Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
ABSTRACT Translating local research into English as a lingua franca (ELF) connects local scholarship with global readership, but this process remains constrained by language barriers. Large language models (LLMs) offer advanced accessible solutions, but their responsible integration into academic translation requires a deeper understanding of the linguistic profiles they produce. To address this gap, this corpus‐based study quantitatively evaluates three linguistic dimensions of research article abstracts (RAAs), i.e., lexical complexity, syntactic complexity, and cohesive features, that can influence knowledge dissemination of research articles. Using Chinese‐to‐English RAAs from soft and hard disciplines, we compare translations by two LLMs (LLMTs), GPT‐4o and DeepSeek‐V3, against their corresponding de facto languaging practice by human translators (HTs). Findings reveal that both LLMTs consistently produce higher lexical complexity through varied and sophisticated vocabulary beyond academic stylistic norms but feature lower syntactic complexity with less subordination, reduced phrasal complexity, and weaker cohesive strength. HTs, however, balance lower lexical complexity with higher syntactic complexity and stronger cohesive ties. These findings highlight the communicative affordances and constraints of LLM‐mediated academic translation, offering practical and pedagogical insights for English for Academic Purposes practitioners, academic translators, and non‐anglophone scholars in ELF academic contexts.
This article explores the conceptualization of the emotion anger (referred to as “g‘azab” in Uzbek) within the worldview of diverse linguistic systems, drawing on conceptual metaphor theory and conceptual metonymy theory. Through a comparative analysis of metaphorical and metonymic models in typologically varied languages (primarily English, Uzbek, and Russian), the study identifies near-universal patterns rooted in embodied physiological experiences—such as anger is heat, anger is pressure, anger is fire, and anger is an opponent—while highlighting culture- and language-specific variations in salience, elaboration, and additional mappings. The research employs corpus-based and lexical approaches to examine linguistic expressions, idioms, and proverbs, demonstrating how embodied universality interacts with cultural norms, social values, and contextual factors to shape folk models of anger.
The article is devoted to the linguacultural analysis of key concepts in the work "Words of Edification" by Abai Kunanbayev - a fundamental text of the Kazakh spiritual culture. The study is aimed at identifying concepts that form the core of the Kazakh linguistic picture of the world, such as akyl (reason), iman (faith), adam (man), kairat (will), gylym (knowledge), namys (dignity), kanagat (moderation) and others. These concepts are considered not only as lexical units, but also as carriers of mental, ethical and cultural meanings.The methodological basis of the study includes conceptual, contextual, comparative and semiotic analysis, as well as the principles of cognitive linguistics and the lexical-semantic approach. Particular attention is paid to the issue of interpreting concepts when translating from Kazakh into Russian, which allows us to identify losses, distortions or rethinking of meanings. The analyzed translations (A. Semenova, L. Slovokhotova, M. Auezova) showed that such concepts as namys, iman and kanagat, when moving to another linguistic and cultural code, lose part of their pragmatic and axiological load.The author emphasizes that the "Words of Edification" represent a kind of "linguocultural code" of the Kazakh nation. They record a holistic system of values, reflecting the national worldview, norms of behavior, ethnic identity and educational guidelines.
The article examines religious axiological units in Uzbek and English as significant linguistic and cultural phenomena. Axiological units—lexical, phraseological, and discursive elements that encode values—are analyzed as carriers of religious worldviews, moral norms, and evaluative meanings. Drawing on axiological linguistics, pragmatics, and discourse analysis, the study compares how Islamic and Christian traditions shape value-laden language in Uzbek and English respectively. The analysis identifies dominant axiological categories such as faith, morality, humility, sin, righteousness, and reward, explores their linguistic realization, and discusses implications for translation and intercultural communication.
This thesis examines the linguistic, semantic, and linguocultural features of expressing aesthetic evaluation in the Uzbek language. Aesthetic evaluation represents a subjective-objective attitude formed through the perception of reality, the understanding of beauty and ugliness, and the interpretation of human qualities. In Uzbek, aesthetic meanings are conveyed through various linguistic devices such as epithets, metaphors, proverbs, idioms, polysemantic words, and evaluative adjectives. The study analyzes aesthetic judgment in relation to physical appearance, inner qualities, morality, behavior, and cultural values. Using Uzbek folk proverbs, literary texts, and lexical materials, the article demonstrates the close connection between aesthetic evaluation, national worldview, aesthetic ideals, and socio-cultural norms. The research presents generalized scientific conclusions on how aesthetic evaluation is shaped in the Uzbek language and its role in the national aesthetic consciousness.
Although the thoughts, feelings, and intentions of others are not directly accessible to perception, they are often inferred from observable behavior. Human movement may be especially important in this process because it provides continuously unfolding spatiotemporal structure through which socially meaningful interpretations can emerge. Prior work has shown that observers can derive social and affective meaning from movement, even when it is reduced to point-light displays (PLDs). Less is known, however, about whether perceivers can form affective judgments from movement when contextual and categorical emotion cues are reduced while natural individual variation in expressive movement is preserved, and whether this ability is related to social-perceptual sensitivity. In the present study, participants viewed unlabeled PLDs depicting bodily movements originally generated by actors attempting to express anger, fear, or happiness. Participants were not informed of the intended affective state of each PLD and provided valence-arousal ratings based only on the movement patterns they observed. Ratings were transformed into angular representations within circumplex affective space and compared with theoretically derived reference locations associated with the actor-instructed movement conditions. Results showed that higher social-perceptual sensitivity was associated with valence-arousal judgments positioned closer to the theoretically derived circumplex reference locations associated with the movement conditions. This relationship differed across movement conditions, with the strongest associations observed for anger-related PLDs relative to happiness-related PLDs. Together, these findings suggest that social-perceptual functioning contributes to how perceivers derive affective meaning from human movement when contextual and categorical emotion cues are reduced. More broadly, the findings support the view that affective meaning derived from movement reflects an interaction between the spatiotemporal organization of movement and the perceiver's attunement to that organization.
This article explores the tagging and categorizing of emotional vocabulary within the English and Uzbek languages by analyzing lexical‑semantic fields, cultural variation in emotional expression, and cross‑linguistic alignment strategies. Drawing on recent comparative studies, it examines how emotions are identified, categorized, and aligned across these linguistic systems, highlighting key semantic and cultural nuances that influence linguistic representation, cognitive metaphor, and translation. The study concludes that universal emotional concepts exist in both languages, but lexical richness, metaphorical structures, and cultural norms shape distinct organisation and categorization within their respective lexical fields.
