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В статье проводится лексический анализ тувинских названий пыток, которые известны в истории Тувы как тос эрии ‘букв. девять пыток’. Тос эрии относится к периоду маньчжуро-китайского господства, времени Циньской династии в Туве и Монголии (XVIII в. – до начала XX в.). Однако их правление Тувой осуществлялась через местных правителей, которые подчинялись в свою очередь монгольским. Исторические данные свидетельствуют о том, что китайская администрация управляла Монголией и Тувой по специально созданному документу «Уложение Китайской Палаты внешних сношений». И согласно его нормам были разработаны около 40 видов пыток для проведения следственных действий. Из них в Туве и Монголии применяли девять. Отсюда и происходят тувинские и монгольские названия пыток – тув. тос эрии/эрээ и монг. есөн эрүү ‘букв. девять пыток’. В статье впервые выявляются структурные и семантические особенности семантики названий «девяти пыток» в тувинском языке в сопоставлении с монгольскими. Тувинские и монгольские источники показывают наличие определенных расхождений в перечне видов пыток в разных работах. Анализ материала позволил установить семь соответствий в названиях «девяти пыток». В трех описываемых случаях имеются полные структурные и семантические соответствия в названиях: 1) тув. шаагайтаары/монг. шаахайдах ‘бить шаагаем по лицу’, 2) тув. маңзылаары/монг. банздах или чавчирга ‘бить по бедрам ног доской’, 3) тув. кулузуннар кадаары/монг. хулсан хадаас ‘вбивание острой тонкой щепки под ногти’. В этих случаях мы имеем дело с прямыми заимствованиями из монгольского языка. Остальные четыре параллели – это семантические соответствия, при которых один и тот же вид пыток называется в тувинском и монгольском языках разными лексическими средствами: в тувинском языке преимущественно описательно – словосочетаниями, в монгольском – специальными лексемами (тув. ооргага хаг кыпсыры ‘зажигание трута на спине’/монг. төөнүүр ‘подпаливание спины’, тув. хаак-биле кагар/монг. туйван ‘бить тонкими ветками ивы или другого дерева’, тув. ийи холунуң улуг-эргээнден азар/монг. дүүжин ‘подвешивание за большие пальцы рук’, тув. саактаары/монг. хавчуур ‘сжимание тисками голеней мужчин и рук женщин’). Проведенное лингвистическое исследование названий «девяти пыток» показало явное монгольское влияние. Тувинская лексика этой группы сформировалась в результате прямых заимствований из монгольского языка, а также описательной передачи значений монгольских лексем. Последнее может указывать на сравнительно меньшую распространенность (или частотность применения) видов пыток. В исследовании применялись сравнительно-сопоставительный метод, метод компонентного анализа и описание. Материалом исследования послужили данные тувинских и монгольских словарей, научных работ по тувинской истории, этнографии и истории права, а также работ монгольских исследователей, рассматривавших монг. есөн эрүү ‘букв. девять пыток’ с исторической точки зрения. Иллюстративный материал был извлечен из произведений тувинской художественной литературы и этнографических описаний. The article offers a lexical analysis of the Tuvan names of tortures known in Tuvan history as тос эрии ‘nine tortures.’ Тос эрии refers to the period of Manchu Chinese rule, the time of the Qin dynasty in Tuva and Mongolia (XVIII to early XX century). However, their rule in Tuva was exercised by local rulers, who, in turn, were subordinate to the Mongols. Historical data indicate that the Chinese administration ruled Mongolia and Tuva according to a specially created document, “The Code of the Chinese Chamber of Foreign Relations.” According to the norms contained in it, about 40 types of torture were developed for investigative measures. Of these, nine were applied in Tuva and Mongolia. Hence, the Tuvan and Mongolian names for torture – tuv. тос эрии / эрээ and mong. есөн эрүү ‘nine tortures’. The article shows for the first time the structural and semantic features of the semantics of the names of the ‘nine tortures’ in the Tuvan language compared with the Mongolian language. The Tuvan and Mongolian sources show that there are certain discrepancies in listing the types of torture in different works. The analysis of the material allowed us to identify seven matches in the names of the ‘nine tortures.’ In the three cases described, there are complete structural and semantic correspondences in the names – tuv. шаагайтаары / mong. шаахайдах ‘to strike the Shaagai in the face,’ 2) tuv. маңзылаары / mong. банздах or чавчирга ‘to hit the hips with a board,’ 3) tuv. кулузуннар кадаары / mong. хулсан хадаас ‘to drive a sharp thin splinter under the nails.’ In these cases, we are dealing with direct borrowings from the Mongolian language. The other four parallels are semantic equivalents in which the same type of torture is denoted in Tuvan and Mongolian with different lexical means: in Tuvan, mainly with descriptive phrases, in Mongolian with special lexemes (tuv. ооргага хаг кыпсыры ‘to light tinder on the back’ / mong. төөнүүр ‘to light the tinder on the back,’ tuv. хаак-биле кагар / mong. туйван ‘to beat with thin branches of a willow or other tree,’ tuv. ийи холунуң улуг-эргээнден азар / mong. дүүжин ‘to hang by the thumbs,’ tuv. саактаары / mong. хавчуур ‘squeeze the shins of men and the hands of women with a vice’). A linguistic study of the ‘nine tortures’ names has shown a clear Mongolian influence. This group’s Tuvan vocabulary arose through direct borrowings from the Mongolian language and through the descriptive transfer of the meanings of Mongolian lexemes. The latter could indicate a relatively lower prevalence (or frequency of use) of types of torture. The comparative method, the component analysis method, and the descriptive method were used in the study. Data from Tuvan and Mongolian dictionaries, scholarly works on Tuvan history, ethnography, and legal history, as well as works by Mongolian researchers who have studied the Mongolian есөн эрүү ‘nine tortures’ from a historical perspective, were used as research material. The illustrative material was taken from works of Tuvan fiction and ethnographic descriptions
In recent papers (e.g., 2020a, b, 2021, 2022a, b) Bateman explores his vision for multimodality as an empirical discipline. In doing so he draws on sociological studies of knowledge structure, including work by Bernstein (2000) and Maton (2011, 2014, 2016, Maton & Chen 2016, Maton & Howard 2016, Maton et al. 2016). As part of this projection he warns against falling foul of "various flavours and variations of Saussure's well-known proposal of language (or any other system) as a 'master template' for semiotics as such" (Bateman 2022: 47) and what he calls 'linguistic imperialism' (Bateman 2022b: 63). In addition he notes that 'predatory' interdisciplinarity "will be rejected from the start" (Bateman 2021: 308).Read in tandem with Kress's many declarations of a new age of meaning making called 'Multimodality' (e.g., Kress 2003Kress, 2010Kress, 2015)), superseding language and the discipline of linguistics, serious questions have to be raised about work on multimodality informed by a theory of language such as Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) -work evolving into something we might call Systemic Functional Semiotics (SFS) via publications such as Kress & van Leeuwen's Reading Images (1990 and Accordingly in this paper I will draw on the sociological studies referred to above to explore the nature of SFL and SFS as knowledge structures, compare them with the model of empirical multimodality envisioned by Bateman and make some suggestions about how his ambitions for the field might be most effectively accommodated. I write as an SFL linguist (discourse analyst in particular), who has been drawn into work on multimodality by research students and colleagues over the past two and a half decades. As such, given the misgivings about the contribution of linguistics noted above, I should perhaps request readers' indulgence -as I suggest that an SFL/SFS perspective need not be read as the foul and predatory one that some of the more logophobic multimodalists apparently fear.In discussions of this kind it is important to distinguish multimodality as a field of research and multimodality as its object of study. Multimodalists (like psychologists) unfortunately tend to use the same term for both phenomena (cf., language and linguistics for linguists). Where confusion might arise I will refer to the field of research as Multimodal Studies below.By way of framing the discussion let's begin with Bernstein's (1996: 23) distinction between singulars and regions. For Bernstein a singular is "a discourse which has appropriated a space to give itself a unique name", for example, "physics, chemistry, sociology, psychology" and which "created the field of the production of knowledge". These he contrasts with regions, "a recontextualising of singulars", for example, "medicine, architecture, engineering, information science", noting that "any regionalisation of knowledge implies a recontextualising principle: which singulars are to be selected, what knowledge within the singular is to be introduced and related." Importantly he goes on to comment that "regions are the interface between the field of the production of knowledge and any field of practice." Had Bernstein's vision extended into the 21st century, he might well have added multimodality as an emerging region to his list, with media and communications as its field of practice.Seen in these terms SFL is a canonical singular (Martin 2014(Martin, 2016) ) and contrasts with its regionalisation in the Sydney School's well-known genre-based literacy programs (Rose & Martin 2012) -which tend to draw on a range of relevant singulars (including for example Bernstein and Maton's sociology of knowledge, neo/Vygotskyan social psychology and strands of Critical Discourse Analysis). One possible reading of Bateman's vision would entail, via design and/or evolution, the transformation of Multimodal Studies into a singularwith its own distinctive knowledge structure deploying an empirical methodology grounding theory and description.Bernstein's perspective is further elaborated in the distinction he draws between horizontal and vertical discourse (an opposition between what he earlier on referred to as common and uncommon sense). A horizontal discourse involves "a set of strategies which are local, segmentally organised, context specific and dependent, for maximising encounters with persons and habitats....This form has a group of well-known features: it is likely to be oral, local, context dependent and specific, tacit, multi-layered and contradictory across but not within contexts" (Bernstein 2000: 157). A vertical discourse on the other hand "takes the form of a coherent, explicit and systematically principled structure, hierarchically organised as in the sciences, or it takes the form of a series of specialised languages with specialised modes of interrogation and specialised criteria for the production and circulation of texts as in the social sciences and humanities" (Bernstein 2000: 157).In addition two forms of vertical discourse are distinguished -hierarchical knowledge structures vs horizontal ones. A hierarchical knowledge structure is "a coherent, explicit and systematically principled structure, hierarchically organised" which "attempts to create very general propositions and theories, which integrate knowledge at lower levels, and in this way shows underlying uniformities across an expanding range of apparently different phenomena" (Bernstein 1999: 161-162) -e.g., physics, chemistry or biology. A horizontal knowledge structure on the other hand is defined as "a series of specialised languages with specialised modes of interrogation and criteria for the construction and circulation of texts" (Bernstein 1999: 162) -e.g., linguistic theories which position themselves as functional, arguably West Coast Functionalism, Lexical Functional Grammar, Functional Grammar, Discourse Functional Grammar, Role and Reference Grammar or Systemic Functional Linguistics. Bernstein uses a triangle to symbolise hierarchical knowledge structures, since they attempt to create ever more general propositions which account for an expanding range of phenomena (e.g., Newtonian physics, superseded by Einstein's relativity, superseded by string theory and so on). Horizontal knowledge structures on the other hand are visualised by succession of 'Ls' since what counts as development is the introduction of a new perspective, typically by junior speakers who challenge the power and legitimacy of more senior ones (e.g., marxist history, feminist history, post-colonial history and so on). A synoptic overview of these distinctions is offered in Figure 1.Figure 1: Discourse and knowledge structure (after Bernstein 1999Bernstein, 2000) ) As exemplified above, in Bernstein's terms SFL is a canonical member of a horizontal knowledge structure comprising many different theories. Bateman's vision for Multimodal Studies is perhaps a more ambitious one, leaning towards the design and evolution of a hierarchical knowledge structure. This is a trajectory that linguistic theories have embraced, without success, since the modern discipline was founded by Saussure (1916). Wignell (2007a, b) examines the history of social science, focusing on the emergence of economics, political economy and sociology as "a hybrid of the language of the physical sciences and the language of the humanities" (Wignell 2007a: 202) -suggesting that the stronger the boundaries around one of these disciplines, the more it will evolve the characteristics of a hierarchical knowledge structure. In his 2004 conference presentation of Wignell (2007a) he in fact refers to social science knowledge structures as 'warring triangles', since they in general aspire to be recognised as hierarchical knowledge structures (viz linguists' claims for their discipline as the 'science of language'). What happens in practice however is that one or another linguistic theory gains institutional rather than intellectual control of the discipline, for a specific period of time, in a specific place (e.g., Chomskyan linguistics' supremacist control of American linguistics and its intellectual dominions in the 1960s, waning not long thereafter). Seen in these terms, Bateman's vision involves strengthening boundaries around what counts as empirical Multimodal Studies, thereby fostering its development as a hierarchical knowledge structure -occluding more 'weakly bounded' competing triangles as it does so and enjoying globalised longevity. Bernstein (2000: 132-134) probes more deeply into the characteristics of hierarchical and horizontal knowledge structures in his recognition of internal and external languages of description (which he labels L 1 and L 2 respectively). L 1 "refers to the syntax whereby a conceptual language is created" or how constituent concepts of a theory are interrelated; and L 2 "refers to the syntax whereby the internal language can describe something other than itself " (2000: or