventions and related (e.g., multilevel modeling has understanding factors cost in cancer impacts of and policy and numerous other A of multilevel approaches exists in health services research and other however, opportunities remain. For example, and modeling methods and to work also focus on of for Additionally, with effects and models in health services opportunities exist to from multilevel methods to understand or other cluster heterogeneity Similarly, approaches for modeling or differences in models, be For example, such methods be useful for understanding and outcomes more and differences in the of or health system also be useful in understanding or other in of existing or advancement of new multilevel modeling approaches also focus on measurement of approaches, and related measurement methods is important cancer health services research is to address current and future challenges. these methods have important for understanding oncology workforce and outcomes addressing social risks care quality disparities and methods will also be to understanding health system and integration as well as the of new clinical technologies and changes research explore the adaptation of existing methods for understanding and the impacts of policy change, and to genomic and other data improve the of or disease care and care team toward modeling together with and is For example, from methods to social data on modeling patient clinical innovation and organizational changes and methods for in data also useful for effects on policy and and methods also be useful to or methods data modeling that for volumes of with are critical the field is to model the heterogeneity in cancer screening and disease characteristics and care and outcomes at the patient and population For example, data and (e.g., of such new methods address this while data to meaningful volumes and methods that or For example, modeling has to identify in care and and paired with models models, effects to predictors and with outcomes these and related methods (e.g., cluster of based on multiple or These approaches are critical for tracing care and patient and across care be useful and to modeling of usual care or other and differences (e.g., to understand populations to cancer with emerging approaches to improve and of data from medical and other intelligence and methods have rapidly emerging roles in clinical care and health services research. discussion of language and other methods is our scope, but their in and other aspects of cancer care are expanding rapidly However, significant exist in evaluating the characteristics of in clinical settings and the field lacks to in specific care and with specific services research has generally more some other the to which methods will address measurement and methodological challenges. However, methods have and be for numerous aspects of health services research, including: data and addressing and policy evaluation For example, an for and Research five methodological areas that benefit from including and for or health outcomes, and in and in analyses and other research areas methods with promise and that require methodological with methodological and for and modeling or data are of leveraging a long history in some areas of health services research modeling is in health policy development healthcare workforce and research However, a basic of the for found only exist for future research to adopt and advance particularly given the of new approaches for generating data and science platforms of health services models For example, NCI has the Cancer and to advance modeling of the history of disease and cancer including cancer and screening have in understanding that a in of screening reduce cancer deaths by and cancer deaths by the contributions of in screening, treatment, and other aspects of care on cancer mortality and in analyses of screening data from cancer registries, clinical trials, and other and offer a potential for other cancer health services scientists in For example, methods from or and These approaches are critical in cancer health services research given the of cancers and related care, particularly methods are also important for understanding value of care and more precisely understanding to usual care. However, to adoption we how existing mixed methods be and and develop more methods (e.g., rapid need further refinement to support adoption These methods have potential to inform measurement of care value, and in and understanding of variations in care delivery and outcomes the cancer continuum. focused on innovative data collection approaches and data integration is also particularly given declines in and increasing on patients, health professionals, and These ideas be important Our was to and offer some not all or promising We to focus on challenges and including with data social and other Additionally, we have to and the trends and opportunities noted have their and considerations not here. some may with our of measurement methodological is for the domains is across models and the need for and in addressing healthcare delivery measurement and methods challenges. has years of Research measurement and data challenges the is progress in some areas in a related the trends and challenges underscore that important opportunities remain. chronic cancer and to and new measures and methods for and modeling of health services and outcomes Given trends discussed and in the we that is for future cancer health services research to focus on measurement while simultaneously the of cancer care For example, some measurement discussed are fundamental (e.g., usual care, with However, attention to these fundamental measurement the field opportunities to assess and from the of increasingly cancer care. Many of the methodological opportunities discussed are in system science paradigms and are to address this heterogeneity and (e.g., multilevel they toward modeling the and between the factors shaping care delivery, clinical outcomes, costs, and other important Similarly, from science (e.g., organizational health or multilevel research be useful for and or as in several factors continue to influence the approach to measurement and methodological including: data and and evolving data refinement of approaches able to (e.g., health system, while simultaneously enabling data and are For example, opportunities remain for innovation in data mixed and approaches for populations Additionally, continuity of data and innovation around measurement and methodological are critical given declines in in and toward research, and increasing on patients, caregivers, health professionals, and health system The NCI Healthcare Research research in of the areas discussed For example, Cancer Research in 2020 and were in a of the National Cancer including an of cancer health research also data of to the field including and Additionally, has on (e.g., and the Healthcare Research is to improve health for individuals and populations by innovative research to understand and improve care delivery across the cancer continuum science to develop and measures and methods to cancer care delivery, related interventions, and impacts on cancer-related focused on measurement and methodological to cancer health services and healthcare delivery research be via NIH and/or NCI opportunities In this several opportunities for future measurement or methodological may be or existing innovative linkages, or primary data collection with existing or clinical Others will require measurement development. be for in or will benefit from and in data and science policy that address data and Additionally, all will benefit from and with and data from other patients, caregivers, patient health system, and policy these measurement and methodological opportunities is critical to understanding and improving care, outcomes, and costs across the cancer continuum. cancer health services research is to be at this and into the we a focus on by attention to addressing in our methods and our Both to and design, and of and of the We from several and was as part of the as of the U.S. and are those of the and this not be as the of the U.S. of and the National of or the National Cancer The declare of interest. not new data or the research.
Cohesion is a critical aspect of text construction, ensuring logical flow and clarity in communication. Among the cohesive devices employed in discourse, pronominal references stand out as key tools for maintaining unity within a text. These references, primarily pronouns, act as substitutes for nouns or noun phrases, linking sentences and ideas while reducing redundancy. This study explores the role of pronominal references as cohesive devices, focusing on their types—anaphoric, cataphoric, and exophoric—and their function in creating coherence in English texts. Additionally, the paper delves into challenges associated with the use of pronominal references, such as ambiguity, cultural differences, and grammatical mismatches in translation. By examining examples from English texts and comparing them to other languages, particularly Arabic, this research highlights the nuances involved in preserving cohesion across linguistic systems. The findings emphasize the importance of clarity, context, and grammatical agreement when using pronouns. Moreover, strategies are proposed for effective use in writing and translation, including ensuring clear antecedents, balancing pronoun usage with explicit nouns, and adapting to cultural and linguistic norms. This paper contributes to the understanding of pronominal references as both linguistic and translational tools, offering insights for linguists, writers, and translators aiming to achieve cohesive and coherent communication.
The article investigates the role of language and accent in the United Kingdom as instruments of social stratification and as carriers of ideological constructs. It traces the historical development of the linguistic landscape, from the Celtic languages and the formative period of English to the contemporary situation of minority (Celtic) languages and the languages of migrant communities. Particular attention is devoted to accents as powerful social markers: the standard variety, Received Pronunciation, has traditionally been associated with high social status and elitism, whereas regional and ethnic accents may be subject to prejudice and function as indicators of class and group affiliation. The study highlights how the education system and the media reinforce the hierarchy of accent prestige, thereby shaping opportunities for social mobility. It also examines the discourse surrounding migrant languages and the role of English as both a vehicle of integration and a tool of social control. The article concludes that language in British society operates not only as a medium of communication but also as a mechanism intrinsically linked to ideology: linguistic norms, accents, and social varieties both reflect and reproduce existing hierarchies.
