Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
The launch of Grokipedia, an AI-generated encyclopedia developed by Elon Musk's xAI, was presented as a response to perceived ideological and structural biases in Wikipedia, aiming to produce "truthful" entries using the Grok large language model. Yet whether an AI-driven alternative can escape the biases and limitations of human-edited platforms remains unclear. This study conducts a large-scale computational comparison of 17,790 matched article pairs from the 20,000 most-edited English Wikipedia pages. Using metrics spanning lexical richness, readability, reference density, structural features, and semantic similarity, we assess how closely the two platforms align in form and substance. We find that Grokipedia articles are substantially longer and contain significantly fewer references per word. Moreover, Grokipedia's content divides into two distinct groups: one that remains semantically and stylistically aligned with Wikipedia, and another that diverges sharply. Among the dissimilar articles, we observe a systematic rightward shift in the political bias of frequently cited news media sources, concentrated primarily in entries related to history and religion, and literature and art. More broadly, the findings indicate that AI-generated encyclopedic content departs from established editorial norms, favoring narrative expansion over citation-based verification, raising questions about transparency, provenance, and the governance of knowledge in automated information systems.
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of Viktor Gavrilov's idiosyncrasy as a modern Ugra writer with a unique, hybrid style close to the Leningrad underground. Special attention is paid to the «language game» technique, as one of the dominant ones in some works from the collection “Times. Coda”. Based on the interpretations of the approaches of several scientific schools, based on the material of the poem “(M)art”, the characteristic features of Gavrilov's poetics, synthesizing elements of playful postmodernism and existential lyrics, are comprehensively investigated. The methodological basis of the research combines elements of structural analysis (identification of lexical and syntactic features) and an intertextual approach (identification of allusions and reminiscences). Special attention is paid to parody strategies (the use of reduced vocabulary, neologisms, allusions to classical texts), existential motives (freedom, time, creative act), a specific synthesis of colloquial intonation and philosophical reflection. The results of the study demonstrate that Gavrilov's idiosyncrasy is characterized by a dialectic of playful and serious principles, intertextual saturation, semantic polyphony, and a special type of lyrical subject. These artistic techniques allow the writer to show his linguistic freedom, to manipulate the norms of language to create an aesthetic and expressive effect. The analysis contributes to the study of the poetics of modern writers, the transformations of postmodern text in Russian literature, and the specifics of modern idiosyncrasy. The scientific novelty of the work consists in introducing the texts of a modern Ugra author into scientific circulation, identifying the features of the regional idiosyncrasy and influences, and determining the place of Viktor Gavrilov's work in the modern literary process. The article reflects a holistic approach to the study of regional text, which corresponds to modern trends in the study of individual works in the general Russian literary process.
The study of the linguistic representation of the "human character" concept in Russian and Arabic linguocultures is determined by insufficient research on the lexical layer. The aim is a comparative analysis of adjectives denoting human character in the Russian and Arabic languages to identify linguocultural specificity. Research was conducted using componential analysis, paradigmatic and syntagmatic identification within linguoculturology and contrastive semantics. The Russian language possesses a developed system of negative descriptors, while Arabic demonstrates predominance of positive evaluations conditioned by religious-ethical norms. Significant differences were revealed in axiological marking of intellectual, social, and emotional characteristics between linguocultural communities. Research results are significant for intercultural communication and language teaching.
Just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs) have the aim to provide individualized interventions at optimal moments in time. A complex systems approach suggests that moments of instability may be such an optimal moment in time. In this study, we tested whether a micro-JITAI was more effective when applied during affective instability, as identified in real time from ecological momentary assessment data. We analyzed data from 70 participants who reported their momentary affect 5 times per day during a 60-day period. Instability was identified in real time from the exponentially weighted moving standard deviation (EWMSD) of their momentary affect ratings. The pleasant activity selector was applied as micro-intervention during periods of instability as well as during semi-random control periods. The results showed that the micro-intervention was not effective in improving positive affect. Moreover, the EWMSD appeared very sensitive to negative outlying values of momentary affect, instead of solely to enlarged fluctuations (the hypothesized indicator of instability). We discuss the implications for future studies that aim to test the effectiveness of JITAIs during instability.