how a concepts are to structures with a internal 1 ) have concepts that are interrelated; in hierarchical knowledge structures this the of a external 2 ) whereby concepts are to in these focusing on how knowledge structures the term to on how internal ever more general propositions for a range of or the addition of new languages of description he the term L 1 L 2 L L to on how knowledge structures about a set of or via of a set of that are to of these is as Figure including a of canonical knowledge structures a knowledge structure Seen in these terms Bateman's ambitions for Multimodal Studies strengthening internal and external of description so that the field can via what refers to as on As as as is Bateman draws to Maton & discussion and of languages of description and external ones and L 2 respectively). languages are to be more general and specific than external In for example, languages what are referred to as and general such as or as such as or These a linguist the description of the of a language with into a more specific description of the to What as L 1, L and L 2 is itself a over time, as L and are to L 1 or L 1 concepts are to L language (or perhaps to L 2 external more on this we the evolution of SFS from SFL itself a of different languages of as in the and & et al. we will the model by Martin and his colleagues and his colleagues, and his colleagues, which is the one that has most Bateman (e.g., (e.g.,, (e.g.,, Saussure it language as a of (e.g., it takes the of and as it this over structure (e.g., This language in external which in of in structure. internal has to the of of of and of has the as in in to the of the the or meaning and of or structure and the of and discourse A synoptic overview of these Martin is in Figure an to both and are with and for 2 an perspective, for some languages is need to distinguish and is structure of more than one make for this at the of the in Figure this I will which on the form vs As in Martin et al. the of SFL at Saussure and in language as form not This that is not as a of language in its own it is a region in Bernstein's terms with such as recognition or on and deploying a set of internal and external very different to by linguistics in This is not to the of and to one another students are in but to the very different knowledge structures in the description of form as to structure and As as the description of is SFL does not its description to what called or of of or In to SFL is by of and (e.g., distinction between and in can be to this the perspective of make a distinction between and of group can be by the same a distinction can be by the in the relevant is or are are not very Accordingly the same is different structures, as in and SFL in other are not a of they structures on of in to the at This for example in to an SFS description of that an information can be set by the structure without making the that in fact this are extended from Kress & van in Figure of the is it is an the is selected, the and are in the by to the and to the This claims about it ones as a structure by a in that this is perhaps a reading of Kress Leeuwen's account of information structure in but is that SFS need not foul of their This to the of need to be set to the for structures in a given for example to and to ones. This be important are to different structures different for a given to and to vertical or horizontal are of that arguably need in such terms are to or for example to the specific uses of in Figure and can in linguists' or in for example to specific such as that which at the of in Martin & this in their work on science on work by and colleagues et al. Martin and for is in Figure a in 2 and a a a and a of and for the we have the of including a or and we to we can a or an or to one in the we it can be more or vertical or or both the we with a this is an to such of form can be (e.g.,, on for and some kind of of and can be into the description in work on is in the knowledge structure of as informed by of this about knowledge structure and SFS can be in to and As van, ) shows his work on for and can be to which the which of structures and of the kind introduced I would to refer to these as a of language or any other since other than internal and external their in terms we are with not As above in to and this is not to suggest that work on is not relevant to is to to we have of at different of a of referred to by as of to is not a of this In SFL other of internal are in to concepts of and in other are on of with to of meaning or of respectively). has to with the of in and the of as over -as texts as speakers or as languages evolve has to with the of to of a and their use of to in social over (e.g., and arguably be with one kind of theory or but not Systemic As in Martin in studies which as it is not to make a about how will into with one on the in kind of meaning and of structure and of external 2 but across the SFS studies in the L 1 is Accordingly in SFS and are as L the description 2 of languages of description with it the that the between L 1 and L 2 can be as a to is well to a of this kind since are from more general to more specific a referred to as in Figure for example are more general than which are in more general than ones and so This it possible to be more and specific about what as L 1, L and L 2 the opposition as L, but about more construction of L 2 a specific of is important to in in to this that more or general as L can be without making any claims at about how such are in structure. to of to be for L 2, since structures across languages (Martin Martin et al. and In SFL context is as form not in In the model of SFL context is as and (Martin Martin & and is in to its in language field is to as is to as is to This context to be as for making meaning and to language ones & Martin 2021, et al. These context of L 1 are well and more than language of their of and as of language in addition to a of in as as the distinction between and is are in a position to compare SFS with Bateman's for the L 1 of what he refers to as a in In doing so we need to in the of L 1 in to of modes 2 2 ) can be and in that not call for or of L 1 or L in other are more serious than -as we model of language and as in Figure a of for with Bateman's of his of Bateman et al. the in Figure of or the organised of as and the of discourse to SFS this the of as a and it with the of form two discourse As noted above, the term is for a in so the term is to in are by the of the discourse of the as an example, the of set in Kress might as of their as from the perspective of the this two of the at which of and and the discourse at it be possible to that the is a in other it not modes is as discourse and it is this that a to any of meaning making in modes is in Bateman in to model of discourse Seen in SFS terms Bateman's discourse is on in this perspective meaning is ever something that can be in to and context as texts meaning a of as they what Bateman as a called discourse SFS would from the of not discourse with and would be as form in Bateman's organised of Bateman et al. of structure (e.g., Martin to Bateman's of discourse structures discourse a of of as texts of discourse would have to be in Bateman's as for the of that can be so In at one of Bateman's model (Bateman & discourse as well as form is as of and structure. This Bateman's work on between in and & Bateman's description of to be In perhaps of about the nature of to be for the of In its at the of discourse of elaborated from & (e.g., as of meaning to be (e.g., Bateman in to is to a in Martin on on Martin on and et al. on and Martin & on Martin on Martin & on context as vs and Martin & on of referred to as in Martin & of these the of and work by Bateman and his colleagues (e.g., Bateman & as it is by & work on the of (e.g., This conceptual is one SFL and SFS are to be by Bateman's of multimodality (discourse in addition to the in Figure L 1 of Bateman's model a more comprising social & (Bateman & or (Bateman 2022b: in work (e.g., Bateman, 2016) ) the of is into the This work with SFL work on context as and and is for in this one of some SFS work on such as that noted in 1 is the of and for by Kress & van Leeuwen's (1990 and of on the to field and in work on and or to field in work on chemistry is in in Maton's to be from the of knowledge and Accordingly referred to as takes into account both knowledge and what it and social knowledge and who is on the of and social a of with for which legitimacy on what what is who it both what and who and which and knowledge is This is exemplified in Figure with to in about a who a by to and an who into the and a and are to in Figure it is who to we of evolution, perhaps with who the of in the at a of the in the a about evolution in the 21st to we might position Bateman as by a knowledge van and by an by a and by a Kress's would have to be a more one, the of Reading Images but towards publications such as in the and a social to which his draw on any at from Reading Images and his his in the field of multimodality its most This is a region into a singular with a internal and external a range of (including via a knowledge is what Bateman have in into Maton between knowledge and the part of the they are to and between knowledge and a which both the object of and how it is but a which a of of but is the as as I who has been called on to give a publications are I should perhaps that not to speakers in different they the that a given way of but for a whereby a specific object of is in but it can be from of (or as Maton knowledge at and a which is with to both what is and As in Figure a of this kind would position SFL as it studies language from one SFS as it studies any but from the perspective of Semiotics Kress & van as it the of multimodality from different of and something information as it on of by a Seen in these terms one of Bateman's is to the trajectory of Multimodal Studies, which at some to towards ever and he to its trajectory towards stronger its object of we might falling foul of the linguistic and predatory interdisciplinarity that might be to from Maton's work on and is that both knowledge and internal and external for Studies is not a given field as In this SFS has the of to both knowledge and from since in practice SFL informed discourse into texts and the of internal and external is in vision for Multimodal Studies, from Semiotics is perhaps more of a challenge since its internal and external and its make stronger a which draws on & to the of discourse to of well In this paper I have drawn Bernstein and Maton's sociology of knowledge to explore SFL and SFS in to Bateman's vision for empirical multimodality is of more to In is the of which is as For SFL/SFS this is other of the including on a specific of and by ones. For Bateman the is further as form and discourse SFL/SFS from on the of to of in a Bateman's vision and in recent work uses to one of these to this is Bateman's of as a in the model of SFL/SFS it would be as and knowledge structures which have for the of physical and to which have for of and perhaps most from Bateman's perspective, discourse is from a perspective by Bateman and his colleagues form with meaning a of as texts This is with to in and its of structure. as noted above, SFL/SFS description 2 ) has not with theory 1 ) as as is Bateman's misgivings about many notes in this are on in SFL/SFS concepts are across One is and are and of of and This for a specific to how many how many and which are as L 1, as L or as L 2 Bateman's model is more in with internal and external for for context it would we his of work on by Bateman and his colleagues their of contrasts with the of their of & of the of be it is to that such an the of what is on in as as the of meaning is but I about how it this for or we and the of discourse as of the This be a of and the challenge it on as it be more than As I research students they are by the phenomena they are is a between and of internal and external in any discipline is to not discussion of this to another another who can to in this comment would be that internal is by and with Bateman's its external in so as of one or another are This is since SFL has on Bateman's Where I that by and the can from other for are on one knowledge structure to position two as I have is a it has the of to the of to with the of L 1 -which can be given the of and the challenge of which for what to This takes to which in on what it takes to to with an L 1 and the L 2 it the term linguistics' for the of description and practice his linguistic of this perspective is in Figure for the of a of singulars a given region of This to linguistics was an one in the century, the and his a theory that would one to the with the same one uses challenge for SFS and Bateman's Multimodal Studies, as I in of semiotics which a of description and is in these knowledge a in to a specific that the challenge of can be This theory and description on the same I not in other about interdisciplinarity but rather about is how I how about the same from a different of with a challenge in theories can from one another they can make explicit what another theory is in of very different from ones and/or draw to another has (Martin Maton at al. 2016, is for this that I have what I can to the evolution of SFS of SFL it can into of this between SFS and Bateman's for an empirical multimodality is likely to be more than one SFL rather than SFS and Multimodal Studies can on the same from of For it is important to in which on language and multimodalists with Multimodal discourse to be the of in the this I I about linguistic and have a than predatory vision of SFS and One I have is the by multimodality their by rather of a new multimodality age and the of any language to of in and
Language plays a crucial role in intercultural communication, especially when it comes to nationally marked vocabulary and phraseology. These linguistic elements often contain meanings that are difficult to fully translate, yet they provide valuable insights into a nation’s cultural and historical background. Like a mirror, they reflect the history, settlement, and development of a people, making them an essential area of study not only for linguists but also for historians, ethnographers, and geographers. Idioms, as a fundamental part of any language, also serve as a rich repository of cultural heritage, encapsulating centuries of traditions and ways of life. Their study helps deepen our understanding of both language and culture. The concept of "realities"—words that convey tangible and culturally specific elements—emerged in linguistic discussions around the 1950s. These terms capture unique aspects of a nation’s material culture, historical events, governmental institutions, folklore figures, and mythological beings. Similarly, non-equivalent words refer to concepts that do not exist in other languages and therefore lack direct translations. These words highlight the uniqueness of each culture’s worldview and emphasize the importance of studying language as a bridge to understanding different societies and their distinct identities.
