Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
Kinship terms represent a significant component of the lexical and semantic system of any language, as they reflect social organization, cultural norms and interpersonal relationships. This study shows the functional and semantic features of kinship terms in the English language from a functionalsemantic perspective. The research examines the classification of kinship terms their semantic properties, including literal and figurative meanings, and their communicative functions in various contexts.
This study examines women’s language features and micro-narcissistic self-presentation in digitally mediated religious discourse, focusing on question-and-answer (Q&A) interactions in the online “Pengajian Sabilu Taubah” led by Gus Iqdam. Adopting a qualitative descriptive design with a sociopragmatic orientation, the study aims to explore how female participants use language to negotiate emotion, politeness, authority, and self-visibility in a publicly streamed religious forum. The data were drawn from five publicly accessible livestream recordings and were selected through purposive sampling based on the presence of direct interaction with female participants, extended utterances, and adequate audio-visual quality. Three women participants were analyzed as primary data sources, while two additional participants were used for confirmatory analysis. The primary research instrument was detailed discourse transcription, including lexical, prosodic, and paralinguistic features. Data analysis followed a theory-driven qualitative content analysis guided by Lakoff’s framework of women’s language and Pearson’s functional classification, with data validation ensured through triangulation and confirmatory analysis. The findings show that women’s language in the Q&A sessions is characterized by expressive-affective features, mitigation strategies, and response-oriented utterances that function to elicit recognition and maintain politeness toward religious authority. Furthermore, micro-narcissistic self-presentation is realized through subtle and socially acceptable linguistic practices, such as admiration-seeking expressions and self-referential narratives, rather than overt self-promotion. This study contributes to sociopragmatic and gender-based discourse research by highlighting women’s linguistic agency in digital religious interaction and by conceptualizing micro-narcissism as an interactional phenomenon shaped by religious norms and public visibility.
This article explores the field of lexical semantics and its significant role in shaping cultural perception within language. Lexical semantics, as a branch of linguistics, examines the meaning of words and their interrelations, revealing how language encodes cultural values, social norms, and collective cognition. The study analyzes various lexical items across languages, demonstrating how differences in word meanings can influence cultural understanding and worldview. Furthermore, the article highlights the dynamic interplay between language and culture, emphasizing that shifts in lexical semantics reflect changes in societal attitudes and cultural identity. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the interconnection between linguistic meaning and cultural perception, providing insights for cross-cultural communication, translation studies, and cognitive linguistics.
This article analyzes how national colour – the culturally specific identity of Victorian England – is translated in the Uzbek version of Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre through the strategies of domestication and foreignization. National colour is understood as a linguocultural phenomenon that reflects historical realities, social norms, worldview, etiquette, and symbolic vocabulary of the source culture. The study focuses on culturally marked lexical units, realia, forms of address, and stylistically marked expressions in the novel. The analysis shows that domestication is widely used in Uzbek translations to facilitate readability and cultural accessibility, while foreignization is employed to maintain authentic Victorian context. It is concluded that a balanced combination of these strategies is necessary to preserve cultural equivalence, and that translation of national colour involves not only linguistic substitution but also cultural interpretation and pragmatically grounded adaptation.
Sport’s accelerating internationalization has increased the need for accurate, consistent English–Uzbek translation of sports terms in international events, media, and education. Because sports discourse combines technical rule-based vocabulary with tactical language and culture-specific expressions, translators often face polysemy, competing synonyms shaped by regional norms, and semantic shifts in borrowed items. This study outlines the main lexical-semantic challenges and emphasizes that standardization is essential for official texts, while media and educational materials require flexible, audience-oriented solutions.
Kadyr Myrza Ali is a prominent figure in Kazakh poetry who established the national spirit through artistic expression and closely integrated his creative worldview with the life and consciousness of the people. The distinctive feature of the poet’s work lies in his ability to artistically represent national identity by combining folk worldview and everyday rural life with profound philosophical reflection. His poetry comprehensively depicts the socio-psychological image of Kazakh society, its behavioral characteristics, and its spiritual development. The poetic language of Kadyr Myrza Ali is rooted in the folk lexical heritage shaped within the rural environment. Through poetic representation of national history, culture, and traditional ways of life, the poet constructs the national character by means of the village space. From this perspective, his creative legacy can be regarded as the artistic pinnacle of Kazakh village poetry. For the poet, the village is not merely a geographical location but a guardian of national spirit, traditions, language, and worldview. In Kadyr Myrza Ali’s poetry, village life encompasses all stages of human existence—from childhood to old age. The life path of individuals, along with the ethical norms and psychological states of rural people, is portrayed with authenticity and artistic depth. This quality enhances the educational and cognitive value of the poet’s works, linking village poetry with the principles of national pedagogy. Notably, his poems written for children clearly reflect the ideals of national upbringing, morality, and humanistic values. The poet’s works vividly depict the natural landscapes of the Kazakh steppe and the essential elements of rural life. Steppe reliefs, summer and winter pastures (zhailau and kystau), livestock, yurts, national games, and traditional customs become central symbols of village poetry. These artistic details reveal the historical memory and cultural of the Kazakh people, presenting the village as a spiritual space where national values are continuity concentrated.
The article examines religious axiological units in Uzbek and English as significant linguistic and cultural phenomena. Axiological units—lexical, phraseological, and discursive elements that encode values—are analyzed as carriers of religious worldviews, moral norms, and evaluative meanings. Drawing on axiological linguistics, pragmatics, and discourse analysis, the study compares how Islamic and Christian traditions shape value-laden language in Uzbek and English respectively. The analysis identifies dominant axiological categories such as faith, morality, humility, sin, righteousness, and reward, explores their linguistic realization, and discusses implications for translation and intercultural communication.
Official style has a significant function in administrative, legal, diplomatic, and institutional communication. This research explores the semantic, grammatical, and functional aspects of official style in English and Uzbek languages. Through comparative linguistic analysis, the study determines both similarities and differences in structural organization, lexical choice, and pragmatic features. The results reveal that both languages demonstrate common characteristics such as formality, accuracy, and standardization, while variations are observed in syntactic patterns, terminology, and cultural norms. This research enhances the understanding of official discourse from a cross-linguistic perspective.
. The primary task of a dictionary is to collect, describe, and systematize the vocabulary of the Uzbek literary language. This process consists of determining the lexical structure of the language, defining the meaning and scope of use of words, as well as strengthening and stabilizing the norms of the literary language. The dictionary not only explains the meanings of words but also provides their correct pronunciation, grammatical forms, and stylistic features, which helps in the correct use of the language. At the same time, according to the requirements of the time, the dictionary makes a significant contribution to improving the culture of speech, as it teaches students and users the most important rules of the literary language.