This article examines the semantic characteristics of certain lexical units found in Uzbek dialects, analysing their occurrence across various linguistic sources and the processes of semantic expansion and narrowing. The main objective of the study is to determine the semantic dynamics of clothing-related terms, assess their semantic potential within the literary language, and explore the sociolinguistic factors influencing this process. The research employs descriptive, comparative, and statistical-linguistic methods to carry out a lexical-semantic analysis of clothing names. The semantic fields, synonymic chains, and historical patterns of usage of the examined words have been identified. This process is closely linked to communicative necessity and normative language policy. In conclusion, the systematic study of dialectal lexical units contributes to a deeper understanding of the internal developmental mechanisms of the Uzbek language, enriches natural word-formation processes, and broadens lexical norms. The results of this study have practical relevance for lexicography, translation studies, and language education.
This study investigates how ChatGPT constructs knowledge, authority, and pedagogical discourse when responding to English grammar learning queries. While generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools are increasingly adopted in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) and English Education contexts, existing literature heavily favors technical efficacy and immediate pedagogical utility over critical examination of AI-generated content. To address this research gap, this study applies Norman Fairclough’s Three-Dimensional Framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to scrutinize ten purposively sampled ChatGPT-4o responses to common English grammar learning queries (e.g., tense distinctions, passive voice mechanics, and article usage). Textual analysis reveals a pervasive reliance on high-affinity epistemic modality and imperative syntactical structures, positioning the AI as an absolute, objective authority rather than an assistive digital tool. Discursive practice analysis indicates that ChatGPT synthesizes standard prescriptive grammar textbooks while masking institutional authorship and algorithmic biases through naturalized, conversational interactions. At the level of social practice, this discourse reinforces traditional, Monolingual Anglo-centric linguistic norms and perpetuates deficit-based framing of EFL learners, undermining contemporary critical pedagogy that values linguistic diversity and translanguaging. The findings underscore the necessity for "Critical AI Literacy" among pre-service teachers and language learners to deconstruct the neutralized power dynamics and hidden ideologies embedded within algorithmic educational discourse.
Background. Modern conceptual possibilities of linguistic and stylistic analysis of a literary text provide for a comprehensive multidimensional study of the full potential of a work of art. From this perspective, a work of fiction is interpreted both from the standpoint of purely literary analysis, which reveals the peculiarities of the figurative and ideological plans of the text, the extralinguistic context of the cultural, historical and conceptual fields, and from the standpoint of the possibilities of deep comprehension of the language structure of the text, determining the connection and relationship of linguistic units from different levels, which in their totality implement a specific strategy of the aesthetic concept of the work. The primary goal of linguistic analysis is to detect and interpret the language phenomena present in a literary text, considering both their semantic content and contextual usage. The purpose. The purpose of the study is complex. First of all, it lies in the necessity to identify the features of the analysis of a poetic text. Next, to determine the place of idiostyle in linguistic research, Furthermore, to find out the main characteristics of idiostyle, and reflect the outcomes on linguostylistic analysis of the writer's poetic works. Methods. The work uses the following research methods: linguistic analysis: a detailed study of the vocabulary, syntax, phonology, and morphology of a poetic idiostyle; stylistic analysis: a study of the use of stylistic devices, such as similes, metaphors, allusions, and other figurative devices; comparative analysis method. Results. The study of idiostyle can be carried out by identifying individual-authorial deviations from the general rules and frameworks of literary text organization followed by their subsequent interpretation of these deviations through the prism of the worldview foundations that determine an individual-authorial style (a system of values and norms that are unconditionally acknowledged by the individual, personal life experience, philosophical views, etc.). The analysis of existing approaches to the study of idiostyle has shown that it is manifested primarily in the author’s choice of the work’s genre and only then in the selection of particular linguistic means, so-called idiostyle markers, which allow the author to achieve his communicative goal. Idiostyle is created by textual means at all levels of the language (phonetics; graphics, spelling, punctuation; morphology; syntax; stylistics), as well as by cultural references. Discussion. There are three dominant approaches to describing the concept of idiostyle by linguistic and linguistic stylistic elements. To be more precise, idiostyle is considered to be a set of linguistic and stylistic means that are peculiar to a particular author. From the perspective of communication stylistics, idiostyle is viewed as an extralinguistic term that also stems from the author’s unique self-expression, although the field of study is a certain text, it is its lexical component. The widest approach is the understanding of idiostyle in the aspect of inclusion in its composition of linguistic and extralinguistic factors, determined by linguistic means and author’s individual creative features. In our work, we define idiostyle as a framework of meaningful and structural linguistic elements typical of the texts of a specific author, which ensures the individuality of linguistic expression manifested in these works.
This study aims to explore the lexical system of Nasi Hadap-hadapan as a linguistic representation of local wisdom within the Langkat Malay community. Grounded in the framework of culinary language relativity, the research adopts an integrated linguistic and anthropological approach to reveal how language encodes cultural knowledge. Linguistic analysis was employed to identify and systematically document Malay culinary lexicons, while anthropolinguistic methods were used to organize these lexical items into cultural realms and domains. The findings indicate that the Nasi Hadap-hadapan tradition encompasses 58 distinct lexicons, which are classified into three main categories: 34 lexicons denoting types of dishes, 13 lexicons referring to food-processing techniques, and 11 lexicons associated with culinary tools. Further analysis across realms and domains demonstrates that these lexicons are not merely nominative linguistic units but function as symbolic expressions of cultural meaning. Collectively, they reflect the worldview of the Langkat Malay community, as manifested in shared attitudes, behavioral patterns, and socially sanctioned values and norms. In this way, the lexicon of Nasi Hadap-hadapan serves as a linguistic medium through which local wisdom is preserved, communicated, and reinforced within the community.
This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) and its abbreviated version (FAB-15) in a sample of 1,071 Chilean adults. The participants comprised both a general population group and a clinical group diagnosed with major neurocognitive disorder. By utilizing confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory, the research assessed the structural validity and item characteristics of the tool. The results demonstrated that the FAB-15, which excludes the "Prehension behavior" item, exhibited a superior statistical fit and a more stable unidimensional structure compared to the original battery. The analysis indicated that the omitted item contributed minimally to the scale's discriminative capacity. Furthermore, IRT analysis identified significant differential item functioning (DIF), indicating that the test performance is not measurement invariant. The scores were found to be influenced by sociodemographic variables, specifically educational level and age. Notably, the "Similarities" item displayed a marked nonuniform bias related to education, and significant nonuniform DIF was also detected for age. In contrast, "Lexical Fluency" was identified as the item with the highest discriminative power for executive function. Although the instrument showed adequate reliability, the presence of these biases necessitates caution in interpreting raw scores. To address this, the study developed normative data stratified by age and education. These norms are intended to correct for the identified metric biases, allowing for a more accurate and objective assessment of executive functions in clinical settings.
Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the linguistic considerations involved in digital approaches to working with ancient texts at various stages in the preparation and analysis of data: the creation of corpora, lemmatization and PoS (Part of Speech) tagging, and syntactic annotation and treebanking. The fragmentary and uncertain nature of much of our evidence for ancient languages, including Latin and Ancient Greek, provides particular challenges for linguists, who must take into account inconsistency and uncertainty at every stage of working with ancient linguistic data, from the creation of a corpus to syntactic analysis. Some of these difficulties are magnified by the limitations of computational methods, but digital tools can successfully overcome other problems.
Digital advertising design is often judged with delivery or response metrics such as click-through rate (CTR), video-completion rate (VCR), and viewability, although these measures do not describe whether a banner communicates through a clear visual hierarchy. This study evaluates whether large language model (LLM)-assisted scores and lightweight image features can support graphic advertising review while keeping design-quality prediction distinct from measured visual attention. GraphicDesignEvaluation provided 1,200 principle–image rating rows for alignment, overlap, and white space. Under grouped five-fold cross-validation by base design, the GPT-only Ridge model reached R2 = 0.408, RMSE = 1.566, MAE = 1.257, Pearson = 0.639, and Spearman = 0.634. Direct GPT–human agreement was uneven: overlap was strong (Spearman = 0.769), white space was moderate (0.637), and alignment was weaker (0.519). An external construct analysis used 1,000 advertisements from ADD1000 with aggregate human fixation-density maps and matched EAID ratings. A combined gradient and local-contrast proxy modestly exceeded a center prior (CC = 0.457, SIM = 0.562, KL divergence = 0.637), while lower fixation entropy was associated with higher aesthetic ratings (Spearman = -0.319). BannerRequest400 was used only to describe brief, CTA-language, logo, and format constraints because it contains no human design-quality or gaze labels. The findings support a preliminary, human-supervised design-review framework: LLM scores are useful screening evidence, especially for overlap, but they do not replace human creative judgment, eye tracking, or advertising-performance measures.
This study employed a 2 × 2 × 3 mixed experimental design. The required sample size was estimated using G*Power 3.1, with the effect size set at f² = 0.25, α = 0.05, and 1 − β = 0.80. The power analysis indicated that at least 17 participants were required per group. From October 1, 2024, to October 1, 2025, a total of 831 copies of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES–D) were randomly distributed to university students at ******. Participants were subsequently invited from among those who provided valid responses to take part in the experimental study. A total of 64 participants were ultimately included and assigned to two groups: the experimental group (subclinical depression group) and the control group (nondepressed group).The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) participants did not meet the DSM-5/ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for a depressive episode and had no history of depressive episodes; (2) all participants had normal or corrected-to-normal vision and were right-handed; (3) individuals with organic brain diseases or diagnosed psychiatric disorders were excluded; and (4) participants in the experimental group had CES–D scores ≥ 16, whereas those in the control group had CES–D scores < 16 (Radloff, 1977).All experimental stimuli were selected from the China Affective Picture System (CAPS) and the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). An independent sample of 75 university students who did not participate in the formal experiment rated the images for valence and arousal. After balancing the valence and arousal ratings across emotional categories, 240 facial images and 240 scene images were selected. For each image type, the stimulus set consisted of 96 positive, 96 negative, and 48 neutral images. All images were resized to 260 × 300 pixels.Two principal emotional-image configurations were used for both facial and scene stimuli: (1) two positive images, one negative image, and one neutral image were randomly selected; or (2) one positive image, two negative images, and one neutral image were randomly selected. The four images were randomly presented in the upper-left, upper-right, lower-left, and lower-right quadrants of the stimulus display.Eye movements were recorded using an EyeLink 1000 Plus eye-tracking system (SR Research Ltd., Canada) at a sampling rate of 1000 Hz. Movements of each participant’s left eye were tracked and recorded during the task. A nine-point calibration procedure was conducted before the experiment and after each interruption. For successful calibration, participants were required to maintain fixation for at least 200 ms within a 1.5 mm × 1.5 mm window surrounding the fixation point. If calibration failed three times, the procedure was repeated until successful, and data collection commenced only after successful calibration. Visual stimuli were presented on a 19-inch Dell LCD monitor (P1917S; resolution: 1024 × 768 pixels; refresh rate: 60 Hz). Participants were seated approximately 60 cm from the monitor, with head movements restricted using a chin rest.Functional near-infrared spectroscopy data were recorded using a portable NIRSport system in continuous-wave mode at a sampling rate of 7.81 Hz and at two wavelengths (760 and 850 nm). The optode cap contained eight emitters (light sources) and seven detectors, forming a total of 22 measurement channels. The source–detector distance was fixed at 3.0 cm. Optodes were positioned according to the international 10–20 system using an EEG cap (EASYCAP, Herrsching, Germany).
Official style has a significant function in administrative, legal, diplomatic, and institutional communication. This research explores the semantic, grammatical, and functional aspects of official style in English and Uzbek languages. Through comparative linguistic analysis, the study determines both similarities and differences in structural organization, lexical choice, and pragmatic features. The results reveal that both languages demonstrate common characteristics such as formality, accuracy, and standardization, while variations are observed in syntactic patterns, terminology, and cultural norms. This research enhances the understanding of official discourse from a cross-linguistic perspective.
Abstract We introduce a parallel treebank based on SweLL, the Swedish Learner Language corpus. Annotation follows the Universal Dependencies (UD) standard, whose descriptive nature and focus on cross-linguistic comparability make it well suited for the analysis of learner material. We discuss the annotation challenges arising from the idiosyncrasies of L2 Swedish, present the internal guidelines that were developed to address them, evaluate the annotation quality of the treebank and investigate which factors affect the difficulty of the annotation task. The resource currently consists of 510 gold-annotated sentence-correction pairs and is in the process of being expanded.
Linguistic violence, such as insults, humiliations, and related forms, has been an integral part of human communication since time immemorial.The mechanisms underlying insults rest not only on the choice of lexical items but also on the speaker's intention.These components of linguistic violence are examined in the present article through the lens of speech act theory.On the basis of this theoretical framework, it is possible to identify invective linguistic behavior to a certain extent, which constitutes the focus of the presented research.The study investigates invectivity in spoken Czech, with its primary aim being to uncover the relationship between the semantic category of an expression, its function (vulgar versus invective use), and the socio-demographic characteristics of speakers (gender, age, and level of education).The results demonstrate that invectivity is neither a random nor a purely lexical phenomenon, but rather a pragmatically and socially structured process that reflects power relations, cultural norms, and gender stereotypes.By integrating the theoretical framework of speech act theory with empirical sociolinguistic analysis, the research shows that invectivity is a dynamic communicative phenomenon that transcends mere vulgarity; it functions as a tool for the linguistic construction of social hierarchies and cultural identity.