BACKGROUND: Pregnancy and Bell's palsy both cause physical, psychological and social challenges. Incidence of Bell's palsy rises in the third trimester of pregnancy and postpartum, yet few studies have explored the lived experiences of pregnancy-associated Bell's palsy. AIM: To assess the impact of pregnancy-associated Bell's palsy on quality of life and self-perception compared to Bell's palsy unrelated to pregnancy. METHODS: This survey study used a convergent mixed methods approach. Seventeen participants were recruited from the Sydney Facial Nerve Clinic. Data collected included demographics, clinical information, open-ended responses and patient-reported outcome measures. Quality of life was measured by the Facial Disability Index and a questionnaire, while self-perception was assessed with the Mirror Gazing Cognition and Affect Rating Scale. Associations between pregnancy status and the outcome measures were analysed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Other predictors were identified using the Fisher's exact test and regression models. Thematic analysis was performed on qualitative data. RESULTS: Age was inversely associated with appearance-related distress (β=-.593, p=.025), with younger women having greater distress. No statistically significant differences in quality of life and self-perception scores were found between Bell's palsy and pregnancy-associated Bell's palsy groups. Thematic analysis identified 5 main themes: experience with healthcare, body image, impact on daily life, improving healthcare, and impact of pregnancy-associated Bell's palsy. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the functional and psychosocial challenges faced by pregnancy-associated Bell's palsy patients. Targeted treatment guidance, referral pathways and specific support for pregnancy-associated Bell's palsy are warranted to improve patient outcomes.
This dissertation examines the multifaceted role of pitch by focusing on two central issues. First, it investigates whether lexical tones in Standard Chinese exhibit affective iconicity—that is, to what extent their pitch characteristics (e.g., height, range, slope, and contour direction) systematically aid to signal human emotional expression (e.g., arousal and valence). Notably, while arousal appears to be driven by inherent physiological responses, valence is more influenced by lexical meaning and cultural conventions. Analyses of bi-syllabic and monosyllabic words reveal that higher pitch, wider pitch range, and steeper pitch slopes are linked to higher arousal, whereas lower pitch and falling contours are associated with negative valence. In addition, monosyllabic tonemes more strongly predict emotional arousal ratings than consonants, and emotional valence ratings than vowels. Furthermore, lexical tones show adaptive significance for both arousal and valence, suggesting a potential mechanism of affective iconicity. <br> Second, the dissertation explores the developmental hemispheric lateralization of pitch processing in infants learning different languages. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, cross-linguistic comparisons between Dutch (a stress-accent language) and Japanese (a pitch-accent language) infants reveal distinct lateralization patterns. Japanese infants, whose language uses pitch to signal lexical contrasts, exhibit early left-hemispheric specialization for speech stimuli, while Dutch infants exhibit a bilateral response. Together, these studies suggest that pitch perception in language and emotion is shaped by an interplay between the perceptual properties of pitch and linguistic, experiential, and contextual influences.
Hoarding is a mental-health problem manifested by excessively saving items irrespective of their value. One factor considered in the assessment of hoarding severity is the amount of clutter in a dwelling, usually quantified through a visual scale called the “Clutter Image Rating” (CIR). This requires a visit to an individual's home and rating clutter on the CIR scale, a time-consuming, subjective, and often non-repeatable process. To date, several methods were proposed for automatic rating of clutter from images but were evaluated on relatively narrow and unbalanced datasets. In this paper, we introduce a new 1,800-image, balanced dataset of clutter images that has been CIRrated by health professionals. We also propose a new method for rating clutter that is based on the Vision Transformer. We evaluate the proposed method against a state-of-the-art clutterrating method on two datasets via 4-fold cross-validation. We also perform two ablation studies (loss-function parametrization and data augmentation). In quantitative comparisons, we measure accuracy and accuracy within ±1 since even health and humanservice professionals admit to challenges in assigning exact CIR values. The proposed method is shown to outperform the best method to-date by 4.50-7.12% points in exact CIR matching and by 5.80-6.53% points in matching with a slack of ±1. Even more importantly, the new method achieves accuracy of over 93% with a slack of ±1 suggesting it can be a reasonable proxy for ratings by health professionals and a valuable tool in the assessment and treatment of hoarding disorder.
Introduction: High-intensity interval training promotes significant reductions in blood pressure among older adults with hypertension. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding its application in low-cost models that are feasible and scalable in everyday settings. Purpose: This pilot study was conducted to examine the feasibility and preliminary effects of an outdoor high-intensity interval training program guided by perceived exertion on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in older adults with hypertension, thereby providing evidence to guide the design and implementation of a subsequent, larger-scale clinical trial. Methods: Thirty-one participants (66±4 years; hypertension duration: 14±9 years) were randomized to a six-week intervention: Exercise group (n=18) or control (n=13). The exercise group performed three weekly outdoor sessions, progressing from four to eight 1-minute bouts at a perceived exertion of 7–8, interspersed with active recovery at 3–4. Heart rate and affective response (Feeling Scale) were monitored. The control group attended weekly health education sessions. Results: Feasibility was assessed via consent (18.6%), retention (83.3%), adherence (89%), and adverse events (11.1% reported musculoskeletal issues). Participants trained at >75% Heart rate reserve and >85%, maximum heart rate with positive affective ratings. The HIIT group showed reductions in 24-hour systolic (-3 mmHg), diastolic (-2 mmHg), and nighttime systolic BP (-5 mmHg) (p<0.05). Nighttime diastolic BP (-3 mmHg) and augmentation index (-5.6%) also decreased, though not significantly. Conclusion: In conclusion, an outdoor high-intensity interval training program based on perceived exertion is feasible for older adults with hypertension and may lead to clinically meaningful reductions in 24-hour ABP.
I studien analyseras lokala policydokument för språkstöd i förskolan med fokus på hur de är uppbyggda och vilka språkliga normer och diskurser om flerspråkighet som kommer till uttryck i texterna. I takt med globalisering och migration har den språkliga mångfalden i svensk förskola ökat, vilket ses som en utmaning för förskollärare som enligt förskolans läroplan både ska stödja utvecklingen av majoritetsspråket svenska och samtidigt stödja barnens modersmål. Forskning visar att trots höga ambitioner med flerspråkig pedagogik är en enspråkig norm stark. Nio olika lokala policydokument analyserades utifrån Bacchis (2009) policyanalysmetod ”What’s the problem represented to be” samt Bernsteins (2000) begrepp klassificering. Resultaten tyder på att även om den lokala språkpolicyn syftar till att skapa en gemensam grund för förskolepersonalen att hantera språkutveckling för barn med flerspråkiga erfarenheter kan de diskurser som är inbäddade i språkpolicyn upprätthålla föreställningen om skillnaderna mellan barn med olika språkerfarenheter snarare än att stödja förskollärarna i att utveckla flerspråkig pedagogik. I stället för att hjälpa förskollärare med utmaningen att stödja alla barns språkutveckling fanns ett implicit bristperspektiv på de flerspråkiga barnen i de lokala språkpolicydokumenten. English abstract Framing linguistic diversity as a ’problem’ - an analysis of local language policies in ECE In this article we explore local language policy documents in ECEC, with a focus on how they are structured and which linguistic norms and discourses about multilingualism are expressed in the texts. Due to globalization and migration, the linguistic diversity in Swedish ECEC has increased. This is seen as a challenge for preschool teachers who, according to the preschool curriculum, are obliged to support the development of the majority language Swedish as well as the children’s mother tongue. Research shows that despite high ambitions with multilingual pedagogy, the monolingual norm is strong. Nine different local policy documents were analyzed based on Bacchi’s (2009) policy analysis method «What’s the problem represented to be» and Bernstein’s (2000) concept of classification. The results suggest that although the local language policy aims to create common ground for preschool staff to manage the language development of children with multilingual experiences, the discourses embedded in the language policy may perpetuate the notion of the differences between children with different language experiences rather than supporting the preschool teachers in developing multilingual pedagogy. Instead of helping preschool teachers with the challenge of supporting all children’s language development, in the local language policy documents there was an implicit deficit perspective on the multilingual children.
The author’s aim is to define the so-called linguistic norm of Middle Armenian using specially developed criteria and linguistic models, and to apply this framework to the study of Middle Armenian. This research presents a methodological and preliminary attempt to address this issue. The linguistic norm is considered essential for the Middle Armenian period, as this is the era in which various forms of Armenian emerge and gain broad usage. A linguistic norm represents the status of a language during a certain time – whether it is stable and systematic or unstable and disorganized. For this reason, the author proposes the following necessary criteria for defining the linguistic norm in Middle Armenian: a) absolute and relative, b) general (societal) and individual (private), c) written (literary) and oral (colloquial), d) comprehensive and segmented in time. The author concludes that it is impossible to define a single unified linguistic norm for the entire Middle Armenian period as one coherent system of rules. One must take into account its diversity and irregularities across centuries. Thus, it may be more appropriate to speak of a mixed type of linguistic norm - dominated by variations and inconsistencies - or to distinguish between multiple linguistic norms that together encompass all linguistic areas as a whole. The author also suggests adopting the regional linguistic feature as a criterion for the linguistic norm of Middle Armenian, which would clarify the localization of dialectal features according to specific regions.