Pure speech language models aim to learn language directly from raw audio without textual resources. A key challenge is that discrete tokens from self-supervised speech encoders result in excessively long sequences, motivating recent work on syllable-like units. However, methods like Sylber and SyllableLM rely on intricate multi-stage training pipelines. We propose ZeroSyl, a simple training-free method to extract syllable boundaries and embeddings directly from a frozen WavLM model. Using L2 norms of features in WavLM's intermediate layers, ZeroSyl achieves competitive syllable segmentation performance. The resulting segments are mean-pooled, discretized using K-means, and used to train a language model. ZeroSyl outperforms prior syllabic tokenizers across lexical, syntactic, and narrative benchmarks. Scaling experiments show that while finer-grained units are beneficial for lexical tasks, our discovered syllabic units exhibit better scaling behavior for syntactic modeling.
This article examines in detail the theoretical, methodological, and practical foundations of adhering to the norms of the Uzbek literary language in translation. Syntactic, lexical, and stylistic deviations in contemporary translations are analyzed, and their impact on national linguistic identity is discussed. The author develops the concept of a “linguistic filter” as a practical translation model and compares Uzbek translation scholarship with modern Western translation theories.
The concept of crime occupies a central place in legal, linguistic, and social studies, as it reflects actions that violate established norms and threaten public order. In academic discourse, this concept is primarily expressed through the terms “crime” and “offense”, along with their numerous derivatives. Each of these terms carries specific semantic, pragmatic, and stylistic nuances that shape how unlawful behavior is described and interpreted in various contexts. This study focuses on expressing the CRIME concept through the lexical units “crime”, “offense”, and their derivations, examining their meanings, functions, and usage patterns in modern English. Understanding these terms not only contributes to a clearer interpretation of legal texts, but also enhances cross-disciplinary analysis involving linguistics, criminology, and communication studies.
The article presents online communication as a specific form of interaction characterized by the hybridization of spoken and written, everyday, existential, and institutional discourse.Formally, the development of online communication is influenced by hypertextuality and creolization, as well as the widespread use of acronyms and emoticons.Based on English-language examples, the study demonstrates that user interaction in the online environment is a type of computer-mediated communication carried out through electronic text messages.This form of communication is characterized by its virtual nature, anonymity, distance, global reach, playfulness, the neutralization of temporal and spatial parameters, the leveling of communicants' status, and the absence of social coercion.The article argues that the concept of "politeness" exists in the consciousness of English speakers and has the potential for verbalization within communicative space.This potential is reflected in lexical units recorded in lexicographic sources.The semantic content of these lexemes allows politeness to be interpreted, on the one hand, as a general characteristic of human behavior and its verbal manifestation, and, on the other hand, as both the external expressions of such behavior and its internal motivation.The research findings indicate that when English lexical units representing the concept of "politeness" in English linguocultural consciousness function in modern English-language online communication, corresponding meanings are constructed in users' minds.The specificity of constructing these meanings is determined by the nature of contemporary English online communication as a cognitive-communicative phenomenon, a process, and a result of users' speech activity.This includes perceiving the world as text, the fragmented identity of users, playfulness and non-seriousness, the leveling of communicants' status, the absence of social coercion, and, most importantly, the erosion of norms and values alongside pluralism.
This article explores the conceptualization of the emotion anger (referred to as “g‘azab” in Uzbek) within the worldview of diverse linguistic systems, drawing on conceptual metaphor theory and conceptual metonymy theory. Through a comparative analysis of metaphorical and metonymic models in typologically varied languages (primarily English, Uzbek, and Russian), the study identifies near-universal patterns rooted in embodied physiological experiences—such as anger is heat, anger is pressure, anger is fire, and anger is an opponent—while highlighting culture- and language-specific variations in salience, elaboration, and additional mappings. The research employs corpus-based and lexical approaches to examine linguistic expressions, idioms, and proverbs, demonstrating how embodied universality interacts with cultural norms, social values, and contextual factors to shape folk models of anger.
This study examines efforts to preserve the naturalness and sustainability of the Kazakh language from an ecolinguistic perspective. A systematic review method is employed, analyzing 32 academic publications obtained from designated databases covering the period 2020–2025. The findings indicate that language preservation relies on structural interventions such as national language policies, public prestige, and alphabet reform. Lexical strategies that balance terminology modernization with the preservation of traditional cultural discourse and educational policies that prioritize national identity and standardized norms were also within those structural interventions. The findings reveal that globalization (English) and historical language hierarchies (Russian) have narrowed the language's academic and public functions, and digitalization has presented opportunities and led to normative deviations. Ultimately, the ecological sustainability of the Kazakh language requires a holistic, proactive, and data-driven governance model that integrates policy, education, and digital technology, beyond merely prescriptive or simplistic approaches. This study offers a theoretical synthesis and a practical roadmap for language planners by outlining policy-oriented strategies, education-based interventions, and technology-supported mechanisms for sustaining linguistic naturalness.
The article aimed to describe the psychoanalytic structure of the character as a model of child self-regulation, realised through narrative interaction with norms, organisation of everyday life and a system of representations. The research methodology combined a close reading of the text, a procedural narrative analysis involving the coding of episodes according to the following scheme: source of the norm, form of control, action of the heroine, consequence, a comparative analysis of translations and a visual-narrative comparison. Six codes of self-regulation were identified during the analysis: inversion of authority; play as a way of cognition; comic redefinition; control of the environment through space and objects; everyday choice through food and sweets; and visual consolidation of autonomy. The analysis involved procedural coding of episodes, followed by a comparison of the translated variants and visual markers, and the generalisations are presented in analytical tables. The analysis distinguished six codes of self-regulation: inversion of authority; play as a method of cognition; comic redefinition; control of the environment through space and objects; everyday choice through food and sweets; and visual consolidation of autonomy. It was established that the “institution-child” conflict functions as a transfer of the rule from the sanctioned sphere to the testing sphere, while laughter creates a cognitive distance that reduces dependence on external evaluation. Five spatial scenarios of interaction with norms and four levels of representation (text, image, stage or screen, and critical description) were described. The stability of reference to the character was explained through a three-level model of identification conditions (core, attributes, and context). A comparison of translations showed that although lexical mitigation may alter the intensity with which rebellion is interpreted, it does not destroy the procedural core. The practical significance lies in the potential application of the proposed codes as an analytical framework for interpreting children’s narratives, comparing translations and describing adaptations within educational and editorial practices
The article is devoted to the study of glossaries as a specific paratextual form that provides interpretative foundations for the study of constructed languages in works of fiction. Based on the novel and graphic novel Watership Down by R. Adams, the article analyzes the lexical and grammatical features and functional principles of the Lapin language, which marks the animal-centered narrative. A review of heterogeneous approaches to the conceptualization of artificial languages in linguistic, literary, and translation studies is provided. The scientific research distinguishes between the terms conlang and artlang. Following J. R. R. Tolkien, the fundamental aspects of language creation are presented. The scope of the novel is outlined from the perspective of the genealogy of narrative works. An etymological analysis of the taxonomy “Lapinsky” is conducted, which directly reflects the unity of the composition of the literary work and the proposed language system. The artlang glossary is examined in terms of the constitutive factors of language, taking into account R. Jakobson's systematics. Using the method of continuous sampling of factual material, as well as descriptive and inductive methods, a lexical-grammatical analysis of the linguistic means of the specified art language was carried out. Particular attention is paid to the study of the derivational models of the Lyapinsky construct, which contributes to a deeper understanding of the linguistic potential. The results of the study confirm the importance of reproducing the glossary as a paratextual integrity that forms a correlative pair with the main text and contributes to preserving the sense of unevenness of the textual fabric, making it possible to avoid explication or generalization through the use of the technique of alienation. At the same time, a number of paratextual shifts and paratranslation decisions in the Ukrainian versions of the work are highlighted, in particular, the subordination of art language lexical units to the norms of the target language is traced, and inaccuracies in the representation of honorifics, etc., are emphasized. The study deepens the study of translation strategies in the context of reproducing artificial languages and justifies the glossary as a legitimate way of preserving the linguistic features of the original in the target culture.