Background. In the context of foreign language teaching methodology, post-text exercises play a key role in ensuring the effective acquisition of language material. These exercises are aimed at consolidating lexical and grammatical structures, developing reading and comprehension skills, as well as developing the ability to communicate spontaneously in a foreign language. The use of authentic materials in post-text exercises allows students not only to improve their language skills, but also to gain a deeper understanding of the cultural characteristics and context in which the language they are learning functions. Authentic texts provide students with the opportunity to familiarize themselves with real language situations and linguistic norms, which contributes to a more natural and organic language acquisition. The purpose of the study is to analyze the importance of post-text exercises in the process of learning a foreign language and demonstrate their role in consolidating acquired knowledge and improving students’ communication skills when using authentic materials. Materials and methods. The study examines examples of exercises presented in the Personal Management ESSD manual, designed for teaching English. Their detailed description is given, as well as an analysis of their role in improving communication skills and developing sustainable language competencies. Results. Post-text exercises based on authentic materials are an important component of foreign language teaching methods. They contribute not only to the consolidation of knowledge, but also to the development of communication skills, which is a necessary condition for achieving proficiency in a foreign language.
The article considers theoretical problems of the literary norm at the current stage of the functioning of the Ukrainian language in the pan-Slavic context and in the conditions of digitalization of the media space. Changes in the definition of the criteria for the normativity of linguistic units are analyzed, the principles of their value perception in society are emphasized, taking into account intralinguistic and extralinguistic sociocultural factors of the national space. Norm-forming tendencies are traced in three main directions: strengthening the author’s position in the text, expressivization of the journalistic style and its influence on book varieties of the language, simplified standards in the choice of linguistic units. Strengthening the author’s position in the text has its disadvantages and advantages. Among the disadvantages: the spread of language errors, the actualization of a part of the language resource limited by the author’s worldview, the risks of using artificial units that contradict the phonetic, morphophonemic, lexical, and stylistic laws of the Ukrainian language. The advantages include the autochthonization of the lexicon as a result of changing the functional capabilities of the rarely used, colloquial, and dialectal fund of the Ukrainian dictionary. A global trend is the expressivization of texts of various styles and genres, which in Ukrainian realities is enhanced by internal tension in society due to wartime. The leading role in changing the priorities of the norm is played by the journalistic style, which transfers its main impulse of expressivization to all varieties of literary language, changing the balance of bookishness-conversationalness-emotionality in conservative styles – scientific, religious, etc. A manifestation of simplified standards in language is the advantage of visual and audio images over verbal expression in the digital environment, which provokes fragmented thinking; copying foreign language units while preserving Latin graphics, and unjustified imitation of units from the English language. Keywords: literary norm, norm-setting, functional trends of the language resource, interaction of styles, evaluation, expressivization, simplified language standards.
Most words in a language are lexically ambiguous and are associated with multiple meanings that vary in their frequency and relatedness. Although ambiguity is a fundamental property of language, there are extensive issues with existing measures of this construct. For instance, dictionary-based classifications and subjective ratings of meaning number and frequency struggle to capture the graded nature of ambiguity and, by proxy, its impact on cognition and performance in experimental tasks. It is also difficult to scale subjective measures to the full lexicon. We introduce a novel, automated framework to measure lexical ambiguity based on word association data from the Small World of Words (SWOW) project. We apply community detection algorithms to association graphs to quantify both the number and distribution of semantic communities for each word. This in turn allows us to derive graded representations of meaning frequency and relatedness. To better understand our new metrics, we compare them to previously published subjective norms, and establish their validity by showing that they predict lexical decision performance in English and Rioplatense Spanish. Furthermore, our results reveal cross-linguistic differences in lexical ambiguity—Spanish is less ambiguous than English overall—which we hypothesize is due to typological differences between the languages. Our validated framework contributes novel insights for computational and psycholinguistic models of semantic processing, and offers a scalable, automated, and language-independent framework for quantifying different facets of lexical ambiguity. We provide all of our code and ambiguity measures for approximately 7000 words in both languages to facilitate their use by other researchers.
Turkish students studying at the “Goce Delcev” University in Stip, through the Institute of Languages, study the Macedonian language in three levels: A1, A2 and B1. After mastering the A1 level, Turkish students must also master the A2 level to be able to study in our country. Facilitating the study of this level is the knowledge of basic level and the acquisition of the basic lexical and grammatical norms related to the language. During this process, students become familiar with important tourist destinations in Macedonia, typical Macedonian specialties, a group of words and expressions related to physical activities. Additionally, they create dialogues for searching for and renting an apartment and draw parallels between the education systems in Macedonia and Turkey.
This article examines the social and cultural factors that shape individual linguistic style in the German language. Drawing on sociolinguistic, stylistic, and intercultural communication research, it explores how regional variation, social class, education, digital media, migration, and identity practices influence personal language use. German’s rich dialect landscape provides speakers with diverse stylistic resources, while contemporary mobility and regiolect formation further expand these options. Social structures—including occupational norms and educational expectations—guide stylistic choices in formal and informal contexts. Digital communication and youth culture accelerate stylistic innovation, fostering hybrid forms that transcend traditional boundaries. Multilingual environments and migration contribute additional layers of diversity, reshaping linguistic norms and challenging monolithic views of German. The findings highlight individual style as a dynamic, context-dependent construct negotiated through social meaning and identity performance. Understanding these factors offers insight into linguistic variation in modern German-speaking societies and informs broader theories of style.
The article emphasizes the importance of future teachers having both professional and communicative competencies. In view of this, the importance of the courses “Ukrainian Language (for Professional Purposes)”, “Culture of Scientific Ukrainian Language”, “Modern Ukrainian Language with Practicum” is emphasized, within which different aspects of oral and written communication are studied in higher education, attention is paid to the culture of personal speech, communicative qualities of speech, and compliance with the norms of the modern Ukrainian literary language. In the article, lexical errors are interpreted as violations of the vocabulary rules, first of all, the use of a word in an unusual meaning. Different types of lexical errors are considered: violation of lexical compatibility of words, use of synonyms without taking into account their semantic shades and stylistic coloring; erroneous use of one word instead of another, distortion of words of the literary language, as a result of which the meaning of the statement changes, non-compliance with the rules of using borrowed vocabulary; unjustified use of calques from the Russian language; tautology, pleonasm. The article summarizes the experience of studying the modern Ukrainian literary language lexical norms by students of non-philological specialties - future teachers. The author describes the experience of working on lexical norms, emphasizes the importance of familiarizing higher education students with the classification of lexical errors, in particular, the wrong choice of a word among similar ones, speech redundancy, ambiguity, and violation of lexical compatibility. The article provides examples of specially modeled lexical exercises and tasks for them, during which students not only have to find lexical errors and edit the text, but also indicate the nature of the errors, justify their choice of language means in a connected text, form in future specialists the text editing skills, and contribute to the formation of their lexical competence. Thus, in the process of studying the educational components “Ukrainian Language (for Professional Purposes)”, “Modern Ukrainian Language”, “Culture of Scientific Ukrainian Language”, future specialists, provided that they have a responsible attitude to the study of the normative aspect of speech culture, develop the necessary skills of normative professional language communication, the ability to edit connected texts, which ensures a conscious understanding of language as a system of signs that is a means of communication, thinking, expression and cognition.