The article considers feminine nouns as a phenomenon that is specific in modern linguistics. The study topicality is explained by the special place of language in formation of national identity, especially in a crisis period, when the state defends its independence. On the other hand, the study relevance is based on values of a democratic society, where gender equality is a priority, which is fixed in language as a means of social thinking and functioning. Authors’ conduct of the study is appropriate, since the topic of gender equality and the masculinity-feminity balance arouses a deep interest among linguists in Scopus publications for the period 2020–2025. It is noteworthy that scientists are interested in gender issues in aspects of national identity both within a language group and neighboring ones. High popularity of feminine nouns in the European space and strengthening of the Ukrainian national identity during the socio-political turbulence (war) determine the authors’ choice of thematic direction of the research. The study object is feminine nouns in the Ukrainian, German and English languages from a linguistic and sociocultural point of view. The study subject is peculiarities of formation, functioning and use of feminine nouns in these languages, their role in reflecting social processes and forming the language norm. The research is implemented via the comparative method for typological analysis of feminine nouns from the Slavic-Germanic perspective with determination of their forms, functions and influence on the linguistic identity formation. Within the study, it was established that the main means of transmitting gender features can be purely lexical resources (English) or morphological and grammatical ones (Ukrainian and German). In the first case, the pattern is due to absence of the grammatical category of gender and tendency to inclusive neutralization, when equality of rights and freedoms is conveyed through lexically neutral words. In the second case, presence of gender led to emergence of morphological elements (suffixes). Their gender functionality is variable. In the German culture the suffix -in- has firmly established itself as a designation of the female gender. In the Ukrainian language, feminine suffixes are a relatively young phenomenon, which causes a contradictory attitude to processes of gender word formation. The research results can be a basis for conducting new studies in intralingual and interlingual aspects.
The overall goal of this article is to contrast the different theorisations of norms in linguistics. Starting from the branches of structural linguistics, the article shows how linguistic norms are conceived in anthropological linguistics. Whereas the former separates linguistic usage from the speakers and tries to describe and analyse the linguistic structures which form different linguistic norms, the fields of anthropological linguistics as well as qualitative sociolinguistics and pragmatics focus on the contextually bound social functions and ideological implementations of the linguist signs that linguistic norms consist of. This way, linguistic norms can be understood more broadly as norms of conceiving and structuring social behaviour of which linguistic behaviour forms an integral part. Consequently, the social functionality of norms and the signs they consist of are theorised in this article. In order to demonstrate their social underpining, the example « J’aime right ton accent » in Acadian French will be analysed in more detail.
Статья рассматривает лингводидактический потенциал паремиологического фонда с гастрономической семантикой в формировании межкультурной компетенции студентов университета на материале английской и русской лингвокультур. Межкультурная компетентность интерпретируется как интегративная способность, включающая когнитивный, аффективный и поведенческий компоненты, а пословицы о еде осмысляются как компактный носитель аксиологических установок, исторически закреплённых норм поведения и моделей категоризации опыта. Показано, что глюттоническая картина мира выступает устойчивой семиотической системой: витальная потребность в пище переходит в культурный код, позволяющий реконструировать особенности мировосприятия и снижать риск коммуникативных неудач в межкультурном взаимодействии. Теоретическое сопоставление паремий осуществляется с опорой на сплошную выборку из лексикографических источников и комплекс методов, включающий сравнительно-сопоставительный, компонентный, лингвокультурологический, герменевтический и концептуальный анализ; реконструируются концепты Еда, Хлеб, Голод, Гостеприимство и выявляются их ядерные и периферийные зоны. Установлены как универсальные смысловые инварианты (нормы умеренности, порицание излишеств, оценка труда и достатка), так и национально-специфические различия в ценностном статусе пищи: в русской традиции заметна сакрализация еды, прежде всего образа хлеба, связанная с опытом дефицита и рискованного земледелия, тогда как в английской паремиологии доминирует прагматическое осмысление bread как средства к существованию и компонента социально-экономической стабильности. Анализ тематик гостеприимства, метафоризации продуктов для характеристики личности и гендерно маркированных стереотипов демонстрирует необходимость отказа от буквального перевода в пользу функциональных соответствий и культурного комментария. Представленный подход позволяет переводить усвоение лексико-грамматического материала в плоскость концептуального понимания языка как культурного кода, развивать критическое мышление, эмпатию, толерантность и навыки интерпретации, значимые для профессиональной коммуникации в поликультурной среде. The article examines the linguodidactic potential of the paremiological corpus with gastronomic semantics in the formation of intercultural competence of university students based on English and Russian linguocultures. Intercultural competence is interpreted as an integrative ability that includes cognitive, affective, and behavioral components, while food-related proverbs are conceptualized as a compact carrier of axiological attitudes, historically entrenched norms of behavior, and models of experience categorization. It is shown that the gluttonic worldview functions as a stable semiotic system: the vital need for food is transformed into a cultural code that makes it possible to reconstruct specific features of worldview and to reduce the risk of communicative failures in intercultural interaction. The theoretical comparison of paremias is carried out on the basis of a continuous sampling from lexicographic sources and a set of methods including comparative, componential, linguocultural, hermeneutic, and conceptual analysis; the concepts Food, Bread, Hunger, and Hospitality are reconstructed, and their core and peripheral zones are identified. Both universal semantic invariants (norms of moderation, condemnation of excess, evaluation of labor and prosperity) and nationally specific differences in the value status of food are established: in the Russian tradition, the sacralization of food is evident, primarily the image of bread, associated with experiences of scarcity and risky agriculture, whereas in English paremiology a pragmatic interpretation of bread as a means of subsistence and a component of socio-economic stability predominates. The analysis of hospitality themes, the metaphorization of food products for characterizing personality, and gender-marked stereotypes demonstrates the necessity of abandoning literal translation in favor of functional equivalents and cultural commentary. The proposed approach makes it possible to shift the acquisition of lexical and grammatical material toward a conceptual understanding of language as a cultural code and to develop critical thinking, empathy, tolerance, and interpretative skills that are significant for professional communication in a multicultural environment.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the English language proficiency of Sayed Jamaluddin Afghani University students enrolled in the English Department. It primarily looks at the grammatical mistakes that impede kids' language development and how they affect their ability to communicate. A structured questionnaire was used in a quantitative survey with a sample of 120 students in order to collect data. The results show that improper application of linguistic norms, infrequent practice, and the effect of students' native language, which frequently interferes with English usage, are the primary causes of grammatical errors. The efficacy and clarity of students' speech are greatly impacted by these errors. According to the study's findings, English professors should implement specialized courses that emphasize communicative grammar instruction. It also recommends giving students regular chances to practice active language usage, which can improve their overall communication skills and grammatical precision, ultimately increasing their English proficiency.
Background There is growing interest in the use of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) as a means for quantifying how individuals’ affective experiences fluctuate over time, and how such dynamics relate to mental health outcomes. A plethora of methods exist for precisely quantifying these affect dynamics, but recent work pooling data from multiple studies has suggested that most of the variance in outcome measures of depression, borderline symptoms, and life satisfaction is captured by simple measures, such as the mean (M) and standard deviation (SD) of affect ratings over time. Ever-more sophisticated approaches for measuring affect dynamics may offer little value for understanding mental health. Here, we examined a broad array of mental health outcomes and affect dynamic measures within a single cohort to comprehensively evaluate whether EMA-derived measures of affect dynamics are associated with specific psychopathological experiences.Methods 314 adults (97 males; 18–45 years of age) completed 28 days of EMA, which included once-daily ratings on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)-10 and daily measures of stress, sleep, and alcohol use. We calculated 16 established affect dynamics measures (M, SD, relative SD, mean-squared successive differences, autoregression, intraclass correlation, and Gini coefficient for positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA), as well as emotion network density and PA–NA correlation) in addition to six additional measures derived using dynamic network analyses of participant responses (promiscuity and flexibility for the entire network, PA, and NA). Predictive power was assessed using cross-validated linear regression models predicting 117 outcomes spanning five cross-sectional psychometric questionnaires and EMA-based longitudinal behavioral measures. We compared models that included each complex measure against baseline models using only M or M + SD scores quantifying PA and NA.Results Across all 117 outcomes, no complex affect dynamics measures improved cross?validated R² by more than 5.3 % beyond the M and SD of PA and NA. Conclusion Elaborate measures of affect dynamics, as indexed by the PANAS-10, offer minimal incremental explanatory power in predicting psychopathology beyond basic summary statistics of daily affect. These findings question the added value of increasingly complex measures of affect dynamics for predicting standard psychological and behavioral outcomes.
The language of Kethoprak Wahyu Manggolo: A sociolinguistic study Kethoprak is a form of traditional Javanese theater that serves not only as entertainment but also as a medium of communication and cultural preservation. This study is motivated by the limited number of works that examine linguistic aspects in kethoprak performances, particularly from a sociolinguistic perspective. It aims to investigate language variation in performances by Kethoprak Wahyu Manggolo through a sociolinguistic approach. The analysis focuses on varieties of Javanese, such as ngoko, krama madya, and krama alus, and on how their use reflects cultural values and social relations within Javanese society. The research employs a qualitative descriptive method, using non-participatory observation of dialogue in performance videos. The findings indicate that language variation is guided not only by linguistic norms, but also functions as a symbol of social status, a vehicle for emotional expression, and a means of conveying moral values and subtle social critique. The speech styles used by characters in the performances mirror a hierarchical social structure, power relations, and the cultural identity of Javanese society. This study underscores the importance of traditional performing arts as a medium for preserving language and local cultural values. Kethoprak merupakan salah satu bentuk teater tradisional Jawa yang tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai hiburan, tetapi juga sebagai media komunikasi dan pelestarian budaya. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh belum banyaknya kajian yang menelaah aspek kebahasaan dalam pementasan kethoprak, khususnya dari sudut pandang sosiolinguistik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji variasi bahasa dalam pementasan Kethoprak Wahyu Manggolo dengan pendekatan sosiolinguistik. Fokus kajian diarahkan pada bentuk-bentuk ragam bahasa Jawa seperti ngoko, krama madya, dan krama alus, serta bagaimana penggunaan bahasa tersebut mencerminkan nilai budaya dan relasi sosial masyarakat Jawa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik observasi non-partisipatif terhadap dialog dalam video pementasan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan variasi bahasa tidak hanya mengikuti norma linguistik, tetapi juga berfungsi sebagai simbol status sosial, alat ekspresi emosi, dan sarana penyampaian nilai moral serta kritik sosial secara halus. Ragam bahasa yang digunakan tokoh-tokoh dalam pementasan mencerminkan struktur sosial yang hierarkis, relasi kekuasaan, dan identitas kultural masyarakat Jawa. Penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya seni pertunjukan tradisional sebagai media pelestarian bahasa dan nilai budaya lokal.