This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) and its abbreviated version (FAB-15) in a sample of 1,071 Chilean adults. The participants comprised both a general population group and a clinical group diagnosed with major neurocognitive disorder. By utilizing confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory, the research assessed the structural validity and item characteristics of the tool. The results demonstrated that the FAB-15, which excludes the "Prehension behavior" item, exhibited a superior statistical fit and a more stable unidimensional structure compared to the original battery. The analysis indicated that the omitted item contributed minimally to the scale's discriminative capacity. Furthermore, IRT analysis identified significant differential item functioning (DIF), indicating that the test performance is not measurement invariant. The scores were found to be influenced by sociodemographic variables, specifically educational level and age. Notably, the "Similarities" item displayed a marked nonuniform bias related to education, and significant nonuniform DIF was also detected for age. In contrast, "Lexical Fluency" was identified as the item with the highest discriminative power for executive function. Although the instrument showed adequate reliability, the presence of these biases necessitates caution in interpreting raw scores. To address this, the study developed normative data stratified by age and education. These norms are intended to correct for the identified metric biases, allowing for a more accurate and objective assessment of executive functions in clinical settings.
The given article dwells on the word-formation processes involving somatic vocabulary (words denoting body parts) in the poetic works of the renowned 14th-century Tajik-Persian poet Kamol Khujandi. The study identifies and analyzes the morphological, syntactic-morphological, and lexical-semantic methods employed by the poet to create derivative and compound words from somatisms such as dil (heart), dast (hand), chashm (eye), jon (soul), and others. The research reveals that somatisms function as highly productive bases for word formation in Khujandi’s poetry, with the word dil appearing 278 times in derivative and compound structures. The poet utilizes prefixes (particularly be-), suffixes (-a, -ī, -goh), and combinatorial methods to create new lexical units that often acquire metaphorical meanings beyond their physiological references. These word-formation patterns reflect both the linguistic norms of Classical Persian-Tajik and the poet’s individual stylistic innovations. The findings contribute to the understanding of historical word-formation processes in Tajik and Persian linguistics and highlight the role of somatic vocabulary in poetic expression.
This article explores the sociolinguistic and gender-related aspects of expressing affection in the English and Uzbek languages. The study focuses on the ways emotional closeness, care, and affection are conveyed through linguistic forms in different communicative contexts. Special attention is given to the influence of gender on the selection and use of affectionate expressions in everyday speech. The research applies comparative and sociolinguistic analysis to examine lexical and pragmatic features of affectionate language in both linguistic systems. The findings demonstrate that affectionate expressions are shaped not only by linguistic structures but also by cultural traditions, social norms, and gender roles present in society. While English tends to employ a variety of affectionate terms that are commonly used in informal communication, Uzbek affectionate expressions often reflect cultural values such as respect, intimacy, and social hierarchy. The comparative analysis reveals both similarities and differences in the linguistic representation of affection in the two languages. The results of the study contribute to a deeper understanding of gender-sensitive communication and highlight the importance of sociolinguistic factors in shaping emotional language in different cultures.
The author continues the research begun in previous articles («Philosophy and Culture», 2023, no. 11; «Philosophy and Culture», 2024, no. 7). The subject of this study is the Christian discourse of the British television series «Robin of Sherwood» (1984 – 1986). The author examines the problem of violence in the series' cinematic text, as well as in Russian-language literary and historical online resources created by its audience. Viewers' interpretations of violent episodes are compared from the perspective of various value-normative systems, including the norms of Soviet education, the laws of market capitalism, the principles of modern civil society, the mores of medieval European society, and the ideals of Christian ethics. The methodological basis of this work is a philosophical and hermeneutic approach, which utilizes a hermeneutic interpretation of the artistic text, incorporating elements of historical and cultural, contextual, intertextual, and lexical-syntactic analysis. An axiological approach is also employed to identify the value hierarchy within the worldviews of the film's creators and its viewers. The sociocultural concept of E. Durkheim is used as a paradigm explaining the nature of violence. A high degree of congruence is revealed between the values of Christian humanism and the ethical principles that underpinned the socialization of the film's Russian-speaking audience in the 1970s and 1980s. The most active discussions in the literary internet space revolve around episodes of violence by positive characters, primarily Robin Hood, against a helpless opponent. It is concluded that Robin Hood is depicted in the film as a sovereign possessing legitimate political power, one of whose prerogatives is the right to use violence. At the same time, the series' narrative demonstrates a «character arc» – the consistent development of the protagonist's self-awareness toward the norms of Christian morality.
The subject of the study is a procedure for automatic diagnostic assessment of the quality of machine abstracts of scientific texts in Russian, based on a joint analysis of three factors: lexical similarity, semantic proximity and degree of compression. The object of the study is machine abstracts of Russian-language scientific articles generated by extractive (TextRank, LexRank, Lingvo) and abstract (mT5, mBART, ruT5, T5) abstracting models. The work is aimed at solving the problem of the uninformativeness of standard one-dimensional assessment metrics - ROUGE and BERTScore - which reduce the multidimensional concept of quality to a single scalar value and do not allow us to establish the reason for the low quality of the generated abstract: whether it is a consequence of mechanical copying of fragments of the original, semantic losses during paraphrasing, inadequate degree of compression or other generation defects. The relevance of the study is due to the growing volume of Russian-language scientific information that requires automatic processing, and the need to develop tools that provide not only quantitative assessment, but also interpretable diagnosis of types of errors in abstracting models. An approach is proposed based on z-normalization of the ROUGE-L and BLEURT metrics relative to the statistical distribution of author's abstracts, threshold classification into seven diagnostic categories, and calculation of an integral quality metric with a Gaussian penalty for anomalous deviation. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the development of a three-factor diagnostic assessment system, which, unlike existing approaches, calibrates the assessments relative to the statistical norm of the author's abstracts, uses an information-independent pair of metrics (the correlation between ROUGE-L Precision and BLEURT is r=0.14) and assigns to each abstract an interpretable diagnosis from seven categories: excessive copying, semantic incompleteness, insufficient compression, excessive compression, low lexical similarity, ambiguous pattern and target zone. Experimental testing on a corpus of 480 Russian-language scientific articles in eight subject areas with the participation of seven abstraction models confirmed the differentiating ability of the proposed approach: extractive models are systematically diagnosed as “copying” and “insufficient compression”, multilingual abstract models show a significant proportion of “semantic incompleteness”, and Russian-language models show the most balanced profile. The proposed integral metric Q with weighted components and a Gaussian penalty makes it possible to rank abstracting systems taking into account multiple aspects of quality and is consistent with expert ideas about the balance of models.