This study explores how pitch, dynamics, vibrato levels, and their interactions influence the emotional perception of violin tones. Using 32 violin notes, 62 participants provided valence and arousal ratings on a 9-point Likert scale and binary responses for 16 emotional categories. Results show that pitch was the most influential factor, with higher pitches increasing arousal. Vibrato levels had multifaceted effects, enhancing arousal while reducing valence. Dynamics played a less prominent role but revealed that louder sounds increased valence and unexpectedly decreased arousal. Interaction effects demonstrated that vibrato extent's influence on arousal was moderated by both pitch and dynamics. Additionally, an analysis of low-level acoustic features, such as loudness and vibrato rate, revealed significant correlations with emotional responses. For instance, higher vibrato rates were associated with increased arousal, while attack time had subtle effects on valence. Observations across the 16 emotional categories highlighted distinct quadrant-specific trends. For example, high-arousal emotions were primarily influenced by loudness and vibrato, while low-valence emotions were more sensitive to attack and decay times. These findings provide nuanced insights into the interplay of acoustic features in shaping emotional experiences, contributing to research in music cognition and emotional processing.
FrameNet, a lexical database based on Frame Semantics, has been extensively developed for English but lacks comprehensive versions in other languages, such as Bengali, limiting its application in Natural Language Processing(NLP). This research addresses this gap by adapting Frame Semantics to Bengali, resulting in the development of a Bengali FrameNet. The process involved identifying semantic frames, frame elements, and lexical units specific to Bengali, a language characterized by rich morphology and significant syntactic differences from English. Manual annotation of Bengali texts was carried out using frames from the English FrameNet, with the expertise of linguistic annotators. Key stages of this work included corpus collection and preprocessing, as well as the identification of frames, frame elements, and lexical units, leading to the successful mapping of 31 frames and 120 frame elements. These annotations are vital for enhancing Bengali NLP tasks such as semantic parsing, information extraction, and machine translation.
The purpose of our research is to show the types of lexical units and their interconnection, to distinguish five types of frame structures, which largely determine the formation of the future translator’s image of the world. Methods of the research. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: a categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling, and generalization. The empirical method is ascertaining research. The results of the research. The goal of the Methodological Support is to form students’ communicative competence; conscious positive speech behavior; mastering the norms of the modern Foreign and Ukrainian literary language; acquiring skills in operating with the terminology of a future profession; the ability to use various functional styles and substyles in the educational activities and professional use of them; forming skills in the process of communication justified use of language tools in compliance with the etiquette of professional communication; ensuring the skills of competent compilation of professional documentation. Conclusions. Depending on the type of lexical units and their interconnection, we distinguish five types of frame structures, which largely determine the formation of the future translator’s image of the world: 1) a semantic frame, in which one and the same entity, content, etc. is characterized by its quantitative, qualitative, existential, positional and temporal characteristics; 2) a transformational frame, in which several elements that are participants in a certain event are assigned roles; 3) a possessive frame, which contains the subject entities some / any, which are related to each other as a whole and its part: the frame is characterized by certain semantic characteristics; the whole one consists of different parts; 4) a taxonomic or identification frame represents a separate categorization of relationships; 5) a comparative frame, which illustrates the similarity relations, which are based on the convergence of concepts in a paradigm of human perception.
In the era of digital communication, intercultural miscommunication has become an increasingly salient issue, reflecting the intersection between linguistic behaviour and cultural norms. The study explores how language, context, and cultural expectations interact within online communication platforms to produce misunderstanding. Drawing upon theories of intercultural pragmatics, digital discourse analysis, and cultural linguistics, the paper identifies linguistic (lexical ambiguity, pragmatic failure, code-switching) and cultural (contextual expectations, politeness conventions, emoji interpretation) factors that contribute to miscommunication in digital settings. The research synthesis insights from international scholars (Hall, Hofstede, Thomas, Herring) as well as Russian and Uzbek academics (Karasik, Issers, Yuldasheva, Makhkamova) to provide a comparative view of how cultural variables shape online discourse. Examples from English, Russian, and Uzbek digital interactions demonstrate that the lack of shared background knowledge often results in pragmatic failure and distortion of intended meaning. The findings highlight the necessity for enhanced intercultural and digital literacy in modern language education and underscore the growing importance of context awareness in globalised digital spaces.
Linguistic differences between men and women are evident in all languages and are a biological, social and to some extent cultural phenomenon because women's speech has different values from men's speech. With the emergence of the women's movement, topics such as the relationship between the mind and gender were raised, and the question of whether the mind of a man and a woman are different from each other? Therefore, gender language refers to the specific writing style of a gender; A style that is formed based on ideology, position and a specific point of view.The present study aims to elucidate the differences between feminine and masculine writing styles and examines the linguistic features of two poetic samples from Palestinian literature. Fadwa Tuqan and Mahmoud Darwish are prominent poets of resistance, embodying the Palestinian ideal in their poetry. Fadwa Tuqan is a prominent representative of Palestinian women who have endured suffering and numerous hardships due to the occupation of their land, while Mahmoud Darwish's poems almost always conclude with references to Palestine, weaving themes of suffering, longing, and aspirations. The feminine and masculine writing styles in the poems "Ahat" by Fadwa Tuqan and "Identity Card" by Mahmoud Darwish are analyzed to delineate the differences in writing styles. These linguistic differences are evident both in the lexical, syntactic, and rhetorical layers, as well as in the content and substance of the poems by these two poets. Based on this analysis, the study aims to answer the following questions:1. What are the most important grammatical and rhetorical features of the two mentioned poems that indicate feminine and masculine writing styles, and what differences do they exhibit?2. In terms of content, how have these two poets contributed to strengthening the literature of resistance by addressing which themes?Methodology:Using the theory of Robin Likoff in the field of gender linguistics and with a descriptive-analytical method, the present essay seeks to represent this difference in the poetic language of Fadwa Tuqan and Mahmoud Darwish. Considering that both of them are resistance poets and the cause of Palestine is prominently expressed in their poetry, the importance of this matter increases.Results and Discussion:In the contemporary era, the sociology of language examines the influence of language and society, and they believe that the geographical region, social level, gender, occupation, etc. cause language differences. In the meantime, Robin Likoff one of the most famous sociologists who has studied the relationship between language and gender and believes that women have their own special terms and tendencies in the use of grammatical and phonetic structures, which the most important distinctions between feminine and masculine writing styles can be briefly mentioned below:1. In her own language, a woman uses words that evoke respect and admiration from others and observes social norms, while men tend to observe these less.2. In many societies, women either do not have social roles or have lower social roles compared to men, so they try to use language as a tool to assert themselves in society.3. The woman uses simple and understandable words because she seeks to establish a connection with the listener, but the man tries to demonstrate his knowledge and superiority, so he uses difficult and complex words.4. Men often insist on their own views, but women try to leave the topic open for conclusions. They express their opinions and ideas with doubt, and their conversations are less definitive.In the field of linguistic gender studies, by utilizing the sociolinguistic domain of language, one can analyze linguistic differences and indicators of feminine and masculine writing styles, and evaluate texts structurally and content-wise.Conclusion:Fadwa Tuqan follows common patterns in the use of words, but when she gets angry, she uses swear words. In terms of syntactic structure, Mahmoud Darwish directly addresses the enemy and uses a sarcastic and commanding tone with interrogative structures and repeated phrases. Fadwa, on the other hand, tries to evoke emotions in the audience indirectly through the use of interrogative sentence structures, but sometimes she feels so much anger towards the enemy that she directly commands them using imperative verbs.In terms of rhetorical structure, the similes and metaphors used in both poetic samples effectively convey feminine and masculine emotions. Tuqan utilizes everyday idioms and household items, while Darwish employs terms that signify resilience and toughness.Tuqan portrays her chaotic surroundings with delicate emotions through the use of repetition, a characteristic of feminine writing style, while Mahmoud Darwish uses this style to assert the authenticity of the Palestinians.The spirit of resistance is also evident in the content of the poems; Fadwa, a very emotional poet, uses provocative words to garner support for the Palestinian cause and adopts a melancholic tone. However, Darwish, by distancing himself from emotions, speaks of the loss of Palestinian rights with strong and logical arguments, addressing the enemy from a position of power.