Purpose Traditional blood flow restriction resistance training (BFR-Trad) is a cost-effective and time-efficient exercise modality that offers significant skeletal muscle benefits, including strength and mass gains. Despite employing low loads, BFR-Trad may not be well tolerated by all populations due to its high intensity, pain-associated muscle discomfort, low affectivity, and cardiovascular responses. Consequently, reducing BFR intensity may be an interesting approach to making traditional BFR more clinically applicable. This was approached through the proposal of the present Clinical BFR. Methods Twenty-two healthy, untrained subjects (both female and male) aged between 18 and 30 years participated. Subjects completed three sessions of unilateral knee extension exercises randomly assigned to the BFR-Trad, BFR-Clinical_c (cadenced), and BFR-Clinical_a (-autoregulated) exercise protocols. Results The BFR-Trad condition induced greater increases in perceived exertion, discomfort, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and lactate levels compared to the BFR-Clinical conditions ( p < 0.05). Muscle concentric velocity showed greater increases in the BFR-Clinical_a condition ( p < 0.001), along with higher affectivity ratings for the exercise compared to the BFR-Clinical_c and BFR-Trad conditions ( p < 0.05). Conclusion Compared to traditional BFR, clinical BFR was scored as less intense, reduced pain-associated discomfort, decreased DOMS, increased affectivity, diminished systolic blood pressure responses, decreased fatigue and muscle activation, and promoted similar glycemic responses. Altogether, our results support the potential use of clinical BFR in clinical settings.
Настоящее исследование посвящено комплексному анализу языковых норм в процессуальных документах с позиций юридической лингвистики и современной правоприменительной практики в контексте управления образовательными процессами. На основе междисциплинарного подхода выявлены ключевые дискурсивные особенности процессуальных документов, функционирующих в образовательной среде, и определены основные лингвистические маркеры, свидетельствующие о качестве их составления. Эмпирическую базу исследования составили 527 процессуальных документов образовательных организаций различного уровня, проанализированных с применением корпусного, семантико-стилистического, прагматического и статистического методов. По результатам исследования разработана таксономия типичных речевых дефектов в процессуальной документации образовательных учреждений, выявлены корреляции между языковой компетентностью составителей документов и юридической эффективностью текстов, а также сформирована модель лингводидактического сопровождения юридического документооборота в образовательных организациях. Предложенная модель оптимизации языковых норм в процессуальной документации апробирована в 12 образовательных учреждениях, что позволило зафиксировать существенное повышение качества документооборота и снижение количества оспариваемых решений на 37,8%. Результаты исследования вносят значительный вклад в развитие теории управления образованием и могут быть использованы при совершенствовании нормативно-правового регулирования образовательной деятельности. This study is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of linguistic norms in procedural documents from the perspective of legal linguistics and modern law enforcement practice in the context of educational process management. Based on an interdisciplinary approach, the key discursive features of procedural documents functioning in the educational environment have been identified, and the main linguistic markers indicating the quality of their compilation have been identified. The empirical basis of the study was 527 procedural documents of educational organizations of various levels, analyzed using corpus, semantic-stylistic, pragmatic and statistical methods. Based on the results of the study, a taxonomy of typical speech defects in the procedural documentation of educational institutions was developed, correlations between the linguistic competence of document drafters and the legal effectiveness of texts were identified, and a model of linguistic and didactic support for legal document management in educational organizations was formed. The proposed model for optimizing language norms in procedural documentation was tested in 12 educational institutions, which allowed for a significant improvement in the quality of document management and a 37,8% decrease in the number of contested decisions. The research results make a significant contribution to the development of the theory of educational management and can be used to improve the legal regulation of educational activities.
Abstract In many fields, such as language acquisition, neuropsychology of language, the study of aging, and historical linguistics, corpora are used for estimating the diversity of grammatical structures that are produced during a period by an individual, community, or type of speakers. In these cases, treebanks are taken as representative samples of the syntactic structures that might be encountered. Generalizing the potential syntactic diversity from the structures documented in a small corpus requires careful extrapolation whose accuracy is constrained by the limited size of representative sub-corpora. In this article, I demonstrate—both theoretically and empirically—that a grammar’s derivational entropy and the mean length of the utterances (MLU) it generates are fundamentally linked, giving rise to a new measure, the derivational entropy rate. The mean length of utterances becomes the most practical index of syntactic complexity; I demonstrate that MLU is not a mere proxy, but a fundamental measure of syntactic diversity. In combination with the new derivational entropy rate measure, it provides a theory-free assessment of grammatical complexity. The derivational entropy rate indexes the rate at which different grammatical annotation frameworks determine the grammatical complexity of treebanks. I evaluate the Smoothed Induced Treebank Entropy (SITE) as a tool for estimating these measures accurately, even from very small treebanks. I conclude by discussing important implications of these results for both NLP and human language processing.
This paper examines how an Indonesian live-streamer and his audiences create a hybrid communal identity by using vulgar language and code-mixing with reference to the popular YouTube livestream @deandeankt. With the digital medium transforming the world into a global village, the streaming culture in Indonesia provides a distinct perspective into how localized linguistic practices interact with global trends in the internet. The interpretivist-constructivist paradigm applied in the current case study research was aimed at understanding the way language and interaction produced hybrid identities. It gathered linguistic and paralinguistic data of @deadndeakt’s livestream for 90 minutes with netnography and thematic analyses. According to the study, abusive swearing (e.g., "kontol [dick]", "goblok [stupid]") represents 89.3 percent of the vulgar language and serves as playful insults, which enhance group cohesion. Emphatic swearing ("Anjing! Gua kalah! [Bitch! I lost!]") and cathartic swearing (“Ngentot, mic-nya rusak! [Fuck, the microphone is broken!]”) increase the emotional involvement. Intra-sentential blends, especially code-mixing (“Brightness-nya kita bikin tiga kali [We increase the brightness threefold]”), prevails in 85 percent. Other examples combine English gaming slang (template, unarchive) with Indonesian structure and local dialects, like a Javanese swear word (“Cok [Damn]”). Pronunciations, such as BTW [read in Indonesian: be te we] are even more localized global terms. It is analyzed that the vulgar language usage assists in persona creation and building of relationships with the audience, creating a tight-knit, exclusive community in which such language represents belonging and emotional release, despite its offensiveness in the larger society. Moreover, streamers combine Indonesian and English with gaming jargon to successfully appeal to their bilingual audience, so that they could be technically accurate and still fit into the global gaming cultures. These activities form a hybrid identity, where speakers possess a strong sense of Indonesian culture but are consistent with international trends, which strengthens group exclusivity. The results draw attention to live-streaming as a contact zone in which language negotiates belonging, which disrupts strict cultural boundaries. The study highlights the sociolinguistic innovativeness of online communities and recommends future research on offline effects of these online linguistic norms and the effects of the hybrid identities and communicative practices used in live-streaming communities on daily language, social interaction, and identity formation in the real world. The authors also suggest cross-cultural comparative research to find out whether the phenomena are specific to the Indonesian situation or have they become a global trend.
本研究通过实地调查，广泛收集了净月潭国家森林公园中的语言景观，采用定量分析法进行研究。通过对采集到的语料从语码种类、优势语码和语码标牌类型三个方面进行分析，研究发现，景区内语言景观具有综合性、多模态、双/多语性的主要特征；在语码种类方面，汉语占据主导地位，英语作为强势外语次之，语言模式以双语模式为主；从能见性和凸显性两个方面分析，汉语均为第一优势语码；按功能类型划分，说明介绍标识数量最多，服务设施标识次之，且每种功能类型的标牌都以双语模式为主。然而，景区中语言景观仍存在不少语言文字运用失范和语言标牌信息量不对等等问题。因此，相关部门需要加强对净月潭国家森林公园语言景观的规范建设与监督管理，必要时出台相应的法律法规，以确保语言景观的有效性和规范性。In this study, language landscapes in Jingyuetan National Forest Park are extensively collected through field surveys and studied by quantitative analysis method. It is found that, based on the analysis of the collected corpus in terms of three aspects: code type, dominant code and code sign type, the linguistic landscape in the scenic spot is featured by comprehensive, multimodal and bilingual/multilingual characteristics. In terms of code type, Chinese takes the dominant position, and English, as a powerful foreign language, ranks second. The language mode is mainly bilingual. Analyzed from the two aspects of visibility and salience, Chinese is the primary advantageous code. Divided by functional types, the number of signs for explanation and introduction is the largest, followed by those for service facilities. Moreover, signs of each functional type are mainly in the bilingual mode. However, there are still many problems in the linguistic landscape of the scenic spot, such as linguistic norm violations and informational asymmetry in code signs. Therefore, relevant departments need to strengthen the standardized construction, supervision and management of the linguistic landscapes in Jingyuetan National Forest Park and introduce relevant laws and regulations when necessary to ensure the effectiveness and standardization of the linguistic landscape.
French is often celebrated for its clarity and precision – a legacy shaped by Cartesian rationalism and prescriptive language policies. However, the evolving forms of spoken French challenge this ideal of fixed linguistic norms. This study examines one such feature: the right-peripheral duplication of the subject pronoun je with its tonic counterpart moi, a recurrent but underexplored phenomenon in spoken French. The primary objective is to understand how this syntactic feature functions pragmatically and emotionally in real-life discourse. Using a corpus of movie dialogues, the analysis shows that duplication plays a role in managing conversational flow, expressing personal stance, and enabling self-repair. Through a multidisciplinary lens that draws from sociolinguistics, pragmatics, and applied linguistics, the study argues that such variation enriches the expressive potential of French and complicates the rigid divide between written norms and spoken practice. It also suggests that incorporating these features into language pedagogy can support a more inclusive, realistic understanding of French as a living language.
Dependency parsing is a fundamental task in natural language processing that involves identifying the grammatical relationships between words in a sentence. One promising approach for performing this task in languages lacking annotated treebanks is treebank translation, which utilizes word alignments to map dependencies from a source treebank to the corresponding target translation. However, due to language differences and the limitations of word alignment tools, this method would inevitably generate noise during mapping. To reduce the effect of noise, we first exploit MetaNet to compute quality scores for each dependency and identify low-score ones as noise. MetaNet is a fake teacher that learns to score homework (dependencies) by comparing answers from the top student (strong parser) and the regular student (weak parser) without knowing the correct answer (gold-standard). With the scoring capability of MetaNet, we design an iterative algorithm to boost the target treebank quality, which trains with high-quality dependencies and relabels the low-quality dependencies. Our method achieves better results than the originally translated treebanks and shows highly competitive performances with prior methods on the Universal Dependency Treebanks v2.2. We also provide detailed analysis and discussions.