This research examines the semantic changes that occur in borrowed words within modern English and Uzbek. Lexical borrowing is an inevitable linguistic phenomenon that arises from long-term cultural, social, and historical interaction between languages. When words enter a new linguistic environment, they often undergo semantic transformation influenced by the norms and communicative needs of the receiving language. The present study aims to identify the most common types of semantic shift observed in loanwords and to compare how these processes function in English and Uzbek. Descriptive and comparative methods were employed to analyze selected lexical items. The findings show that semantic narrowing, semantic extension, and metaphorical shift are the most frequent patterns affecting borrowed vocabulary in both languages. The study also highlights the important role of cultural context in shaping meaning change.
A leading Pauline scholar, A. Andrew Das is a professor of Religious Studies at Elmhurst University and has published prolifically on the Pauline corpus for both evangelical and broader scholarly audiences. He further introduces himself in this volume as the ‘husband of one wife’ and member of ‘a Protestant tradition that permits the remarriage of the innocent party of a divorce’ (9)—facts that are relevant to share because of the sensitive nature of the argument, which Das knows may elicit ‘bad press’ in his ecclesial context (292). Undeterred, Das sets forth a bold new examination of a long-debated matter: early Christian belief about the permissibility of remarriage following divorce. I use the singular ‘belief’ here intentionally, because Das means to demonstrate that a strong—indeed, absolute—consensus on this question can be traced from the teachings of Jesus through the Council of Nicaea (325 ce). Incongruous as it may be to modern sensibilities, Das contends that this consensus is negative: Early Christian writers are uniform in prohibiting remarriage following divorce. The study's scope is limited to this issue of remarriage, in particular. Marriage and divorce are addressed regularly, but only tangentially, as they relate specifically to remarriage. Methodologically, Das employs close textual analysis of all the most relevant biblical and patristic sources, engaging heavily with recent scholarship as he attends, especially, to grammatical and contextual considerations in each passage. Thus, his discussions are largely technical. Nevertheless, Das is well attuned to the broader implications of the study. His Introduction situates it within a stream of recent and some more popular treatments (Heth and Wenham, Instone-Brewer and Keener) whose specific readings he frequently engages (and often dismantles), even as he acknowledges that his case ‘goes against the headwinds of an emerging consensus that remarriage was permitted by the first Christians’ (12). The book therefore exhibits a refreshing combination of technical ardour and practical concern. Das's case begins (Chapter 1) with a contextual survey of ancient attitudes towards divorce and remarriage and a ‘widespread acceptance’ of both that navigates Greek, Roman and Jewish perspectives (15). In Judaism, the Mosaic Law allows for divorce certificates (Deut 24:1–4) and does not explicitly address the issue of subsequent remarriage, so that by the Second Temple period the freedom to do so is broadly assumed (the more rigid position of Qumran notwithstanding). Likewise in the Greco-Roman world, remarriage is protected as a legal right and, under Augustus, even mandated, despite the lingering conservative ideal of the univira, the lifelong, single-marriage woman. Both contexts, therefore, generally allow or even affirm remarriage, though dissent is not entirely unattested. This latter qualification is significant for Das's treatment of New Testament texts, which aims in part to address the objection that a radical rejection of remarriage within early Christianity would be ‘culturally unprecedented’ (13). Chapters 2–4 together consider the teaching of Jesus as presented in the Gospels, which, if not unprecedented, is at least deeply countercultural. Here, Das deftly navigates methodological tensions by engaging both critical and non-critical approaches. On the one hand, reconstruction of the historical Jesus ‘behind’ the Gospels yields three streams of teaching (Matt 5:32/Luke 16:18, Mark 10:11/Matt 19:9 and the Pauline material of 1 Cor 7) which meet the critical criteria of authenticity (multiple attestation, embarrassment and dissimilarity). On the other hand, the Gospels' presentations of the remembered Jesus, as analysed from the perspective of modern memory studies, include narrative contexts that frame and thus integrate his teaching on remarriage with other key themes, such as the cost of discipleship (Mark) and continuity with the law and prophets (Luke). Thus, accepting as authentic the absolute forms of Jesus's teachings against remarriage in Mark and Luke (Mark 10:11–12 and Luke 16:18) is not dependent on any particular scholarly method. What about Matthew's well-known ‘exception clauses’ (Matt 5:32; 19:9), however? Das allocates two chapters (Chapters 3–4) to these texts, the most formidable obstacles to his thesis. Much hinges on our interpretations of the phrase ‘μὴ ἐπὶ πορνείᾳ’ (the basis for the exception in both passages) and of the claim that the one who remarries commits adultery (μοιχᾶται). In Chapter 3, Das handily dismisses creative attempts to overtranslate the passive (deponent) form, such that stigmatization, rather than adultery, is in view. He also shows the grammatical untenability of both restricting and widening the meaning of πορνείᾳ in various readings. A lexical study proves that in New Testament usage, it is ‘a broad term referring to sexual relations outside [the] marital context’ (143). As traditionally understood, then, the exception clauses permit divorce on the grounds of sexual immorality, which has already severed the marriage bond. Do they also—as now widely assumed—authorize remarriage, though? Chapter 4 argues emphatically that they do not. For Das, this modern interpretation leads to some problematic conclusions (e.g., ‘the innocent spouse of an illegitimate divorce may not remarry, while the guilty spouse of a legitimate divorce would be free to do so’; 157). For both Matthean texts, Das questions the now-prevailing tendency to assume what is not explicitly stated: that the exception on the grounds of adultery applies to both divorce and remarriage. He adduces several lines of overlooked textual and contextual evidence: the variant (but possibly original) reading of Vaticanus, the phrase's grammatical positioning, comparative analysis of the construction, the constraining effect of the absolute statements in the other Gospels and the lack of early Christian references to such an exception. Moreover, he connects Matt 19:9 with the subsequent enigmatic discussion about eunuchs (19:10–12), which, on this reading, describes divorcees as those who ‘have been made eunuchs for the sake of the kingdom’. In their case, ‘As difficult as a life of such discipleship may be, Jesus insists that the celibate lifestyle remains possible thanks to the help of God’ (187). Chapter 5 turns to Paul and the earliest textual witness to the dominical tradition (1 Cor 7:10–11). Again, Das notes that any permission for remarriage must be read into the prohibition of divorce and Paul's ensuing discussion in 1 Cor 7. Das methodically counters five alternate (more flexible) interpretations, including, most notably, Paul's statement that the Christian abandoned by an unbelieving spouse is ‘not bound’ (1 Cor 7:15). Das shows that in this context, Paul uses the technical language of ‘freedom’ commonly found in divorce certificates only to describe the status of widows (7:39). The same idea is found in Romans 7:2–3, where Paul's analogy for freedom from the law assumes that a marital bond terminates only in death. With all possible escape routes exhausted, Das concludes that ‘What remains at the end of the day is the firm, unqualified, command of the Lord in 1 Cor 7:11 that the divorced are not to remarry’ (231). Finally, Das examines the reception of this dominical and Pauline material in the early Church, from the Apostolic Fathers through the canons of Nicaea. His most extensive discussions centre on Justin Martyr, Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria and Origen, though many others receive passing mentions. The findings are not surprising: One searches in vain for an explicit sanction of remarriage in cases of divorce—even in commentary on the so-called Matthean exception texts (268). Bolstering the case, Das disputes the common charge that the overly ‘ascetic’ (Platonic) tendencies of early Christianity explain this radical position. Even beyond the well-documented difficulties of defining the term ‘ascetic’, Das argues that, as his chapters on the New Testament material attest, ‘ascetic elements were present at the beginning’ of the Christian movement, in the teachings of Jesus and Paul—with the writers of the following centuries ‘merely following in their footsteps’ (275). The existential weight of his case, particularly for those who ‘draw upon the biblical witness as the sole or primary norm for personal or churchly practice’, is not lost on Das (286). If he is correct, how should his fellow Protestants, who have almost universally embraced remarriage, proceed? Das's concluding reflections are very brief, and not quite pastoral, but sensitive and hopeful. Jesus and Paul may view remarriage as adultery, but adultery, like all sins, can be forgiven. Their teachings need not imply that remarriage is a state of continuous adultery (288). Second marriages are real marriages, even if not convened appropriately, and the New Testament never calls for them to be dissolved after the fact. Das's parting counsel, therefore, is that ‘The remarried partners should repent of the adultery and then remain “where they are,” to draw on Paul's language in 1 Cor 7’ (291). Of course, Das recognizes that it is for others—ethicists, pastors and counsellors—to work out the practical implications of his argument in full; but there is no question that it will be necessary for them to do so moving forward. Though this study is scholarly and at times technical, its lucid central arguments should be accessible to determined non-specialists. And the gravity of its claims must at least be sensed and addressed, even if not ultimately accepted, by all Christians who regard Scripture and Tradition as in any sense authoritative for faith and practice.
This study examines the functional-semantic characteristics of the kinship terms “brother-in-law” in English and “qaynogʻa/qayni” in Uzbek from a comparative linguistic perspective. The research analyzes the morphological structure, etymology, and semantic scope of the English compound noun brother-in-law, highlighting its analytic and endocentric structure and its historical development from legal terminology derived from the Latin affinis. Particular attention is given to the polysemous nature of the term in English, which encompasses several affinal kinship relations and relies heavily on contextual clarification. In contrast, the Uzbek language employs a lexically differentiated system of kinship terminology, where distinct terms such as qayniuka, qayniaka, and kuyov precisely denote specific marital relations. The study also explores functional-semantic microsystems within both languages, demonstrating how Uzbek kinship terminology reflects a more detailed hierarchical and cultural structure. The findings reveal that while English kinship terminology tends toward semantic generalization and contextual interpretation, Uzbek demonstrates a highly differentiated lexical system that encodes social roles, generational relations, and cultural norms.
This study examines the discursive construction of sexism in Moroccan football fandom through a digital ethnography of online posts and stadium banners. Drawing on Facebook posts and widely circulated Ultras banners, the analysis explores how gendered exclusion is produced and normalized in contemporary fan communities. Using Teun A. van Dijk's Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), the study examines lexical choices, syntactic patterns, and rhetorical devices—such as epiphora, metaphor, and hyperbole—that portray women as biologically unfit, morally loose, or out of place in stadiums. At the meso-level, the analysis reveals shared social cognitions that position women as an out-group whose presence threatens the imagined authenticity of male fandom. At the macro-level, informed by feminist theory, the findings show how these discourses reproduce broader patriarchal norms in Moroccan society, including gendered gatekeeping of public space, moral policing of women's bodies, and the use of female kinship “sisters” as tools for male-to-male humiliation. The findings demonstrate that sexist fan discourse operates as a patterned ideological practice that contributes to the exclusion of women from Moroccan football fandom and public life.
The article examines the mechanisms of implementing paradoxicality in aphorisms of twentiethcentury American poetry. Paradoxicality holds a prominent place in contemporary studies, as it reflects not only the uniqueness of linguistic expression, but also the complexity of cognitive processes. As a significant object of linguistic analysis, it demonstrates the ability of languages to generate contradictory yet semantically rich statements, which challenge traditional norms and enhance the philosophical and cultural dimensions of poetic discourse.An endeavour is made to scrutinise aphorisms as one of the most effective means of verbalising paradoxicality, given that they are capable of producing new senses through semantic oppositions and the violation of habitual models and norms of lexical compatibility, creating a contrast between the expectedand the unexpected. Despite the fact that aphorisms have long attracted the attention of the scientific community and as a linguistic and cultural phenomenon have been studied by representatives of various scientific schools, a number of issues still require more detailed consideration. Paradoxicality as one of the defining features of aphoristic expressions is among such issues. It is precisely the paradoxical approach to comprehending phenomena and objects of the surrounding world that shapes the distinctiveness of the aphorism as a form of deep philosophical generalisation and verbalisation of human experiences. Due to their original and stunning content, aphorisms often transcend traditional criteria of truth and falsity. The material for the study encompasses the aphorisms selected from the works of twentieth-century American poetry. This literary corpus represents a valuable source of forms in which the authors’ individuality combines with universal cultural codes. Such expressions not only exhibit the intricate existential and philosophical ideas of their era, but also remain relevant in the twenty-first century, shaping our critical engagement with complex and multifaceted issues.
Abstract While much work on language variation and change has stressed the role of social context, relatively little attention has been paid to the ways in which particular socio-cultural practices may guide processes of language change in locally or regionally variable ways. This paper explores the role of specialized discourse forms – such as shamanic incantation, ceremonial dialog, and other forms of verbal art – as loci for the emergence and propagation of linguistic innovations in the Amazon basin, particularly those associated with language contact. Specialized discourse in this region arguably enables a potent recipe for language change, via an emphasis on extensive circulation across speakers, communities, and languages; a particular value ascribed to dispersed and linguistically distinct forms; discursive norms that favor close replication while also licensing creative manipulation; and the social position of specialists themselves, who tend to bring together both diffuse social networks and relative status. Various examples of lexical and grammatical change in Amazonian languages are identified that have plausible ties to specialized discourse.