Structured Abstract Objective Ambient artificial intelligence (AI) tools are increasingly adopted in clinical practices. This study investigated whether and how clinicians edit AI-generated drafts and the linguistic differences between AI drafts and clinician-finalized notes. Materials and Methods This retrospective study analyzed real-world data from ambulatory clinics at a large academic health system spanning two vendor deployments. We quantified clinicians’ editing behavior using the Myers diff algorithm to compare AI drafts and final documentation. We then applied statistical and linguistic analysis to study factors associated with the frequency/intensity of editing across note sections, turnaround time, clinician characteristics, and encounter types. Results Across 23,760 notes that included one or more ambient AI sections, 84.4% were edited by clinicians before signing off. While rates of unedited notes differed across note sections and care settings, the dominant source of variation was individual clinician practice style rather than specialty-level norms. Notes signed after 24 hours had lower overall edit intensity. The final versions showed small but statistically significant linguistic changes and exhibited slightly higher lexical diversity and modest changes in readability. Editing is most intensive in the assessment and plan section, and varies across specialties. Conclusion and Discussion A majority of AI-drafted clinical notes were edited by clinicians, although the editing rate varies across note sections, medical specialties, and individual clinicians. Future research is needed to further analyze this editing behavior to inform improvement in AI-assisted clinical documentation to achieve better documentation quality, efficiency, and clinician satisfaction.
The subject of the study is a procedure for automatic diagnostic assessment of the quality of machine abstracts of scientific texts in Russian, based on a joint analysis of three factors: lexical similarity, semantic proximity and degree of compression. The object of the study is machine abstracts of Russian-language scientific articles generated by extractive (TextRank, LexRank, Lingvo) and abstract (mT5, mBART, ruT5, T5) abstracting models. The work is aimed at solving the problem of the uninformativeness of standard one-dimensional assessment metrics - ROUGE and BERTScore - which reduce the multidimensional concept of quality to a single scalar value and do not allow us to establish the reason for the low quality of the generated abstract: whether it is a consequence of mechanical copying of fragments of the original, semantic losses during paraphrasing, inadequate degree of compression or other generation defects. The relevance of the study is due to the growing volume of Russian-language scientific information that requires automatic processing, and the need to develop tools that provide not only quantitative assessment, but also interpretable diagnosis of types of errors in abstracting models. An approach is proposed based on z-normalization of the ROUGE-L and BLEURT metrics relative to the statistical distribution of author's abstracts, threshold classification into seven diagnostic categories, and calculation of an integral quality metric with a Gaussian penalty for anomalous deviation. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the development of a three-factor diagnostic assessment system, which, unlike existing approaches, calibrates the assessments relative to the statistical norm of the author's abstracts, uses an information-independent pair of metrics (the correlation between ROUGE-L Precision and BLEURT is r=0.14) and assigns to each abstract an interpretable diagnosis from seven categories: excessive copying, semantic incompleteness, insufficient compression, excessive compression, low lexical similarity, ambiguous pattern and target zone. Experimental testing on a corpus of 480 Russian-language scientific articles in eight subject areas with the participation of seven abstraction models confirmed the differentiating ability of the proposed approach: extractive models are systematically diagnosed as “copying” and “insufficient compression”, multilingual abstract models show a significant proportion of “semantic incompleteness”, and Russian-language models show the most balanced profile. The proposed integral metric Q with weighted components and a Gaussian penalty makes it possible to rank abstracting systems taking into account multiple aspects of quality and is consistent with expert ideas about the balance of models.
This article offers a contrastive examination of gender-inclusive language guidelines issued by universities in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, and the United Kingdom. Drawing on a corpus of 287 institutional documents – 122 in German, 34 in Italian, and 133 in English – the study identifies and quantifies specification and neutralization strategies recommended for administrative and pedagogical discourse. After manual annotation, strategies were coded into a database, enabling statistical comparison across languages and nations. Results show that German-speaking institutions favor gender-marked neographies and pair forms, whereas Italian guidelines privilege binary splitting and feminine derivation, with neographies largely proscribed. English documents overwhelmingly promote lexical and pronominal neutralization, including singular they and neopronouns, and eschew specification entirely. Legal framing – especially the recognition of a non-binary civil status in Germany – emerges as a key predictor of neography uptake. Despite divergent prescriptions, all guidelines condemn the generic masculine and seek inclusive representational equity. The paper concludes that cross-linguistic variation in inclusive strategies reflects structural properties of the languages, local legal contexts, and institutional ideologies, and argues for heightened intercultural dialogue in developing future policies. These findings contribute to sociolinguistic theory by evidencing how macro-social variables interact with grammatical typology to shape emergent language planning norms and practices.
This chapter provides readers with current perspectives about how stuttering is conceptualised and classified within major diagnostic frameworks commonly used in clinical and research settings. The diagnostic criteria of stuttering in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders are described, evaluated, and compared with those in the International Classification of Diseases and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. To consider diversity issues, attitudes towards stuttering within Arabic-speaking societies are examined. This includes considerations about how such attitudes are shaped by cultural, social, and linguistic norms. Additionally, the importance of adapting and standardising stuttering assessment instruments in underrepresented languages, such as Arabic, is emphasised. In doing so, this chapter aims to highlight the multidimensional and complex nature of stuttering, which extends beyond speech disruption alone. Finally, it offers a critical evaluation of these diagnostic frameworks, with particular attention to the appropriateness of language used (e.g., “disorder”) and the relative paucity of data on lived experiences associated with stuttering.
Essay Review: Recension de Patrick Charaudeau, Qu'est-ce que le français? Mythes et réalités, Paris, Classiques Garnier, 2025, 159 p. (ISBN 9782406182849, € 72,00). Keywords: History of Linguistic Ideas, French Language, Sociolinguistics, Linguistic norms, Language ideology
This article examines the influence of attention economy on the linguistic structure of the Russian literary language in social media. The relevance of the study is обусловлена тем, что digital communication prioritizes speed, visibility, and user engagement, which in turn reshape traditional linguistic norms. The paper analyzes syntactic compression, fragmentation, lexical economy, and expressive strategies as key features of online discourse. Furthermore, it demonstrates that linguistic structures are increasingly adapted to the constraints of attention-driven environments. The study concludes that these changes do not represent degradation of the literary language, but rather its functional adaptation to new communicative conditions.