In conversations, interlocutors with hearing impairment (HI), initiate their turns with longer average delay and more variability than their normal-hearing (NH) conversation partners. This paper investigates whether third-party listeners were able to perceive this difference in turn-taking timing (denoted Floor-Transfer Offsets, FTOs) between NH and HI interlocutors. To this avail, the FTOs of segments of conversations were manipulated using four different schemes, such that the two interlocutors timed their turns as if 1) both were NH interlocutors conversing in quiet (NHQ) or 2) both were HI interlocutors conversing in noise (HIN). Two additional conditions were implemented to test if non-varying and faster FTOs affect the perception, manipulating conversations to have constant FTOs corresponding to 3) the median FTO of the NHQ condition (conNHQ) and 4) an even faster FTO of 50 ms (conLow). Forty-four participants rated conversations from the HIN condition as less natural, with poorer flow, and being more difficult to follow compared to conversations from the NHQ condition. Removing the FTO variability resulted in better ratings of flow (conNHQ vs NHQ), while further decreasing the average FTOs (conLow vs conNHQ) had no effect on the ratings. A detailed analysis revealed poorer ratings of flow for individual conversations with higher FTO median, but similar variability, while FTO variability alone did not affect ratings of flow. Together, the results indicate that listeners, and perhaps also conversation participants, are sensitive to small variations in turn-taking timing and that hearing loss may therefore affect the quality of conversations.
This research focuses on the veiled economic priorities woven into the climate change rhetoric at the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26), convened in Glasgow, Scotland, from October 31 to November 13, 2021. Drawing on 130 English-language addresses by national delegates, obtained from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) official repository, the study employs Arran Stibbe’s Ecological Discourse Analysis and his Eight Story Framework as its analytical foundation. It examines linguistic elements such as evocative terms, affirmative expressions, lexical selections, modal verbs, patterns of assertion, and pronoun use to expose underlying ideological currents. The results indicate that orations from 20 nations overtly prioritize profit-driven motives and national self-interest. These narratives reposition climate change as a platform for economic gain, with policy proposals highlighting growth and technological advancement over authentic ecological stewardship. Amazingly, 11 of these 20 nations rank among the top 25 global carbon dioxide emitters (per 2020 data), tying their rhetorical strategies to significant environmental consequences. The analysis reveals a consistent disparity between the declared commitments of developed nations to provide climate funding and their actual contributions to at-risk countries. Using COP26 as a focal point, this study illustrates how international climate platforms are frequently leveraged to continue economic norms, highlighting how linguistic choices advance broader ideological and geopolitical objectives.
The research focuses on exploring the structural and compositional features of blogs as a genre of professional Internet communication in the course of «Language of business communication». The tasks are outlined as follows: 1) to reveal the linguistic characteristics, functions, classification principles, and formatting rules of blogs; 2) to analyze blogs as a genre of professional Internet communication. The descriptive method and various types of linguistic analysis are applied. To develop students’ practical skills in professional blogging, analysis, and critical evaluation of posts by scientists, educators, and well-known public figures on the websites of reputable platforms in Ukraine, theoretical familiarization with linguistic features (stylistic, lexical, grammatical), functions (communicative, psychotherapeutic, educational, self-presentation, socialization, and others), classification principles (in particular, by authorship, by type of multimedia, by topic), and blog formatting rules (structural and compositional elements: profile, main page, individual entry/post page, friends’ feed), as well as practical analysis of the themes and structural and compositional features of the blogs by Oleksandr Ponomariv, Iryna Farion, and Taras Kremin are proposed. Posts by Oleksandr Ponomarev are grouped mainly with regard to the recommendations on language culture, discussing cases of violations of certain norms of literary language. Posts related to the history of language, sociolinguistics are also singled out. The posts demonstrate a combination of features from various functional styles of the Ukrainian language – scientific, journalistic, and colloquial. Posts by Iryna Farion are grouped in terms of the themes of the titles: about political life, problems of language policy; about prominent Ukrainians; letters, appeals; about scientific and teaching life, international relations. Such genre features of the posts as stylistic syncretism (features of journalistic, scientific, official-business, artistic, and colloquial styles), blurring the boundaries of taboo vocabulary, the use of stylistically reduced, jargon, and emotionally marked vocabulary, colloquial idioms, self-presentation (in particular, adherence to the orthographic norms of the Ukrainian spelling of 1928) are evidenced. Posts by Taras Kremin are proposed to be divided into three thematic groups: about the linguicide of the Ukrainian language by the Russian Federation, Russian aggression and propaganda, and counteraction to them; issues of the internal language situation and policy; international support for Ukraine, the Ukrainian language, and the status of the Ukrainian language in the world. The structural and compositional features of the posts, which demonstrate the important role of titles as external indicators of the text, a developed system of hyperlinks in the main body of the text, the accumulation of emotionally marked, evaluative vocabulary, grammatical and graphic markers, and the use of dialogization tools, are analyzed. Key words: «Language of Business Communication», b
This article examines the phenomenon of linguistic hybridity and the features of multigenerational communication models in the communities of the Russian Diaspora in Shanghai. The relevance of the research is due to changes in the globalized world, where diasporic communities face problems of preserving cultural identity and adapting to new living conditions. The research aims to analyze the mechanisms of formation of hybrid language practices that arise under the influence of a multilingual environment, as well as to identify patterns of intergenerational transmission of linguistic norms. The work uses an integrated approach that includes both qualitative and quantitative methods. Ethnographic observations, semi-structured interviews with representatives of various age groups, as well as content analysis in social networks and the media allowed us to collect a representative array of data. The use of comparative analysis provided the identification of key linguistic and socio-cultural characteristics affecting the processes of adaptation and intergenerational interaction in diasporic communities. Russian Russian studies show that the linguistic practice of the Russian Diaspora in Shanghai is characterized by an active mixture of lexical, syntactic, and phonetic elements of Russian, Mandarin, and English. Multigenerational communication is characterized by the presence of specific adaptive strategies, when the older generations preserve traditional linguistic norms, while the younger ones actively integrate new forms reflecting the influence of the environment. The revealed hybrid constructions serve as markers of intercultural dialogue and adaptation, providing a link between the continuity of cultural heritage and innovative forms of self-expression. The discussion focuses on the importance of adaptive language practices for the sustainability of cultural identity in the context of migration and globalization, as well as the potential for using the results obtained in the development of educational and cultural programs aimed at supporting the Russian diaspora in Shanghai. Thus, the article makes a significant contribution to the study of linguistic hybridity and models of intergenerational communication, demonstrating how global processes affect the local linguistic environment. В данной статье рассматривается феномен лингвистической гибридности и особенности многопоколенных моделей коммуникации в сообществах русской диаспоры в Шанхае. Актуальность исследования обусловлена изменениями в глобализированном мире, где диаспорные сообщества сталкиваются с проблемами сохранения культурной идентичности и адаптации к новым условиям жизни. Исследование направлено на анализ механизмов формирования гибридных языковых практик, возникающих под влиянием многоязыковой среды, а также на выявление закономерностей межпоколенной передачи языковых норм. В работе использован комплексный подход, включающий как качественные, так и количественные методики. Этнографические наблюдения, полуструктурированные интервью с представителями различных возрастных групп, а также анализ контента в социальных сетях и СМИ позволили собрать репрезентативный массив данных. Применение сравнительного анализа обеспечило идентификацию ключевых лингвистических и социокультурных характеристик, влияющих на процессы адаптации и интергенерационного взаимодействия в диаспорных сообществах. Результаты исследования свидетельствуют о том, что в языковой практике русской диаспоры в Шанхае наблюдается активное смешение лексических, синтаксических и фонетических элементов русского, мандаринского и английского языков. Многопоколенная коммуникация характеризуется наличием специфических адаптивных стратегий, когда старшие поколения сохраняют традиционные языковые нормы, а младшие активно интегрируют новые формы, отражающие влияние окружающей среды. Выявленные гибридные конструкции служат маркерами межкультурного диалога и адаптации, обеспечивая связь между преемственностью культурного наследия и инновационными формами самовыражения. Обсуждение акцентирует внимание на значении адаптивных языковых практик для устойчивости культурной идентичности в условиях миграции и глобализации, а также потенциал использования полученных результатов в разработке образовательных и культурологических программ, направленных на поддержку русской диаспоры в Шанхае. Таким образом, статья вносит весомый вклад в изучение лингвистической гибридности и моделей межпоколенной коммуникации, демонстрируя, как глобальные процессы влияют на локальную языковую среду.
This article aims to present a study during which the usage of 94 adjectives was analyzed to identify the adjectives of atypical usage. In this research, atypical adjectives are those that differ from other adjectives in terms of their grammatical and lexical-semantic features. The adjectives were selected from the Lexical Database of Lithuanian Language Usage and analyzed using the Pedagogic Corpus of Lithuanian. In total, 12 relative and 82 qualitative adjectives were examined. The research is based on the principles of lexical grammar, which posits that words with distinct grammatical features tend to also exhibit different lexical-semantic features.The study identified 2 (16.67%) relative adjectives with atypical usage. They are relatively frequently used predicatively (e.g., paskutinis ‚last‘, vidutinis ‚average‘) and possess distinctive lexical semantic features (for example, the adjective paskutinis ‘last’ semantically resembles ordinal numerals). The analysis identified 21 (26%) qualitative adjectives with atypical usage. They were identified, first of all, according to their syntactic functions: some are relatively often used attributively (e.g., bendras ‚common‘, didis ‚great‘, didžiulis ‚huge‘, kultūringas ‚cultured‘), while others are relatively often used predicatively (e.g., aiškus ‚clear‘). These adjectives also exhibit distinctive lexical-semantic features (e.g., kultūringas can also be considered a relative adjective). Qualitative adjectives of atypical usage were also identified based on their connection abilities and gradation. Some of them do not combine with adverbs of measure/degree and cannot be graded (e.g., specialus ‚special‘); some, when used attributively in the positive degree, are relatively often used with words indicating time and place (e.g., garsus ‚famous‘, populiarus ‚popular‘, vienintelis ‚the only one‘); others are relatively often used with the dative case indicating purpose or suitability (e.g., naudingas ‚useful‘, reikalingas ‚necessary‘); some are relatively frequently used with the instrumental case (e.g., garsus ‚famous‘, ypatingas ‚special‘); others can be used with the genitive case (e.g., gausus ‚abundant‘, pilnas ‚full‘, vertas ‚worth‘); some can be used with the prepositional phrase with the preposition į ‘to’ (e.g., panašus ‘similar’); and others are used with a subordinate clause when not in the neuter gender (e.g., tikras ‚sure‘). These adjectives also tend to have distinctive lexical-semantic features (e.g., the adjective tikras ‘sure’ can function synonymously with the verb žinoti ‘to know’). Atypical usage is determined based on one or more of the features listed here.
Hoarding Disorder (HD) is defined by the inability to discard objects until clutter becomes functionally impairing. A DSM-5 specifier for HD is lack of insight. A recent study found links between insight (using an objective clutter proxy) and inhibitory/cognitive control in HD. We aimed to explore associations between insight (using the same clutter proxy) and symptom severity, functioning, and cognition in Veterans with HD. 122 Veterans seeking treatment for HD completed pre-treatment assessments, including home-based assessments of clutter volume using the Clutter Imaging Rating Scale (CIR), HD severity measures, self-reported functioning, and neuropsychological testing. Insight was defined as the difference between the assessor and self-rating of the CIR (i.e., CIR-error). T-tests and regressions were used to evaluate the relationships between measures. The majority of the Veterans were older (m = 62), male (61 %), and White (57 %), with some college education. On clinical interview, only 10 % of the sample were rated with impaired insight. The mean CIR-error score was in the impaired range, with 47 % of the Veterans underreporting clutter. Lower HD severity and higher self-reported functioning were related to lower insight. Neuropsychological test performance was related to insight, but with small effects in varying directions. Nearly half of treatment-seeking Veterans demonstrated impairment in insight into levels of clutter, similar to previous work. Objective insight ratings demonstrated better sensitivity than clinician interviews for insight impairments. Lower insight was related to lower self-reported HD severity and higher self-reported functioning, raising the question of a potential insight paradox in HD.