Annotation. This article examines the pragmatic and semantic features of linguistic units expressing gender content in English and Uzbek marketing texts. It focuses on how gender meanings are constructed and conveyed through lexical choices, stylistic devices, and communicative strategies in advertising discourse. The study highlights the role of cultural values, social norms, and gender stereotypes in shaping masculine and feminine representations within marketing communication. A comparative analysis of English and Uzbek advertising texts reveals differences in pragmatic orientation and semantic structuring of gender-related language, particularly in the ways persuasion and emotional appeal are achieved. The article also discusses how gender-marked linguistic units influence consumer perception and enhance the effectiveness of advertising messages. In addition, it considers the growing tendency toward the use of gender-neutral language in modern marketing practices. The findings contribute to the fields of pragmatics, semantics, gender linguistics, discourse analysis, and intercultural communication. Keywords: gender content, marketing texts, advertising discourse, pragmatics, semantics, linguistic units, gender representation, discourse analysis, persuasive communication, consumer perception, cultural values, gender stereotypes, English marketing texts, Uzbek marketing texts, intercultural communication, gender linguistics.
The article examines the current state of the Baksan dialect in comparison with the literary Kabardian-Cherkessian language. It is based on the monographic studies of Adyghe scholars who studied the dialects and vernaculars of the Kabardian-Cherkessian language in the 1960s. The article uses descriptive, comparative-historical, and contrastive linguistic methods. The field material covering the spoken language of the residents of Baksan and the villages of Baksanenok, Islamey, Dugulubgey, and Kishpek in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic was subjected to a comprehensive analysis. A comparative analysis of K.T. Mamreshev's research and the current state of the Baksan dialect revealed phonetic and lexical differences from the literary Kabardian-Circassian language. It was established that in the Baksan dialect, the copula suffix -s was preserved in the speech of all ages and both sexes, instead of -sh; the negative suffix -Iym was preserved instead of -kym. A linguistic analysis of the spoken language of the studied linguistic area has shown that the affrication of the back-tongue consonants gʼ, kʼ, and chIʼ into j, ch, and kI has not yet been completed in the modern Baksan dialect. The analysis also revealed a small layer of vocabulary that differs from the literary language. It is concluded that there are minor deviations from the literary norm of the Kabardian-Cherkessian language in the phonetic and lexical systems of the modern Baksan dialect.
This study explores the intercultural dimensions of academic and media communication through a discourse-analytical framework. In the context of globalization and rapid digital transformation, cross-cultural communication has become increasingly complex, necessitating a deeper understanding of linguistic, pragmatic, and sociocultural factors. The research examines how discourse practices differ between academic and media contexts under the influence of cultural norms, values, and communicative conventions. Employing qualitative discourse analysis, the study identifies key strategies such as rhetorical organization, lexical choices, and narrative structures in selected texts. The findings reveal that intercultural differences significantly shape both the production and interpretation of discourse, affecting argumentation patterns, levels of formality, and communicative intentions. The study concludes that enhancing intercultural competence and critical discourse awareness is essential for effective communication in a globalized world.
“List as many words as you can that start with M.” The verbal fluency (VF) task is simple, yet even a typical university student only manages to produce about 15 words within one minute, and there is substantial variability around this mean. We examined which individual difference factors best predict this variability, focusing on the contributions of linguistic knowledge and domain-general skills. 571 young native Dutch speakers completed semantic (category) and phonemic (letter) VF tasks, along with an individual differences test battery. Linguistic knowledge was assessed through a composite of six tests measuring vocabulary, reading experience, and grammar knowledge, and compared to short-term/working memory, processing speed, and nonverbal reasoning. We assessed the VF trials for the total number of correct words as well as two temporal variables, the time to first response and a proxy for the time by which half of the responses had been produced. Mixed effects modeling showed that linguistic knowledge predicted the total number of correct responses in both semantic and phonemic VF. Short-term/working memory and processing speed were also significant predictors, but with smaller estimated effect sizes. The temporal variables showed little effect of linguistic skills. We discuss how linguistic knowledge shapes the structure of the mental lexicon such that it affects both meaning-driven and form-driven access to lexical items. Finally, we provide updated norms for VF performance in Dutch and practical suggestions for using the task.
At the beginning of the 21st century, the development of digital technologies and the expansion of internet communication have led to the formation of a new type of verbal interaction that has a significant impact on all levels of the language system, primarily on vocabulary. In the digital environment, the Russian language demonstrates a high degree of dynamism, which is manifested in intensive processes of lexical renewal, changes in the semantics of existing lexemes, and transformations of stylistic norms. These processes determine the relevance of linguistic analysis of internet discourse as an independent object of scientific research.
This article provides a theoretical and analytical study of the linguistic methodology of scientific term formation in the Arabic language. The research examines the role of terminology in Arabic linguistics, its close relationship with morphology (ṣarf) and syntax (naḥw), and its significance in ensuring precision and unambiguity in the expression of scientific concepts. The article explores the formation of the concept of “term,” the process of semantic transition from lexical meaning to scientific and terminological meaning, and analyzes the main methods used in scientific term formation – derivation, analogy, metaphor, Arabization, compounding, and semantic generation – from a linguistic perspective. In addition, the study highlights the role of norms and principles developed by Arabic language academies in systematizing and unifying scientific terminology. The findings confirm that the internal linguistic resources of Arabic possess sufficient potential for the creation of scientific terminology and its adaptation to the requirements of modern science.
This article examines the role of dialectal lexis as a vital source for enriching the literary language, with a particular focus on the Uzbek linguistic tradition and comparable processes in other major languages. Dialects preserve lexical units that have been lost, marginalized, or never codified in the standard variety, and therefore function as a living archive of semantic, morphological, and cultural resources. Drawing on descriptive, comparative-historical, and sociolinguistic methods, the study analyzes pathways through which dialectal words migrate into the literary norm: literary creativity, lexicographic fixation, terminological need, and media diffusion. The paper argues that a measured, scientifically grounded integration of dialectal lexis expands the expressive capacity of the standard language, strengthens national identity, and supports terminological development in rapidly modernizing domains. The findings are relevant to linguists, lexicographers, translators, educators, and language-policy specialists working on the dynamics of standardization in multilingual societies.
The review is devoted to the analysis of the textbook by O. Mykytiuk and I. Farion «Language and Linguists: The Establishment of the Norm», which corresponds to the curriculum of the course «Ukrainian Language for Professional Purposes», currently studied by students of all specialties. It is demonstrated that, by virtue of its content, systematically implemented through the general didactic principle of scientific rigour, this publication meets the standards of a scholarly educational edition. Particular attention is paid to the main object of the scholarly and didactic exposition – the phenomenon of the language norm in its multifunctional representation. The textbook justifiably prioritises a multidirectional interpretation of orthographic norms through a diachronic-synchronic lens. Emphasis is placed on the conceptual dominants of fifteen thematic units and their specific informational content, which enables the tracing of key stages of Ukrainian glottogenesis – from ancient times to the present – as well as significant milestones in lexicographic and terminological studies. The authors also reveal the lexical, phraseological, and word-formation richness of the Ukrainian language, highlight the specificity of its phonetic and grammatical structure, and outline the development of its stylistic system. The originality of the work is further determined by its linguo-personalised component, represented by narratives about precedent linguistic (linguistic-scholarly) personalities, including P. Berynda, M. Smotrytskyi, O. Potebnia, P. Zhytetskyi, B. Hrinchenko, O. Syniavskyi, A. Krymskyi, O. Kurylo, I. Ohiienko (Metropolitan Bishop Ilarion), B. Antonenko-Davydovych, O. Tykhyi, O. Horbach, S. Karavanskyi, O. Ponomariv and V. Nimchuk. High praise is also due to the linguodidactic support materials, through which the authors – employing both traditional and innovative educational methods – promote the development of life and professional competences of future specialists, as well as the cultivation of an intellectually mature, spiritually rich, educated, linguistically cultured, patriotic, and Ukraine-centred personality.