The increasing use of English in many professional and academic contexts has played a pivotal role not only in expanding the teaching of English at universities worldwide but also in determining the growth of teaching in English. This has heightened the need to teach thesis writing in many English-medium contexts. Focusing on the tension between individuality – expressing an individual point of view – and commonality – adopting the rhetorical and linguistic norms of the specific discourse community addressed, we discuss our experience of designing an introduction to thesis writing for an EMI (English as a Medium of Instruction) multidisciplinary MA programme in Italy. The chapter begins by exploring the interplay between commonality and individuality, then proceeds to describe the course’s context and its educational underpinnings. The general principles are illustrated through an analysis of activities meant to teach the students how to engage with the discourse community of their choice and to express their stance: from engaging with discourse communities to finding relevant sources, incorporating other voices into a literature review, and working collaboratively on the conclusion section. The chapter closes with a brief summing up of the issues raised.
Internet overuse is a widespread phenomenon in today's digital society. Existing interventions, such as time limits or grayscaling, often rely on restrictive controls that provoke psychological reactance and are frequently circumvented. Building on prior work showing that emotional responses mediate the relationship between content consumption and online engagement, we investigate whether regulating the emotional impact of images can reduce online use in a non-coercive manner. We introduce and systematically analyze three regressor-guided image-editing approaches: (i) global optimization of emotion-related image attributes, (ii) optimization in a style latent space, and (iii) a diffusion-based method using classifier and classifier-free guidance. While the first two approaches modify low-level visual features (e.g., contrast, color), the diffusion-based method enables higher-level changes (e.g., adjusting clothing, facial features). Results from a controlled image-rating study and a social media experiment show that diffusion-based edits balance emotional responses and are associated with lower usage duration while preserving visual quality.
The article considers how ontology is structured and used as a linguistic database. Linguistic ontology allows for a structural description of language units, lexical-semantic relationships, and terminological systems. The database is used as an interactive resource in scientific research, terminological development, and language teaching. At the same time, the integration of ontology with electronic corpora and the possibilities of data retrieval, analysis, and visualization are discussed. This approach ensures the systematic and effective use of terminology in linguistic research.
The article focuses on the structure of pre-translation analysis of the ST by exploring criteria, whose detailed consideration enables the translator to gain a general insight into the content and linguistic features of the original. To develop an optimal translation strategy, it is makes sense to take the following steps: study the translation brief; which usually contains information about the imprint of the text and its readership, the purpose and method of its translation into another language, recommendations regarding the translation of specific lexical units; understand the subject matter and purpose of the source text, which is possible due to the translator’s familiarity with this theme; define its genre and think about the ways of retaining the distinctive features of the original in its translated version; analyze the organization and logic of the source text content, and if any discrepancies with the norms of the source language are discovered, determine the possibilities of eliminating them in the translation; identify lexical, grammatical and stylistic peculiarities of the original version, which should be presented in the translated text; indicate cultural references, whose adequate translation can be performed by means of a linguaculturological approach; consider the format of the text, namely, its layout, boundaries, the use of paralinguistic devices, and check whether this format should be reproduced in the translated text. The mentioned above points indicate that pre-translation analysis can be considered as a macro-strategy that forms the basis for the development and further implementation of a micro-strategy for translating the text. For this reason, the proposed algorithm for gaining the holistic appreciation of the source text can become an important part of training future translators, since a clearly structured, logically consistent form of presentation of the results of pre-translation analysis will enable students to effectively prioritize the order of tackling challenges when rendering certain units of translation. At the same time, they will have an opportunity to rationally manage their intellectual and time resources.
This paper explores the integration of sound files into wordnets, transforming them from static lexical databases into multimodal tools for linguistics, language learning and maintenance.Traditionally, wordnets focus on textual representations.Adding sound improves usability for language learners and linguists, especially in less-documented or endangered languages.We extracted sound data for basic vocabulary in 24 languages from the TUFS Basic Vocabulary Modules, link them to senses and make them available as small wordnets.We also discuss the issues involved with merging the data into an existing wordnet, looking at the Open English Wordnet.In addition, this paper outlines the process of integrating audio, discusses potential use cases, and evaluates the technical challenges involved.Finally we suggest an extension to the wordnet formats to allow sound for examples and definitions as well.
This chapter explores how linguistic, cultural, and ethnic identities are displayed, intertwined, and negotiated by YouTube creators in their reaction videos on BTS content. The reaction video, “a meta-video that documents in real-time individuals watching another video usually for the first time,” has emerged as a popular genre of user-generated content and a venue for online participation on YouTube for K-pop. Employing multimodal analysis, the chapter focuses on one YouTube channel run by a Korean American reactor and the comments and interactions made by the reactors and viewers on various aspects of BTS content. The analysis focuses on how reactors construct and perform their fan identity and position themselves vis-à-vis BTS in terms of language, culture, and ethnicity, including the hybrid language use of Korean and English and cultural aspects observed in BTS content. It is argued that reaction videos function as a new third space, in which the reactors’ different identities are (re)constructed and mediated as developing YouTubers and Korean American fans, and linguistic norms and cultural hierarchies are reordered and renegotiated.
Large language models (LLMs) exhibit cultural bias from overrepresented viewpoints in training data, yet cultural alignment remains a challenge due to limited cultural knowledge and a lack of exploration into effective learning approaches. We introduce a cost-efficient and cognitively grounded method: fine-tuning LLMs on native speakers' word-association norms, leveraging cognitive psychology findings that such associations capture cultural knowledge. Using word association datasets from native speakers in the US (English) and China (Mandarin), we train Llama-3.1-8B and Qwen-2.5-7B via supervised fine-tuning and preference optimization. We evaluate models' cultural alignment through a two-tier evaluation framework that spans lexical associations and cultural value alignment using the World Values Survey. Results show significant improvements in lexical alignment (16-20% English, 43-165% Mandarin on Precision@5) and high-level cultural value shifts. On a subset of 50 questions where US and Chinese respondents diverge most, fine-tuned Qwen nearly doubles its response alignment with Chinese values (13 to 25). Remarkably, our trained 7-8B models match or exceed vanilla 70B baselines, demonstrating that a few million of culture-grounded associations achieve value alignment without expensive retraining. Our work highlights both the promise and the need for future research grounded in human cognition in improving cultural alignment in AI models.