This is a qualitative study that aims to explore the representation of technology-mediated English education in policies and studies related to multicultural classrooms in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Data collection: A purposive analytical corpus of 17 documents was created from four domains, namely, BRI education and language policy, technology-enhanced language learning, multilingual/English-as-a-lingua-franca pedagogy, and international guidance on digital education. Qualitative document analysis and thematic reflexivity were used for the analysis of documents that have been published between 2003 and 2024. The analysis was directed towards issues of access, interaction, linguistic norms, multilingual mediation, interculturality, assessment, and algorithmic authority. Findings: Five themes were developed. First, English is placed as a connecting resource, whereas implementing in English can result in unequal language authority. Secondly, the educational potential of technology is mainly those that enable people to interact with each other across borders, repair, revise and reflect on. Third, translanguaging and multimodality are not barriers to the learning of English. Fourth, digital participation is still dependent on the infrastructure, the accessibility, teacher mediation and data governance. Fifthly, automated systems can restrict legitimate variation in English and must be controlled by human use, critically examined. Originality: The study brings together language-policy studies in the context of BRI and technology-enhanced language learning and multilingual applied linguistics within one analytical frame. It suggests an iterative pedagogical cycle and assessment model of the digital English teaching responsive to language. Limitations: The results only refer to document representation and conceptual relations and are not indicative of classroom effectiveness or causality. The framework needs to be tested at multiple sites in classrooms. References Arshad, N., Baber, M. U., & Ullah, A. (2024). Assessing the transformative influence of ChatGPT on research practices among scholars in Pakistan. Mesopotamian Journal of Big Data, 4(1), 1–10. Baker, W. (2015). Culture and identity through English as a lingua franca: Rethinking concepts and goals in intercultural communication. De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501502149 Bax, S. (2003). CALL—Past, present and future. System, 31(1), 13–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(02)00071-4 Belz, J. A. (2003). Linguistic perspectives on the development of intercultural competence in telecollaboration. Language Learning & Technology, 7(2), 68–117. Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027 Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis? Qualitative Research in Psychology, 18(3), 328–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2020.1769238 Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2022). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. Sage Publications. Canagarajah, A. S. (2007). Lingua franca English, multilingual communities, and language acquisition. The Modern Language Journal, 91(s1), 923–939. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2007.00678.x Chapelle, C. A. (2001). Computer applications in second language acquisition: Foundations for teaching, testing and research. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524681 Deardorff, D. K. (2006). Identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization. Journal of Studies in International Education, 10(3), 241–266. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315306287002 Galloway, N., & Rose, H. (2015). Introducing Global Englishes. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315734347 Gao, Y. (2020). How the Belt and Road Initiative informs language planning policies in China and among the countries along the road. Sustainability, 12(14), Article 5506. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145506 García, O., & Li Wei. (2014). Translanguaging: Language, bilingualism and education. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137385765 Hampel, R., & Stickler, U. (2005). New skills for new classrooms: Training tutors to teach languages online. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 18(4), 311–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588220500335455 Hasumi, T., & Chiu, M. S. (2024). Technology-enhanced language learning in English language education: Performance analysis, core publications, and emerging trends. Cogent Education, 11(1), Article 2346044. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2346044 Hu, H., et al. (2024). The evolution of China's English education policy and its interaction with the Belt and Road Initiative. Frontiers in Education, 9, Article 1385602. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1385602 Note: APA 7th does not permit the use of et al. in the reference list. Please provide the complete list of authors so this reference can be formatted correctly. Kern, R. (2006). Perspectives on technology in learning and teaching languages. TESOL Quarterly, 40(1), 183–210. https://doi.org/10.2307/40264516 Kirkpatrick, A. (2011). English as an Asian lingua franca and the multilingual model of ELT. Language Teaching, 44(2), 212–224. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444810000145 Kramsch, C. (1998). Language and culture. Oxford University Press. Lee, S., Jeon, J., & colleagues. (2026). Generative AI and English language teaching: A Global Englishes perspective. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190525100184 Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. (2016). Education Action Plan for the Belt and Road Initiative. https://english.scio.gov.cn/beltandroad/2016-07/13/content_76329464.htm O'Dowd, R. (2018). From telecollaboration to virtual exchange: State-of-the-art and the role of UNICollaboration in moving forward. Journal of Virtual Exchange, 1, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2018.jve.1 Peters, M. A. (2020). China's Belt and Road Initiative: Reshaping global higher education. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 52(6), 586–592. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2019.1615174 Seidlhofer, B. (2004). Research perspectives on teaching English as a lingua franca. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 24, 209–239. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190504000145 Shadiev, R., & Yang, M. (2020). Review of studies on technology-enhanced language learning and teaching. Sustainability, 12(2), Article 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020524 UNESCO. (2023a). Global education monitoring report 2023: Technology in education—A tool on whose terms? https://www.unesco.org/gem-report/en/publication/technology UNESCO. (2023b). Guidance for generative AI in education and research. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000386693 Usman, M., Asif, M., Ullah, A., & Ullah, W. (2024). User's habits and attitudes towards Chinese books reading in Pakistan. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 3(2), 11–28. Woo, E. (2022). Narrating the Belt and Road education policy: A critical policy discourse analysis. SAGE Open, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221117136 World Bank. (2023). Towards higher education excellence in Central Asia: A roadmap for improving the quality of education and research through regional integration. World Bank. Xu, B. (2021). Understanding education on China's Belt and Road Initiative. Beijing International Review of Education, 3(1), 56–79. https://doi.org/10.1163/25902539-03010005 Zainuddin, N., Idrus, R. M., & Jamal, A. F. M. (2023). Technology-enhanced language learning research trends and practices: A systematic review (2020–2022). Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 21(2), 69–79. https://doi.org/10.34190/ejel.21.2.2835
The article examines lexico-semantic and word-formation changes in Ukrainian sports terminology based on the material of the 11-volume and 20-volume academic explanatory dictionaries (SUM-11 and SUM-20). It is noted that the active renewal of the lexical system of the Ukrainian language is fully reflected in the sports terminological system, whose development is driven by the dynamics of the sports sphere, globalization processes, and the growing role of the English language. The study considers the views of Ukrainian scholars on the sources of enrichment of sports vocabulary and the issue of excessive foreign borrowing. A comparative analysis of the SUM-11 and SUM-20 entries shows a significant expansion of the sports subsystem of modern Ukrainian: the number of terms in the new dictionary has nearly doubled. It is revealed that, as before, the core consists of nouns denoting various sports, competition participants, equipment, and game actions, with borrowed – primarily English – vocabulary dominating (arm-wrestling, bodybuilding, windsurfing, parkour, darts, etc.). At the same time, there has been noticeable activation in the formation of native Ukrainian compound names built from both inherited and mixed morphemes (avtosport ‘autosport’, velodystantsiia ‘cycling distance’, hirs`kolyzhnyk ‘skier’, napivvazhkyi ‘light-heavyweight’, vosmyborstvo ‘octathlon’, and others). The word-formation nests of new terms have also expanded (veikbord – veikboarding – veikbordyst; vindserf – vindserfing – vindserfinhist). Special attention is given to the emergence of a large number of names for female athletes, absent or incompletely represented in SUM-11. The most productive formants are the suffixes -k(a), -yts(ia). A noticeable trend is the displacement of certain Russified forms and the introduction of standard Ukrainian equivalents, as well as the appearance of variant names. A comprehensive analysis of all recorded lexemes selected using specialized tools has made it possible to see a coherent picture of the development of sports terminology over more than fifty years. The findings demonstrate the intensive development and structural complication of modern sports terminology, the significant influence of English, the activation of word-formation processes, and the aspiration to standardize the domain-specific vocabulary in accordance with contemporary linguistic norms.