Abstract. This article examines the representation of emotions in contemporary English discourse. It explores the ways in which emotions are expressed, communicated, and interpreted in modern texts, including spoken and written forms. The study focuses on linguistic strategies, such as lexical choices, syntactic constructions, and pragmatic devices, that convey emotional meaning. Special attention is given to the role of context, cultural norms, and social factors in shaping emotional expression. The findings highlight the complexity and diversity of emotional representation in contemporary English, offering insights into both language use and human communication. Keywords: emotions, emotional expression, contemporary English, discourse analysis, linguistic strategies, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, communication.
The article analyzes Generation Z slang as a significant linguistic phenomenon of the contemporary digital era and examines its impact on the development of the Russian language. Particular attention is paid to the social, cultural, and communicative conditions shaping Zoomer slang, as well as its lexical and pragmatic features. The study identifies both positive and negative aspects of the spread of slang elements, including their role in linguistic innovation and group identity formation, alongside the erosion of stylistic norms and the strengthening of intergenerational communication barriers. The article concludes that the influence of Generation Z slang on modern Russian is complex, contradictory, yet a natural outcome of language evolution in the digital age.
Euphemisms constitute a universal linguistic phenomenon present across all known languages and cultures, serving as essential communicative tools that facilitate social interaction while maintaining politeness and avoiding offense. This article examines the theoretical foundations of euphemisms, exploring their origins, definitions, primary functions, and linguistic features. Drawing on interdisciplinary perspectives from linguistics, cognitive science, and sociolinguistics, the study demonstrates that euphemisms are not merely stylistic alternatives but complex linguistic mechanisms deeply embedded in cultural values and social norms. The article analyzes the classification systems proposed by various scholars, discusses the phonetic, lexical, grammatical, and rhetorical devices employed in euphemism formation, and explores the dynamic nature of euphemistic expressions through the concept of the "euphemism treadmill." By establishing a comprehensive theoretical framework, this article lays the groundwork for comparative cross-linguistic analysis of euphemistic phraseological units in English and Uzbek languages
The study explores the linguistic representation of gender categories in English and Uzbek through a corpus-based comparative typological approach. Gender has become an important topic in contemporary linguistics, as language not only reflects social structures but also contributes to the construction of social identities. The research examines the semantic and functional behavior of gender-related lexical units in two languages that belong to different linguistic families and cultural traditions. Data for the analysis were obtained from large language corpora, including the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and the British National Corpus for English, as well as available Uzbek language corpora and digital text collections. The analysis focuses on several key gender-related lexical items such as woman, man, gender, masculinity, femininity, and their Uzbek equivalents. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to investigate frequency patterns, collocational behavior, and contextual usage. The results reveal both similarities and differences in the linguistic representation of gender categories. While English demonstrates a broader range of discourse contexts related to gender identity and social roles, Uzbek usage patterns appear to be more closely linked to cultural and social norms. The findings contribute to comparative linguistics and gender studies by providing empirical evidence about the ways gender categories are encoded in two typologically different languages. The study also highlights the importance of corpus-based methods in identifying linguistic patterns that might not be immediately visible through traditional qualitative analysis.
This article explores the semantic classification of clothing names in the Uzbek and French languages, focusing on three major lexical-semantic categories: headwear, top garments, and shoes. Clothing vocabulary is an important component of linguistic and cultural studies because it reflects not only denotative meaning but also national traditions, social norms, and historical development. The study applies comparative semantic analysis to identify similarities and differences in the lexical organization of clothing terms in both languages. The results show that clothing terminology in Uzbek and French demonstrates both universal semantic structures and language-specific cultural features.
This article offers a close study in using TEI to represent the distinctive forms of multilingual glossing found in premodern texts, including where existing norms for encoding practice may not always leave room for the specificities of medieval practice. Drawing on the data set from a new edition of Walter de Bibbesworth’s Tretiz (a thirteenth-century rhymed vocabulary of French, extensively glossed into Middle English across its many surviving manuscripts), it outlines how <term> and <gloss> elements might usefully be deployed to illustrate the relations between lexical items both on the manuscript page and across a broader manuscript tradition.
This article examines the linguistic phenomenon of genericization, in which brand names evolve into common nouns or verbs through widespread everyday use. Focusing on a comparative analysis of English and Uzbek, the study explores how social practices, technological development, and consumer culture contribute to lexical change in both languages. Well-known examples such as Google and Xerox in English, and Tefal and Xerox in Uzbek, illustrate how brand dominance and communicative efficiency encourage speakers to adopt trademarked names as general terms. Drawing on established linguistic scholarship, the article demonstrates that genericization is not a deviation from linguistic norms but a natural outcome of language adaptation. Despite differences in cultural context and stylistic conventions, English and Uzbek display similar mechanisms of lexical innovation driven by frequency of use and social acceptance. The findings highlight the dynamic relationship between language and society and emphasize the role of everyday communication in shaping vocabulary across languages.
This article explores the linguistic representation of notional values and national mentality in Uzbek newspaper advertising texts. Focusing on the historical development of advertising discourse in both English and Uzbek contexts, the study highlights their distinctive features shaped by cultural and social factors. Particular attention is paid to the lexical, semantic, and pragmatic means through which value concepts and mentality are expressed in Uzbek print media advertisements. The findings demonstrate that advertising language serves not only as a persuasive tool but also as a reflection of cultural identity and societal norms. Keywords: Advertising Discourse, National Values, Mentality, Uzbek Newspapers, Linguo-Culture, Pragmatics, Cultural Identity.