This study explores the job-hunting challenges faced by international graduates from Kanji-using regions—namely China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, and Hong Kong—who seek employment in Japan. While many of these graduates attain high scores on standardized Japanese language proficiency exams (e.g., JLPT N1 or N2), they often encounter significant barriers that extend beyond measurable language skills. These include implicit cultural expectations, rigid institutional hiring systems, and a lack of inclusive career support mechanisms (Hanada &amp; Pappano, 2023; Murphy-Shigematsu, 2002).The Japanese employment landscape, particularly the shinsotsu-ikkatsu-saiyo (mass hiring of new graduates) system, is structured around a homogeneous cultural and linguistic norm that can be alienating for international students (Conrad &amp; Meyer-Ohle, 2019). Despite national initiatives such as the “300,000 International Students Plan” (MEXT, 2008) aimed at increasing foreign student retention, institutional and corporate responses remain inconsistent and underdeveloped (JASSO, 2022).Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 23 recent international graduates, this research investigates how these individuals interpret, navigate, and cope with the unique cultural and institutional challenges during their job-hunting journeys. Particular attention is given to aspects such as keigo (formal Japanese), ambiguous feedback in interviews, and the unspoken expectation to “read the air”—a subtle form of social cue interpretation that significantly impacts perceived cultural fit (Dou &amp; Sato, 2017).Findings indicate a disconnect between governmental policy and the day-to-day experiences of international job seekers. University support tends to remain passive and generalized toward domestic students, pushing many to rely on informal peer networks or pursue jobs in foreign-affiliated firms, thereby creating a parallel career path. This reflects a broader pattern of partial inclusion, where international graduates are granted entry into the workforce but remain excluded from advancement or decision-making spaces (Duan, Pan, &amp; Miyoshi, 2025).The study contributes to the literature by highlighting the structural and psychological dimensions of job-hunting difficulties, arguing that language proficiency must be understood in conjunction with cultural literacy and institutional flexibility. It concludes with practical recommendations for universities and employers to foster more equitable, culturally responsive, and inclusive pathways to employee.
Violence has been a significant phenomenon throughout human history and has been studied across various disciplines. With the rise of interdisciplinary approaches, it has become a central issue in many fields. Adapting a psycholinguistic perspective, this study examines how films with violent content influence people’s perception of emotions. It was hypothesized that the violent content in film the participants saw would alter their perception of the emotional content of the words they were shown. To this end, they performed a rating task on a list of positive, negative, and neutral words before and after watching a violent film. A comparison of pre- and post-ratings revealed that valence ratings decreased for all word types after watching the film, while arousal ratings remained unchanged. These findings suggest that exposure to violent content can influence how emotional words are perceived. The results provide valuable insights into the impact of violence on emotional processing.
Introduction This study investigates how neurotype influences the emotional appraisal of words. Methods A total of 131 Spanish-speaking adults in Chile (63 autistic and 68 neurotypical) rated on a 7-point Likert scale 238 Spanish nouns across six affective dimensions: (a) valence, (b) arousal, (c) subjective frequency, (d) association with depression, (e) association with anxiety, and (f) association with anger. Descriptive statistics and Principal Component Analysis were used to identify differences in lexical-affective ratings. Results The results revealed consistent group differences in the emotional interpretation of words. Autistic participants tended to assign higher ratings to emotionally intense, concrete, and interoceptively salient terms, particularly those linked to bodily sensations, anxiety, or arousal. Words such as inquietud ( uneasiness ), ducha ( shower ), and ansia ( craving ) were rated as systematically more emotionally charged by autistic participants. In contrast, neurotypical participants favored abstract, socially embedded terms like admiración ( admiration ), soledad ( loneliness ), and decepción ( disappointment ), which rely more heavily on symbolic inference and social scripts. These differences were especially marked in the anxiety and arousal dimensions. Modeling results further confirmed that neurotype predicted systematic variation in ratings across all dimensions, suggesting distinct cognitive-emotional frameworks. Discussion The findings support the hypothesis that autistic and neurotypical individuals construct emotional meaning through different experiential systems: one grounded in interoception and perceptual salience, and the other guided by social abstraction. These insights offer implications for inclusive pedagogy, clinical communication, and the design of affective tools in education and therapy. Recognizing neurotype-specific emotional semantics may help reduce miscommunication and foster more adaptive and respectful forms of interaction across neurodivergent and neurotypical populations.
<div> Food preferences differ among individuals, and these variations reflect underlying personalities or mental tendencies. However, capturing and predicting these individual differences remains challenging. Here, we propose a novel method to predict individual food preferences by using CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-Training), which can capture both visual and semantic features of food images. By applying this method to food image rating data obtained from human subjects, we demonstrated our method’s prediction capability, which achieved better scores compared to methods using pixel-based embeddings or label text-based embeddings. Our method can also be used to characterize individual traits as characteristic vectors in the embedding space. By analyzing these individual trait vectors, we captured the tendency of the trait vectors of the high picky-eater group. In contrast, the group with relatively high levels of general psychopathology did not show any bias in the distribution of trait vectors, but their preferences were significantly less well-represented by a single trait vector for each individual. Our results demonstrate that CLIP embeddings, which integrate both visual and semantic features, not only effectively predict food image preferences but also provide valuable representations of individual trait characteristics, suggesting potential applications for understanding and addressing food preference patterns in both research and clinical contexts. </div>
LOGIQ+ — Cognitive Diagnostic Assistant (TRL-8 Candidate) Version: 1.1 Date: December 01, 2025 Author: Anne Povie (Independent Research) Related DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17770976 Abstract LOGIQ+ is a research-grade cognitive diagnostic system that leverages a dual-engine architecture—semantic and non-semantic—to generate detailed, scientifically interpretable cognitive profiles. Based on the Skopein AI framework, LOGIQ+ integrates linguistic and symbolic reasoning with fractal and topological modeling to provide probabilistic assessments across cognitive, psychological, and sociological dimensions. This white paper outlines the theoretical framework, scoring architecture, and institutional use potential in education, sociology, public health, and policy-making. 1. System Architecture LOGIQ+ is powered by the Skopein AI dual-engine model: - Semantic Engine: handles symbolic reasoning, lexical abstraction, analogical transfer, and narrative patterning. - Non-Semantic Engine: analyzes dynamic response variation, fractal coherence, and topological relationality. 2. Scoring Methodology All outputs are derived using a three-tiered evidence framework: - H1: Direct linguistic and conceptual signals - H2: Recurrent cognitive structures and motifs - H3: Emergent patterns of convergence and abstraction Scores are expressed probabilistically (0.00–1.00), reflecting model confidence. 3. Cognitive Taxonomy LOGIQ+ detects four primary cognitive orientations: - Analytical - Organizational - Creative Structured - Critical Synthesizer 4. Psychosocial and Anthropological Dimensions The system includes optional interpretation layers for: - Openness to experience - Narrative identity strength - Cultural cognition and relational framing - Symbolic engagement and future orientation 5. Use Cases and Societal Impact LOGIQ+ is designed for: - Educational guidance and inclusion - Social resilience diagnostics - Cognitive readiness mapping for societal roles - Evidence-based program design and targeting 6. Ethical Position and Usage All data and scores are intended for institutional use and research. No score is used for exclusion or stigmatization. The system adheres to open science ethics and complies with PRISMA, STROBE, and RoB2 documentation norms. 7. Example Output See attached file: LOGIQ_CompleteInstitutional_Profile.json 8. Licensing and Repository Compatibility LOGIQ+ is distributed under CC BY 4.0. All files are compatible with Zenodo, HAL, and ReScience C repositories, and prepared for institutional archival referencing.
We present a family of encodings for sequence labeling dependency parsing, based on the concept of hierarchical bracketing. We prove that the existing 4-bit projective encoding belongs to this family, but it is suboptimal in the number of labels used to encode a tree. We derive an optimal hierarchical bracketing, which minimizes the number of symbols used and encodes projective trees using only 12 distinct labels (vs. 16 for the 4-bit encoding). We also extend optimal hierarchical bracketing to support arbitrary non-projectivity in a more compact way than previous encodings. Our new encodings yield competitive accuracy on a diverse set of treebanks.
Inside a challenge of ideas there are several phases in a Creative Support System (CSS), they are problem analysis, ideation, evaluation, and implementation. Our problem: we need a full semantic lexical database SLD in an oral (voice) and writing way to help stakeholders to create ideas, these ideas contain nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives in the English, Spanish, and French languages. We utilize a Cloud Service Provider to use a service of Artificial Intelligence (AI), also we prepare nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs files in order to create the service text to voice and create our SLD with voice. This paper presents, first, an introduction about some contests that use a semantic lexical database in different languages; second, a SLD management approach using analysis of texts; third, a management application approach to complete all the new elements; fourth, the results of the management application approach, finally the conclusions and future work.