This study examines how episodic versus semantic autobiographical narratives influence social evaluation and perceived competence across adults of Indian, Chinese, and White (Caucasian) cultural backgrounds living in Canada. The project is a conceptual and cross-cultural extension of prior work by Ciaramelli, Waisman, Stendardi, and Moscovitch (2026), which found that autobiographical narratives rich in episodic detail were associated with higher ratings of perceived memory ability, interpersonal closeness, and social evaluation than narratives containing primarily semantic or generalized information. The present study first seeks to replicate these findings in a White Canadian reference group and then examine whether the same pattern of results generalizes to adults of Indian and Chinese cultural backgrounds living in Canada. Additionally, this present study seeks to investigate whether these preferences extend to decisions involving selections of a potential helper. Participants will read autobiographical narratives adapted from the paradigm developed by Ciaramelli et al. (2026). Episodic narratives contain event-specific contextual information, including perceptual, spatial, temporal, and emotional details, whereas semantic narratives contain more generalized, abstract, or decontextualized autobiographical information with reduced episodic specificity. Each participant will evaluate 10 narratives, consisting of five episodic and five semantic narratives. Each narrative scenario exists in both episodic and semantic versions; however, participants will view only one version of each scenario, with assignment of versions counterbalanced across participants. After each narrative, participants will complete ratings assessing the narrator's perceived memory ability, perceived intelligence, perceived competence, social evaluation detailedness, vividness, emotional engagement, self-projection, and familiarity with the type of situation described in the narrative. Ratings will be collected using standardized Likert-type scales. The primary objective of the study is to determine whether episodically rich autobiographical narratives elicit more positive social evaluations than semantically oriented narratives across cultural groups. Building on previous findings that episodic narratives increase interpersonal preference, the present study specifically examines whether episodic richness influences perceptions of narrator competence and willingness to seek assistance from the narrator. Specifically, the study will examine whether episodic narratives receive higher ratings of perceived memory ability, perceived competence, and social evaluation semantic narratives, and whether participants report a greater likelihood of seeking help from episodic narrators for a computer-related problem. In addition, this new study also tests whether episodic narratives are also associated with higher ratings of perceived intelligence. The study additionally includes familiarity ratings to examine whether participants' familiarity with the situations described in the narratives contributes to their evaluations. Familiarity will be included in follow-up analyses to determine whether the effects of narrative type on the primary social evaluation outcomes remain after accounting for differences in subjective familiarity. To better characterize individual differences in cultural cognition, participants will also complete a triad categorization task, a situational attribution task, and measures of acculturation. These measures assess tendencies toward relational versus categorical reasoning, situational versus dispositional attribution, and the extent to which participants endorse values and cognitive styles associated with their heritage culture or Canadian culture. Rather than assuming that ethnicity alone reflects cultural cognition, these measures provide participant-level indices that will be used in exploratory analyses to examine whether individual differences in cultural cognition and acculturation are associated with variability in responses to episodic and semantic narratives. The primary hypothesis is that episodic narratives will receive higher ratings of perceived memory ability, perceived competence, and social evaluation than semantic narratives across all three cultural groups. Furthermore, participants will report a greater likelihood of seeking help from narrators of episodic autobiographical narratives for a computer-related problem than from narrators of semantic autobiographical narratives. Secondary hypotheses predict that episodic narratives will also receive higher ratings of perceived intelligence, detailedness, vividness, emotional engagement, and self-projection. Of particular interest is whether episodic richness is associated with increased perceptions of competence, which may contribute to participants' willingness to seek assistance from the narrator. Follow-up analyses will examine whether the effects of narrative type on the primary social evaluation outcomes remain after accounting for familiarity ratings. Exploratory analyses will examine whether the magnitude of the episodic advantage differs across cultural groups and whether any observed differences are associated with individual differences in cultural cognition and acculturation.
Gallicisms are both specific features of French and borrowings from French by other languages (neologisms). Our collective project focuses on Gallicisms in several Romance languages. These borrowings follow paths and motivations and employ processes that partially resemble those of slang and specialized languages, as slang is described by French linguists: word replacement and substitution, lexical neologism through the creation of new words or the distortion of existing ones, lists of synonyms that duplicate existing lexical units, errors such as metathesis, and semantic and stylistic developments such as metonymy and polysemy. It remains to examine the relationship between these borrowings and formal variation in the Romanian lexicon, as well as their relation to the prescriptive norm in Spanish.
ObjectiveAchilles tendon protective shoes are medical orthoses that must be worn after Achilles tendon rupture surgery. Currently, these shoes predominantly feature black and gray color schemes and lack conspicuous warning markings, making them visually obscure and prone to accidental impacts, thereby increasing the risk of re-rupture. By conducting perceptual research on the application of warning colors and textures in the shoe upper, this study aims to explore design combinations that can effectively enhance visual warning, thereby improving the safety of the product during use and reducing the risk of secondary injury.MethodsBased on the theory of warning colors and combined with the visual warning arousal mechanism and eye-tracking physiological indicators, three typical biological warning textures (dots, cracks, stripes) and three warning color combinations (orange-black, yellow-black, purple-yellow) were selected to create nine experimental combinations. These were applied to a uniform model of Achilles tendon protective shoes as visual stimulus materials for the experiment. After collecting subjective valence ratings and eye-tracking data (including Time to First Fixation and pupil diameter), the data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA, followed by post-hoc multiple comparisons using the LSD method. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to examine the consistency between subjective and objective indicators, thereby comprehensively evaluating the perceived warning intensity of each combination.ResultsThe nine combinations of warning textures and colors showed no significant difference in Time to First Fixation, but exhibited significant differences in pupil diameter response and subjective warning valence ratings, with a significant interaction effect between texture and color. A moderate positive correlation was observed between subjective warning valence ratings and the increment of pupil diameter. Among these, subjects exhibited stronger alertness and a greater tendency to make avoidance decisions when viewing striped yellow-black and striped orange-black patterns. In contrast, alertness levels were significantly lower when observing striped purple-yellow or dotted pattern combinations. This indicates that while stripes are superior to dots in eliciting visual alertness, their actual effectiveness is significantly influenced by color interactions. The results of multiple comparisons revealed that the differences identified by subjective warning assessments were not fully captured by the objective physiological indicator of pupil diameter. The striped yellow-black pattern received significantly higher subjective ratings, influenced by cultural learning, symbolic semantics, and individual experience. In contrast, while the cracked-orange-black pattern elicited significant pupil dilation, it was not explicitly perceived as highly alerting. The striped orange-black pattern elicited a pupil diameter response ratio reaching the sympathetic activation threshold, accompanied by high alertness ratings, forming a complete alertness perception cycle that integrates both bottom-up and top-down processing. In contrast, the dotted yellow-black pattern produced a pupil diameter response ratio reaching the parasympathetic activation threshold, which can suppress sympathetic activity during the early stage of alertness stress. The findings suggest that the design of warning colors for Achilles tendon protective footwear should prioritize the selection of colors based on texture, rather than independently selecting texture or color.ConclusionThe stripe pattern in yellow-black serves as the optimal biological warning color paradigm for Achilles tendon protective shoes, significantly enhancing safety. The orange-black stripe pattern can be considered a secondary option, while the dot pattern in yellow-black should be avoided in warning signs.