Данное исследование документирует лексическую систему южного языкового анклава города Алматы в период 1976–1989 гг., с фокусом на жаргонную лексику и её социальносемантические группы. Цель работы — реконструировать и систематизировать региональный жаргон как компонент городской социокультуры, проследить его внутреннюю структуру и влияние на повседневное поведение и межгрупповые отношения. Методология опирается на описательные лингвистические приёмы: сбор лексикограмматических единиц из полевых материалов и устных свидетельств, их кластеризация по лексикосемантическим признакам и сопоставление с контекстами употребления. Лексемы были организованы в тематические группы (обозначения социальных ролей, терминология конфликтного взаимодействия, бытовая урбанистическая лексика и др.), для каждой единицы приведены толкования и иллюстративные примеры употребления, а также пометки о региональной и социокультурной вариативности. Результаты показывают, что южный жаргон Алматы функционировал одновременно как механизм внутригрупповой идентификации и как среда культурной агрессии: с одной стороны, он формировал замкнутую коммуникативную зону, отчуждающую анклав от внешнего социума; с другой — распространял маргинальные нормы и этику на более широкие слои городского населения, что в ряде случаев влекло за собой негативные социальные последствия для присоединившихся индивидов. Исследование выявляет специфические лексикосемантические стратегии, обеспечивавшие устойчивость жаргонной системы (лексическая амбивалентность, эвфемизация, кодификация роли и статуса). Научный вклад состоит в систематизации регионального жаргона для последующего социолингвистического анализа и в разработке методической схемы сбора и кластеризации жаргонных единиц применительно к языковым анклавам. Практическая значимость исследования — возможность использования материалов для историкосоциальной реконструкции городской субкультуры и для разработки программ превентивной работы с уязвимыми молодежными группами. This study documents the lexical system of the southern linguistic enclave of the city of Almaty during the period 1976–1989, with a focus on slang vocabulary and its socio-semantic groups. The aim of the work is to reconstruct and systematize regional slang as a component of urban socioculture, tracing its internal structure and its influence on everyday behavior and intergroup relations. The methodology is based on descriptive linguistic techniques: the collection of lexico-grammatical units from field materials and oral testimonies, their clustering according to lexico-semantic features, and comparison with contexts of use. The lexemes were organized into thematic groups (designations of social roles, terminology of conflict interaction, everyday urban vocabulary, etc.), with interpretations and illustrative examples of usage provided for each unit, as well as notes on regional and sociocultural variation. The results show that the southern slang of Almaty functioned simultaneously as a mechanism of intra-group identification and as a medium of cultural aggression: on one hand, it formed a closed communicative zone, alienating the enclave from the external society; on the other, it spread marginal norms and ethics to broader strata of the urban population, which in some cases led to negative social consequences for the individuals who joined. The study identifies specific lexico-semantic strategies that ensured the stability of the slang system (lexical ambivalence, euphemization, codification of role and status). The scientific contribution consists in systematizing regional slang for subsequent sociolinguistic analysis and in developing a methodological scheme for collecting and clustering slang units in relation to linguistic enclaves. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the materials for historical and social reconstruction of urban subculture and for developing preventive programs for vulnerable youth groups.
This paper examines translation into the severely endangered Karelian language from the viewpoint of vocabulary work as language revitalisation, through a comparative analysis of Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and its Karelian translation. The novel was searched for likely lexical gaps, or words previously missing from Karelian. These words and their translations were examined to analyse the revitalising potential of translating into an endangered language. The analysis reveals that lexical gaps have often been bridged with a neologism, and that, in addition to the source language, the translator has utilised Finnish and Russian. The analysis exemplifies how translations can symbolically empower a language and introduce words to it, highlighting translators’ agency in shaping linguistic norms and sustaining endangered languages.
This study explores the pragmatic typology of the functional-semantic field (FSF) of degree in English and Uzbek, focusing on how gradability, intensity, and comparison are expressed and interpreted across two typologically different languages. The concept of degree is treated as a universal semantic category realized through a range of linguistic means, including morphological forms, lexical items, and syntactic constructions. The research aims to identify both common patterns and language-specific features in the expression of degree, as well as to analyze the role of pragmatic factors in shaping its meaning. The findings demonstrate that English primarily relies on analytic and morphological devices, such as comparative and superlative forms and intensifiers, while Uzbek employs agglutinative mechanisms, lexical markers, and expressive forms such as reduplication. Despite these structural differences, both languages share a common semantic core based on scalarity and gradation. However, the interpretation of degree is highly context-dependent and influenced by speaker intention, discourse context, and cultural norms. The study also shows that degree expressions serve not only as markers of quantitative or qualitative comparison but also as pragmatic tools for expressing evaluation, emphasis, politeness, and implicature. The functional-semantic field of degree is organized into core and peripheral zones, where core elements provide basic gradation and peripheral elements introduce stylistic and contextual variation. Uzbek demonstrates a stronger tendency toward expressive and emphatic usage, while English often relies on more implicit and context-driven strategies. In conclusion, the research highlights the importance of integrating semantic and pragmatic approaches in the study of degree and contributes to a deeper understanding of cross-linguistic variation in functional-semantic categories. The results have practical implications for language teaching, translation, and intercultural communication.
This study conducts a corpus-based comparative analysis of the translation styles of ChatGPT4o and the official human translation of the 2025 Chinese Government Work Report. Drawing on a multi-level stylistic framework, it integrates quantitative and qualitative analysis to examine salient features at the lexical, syntactic, and textual levels. Findings show systematic stylistic divergences. Lexically, the official translation exhibits a significant overuse of “will” and underuse of “can” relative to ChatGPT, and it consistently employs the explicitation stategy to clarify China-specific terms and abbreviations. ChatGPT, by contrast, tends toward literal translation and occasional transliteration, producing a more compressed but less interpretively informative rendering. Syntactically, the official version strongly favors agentive declaratives, whereas ChatGPT relies heavily on imperative structures; the two also differ significantly in passive usage. Textually, the official translation prefers additive progression aligned with recurring institutional frames, while ChatGPT more frequently uses “while + V-ing” to condense inter-clausal relations, altering tone and perceived authority. The study attributes these differences to institutional skopos and norms, cross-linguistic discourse tendencies, and the absence of political-communicative constraints in LLM output, and it outlines implications for prompt design, materials of varied genres and registers, and different LLMs.
This article investigates the linguocultural significance of dialectal vocabulary in English-speaking countries, focusing on how regionally marked lexical items encode cultural values, social identity, and historical experience. Dialectal words are examined not merely as linguistic deviations from the standard language but as culturally embedded units that reflect collective memory, local worldviews, and sociocultural norms. The study adopts a linguocultural approach combining semantic analysis, sociolinguistic interpretation, and contextual examination of dialectal usage in British, American, and Australian English. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between dialectal lexis and cultural identity, pragmatic meaning, and communicative function. The findings demonstrate that dialectal vocabulary functions as a linguocultural marker that mediates between language and culture, preserving regional traditions while shaping interpersonal communication. The research contributes to linguocultural studies by systematizing dialectal vocabulary as a meaningful cultural resource and highlighting its relevance for intercultural communication, language teaching, and cultural interpretation in English-speaking contexts.
This article investigates the lexical and pragmatic means of expressing the category of “respect” in English and Uzbek fairy tales. Respect is analyzed as a linguistically and culturally conditioned phenomenon that reflects national mentality, ethical norms, and social hierarchy. The study focuses on lexical markers, forms of address, politeness formulas, honorific expressions, and pragmatic strategies that construct respectful communication in fairy tale discourse. The analysis reveals that English fairy tales often express respect through polite requests, modal verbs, indirect speech acts, and formal address terms, whereas Uzbek fairy tales demonstrate a stronger emphasis on honorific vocabulary, kinship-based address forms, and culturally fixed etiquette formulas.