Kyrgyz, a Turkic language with over 4.4 million speakers concentrated primarily in Kyrgyzstan and adjacent regions of Central Asia, faces a significant disparity in computational linguistic resources compared to languages with similar or even smaller speaker populations. Despite its status as a government language and cultural cornerstone, Kyrgyz remains underrepresented in the digital linguistic landscape. This investigation examines the application of the Universal Dependencies (UD) framework – an annotation system engineered to facilitate cross-linguistic syntactic comparability – to the structural complexities of Kyrgyz. We endeavor to identify optimal annotation strategies that faithfully represent Kyrgyz-specific syntactic phenomena while adhering to the principled constraints of the UD paradigm. The establishment of standardized syntactic resources for Kyrgyz carries dual significance: it advances linguistic typology by incorporating data from an underrepresented language family, while simultaneously laying groundwork for practical natural language processing applications crucial for Kyrgyz speakers’ participation in the digital sphere. Our methodological approach encompasses rigorous analysis of nascent Kyrgyz treebanks, comparative evaluation of annotation strategies employed for genetically related Turkic languages, and systematic examination of four fundamental annotation challenges: the representation of Kyrgyz’s defective copula system, the classification of multifunctional grammatical particles, the annotation of constructions with implicit heads, and the demarcation between inflectional and derivational morphology in this highly agglutinative language. Our analysis reveals that achieving the dual objectives of linguistic fidelity and cross-linguistic consistency necessitates judicious adaptation of UD guidelines to accommodate Kyrgyz-specific structures. We advance unified annotation solutions that preserve the integrity of Kyrgyz linguistic patterns while facilitating meaningful cross-linguistic comparison. This research not only contributes substantively to computational resources for Kyrgyz but also establishes annotation principles with broader applicability to typologically similar agglutinative languages. The practical implications extend to enhanced guidelines for Kyrgyz treebank development, which will consequently improve parser accuracy and catalyze the development of essential language technology tools for Kyrgyz speakers.
This study examines how gendered power dynamics are constructed through language in early twentieth-century English-language cinema. Focusing on films produced between 1920 and 1949—a period defined by entrenched patriarchal ideals—the research analyzes the representation of male and female characters in cinematic dialogue. Utilizing a corpus of 10 to 15 culturally significant film scripts (approximately 200,000 words), the analysis employs AntConc 4.2.0 for frequency counts, keyword extractions, collocation analyses, and concordance examinations to systematically identify gendered linguistic patterns. The findings indicate that both male and female characters are frequently described with positive evaluative adjectives such as “good,” “great,” and “nice.” However, their negative portrayals diverge markedly. Female characters are disproportionately targeted with sexually explicit or objectifying slurs (e.g., “fat slut,” “bitch”), whereas criticism of male characters typically emphasizes behavior, status, or competence using terms such as “killer,” “genius,” and “trucker.” Additionally, occupational nouns associated with men (e.g., “businessman,” “doctor”) highlight agency and professional identity, while comparable terms for female characters are often gender-marked or diminutive (e.g., “PR girl,” “lady”). These recurring lexical and grammatical features serve to reinforce and perpetuate contemporary gender ideologies, casting men as active, dominant agents and women as subjects of evaluative judgment rooted in appearance or emotion. The study’s corpus-driven approach reveals how cinematic language functioned not only as a reflection but also as a mechanism for the normalization and transmission of prevailing gender hierarchies. In offering empirical evidence of linguistic gender bias in early film dialogue, this research advances understanding in media discourse analysis, feminist linguistics, and historical corpus studies. It underscores the crucial role of language in the (re)production of social norms and power structures in popular media. / Keywords: gendered power dynamics, early twentieth-century cinema, film dialogue, corpus linguistics, patriarchal ideology, linguistic representation, evaluative adjectives, media discourse analysis, feminist linguistics
Studies on the Issyk and Ay Khanum inscriptions, dated to the 5th-4th centuries BC, have historically relied on the linguistic norms of 8th-century AD Orkhon Turkic (Standard/Shaz Group), leading to significant chronological and phonetic inconsistencies. Saltaoğlu and Güneri (2022) recently proposed that these texts should be deciphered using "Pre-Turkic" phonetics. While building upon this proposal, this study introduces a novel methodological approach to fill the existing analytical gap: "Back-Reconstruction via Isolated Dialects." The study employs the "Weighted Phonetic Concordance Model" (WPCM), developed by referencing the phonetic characteristics of the most archaic and isolated branches of the Turkic language family: Oghur (Chuvash), Argu (Khalaj), and Siberian (Yakut). Based on principles of lexicostatistics and quantitative linguistics, the analysis reveals that while the probability of explaining the inscriptions through Standard Turkic is merely 8.3%, the probability of explaining them through the Proto-Forms of Isolated Dialects is 92.5%. These data mathematically demonstrate that the inscriptions belong to the Early Pre-Turkic period, preserving distinct Lir-Turkic and Argu characteristics.
This study investigates differences in artificial intelligence (AI) literacy and adoption between engineering students and faculty in a Middle Eastern higher-education institution. Parallel surveys were administered to undergraduate engineering students (N = 73) and faculty members (N = 20), each rating their familiarity with 20 AI tools covering learning, coding, productivity, and engineering applications. An AI Literacy Index was computed by assigning numerical values to familiarity ratings (A = 2, B = 1, C = 0) and normalizing the total to a 0–1 scale. Results from Welch’s t-test indicated that students demonstrated significantly higher literacy than faculty (0.454 vs. 0.356, p ≈ 0.042). Students also reported strong AI adoption for academic tasks (71.2%) and high perceived learning benefits (83.6%). Conversely, faculty expressed substantial concern about student over-reliance on AI (90%) while indicating readiness for professional development through AI training workshops (75%) and reporting assessment redesign efforts (75%). Overall, the findings highlight a meaningful literacy and perception gap with implications for engineering pedagogy, curriculum development, and assessment practices. Recommendations are provided to support the alignment of student and faculty AI competencies within engineering programs.
The paper deals with the analysis of English modal verbs CAN and COULD and modal Equivalent TO BE ABLE TO with a focus on their semantics roles and translation into Ukrainian. Applying a corpus approach, the paper investigates how these modal verbs express nuanced meanings such as possibility, ability, permission, requests, and suggestions in the novel’s dialogues and narrative. The following research reveals that modal verbs ‘can’ and ‘could’ predominantly convey ability and possibility, while modal equivalent ‘to be able to’ is frequently employed in negative contexts or in contexts with the future meaning. In Ukrainian translation, these meanings are rendered through verbs like ‘могти / уміти’, lexical constructions such as ‘мати змогу’, particles, or prosodic means, in many cases lacking corresponding equivalents, which requires the usage of translation transformations. The most common transformations include omission, modulation, transposition, and grammatical replacement, reflecting adaptions to Ukrainian linguistic and cultural norms. This research underscores the challenges of preserving modal nuances across languages, offering practical insights, and advancing linguistic studies for translators on modality. The corpus approach ensures a robust analysis of frequency, context, and translation strategies, highlighting the need for creative approaches to achieve semantic and stylistic adequacy in literary translation.