This article is dedicated to a comparative analysis of the functional-stylistic features of the official style in the German and Uzbek languages. The study comprehensively examines the role of the official style in state administration, legal, and diplomatic spheres, as well as its genre diversity and the linguistic norms characteristic of this style (impersonality, conciseness, logicality, and terminological standardization). The research classifies the individual and institutional forms of the official style and analyzes the syntactic and lexical structure of various document types. Furthermore, the scientific perspectives of Uzbek linguists (N. Mahmudov, E. Begmatov) and Russian scholars (E.P. Rashevskaya, G.P. Nesgovorova) are compared within the scope of the topic. The results of the research indicate that the official style is an essential tool for regulating socio-political and legal relations in society, distinguished by strict literary norms, logical consistency, and a high degree of formalization.
The importance of linguistic databases in the gathering, organizing, and analysis of language data is highlighted in this article, which examines their crucial role in the study of corpus linguistics. By offering organized access to vast amounts of text, linguistic databases act as fundamental tools that support the methodical study of language. The article highlights the distinctive contributions that different kinds of linguistic databases such as generic corpora, specialized corpora, and annotated corpora make to linguistic research. It looks at the procedures used to create databases, including data selection, metadata inclusion, and the difficulties in guaranteeing reliability and representativeness. The essay also discusses how technical developments like machine learning and natural language processing can be used to improve the usefulness and analytical power of linguistic databases. This article highlights the critical significance of linguistic databases in expanding our knowledge of language structure, use, and variation across many contexts through case studies and real-world applications.
This article examines the linguistic phenomenon of genericization, in which brand names evolve into common nouns or verbs through widespread everyday use. Focusing on a comparative analysis of English and Uzbek, the study explores how social practices, technological development, and consumer culture contribute to lexical change in both languages. Well-known examples such as Google and Xerox in English, and Tefal and Xerox in Uzbek, illustrate how brand dominance and communicative efficiency encourage speakers to adopt trademarked names as general terms. Drawing on established linguistic scholarship, the article demonstrates that genericization is not a deviation from linguistic norms but a natural outcome of language adaptation. Despite differences in cultural context and stylistic conventions, English and Uzbek display similar mechanisms of lexical innovation driven by frequency of use and social acceptance. The findings highlight the dynamic relationship between language and society and emphasize the role of everyday communication in shaping vocabulary across languages.
This article states that in the formation of the norms of the Karakalpak literary language, especially the grammatical norm, not only units belonging to its own lexical layer, but also words imported from abroad, are of certain importance. At the same time, it is noted that it is very difficult to determine the linguistic source of a word and that a certain lexical unit has several connections with different languages, that is, the unit can be borrowed from the Karakalpak language through an intermediary language.
Background: Several extensively documented studies have been conducted on Philippine English (PhE) as a variety of World Englishes; however, its acceptability in international publishing contexts or formal academic writing remains underexplored. Objective: This study determines the presence and acceptability of Philippine English features in internationally published, peer-reviewed research articles authored by Filipino scholars. Methodology: This study employed a qualitative, interpretative research design. The data collection utilised a focused content analysis approach, targeting a purposive sample of eight research articles authored by Filipino scholars. The selection criteria mandated that all articles be indexed in either the Scopus or Web of Science (WoS) databases, ensuring high scholarly rigour. The analysis involved systematic coding and thematic extraction to identify recurring patterns, concepts, and arguments within the selected publications. Results: The systematic content analysis of research articles reveals three primary characteristics of Philippine English (PhE): (1) Localized vocabulary, where PhE exhibits a distinct lexicon that preserves cultural and social genuineness while simultaneously mediating between local and worldwide identities; (2) Lexical innovations and grammatical deviations, where the language demonstrates significant lexical innovation through the integration of native Filipino terms and systematic deviations from standard grammatical norms; and (3) distinct educational register, where PhE maintains a unique academic tone in educational settings, a feature directly attributable to the enduring historical and educational impacts on the Philippine linguistic landscape. Conclusion: The evidence confirms the broad acceptance of Philippine English (PhE) within international scholarly discourse, thereby validating its distinctiveness and legitimacy among foreign scholars and peer reviewers. This empirical acceptance critically intensifies the claim for the endonormative stabilisation of Philippine English as a recognised variety of World Englishes. Unique contribution: This study made a pioneering contribution by providing actual presence and editorial acceptance of Philippine English in the peer-reviewed research articles encompassing an external acceptability in global scholarly discourse. Moreover, this study marks a significant step in dismantling the concepts of native speakerism and non-native speakerism, as well as legitimising and intensifying World Englishes. Key Recommendation: The integration of World Englishes, specifically Philippine English, must be fully incorporated in both local and international academic writing instruction to reflect and intensify the pluricentrism of the English language and promote legitimate academic registers across the global academic settings.
This thesis aims to analyze the linguistic and pragmatic deployment of perlocutionary acts in diplomatic speech by exploring Uzbek and English discourse texts. It endeavors to discover how and in what linguistic and pragmatic ways perlocutionary effects are encoded, spread, and construed within institutional communication practices in general. From a comparative perspective, the study scrutinizes the effect on language/cultural norms of the perlocutionary influence. It demonstrates that these practices of perlocution are established by lexical, grammatical, and discourse practices of politeness norms, indirectness, and communication intentions. This research advances the theoretical study of linguopragmatic language and also presents tangible implications for intercultural and diplomatic communication.