This paper undertakes a Marxist literary analysis of Francesca Simon’s Horrid Henry series, with a specific focus on the short stories Horrid Henry Robs the Bank (2003), Horrid Henry’s Christmas (1994) and Horrid Henry and the Scary Sitter (1997). It studies the construction of class struggle, alienation and superstructure through the lens of comedy. This is done by positioning Henry as the subaltern figure, whose humorous behavioural transgressions expose and are simultaneously contained by prevailing parental, i.e. capitalist state, ideologies. The study is structured around three comic modalities: farce, lexico-semantics and satirical characterisation. The farcical narrative foregrounds the grotesque inequalities embedded in the superstructure; lexical humour is deployed to represent resistance to conformity to bourgeois norms linguistically; authority figures, like parents, teachers, and even babysitters, are portrayed satirically to expose the arbitrariness of ‘disciplinary’ mechanisms (which mirror marginalisation and propaganda to maintain false consciousness) at the heart of the capitalist state’s apparatus. The Horrid Henry series operates as a discursive site wherein the ideological tensions of capitalism are encoded, negotiated, and pedagogically transmitted through the comic form. Stories from three distinct quinquenniums have been selected for this study to explore the consistency in Simon’s political messages across time. Ultimately, by situating Simon’s series within broader debates on the political function of children’s literature, this research underscores the genre’s consequential role in constructing youth perspectives on class, power and justice.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Narrative discourse is a useful means to organize ideas and create shared understandings. Clinically, performing discourse analysis on disordered spoken language could facilitate researchers and clinicians not only to evaluate one's language abilities but also to foreshadow his/her communication in real-life situations. Given the normative reference data of a specific discourse task, less-biased judgement and evaluation could be made, which could further facilitate assessment and intervention planning. This study aims to first develop norms by analysing the language samples produced by neurotypical Cantonese speakers on two well-familiarized narrative stories, The Boy Who Cried Wolf, and The Tortoise and Hare. Second, we aim to investigate the potential age and education effects on a wide range of micro- and macro-structural linguistics measures. METHOD: Two semi-spontaneous story narratives from the Cantonese AphasiaBank were selected for scoring. A total of 150 neurotypical Cantonese adult speakers produced the spoken discourse samples for each story narrative. All speakers were native Cantonese speakers living in Hong Kong; they were divided into three age groups: young (18-39 years old), middle-aged (40-59 years old), and older (> 60 years old). Audio recordings were transcribed, segmented, and annotated using CHAT conventions. RESULTS: Normative references of various micro- and macro-structural linguistics measures and the standard scoring references for the two narrative stories were established. For the age effect on narrative discourse, the older adults produced less complex, coherent and thematic-related concepts compared to the young group. However, lexical diversity was preserved in the older group, resulting in no significant differences across the three age groups. For education effect, the higher education group outperformed the lower education group in verbal productiveness and content informativeness. Lastly, the two stories were found to be non-comparable to each other, thereby they should not interchange in pre- and post-test arrangements or in monitoring discourse performance. CONCLUSIONS: The Cantonese discourse norms presented here can be applied in both research and clinical settings, facilitating a more objective review of language impairment and treatment planning. Second, this study demonstrated the effect of normal ageing on both the linguistics and conceptual levels specific to discourse production. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on this subject Discourse analysis is a critical part of evaluating and understanding a person's communication abilities. Studies indicated that narrative discourse is more sensitive to specific linguistic parameters than other genres, and people with stronger narrative skills tended to have more social communication opportunities. An increasing number of studies had been working on setting norms for discourse tasks. Locally, Kong et al. (2025) have recently reported the normative references for descriptive tasks of the Cantonese AphasiaBank. What this study adds to the existing knowledge First, this study completed the norms establishment for all discourse tasks of the Cantonese AphasiaBank. Second, our analysis of the impact of different factors on narrative discourse offers significant value for clinical applications. We found that ageing was not manifested across all microstructural linguistics consistently, while lexical diversity was found to be tolerant to ageing. However, ageing was found to be adversely affecting propositional parameters and discourse informativeness. What are the clinical implications of this study? Narrative discourse, being one of the most popular tasks in clinical assessment but often faced the challenges of a lack of objective references. This study analysed two well-familiarized narrative stories, provides a complete set of norm data readily for front line clinicians and researchers, which could be used for intervention planning, monitoring progress (e.g., used them as control probes for tracking generalization effects) or as an input for investigating the interplay between linguistics and cognitive abilities.
The article discusses the process of compiling the first corpus of errors in contemporary Polish and its possible applications. The main goal of the corpus was to use it to train language models based on deep neural networks. However, during the annotation, several problems that may be of interest to linguists (especially those involved in prescriptive linguistics) were identified. Difficulties in annotation suggest that the very concept of error is unclear, as is categorization of language errors. Corpus statistics give an approximate picture of how well educated Poles know the linguistic norm and what types of errors most commonly appear in texts. Such information can be used for the purpose of language education at the school level and in Polish studies. Keywords Polish; language errors; typology of errors; corps; linguistic norm
INTRODUCTION: The Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS) and the Collum-Caput (Col-Cap) concept are tools for clinically assessing cervical dystonia severity. However, the accuracy of human ratings using these scales has not been systematically evaluated due to the lack of objective reference measurements. This study aims to assess and compare the accuracy of human TWSTRS and Col-Cap ratings to evaluate their robustness for clinical and research applications. METHODS: One hundred pictures of 26 avatars mimicking cervical dystonia were created using the Rocketbox Avatar library. Forty-one movement disorder specialists rated the head and neck positioning of the avatars using either TWSTRS or Col-Cap. Movements were defined around two rotational levels (head, neck) in three rotational axes (pitch, yaw, roll). RESULTS: Ratings of angular deviations showed a mean absolute error of 5.8° (SD = 7.0). Rating accuracy was primarily influenced by the magnitude of angular deviation, with larger angles leading to greater estimation errors. Direct comparison of the rating scales revealed a higher accuracy through Col-Cap ratings (71 % vs. 63 % for TWSTRS). Years of clinical experience did not significantly affect rating accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: Both rating systems (TWSTRS and Col-Cap) show moderate accuracy in assessing head and neck positioning from computer-generated avatars, with Col-Cap showing slightly higher overall accuracy but struggling with precise differentiation between head and neck movements. These findings underscore the limitations of current clinical rating scales and highlight the need for more objective, reliable tools to effectively assess cervical dystonia.
Humans are inherently social beings who depend on successful social interactions. Understanding how different social stimuli elicit emotional responses is crucial for both psychological and physiological research. This study aimed to develop and validate dynamic stimulus material depicting social interactions and perspective-taking. Specifically, it examined whether emotionally charged video sequences of brief hand interactions elicit affect-specific subjective and psychophysiological response patterns. A total of 81 healthy participants (42 female, 39 male) viewed video clips of hand interactions across four emotional contacts (Love, Neutral, Pain, and Rejection) and three perspectives (Agent, Interaction partner, and Observer). Participants rated arousal and valence using the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM), while electrodermal activity (EDA) and heart rate (HR) were simultaneously recorded as psychophysiological indicators. Analyses revealed significant effects of the stimuli on both subjective affect ratings and psychophysiological reactivity. SAM ratings of arousal and valence varied across emotional contacts, with perspective additionally influencing arousal. Subjective arousal was highest for Pain and Rejection, with both the Agent and Observer perspective eliciting higher arousal than the Interaction partner perspective. For subjective valence, Love was rated most positively, Pain most negatively. Similar significant effects of emotional contact, perspective, and their interactions were also observed in psychophysiological measures (EDA, HR), with Rejection inducing the highest EDA and HR. These findings demonstrate that the newly developed stimuli effectively induce distinct affective responses, providing a valuable tool for future research on affect perception and processing.
The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the translation of new language norms that emerge in social networks.The main interpretations and characteristics of these units were analysed.In addition, four main methods of translating such items, proposed by P. Newmark, were identified and illustrated with examples.The active spread of digital communication and the rapid formation of Internet-based vocabulary determined the main purpose of the investigationto analyse the features of functioning and translation of new lexical units from English into Ukrainian in the context of social media.The object of the research is the peculiarities of the translation and functioning of new language norms in digital discourse.The subject of the research is the specifics of translation of new lexical units from English into Ukrainian.The novelty of this research lies in a comprehensive analysis of how new lexical units that emerge in social networks are translated and function in Ukrainian digital discourse.It provides a systematic classification of translation methods: borrowing, transcription, transliteration; naturalisation; cultural equivalent; descriptive method.Their quantitative distribution was determined based on 50 authentic examples from popular platforms (Instagram, WhatsApp, Facebook, WeChat, TikTok).The scientific novelty also consists in identifying the tendencies of adaptation of English neologisms to Ukrainian linguistic and cultural norms, which reflects the ongoing influence of digital communication on the evolution of modern Ukrainian vocabulary.The material of the research is 50 lexical units selected from popular social media platforms such as Instagram, WhatsApp, Facebook, WeChat, and TikTok.
Verb fluency task is a screening test that shows sensitivity to lexical retrieval abilities. This study aims to establish a baseline for verb fluency in Japanese by comparing data from 61 younger and elderly Japanese speakers. The results show that the elderly group produced fewer verbs than the younger group, but compared to Lee et al. (2013), many more correct responses were produced by both groups. An analysis using the Lancaster Sensorimotor Norms found that the number of clusters and switches was smaller for the elderly participants, although the cluster size did not show any difference.
Timbral blend is a phenomenon that occurs when two or more concurrent acoustic events produced by distinct sources fuse perceptually and give rise to new timbres. Auditory scene analysis proposes that concurrent grouping cues of onset synchrony, harmonicity, and parallel change in pitch and dynamics are involved in the perceptual fusion of events, but research has also shown that several timbral cues can affect concurrent grouping. We investigated potential factors that may cause different degrees of instrumental blend in orchestral excerpts using rating scales ranging from “unity” to “multiplicity” and from “strongly blended” to “not at all blended.” With linear mixed effects modeling, the factors found to affect ratings included the rating scale used, musical training, timbre class (instrument families involved), the degree of parallelism and onset synchrony of melodic lines involved in the blend, the number of different notes present simultaneously, and several acoustic features related to timbre. Musicians differ from nonmusicians in the use of the multiplicity scale, rating excerpts as more multiple, even if they are fairly well blended, whereas nonmusicians ratings are similar for both scales and to musicians’ ratings of blend. Excerpts with bowed strings and/or woodwinds blend the strongest, followed by combinations involving brass instruments, with excerpts involving percussion and plucked strings blending the least. The important finding of this study on real musical excerpts is in demonstrating the relative roles of the score-based and acoustic factors that are associated with the perception of multiplicity and blend in complex orchestral sonorities as well as the influence of musical training.
Recent advancements in neuroscience have shown that rhythmic motor activity can reduce emotional arousal and support emotion regulation. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear; specifically, whether motor rhythm alone is sufficient to produce these effects. To investigate this question, I tested whether engaging in rhythmic hand movements affects emotional reactions to images from the Open Affective Standardized Image Set (OASIS). I conducted three separate experiments comparing participant ratings of images’ arousal and valence when stationary versus when performing a bimanual finger-tapping task. I recruited 110 participants from the Psychology 101 pool at Bates College and convenience sampling methods, between ages 18 and 41 years old. In Experiment 1, participants were divided into three groups (control, simple rhythm, and syncopated rhythm), and I observed evidence that rhythm performance may affect arousal ratings but not valence ratings. So, I conducted Experiment 2 as a follow-up study, simplifying the experimental design by dividing participants into only two groups: control and alternating rhythm. The results of Experiment 2 confirmed the evidence from Experiment 1, but over a limited range of valence ratings. Therefore, I conducted Experiment 3, replicating the procedures of Experiment 2, to evaluate whether my findings generalized to a broader range of valences. Altogether, my findings show that the performance of a bimanual rhythm flattens extreme arousal ratings without affecting valence ratings. This suggests that rhythm performance reduces the subjective intensity of emotional experience, consistent with my hypothesis that rhythmic body movements can contribute to emotional desensitization. This finding suggests that therapeutic approaches involving movements such as EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) therapy may operate by affecting emotional arousal in response to traumatic memories while preserving subjective appraisals of the valence associated with those memories.
We introduce UniRST, the first unified RST-style discourse parser capable of handling 18 treebanks in 11 languages without modifying their relation inventories. To overcome inventory incompatibilities, we propose and evaluate two training strategies: Multi-Head, which assigns separate relation classification layer per inventory, and Masked-Union, which enables shared parameter training through selective label masking. We first benchmark monotreebank parsing with a simple yet effective augmentation technique for low-resource settings. We then train a unified model and show that (1) the parameter efficient Masked-Union approach is also the strongest, and (2) UniRST outperforms 16 of 18 mono-treebank baselines, demonstrating the advantages of a single-model, multilingual end-to-end discourse parsing across diverse resources.