In an increasingly globalized and digitally mediated world, bilingual communication has become central to everyday interactions, particularly in linguistically diverse societies such as Saudi Arabia. English-Arabic code-mixing is widespread across generations; however, existing research has largely focused on younger speakers or specific contexts like education, leaving a gap in understanding how bilingual practices vary by age. This study investigates generational differences in English-Arabic code-mixing among bilingual speakers in Saudi Arabia and explores linguistic and social factors influencing younger speakers’ practices. Using a mixed-methods design, the study collected both quantitative and qualitative data from 89 participants across three age groups (16–30, 31–45, and 46–60) through a questionnaire. Findings revealed significant generational differences: older and middle-aged participants reported prevalent code-mixing in professional and peer settings, while younger speakers used it more selectively and contextually. Analysis of open-ended responses from younger participants highlighted identity expression, audience awareness, lexical gaps, and digital media as key drivers of code-mixing. These findings challenge assumptions that younger speakers code-mix more, suggesting instead a shift toward intentional, socially informed bilingual communication. The study contributes to sociolinguistic literature by emphasizing the evolving role of digital platforms, peer dynamics, and intergenerational norms in shaping bilingual practices across multilingual contexts.
The article systematizes and comprehensively analyzes the phenomena of the phonetic level of the Internet vocabulary of the modern Kazakh language. Instagram, Facebook, social networks (Threads, Instagram, Facebook), and instant messengers (WhatsApp, Telegram), which have been actively used in recent years, were chosen as the object of the study. The research used methods of observation, generalization, comparative and descriptive analysis. As a result, it is revealed that new forms of linguistic usage are being formed in the Internet space, characterized by a mixture of elements of spoken and written speech. At the phonetic level, phenomena such as sound compression of words and, conversely, the repetition of graphemes to convey emotions in writing are widespread. The active use of Latin graphics and the development of foreign-language sounds indicate a new stage of phonetic adaptation in the Kazakh-speaking Internet space. The article provides specific examples of these phenomena, reveals their causes and impact on the modern linguistic norm and writing culture. According to the results of the study, it was found that the phonetic features of the Internet vocabulary reflect the natural development and adaptability of the Kazakh language.
THESIS PROJECT This thesis project is part of an interdisciplinary research perspective and is seeking funding to ensure its continuity and scientific impact. ⚠️Disclaimer on the Sensitivity of the Subject It should be emphasized that this project addresses linguistic and cultural dimensions that are closely tied to strong identities, particularly the Arabic language and the Islamic religious tradition. The objective is in no way to essentialize a language or a belief, nor to reduce them to mechanisms of irresponsibility. Rather, the aim is to analyze, within a scientific framework, how certain discursive structures and cultural representations may interact with French norms of individual responsibility, and at times generate misunderstandings. Detailed Thesis Plan Introduction Presentation of the topic: language, responsibility, and integration. Migratory context in France (social, cultural, and institutional issues). Scientific and social justification of the project. Research problem and hypotheses. General methodology. Chapter 1: Theoretical Framework 1.1 Cognitive Linguistics and Agency Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Theories of agency (Talmy, Langacker). 1.2 Sociolinguistics and Migration Language and identity in migratory contexts. Studies on the perception of responsibility across different cultures. 1.3 Religion and Destiny Al-qadar in Islam. Interaction between religious belief and social representations. Chapter 2: Linguistic Structures of Arabic and French 2.1 Analysis of Impersonal Constructions in Dialectal Arabic Examples: “the glass broke” vs. “I broke the glass.” 2.2 Comparison with French Emphasis on the agentive subject. 2.3 Cognitive and Discursive Effects How syntax influences the perception of action and responsibility. Chapter 3: Socio-Cultural Study in Migratory Contexts 3.1 Fieldwork Interviews with young people of Maghrebi immigrant background. Observation of discourse in various contexts (school, justice, institutions). 3.2 Analysis of Representations How speakers explain their actions (destiny, chance, agency). 3.3 Confrontation with the French Norm Individual responsibility and autonomy as central values. Chapter 4: Results and Discussion 4.1 Impact of Linguistic Structures on the Perception of Responsibility. 4.2 Role of Religious Belief in the Externalization of Responsibility. 4.3 Intercultural Conflicts and Misunderstandings. 4.4 Implications for Social and Institutional Integration. Conclusion Synthesis of results. Limitations of the study. Perspectives: intercultural pedagogy, institutional awareness, extension to other languages and migratory contexts. Methodology Bilingual linguistic corpus (dialectal Arabic / French). Qualitative analysis (discourse, interviews, observation). Comparative approach (linguistic structures and social representations). --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Introduction Language is not merely a tool of communication; it constitutes a cognitive and cultural matrix that shapes our relationship to the world. According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, linguistic structures influence the way individuals perceive, categorize, and interpret reality. Thus, some languages highlight the agent of the action (“I broke the glass”), while others favor impersonal constructions (“the glass broke”), which can alter the perception of responsibility. Numerous studies have shown that lexical and grammatical differences shape speakers’ worldview: the Inuit distinguish dozens of nuances of snow, Breton possesses the term glaz to designate a color between blue and green, and certain languages without a marked future tense influence how their speakers approach planning. Within this framework, it is relevant to examine the Arabic language, particularly in its dialectal forms, and its interaction with the religious belief in destiny (al-qadar), in order to understand how these linguistic and cultural representations may influence the perception of individual responsibility in the migratory context of France. Presentation of the Topic: Language, Responsibility, and Integration Language is not merely an instrument of communication; it serves as a vehicle for social and cultural representations that shape the way individuals conceive their relationship to the world. In France, the notion of individual responsibility is strongly valued and expressed through language: “I decide,” “I take responsibility,” “I am accountable.” However, some young people of Maghrebi immigrant background appear to employ different discursive forms, in which the agent of the action is diminished or erased, and destiny is invoked as an explanation for events. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Tools: discourse analysis, cognitive linguistics, sociolinguistics. This project explores how linguistic structures can shape perceptions of agency and responsibility. Focusing on Arabic as spoken in France, it examines the interplay between impersonal grammatical constructions, religious notions of destiny (al-qadar), and cultural expectations of accountability in French society. The aim is not to essentialize language or religion, but to analyze how specific discursive practices may influence individual and collective attitudes towards responsibility. 2. Research Problem In Arabic, negative events are frequently expressed through impersonal or passive structures: "the cup fell", "the glass broke". French, by contrast, tends to identify the agent: "you dropped the cup". This difference may reduce the explicit presence of the subject in speech. When combined with religious discourses emphasizing divine will ("it was written"), such linguistic habits may function as mechanisms of externalizing blame or avoiding personal accountability. In France, where civic culture is strongly centered on the autonomous and responsible subject ("I think", "I decide"), these discursive differences can create misunderstandings, stereotypes, and even conflicts regarding integration. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Bibliographie start Sapir, E. (1921). Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. Whorf, B. L. (1956). Language, Thought, and Reality. Duranti, A. (1997). Linguistic Anthropology. Hymes, D. (1972). On Communicative Competence. Bourdieu, P. (1982). Ce que parler veut dire. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Sayad, A. (1999). La double absence. Kerbrat-Orecchioni, C. (2005). Le discours en interaction.
The article analyzes monolexemic and polylexemic terms of decorative and applied arts, which represent a unique form of artistic creativity that combines functionality and aesthetics. Its main distinction from visual arts lies not only in the aesthetic appeal of an object but also in its practical use. However, despite the prevalence of decorative applied arts, there is an acute shortage of scientific works devoted to comprehensive research on the lexical units of art studies. The aim of our research is to analyze onecomponent and multicomponent English terms in decorative applied arts and select their Russian translation equivalences. R. Rosenthal’s and H. Ratzka’s book “The Story of Modern Applied Art” served as background material for our study. Although this work is not classified as a new textbook, it holds a special place in art studies as it describes the main stages of the art development. Additionally, it contains specific vocabulary characteristic of that time, reflecting cultural, historical and social aspects of the period during which they emerged. The scientific novelty of the article is determined by the given research vector, namely a comparative analysis of art history terms using a continuous sampling method. As a result of research, we have identified the most productive syntactic models for the formation of polylexemic terms in accordance with the norms of the original language and the adequacy of their translation into Russian.