This article investigates the use and expression of euphemisms in newspaper texts, focusing on their role as strategic linguistic tools in media discourse. Euphemisms, which replace direct or potentially offensive terms with milder or socially acceptable alternatives, are widely employed in political, economic, and social reporting to manage sensitive topics, maintain editorial neutrality, and influence reader perception. The study examines the linguistic and stylistic strategies newspapers use to construct euphemisms, including lexical substitution, metaphorical phrasing, nominalization, and circumlocution. By analyzing the distribution, frequency, and function of euphemistic expressions, the research highlights their importance in shaping tone, framing information, and reflecting cultural and ideological norms. The findings contribute to a better understanding of media language, discourse strategies, and the socio-pragmatic mechanisms underlying the presentation of delicate or controversial subjects in contemporary journalism.
ToS-100 contains 100 Terms of Service documents from online platforms, splitinto 20,417 clauses. Each clause is annotated for five categories of potentialunfairness: arbitration (A), unilateral change (CH), content removal (CR),limitation of liability (LTD) and unilateral termination (TER). A clause maycarry none of them (18,843 clauses, 92.3%) or several at once, so the task ismulti-label rather than multi-class. This deposit is the corpus of Ruggeri et al. (2022), itself built on the ToScorpus of Lippi et al. (2019), redistributed as three CSV files for Assignment 1of the Natural Language Processing course (Prof. Paolo Torroni, University ofBologna, a.y. 2026-2027). Files: train.csv 80 documents, 15,837 clauses validation.csv 10 documents, 2,548 clauses test.csv 10 documents, 2,032 clauses Columns: document_ID, document, text, A, CH, CR, LTD, TER. The split is by document, not by clause: all clauses of one contract stay inthe same split. Clauses of a single contract repeat each other almost verbatim,so a clause-level split would leak the test set into training. Positive clauses per category (train / validation / test): A 75 / 20 / 11 CH 268 / 43 / 33 CR 165 / 32 / 19 LTD 504 / 75 / 47 TER 318 / 59 / 43 Text is lowercased and tokenized in Penn Treebank style: brackets appear as-lrb- / -rrb-, quotes as `` and '', and clitics are detached (mozilla 's,do n't). The knowledge-base columns of the original release (*_targets), which point tofree-text legal rationales rather than to spans over the clause, are notincluded. Please cite the original works: Lippi et al., 2019. CLAUDETTE: an Automated Detector of Potentially Unfair Clauses in Online Terms of Service. Artificial Intelligence and Law. Ruggeri et al., 2022. Detecting and Explaining Unfairness in Consumer Contracts through Memory Networks. Artificial Intelligence and Law.
The article explores the features of information culture manifestation among Uzbek youth in the context of digital discourse. Based on comments and short messages from social media, the study analyzes processes of linguistic hybridization, code-switching, and English lexical borrowing. Particular attention is paid to the pragmatic characteristics of digital speech and the transformation of communicative norms. The empirical base comprises more than 250 text fragments produced by users aged 18–25 and collected between 2024 and 2026. It was found that approximately 62% of the messages contain elements of code-switching, while English lexical units are present in 48% of the analyzed examples. The study concludes that information culture manifests itself as a complex of linguistic, communicative, and cognitive skills that require purposeful development within educational practice.
Euphemisms constitute a universal linguistic phenomenon present across all known languages and cultures, serving as essential communicative tools that facilitate social interaction while maintaining politeness and avoiding offense. This article examines the theoretical foundations of euphemisms, exploring their origins, definitions, primary functions, and linguistic features. Drawing on interdisciplinary perspectives from linguistics, cognitive science, and sociolinguistics, the study demonstrates that euphemisms are not merely stylistic alternatives but complex linguistic mechanisms deeply embedded in cultural values and social norms. The article analyzes the classification systems proposed by various scholars, discusses the phonetic, lexical, grammatical, and rhetorical devices employed in euphemism formation, and explores the dynamic nature of euphemistic expressions through the concept of the "euphemism treadmill." By establishing a comprehensive theoretical framework, this article lays the groundwork for comparative cross-linguistic analysis of euphemistic phraseological units in English and Uzbek languages
This article examines the concept of occasional words (occasionalisms) and their linguistic features within modern discourse. It explores their definitions, structural characteristics, and functional roles from morphological, semantic, pragmatic, and stylistic perspectives. The study highlights the context-dependent nature of occasionalisms, emphasizing their expressive and evaluative functions as products of individual linguistic creativity. Special attention is given to their formation through analogy, their role in literary and journalistic texts, and their position between language norm and speech innovation. The article also differentiates occasionalisms from neologisms and nonce formations, focusing on their degree of lexicalization and communicative purpose. The findings demonstrate that occasional words are not random deviations but systematic, rule-governed innovations that contribute to linguistic development and reflect the dynamic interaction between language structure and usage.
Background.In the 21stcentury, the impact of modern technologies used in excursions has become more significant as well as qualitative and quantitative growth of international tourist flows. The article examines the specific features of translating audio guides from Russian into English and provides practical recommendations for the translation and adaptation of this type of text regarding its distinctive lexical, grammatical, and stylistic characteristics. Purpose.Toidentify the specific features of translating audio guides from Russian into English and to analyse the translation transformations used to adapt excursion texts to the perception of a foreign recipient. Materials and methods.The study is based on a contemporary audio guide and its English translation. The methodological framework of the research combines general scientific and linguistic methods. The principal method employed is comparative analysis, which made it possible to identify translation transformations applied at different language levels. Results.The study has shown that the translation of audio guides, as a form of excursion discourse, involves extensive adaptation of the source text regarding the linguistic, communicative, and functional features. One of the major challenges in this process is maintaining the communicative effect of the original text under conditions of auditory perception, which requires the translator to employ a range of translation transformations. The analysis of lexical units demonstrated that culturally marked elements present the greatest challenge in translation. The most effective translation strategy for such units is the preservation of their national and cultural specifics while ensuring that the perception and comprehension for the target audience. At the grammatical level, syntactic transformations are especially inportant. The most frequent transformation is sentence splitting, which is employed to adapt the Russian syntactic structure to the norms of the English language and to facilitate auditory perception. In addition, cases of modification of the theme-rheme structure of the sentence were identified, aimed at the appropriate distribution of semantic emphasis in accordance with English linguistic norms. An important aspect of audio guide translation is the preservation of stylistic hybridity, namely the combination of elements of scientific and literary styles, as well as different types of narration. The findings suggest that the nature of the audio guide as a contemporary form of digital multimodal museum discourse directly shapes the translator’s strategy. Audio guide translation therefore involves not only linguistic transfer, but also intercultural adaptation aimed at preserving both the informational value and the communicative effectiveness of the original text.