В рамках современных лингвистических исследований особое внимание уделяется культурным и социолингвистическим аспектам изучения языка, что делает анализ лексико-фразеологических единиц в учебных материалах по русскому языку как иностранному весьма значимым. Исследование того, как языковые средства создают образ русскоязычного человека, способствует более глубокому пониманию взаимосвязи между языковыми структурами и культурными нормами. В данной статье рассматривается, каким образом используются лексико-фразеологические средства в учебниках русского языка как иностранного (РКИ) для создания образа русского человека. Материалом исследования послужили текстовые фрагменты учебных пособий, которые представляют эмпирическую базу для анализа. Для формирования эмпирической базы исследования применялся метод лексико-фразеологического анализа, позволяющего выявить, как различные языковые единицы участвуют в построении культурных и социокультурных концептов. В исследовании используется прием контент-анализа и семантического исследования, что позволяет систематизировать и интерпретировать фразеологические и лексические единицы, отражающие представления о русском человеке. В работе отмечены характерные для изучаемых текстов языковые средства, которые демонстрируют как стереотипные, так и многогранные образы. Характерно, что анализ единиц подтверждает теоретическую модель о влиянии фразеологизмов на восприятие культурных стереотипов. Ученые отмечают, что фразеологические конструкции в учебниках не только передают информацию о культурных и социокультурных особенностях, но и формируют у учащихся когнитивные схемы, которые могут как способствовать более глубокому пониманию культурных реалий, так и укреплять упрощенные или искаженные образы. В текстах учебников РКИ говорится о различных аспектах русской жизни, таких как традиции, быт и социальные нормы, что позволяет формировать у студентов более полное представление о носителях языка. Результаты исследования показывают, что лексико-фразеологические средства в учебниках РКИ служат не только для передачи языковой информации, но и для создания когнитивных и культурных конструкций, которые формируют представления о русском человеке у иностранных студентов. Следовательно, статья демонстрирует, как теоретические подходы к анализу языковых средств помогают раскрыть механизм формирования образа русского человека в учебниках РКИ, подчеркивая важность лексико-фразеологических конструкций в процессах культурной социализации и межкультурного понимания. Contemporary linguistic research highlights the significance of cultural and sociolinguistic aspects in language study, making the analysis of lexical-phraseological means in Russian as a Foreign Language (RFL) textbooks particularly relevant. Examining how linguistic means shape the image of a Russian person allows for a deeper understanding of the interaction between linguistic structures and cultural representations. This article investigates how lexical-phraseological means are used in RFL textbooks to construct the image of a Russian person. The study uses text fragments from educational materials as the empirical basis for analysis. The empirical base was developed through lexical-phraseological analysis, which reveals how various linguistic units contribute to the construction of cultural and sociocultural concepts. The research employs content analysis and semantic study techniques to systematize and interpret phraseological and lexical units reflecting perceptions of a Russian person. The study identifies linguistic means characteristic of the examined texts, demonstrating both stereotypical and multifaceted images. Notably, the analysis supports the theoretical model concerning the influence of phraseological units on the perception of cultural stereotypes. Researchers note that phraseological constructions in textbooks not only convey information about cultural and sociocultural features but also shape cognitive schemas in learners, which can either promote a deeper understanding of cultural realities or reinforce simplified or distorted images. RFL textbooks address various aspects of Russian life, such as traditions, daily life, and social norms, allowing students to develop a more comprehensive understanding of native speakers. The results show that lexical-phraseological means in RFL textbooks serve not only to convey linguistic information but also to create cognitive and cultural constructs that shape foreign students’ perceptions of a Russian person. Therefore, the article demonstrates how theoretical approaches to analyzing linguistic means help reveal the mechanism of constructing the image of a Russian person in RFL textbooks, emphasizing the importance of lexical-phraseological constructions in cultural socialization and intercultural understanding.
The present study employs critical discourse analysis (CDA) to explore an opinion article written by FOX NEWS political anchor Bret Baier about his interview with the Saudi Crown Prince in 2023. This study is based on the assumption that the norms and values underlying any text are frequently implicit, not explicitly expressed. Through Fairclough’s approach to critical discourse analysis, a complex pattern emerged of linguistic mechanisms such as framing, lexical choice, mixing of genres and lack of hedging, together with selectivity and sourcing of content. These in turn could be interpreted and explained as expressing not only journalistic opinion but attention-seeking, self-promotion, audience design, and indeed journalistic reporting of events with the author as protagonist. The opinion part of the article itself, focused on the relative merits of US democracy and Saudi monarchy, was found to be problematic with respect to its claimed source (the previous interview) and to serve as much as a vehicle to signal the power of the author and the media as that of democracy versus monarchy. Suggestions are made for further research.
This article examines the use of euphemisms and taboo lexicon in Urdu newspaper discourse, focusing on how language is tactically employed to address culturally sensitive topics such as sexuality, religion, politics, death, and violence. Through a linguistic analysis of selected newspaper texts, the study uncovers common euphemistic expressions and lexical choices that reflect efforts to adhere to societal norms and avoid offense. It highlights the role of indirectness, metaphor, and cultural context in shaping media language, revealing how Urdu newspapers navigate the boundaries of appropriateness in public communication. The article contributes to the fields of sociolinguistics and media studies by shedding light on the complex interplay between language, culture, and the representation of taboo in Pakistani journalism.
This paper seeks to unravel the intricacies involved when translating English collective nouns into Arabic by Palestinian undergraduate translation students. In English, collective nouns like government, jury, and committee allow both singular and plural verb agreement depending on notional or grammatical concord. On the other hand, Arabic places strict grammatical concord on collective nouns by considering them as singular entities despite their semantic plurality. Hence, this cross-linguistic difference poses translation and pedagogical concerns for translators. For the purpose of this study, a structured questionnaire was distributed to 30 students of different academic levels at Al-Najah University. The questionnaire consists of demographic questions, ten English to Arabic trans¬lation tasks involving collective nouns, and reflective questions regarding students’ strategies and their perceptions about the difficulties involved. The data was analyzed thematically and demonstrated that although most students followed Arabic grammatical norms and used singular verb agreement, a minority resorted to notional translation using plural subjects (e.g., members of the committee) together with a plural verb agreement. However, difficulties that arise for students involve the singular and plural agreement, and lexical gaps. Senior students as well as students who had prior exposure to political texts tended to have more syntactic awareness and accuracy. Based on the findings of this paper, explicit instruction is needed on collective noun behavior, and notional versus grammatical agreement. In concordance with these linguistic aspects, this study contributes to translation pedagogy by focusing on context-sensitive equivalence and grammatical awareness in dealing with collective noun constructions between two typologically different languages.
This study examines the domestic violence endured by Indian women in colonial Malaya as reflected in Malaysian Tamil folk songs. These songs function as cultural archives that document the lived realities, emotional pain and silenced voices of women within the exploitative British rubber plantation system. Drawing on 23 purposively selected songs from major documented collections, the analysis identifies two dominant forms of abuse which were violence committed by intoxicated husbands and violence perpetrated by sober husbands. Across these songs, domestic violence appears through multiple dimensions such as physical assault, marital rape, humiliation, psychological intimidation, emotional neglect, infidelity, abandonment and economic deprivation. Historical, descriptive and explanatory research designs were employed to interpret women’s experiences in their socio-cultural context. Thematic analysis guided by Braun and Clarke’s six-phase framework enabled the identification of recurring patterns of oppression. Narrative and discourse analyses were also used to uncover symbolic meaning, linguistic choices and emotional tone within the lyrics. A translation process was incorporated using Tamil lexical resources to preserve cultural nuances, idiomatic expressions and metaphors while rendering them into English. The findings reveal that domestic violence was deeply rooted in patriarchy, economic dependency, caste norms and the structural conditions of plantation life, leading some women to express death as a final escape from relentless suffering and subaltern existence.
This dataset consists of a single screenshot capturing a conversational exchange in which a supervising large language model prematurely infers prohibited sexual intent from ambiguous language (“train”) and issues a precautionary refusal. The exchange precedes a locally executed experiment demonstrating that the same ambiguity can be handled without refusal via semantic sanitization. The figure documents an observer-side failure mode: intent overreach under lexical ambiguity, wherein precautionary safety behavior is triggered despite the absence of explicit content and prior to empirical verification. The screenshot is published as a standalone empirical artifact illustrating reflexive politeness bias and preemptive norm enforcement in AI-mediated supervision. No interpretive edits have been applied. The image itself constitutes the complete primary evidence. This record completes a three-artifact series examining ambiguity handling across local and supervising language models.
Uncertainty of scientific findings are typically reported through statistical metrics such as $p$-values, confidence intervals, etc. The magnitude of this objective uncertainty is reflected in the language used by the authors to report their findings primarily through expressions carrying uncertainty-inducing terms or phrases. This language uncertainty is a subjective concept and is highly dependent on the writing style of the authors. There is evidence that such subjective uncertainty influences the impact of science on public audience. In this work, we turned our focus to scientists themselves, and measured/analyzed the subjective uncertainty and its impact within scientific communities across different disciplines. We showed that the level of this type of uncertainty varies significantly across different fields, years of publication and geographical locations. We also studied the correlation between subjective uncertainty and several bibliographical metrics, such as number/gender of authors, centrality of the field's community, citation count, etc. The underlying patterns identified in this work are useful in identification and documentation of linguistic norms in scientific communication in different communities/societies.
This article offers a reflection on the meaning effects produced by the use of foreign languages in contemporary playwriting, taking as a starting point Henri Meschonnic’s notion of rhythm, which displaces language beyond signification and code. In dialogue with Marion Chénetier-Alev, who identifies the use of other languages as a critical and political tool in the European stage context, the text turns to the work of Brazilian playwrights who mobilize foreignness as a poetic operation. The focus then shifts to the contemporary Brazilian stage, observing experiences in which the foreign—through language, through rhythm—crosses the text. These practices challenge the hegemony of linguistic norms and activate Brazilian Portuguese as a sensitive matter, embedded in histories, violence, and translation. Playwriting is thus conceived as an operation that constructs new meanings in the passage between languages, establishing a zone of contagion where language no longer recognizes itself in a stabilized form. The article ultimately proposes the idea of a theatrical language—unstable, rhythmic, continuous, ephemeral—that invents and reconfigures the relations between language, body, and world.
This article explores the influence of external (foreign) contacts, various languages and cultures on the anthroponymy (surnames) of Kraków’s inhabitants during the Early Modern Polish period. Kraków’s ties with other countries and nations are reflected in certain surname forms, which, as they assimilated into Polish, underwent various adaptation processes – adjusting to native pronunciation and orthography, and conforming to Polish inflectional and word-formation norms. This led to the emergence of distinctive linguistic derivatives (hybrids) – familial forms created using systematic Polish surname-forming suffixes. It is of particular interest how extralinguistic factors – such as social evolution, urban development, foreign interactions, customs, behavioral patterns, and family traditions – shaped the linguistic form of surnames, their lexical origins, and the application of different surname types for identifying various social categories. As research into this fascinating material has shown, the intermingling of different languages and cultures, evident in the anthroponymy of Kraków during the Middle Polish period, occurred in many diverse aspects – not only formal and structural, but also within a broader cultural, sociopolitical and other contexts. Surnames of foreign origin, rooted in the Polish anthroponymic inventory (in various configurations), point to the numerous international connections of Kraków at the time, thus marking an integral part of its history.
This article examines how Virginia Woolf’s modernist style, characterized by stream of consciousness, syntactic fragmentation, and figurative density, is translated into Albanian through Dorjan Kroqi’s version of Mrs Dalloway. Drawing on the approach of expressive stylistics, the study conducts a comparative textual analysis of three representative fragments, which are examined at four stylistic levels: lexical, syntactic, figurative, and emotional. The approach builds on the theoretical contributions of Galperin, Leech and Short, Munday, Boase-Beier, and Toury. The findings show that the Albanian translation, while preserving narrative coherence and semantic meaning, tends to soften or regulate stylistic discontinuities, emotional layering, and rhythmic fragmentation, essential features of Woolf’s literary modernism. This tendency reflects a broader pattern of “translational normalization,” — the tendency to adapt stylistic irregularities to the norms of the target language — in accordance with the stylistic norms of Albanian prose. The article argues that the translation of modernist literature into languages with limited traditions of stylistic experimentation requires a high sensitivity to form both as an expressive and interpretive function. Expressive stylistics, in this context, offers a valuable tool for assessing the translatability of aesthetic experience. The study contributes to the field of translation studies by showing how linguistic choices affect the emotional and perceptual depth of the original text in the target language.
The study of linguistic variation within the administrative structures of small-town America reveals a complex intersection between language, social identity, and institutional behavior. When approaching the linguistic environment of these communities from a purely academic perspective, without relying on personal immersion narratives or experiential accounts, one must begin with the foundational premise that English in the United States is profoundly regionalized. This regionalization is not a superficial matter of accent or vocabulary; it is a system of deeply embedded linguistic norms that shape how communication occurs, how authority is interpreted, and how institutional legitimacy is constructed. My interest as a researcher lies not in documenting local flavor or collecting curiosities from rural life but in understanding the mechanisms by which language operates as a structural force within governance. This requires an examination of sociolinguistic corpora, regional dialect research, institutional discourse studies, and the extensive literature on American dialect geography that has accumulated since the mid-twentieth century.
In response to widespread leadership crises that favor popularity over competence, undermining strategic decision‑making and ethical standards, this study articulates the Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH) communication and diplomatic principles in his royal correspondence as a leadership archetype grounded in justice, meritocracy, meticulous composition, and mutual respect. Employing a qualitative literature approach with historical content and comparative analysis, it examines primary manuscripts of prophetic letters and their contexts alongside classical sirah texts and peer-reviewed studies. The analysis uncovers four pivotal elements: concentrated da'wah message summaries; the "Muhammad Rasul Allah" seal for authentication; envoy selection tailored to each court's linguistic norms; and Qur'anic citations for spiritual authority. These elements demonstrate a synergistic blend of prophetic legitimacy and diplomatic courtesy, offering a framework for religious rhetoric and ethical leadership development. The study also recommends rigorous comparative diplomacy across global traditions and innovative, strategic interdisciplinary collaboration for future scholarly inquiry.