The future of healthcare delivery across the cancer continuum holds great promise and challenge. U.S. cancer mortality across all cancers combined decreased ~2% annually from 2015 to 2019 thanks to a range of factors including clinical and delivery innovations in cancer prevention, control, treatment, supportive care, and efforts to improve clinical trial access [1]. However, long-standing cancer health disparities remain. Accelerated progress is vital to reduce cancer deaths for all Americans and achieve National Cancer Plan goals [2-4]. Additionally, COVID-19 impacts on cancer are still emerging [5, 6] and the long-term cancer survivor population is growing—increasing sustained surveillance for recurrence, new cancers, late effects, and other long-term health concerns [7]. These and other individual, institutional, and societal trends are shaping cancer care delivery, treatment, and research. Cancer health services research has a role in tracking and understanding how such trends influence health service design, delivery, and outcomes, to inform care approaches, health system decisions, and policy innovation across the cancer continuum. Such trends also beg the question, what measurement and methodological innovations are needed for timely, valid evaluation of their impact on cancer-related health services and outcomes important to patients, caregivers, healthcare professionals, payers, and policy makers? Continued measurement and methodological development only stand to improve scientific quality, reproducibility, and practical impact. Therefore, in this commentary, we briefly summarize 10 trends in cancer care delivery, treatment, and research and explore potential implications for health services research measurement and methods. Our intent is not to comprehensively address all possible opportunities or ideas presented here, but to highlight pressing, foundational needs and promising directions for measurement and methods focused science. Our focus is cancer health services research. However, the challenges and opportunities discussed clearly have broader implications. Rededication to strengthening our research methods and measures is an investment in the foundational T0 basic science [8] of cancer health services research and, therefore, essential to generating and translating future evidence into practice and policy. A universe of trends influences health services at-large at any given moment, however, we highlight 10 trends elevating the necessity of methods and measures research in cancer-focused health services research, including: (1) precision oncology; (2) whole-person perspectives; (3) health technologies (e.g., artificial intelligence (AI), mobile health, telehealth); (4) expanding in-home and community-based services; (5) health system integration and efforts addressing care fragmentation; (6) workforce capacity and evolving roles; (7) population aging; (8) improving safety, quality, value and access while controlling costs and addressing financial toxicity; (9) addressing social drivers of health; and (10) leveraging data oceans with unstructured, semi-structured, and structured elements. Deep discussion of each is beyond our scope, but we discuss several of these trends with examples and then give focused attention to measurement and methodological implications. One trend with significant measurement and methodological implications is the rapid advancement of precision oncology paradigms. Precision paradigms are fundamentally changing the understanding of cancer risk, diagnosis, disease profiling, treatment monitoring, therapeutic development, trial eligibility, and have birthed new health services (e.g., genetic counseling, in-house molecular pathology) [9-11]. Precision approaches highlight potential pitfalls of analyses by organ site (e.g., lung, breast) that lump together variations in genetic or social risks, different genomic signatures, treatments, and implications for prognosis and quality of life (QOL) [12-14]. Population aging and movement toward whole-person health similarly underscore opportunities to assess and model a broader constellation of factors (e.g., multiple chronic conditions, functional status, degrees of caregiver support) and understand the effects of incentivizing wholistic care approaches on cancer-related outcomes [15, 16]. Paralleling rapid clinical advancements is increasing attention on controlling costs, including addressing financial toxicity and financial distress [17, 18]. Cancer care costs increasingly outpace other areas; for example, they comprised 43% of 2020 Medicare Part B spending [19]. Additionally, recent analyses found cancer survivors were nearly 4 times more likely to declare bankruptcy and experienced credit score declines persisting up to nearly 10 years post-diagnosis [20]. Financial distress is associated with higher symptom burden, worse QOL, and lower adherence to recommended care [21-23]. Challenges quantifying costs or balancing cost with access to high-quality care and clinical innovations are certainly not new [24]. However, the scope and duration of cancer care costs at individual, family, and population levels beget opportunities for multilevel measure development, innovative modeling approaches, and data linkages, as well as interventions that integrate financial considerations into goals of care discussions and financial navigation [25-27]. The speed of cancer care innovation is also matched by rapid transformations in the healthcare system landscape across the cancer continuum. For example, in 2017 more oncology physician practices (50%–55%) reported vertical integration with a hospital or health system compared with any other specialty, up from ~20% in 2007 [28, 29]. Trends toward greater health system integration, new affiliation models, expansion of non-traditional players into the care delivery sector, and pervasive care fragmentation underscore opportunities to develop and adopt richer measures of organizational structure, functioning, policies, norms, and coordination across the cancer continuum [30]. Similarly, evolving roles and approaches to care are arising from clinical innovation (e.g., home-based screening, oral anti-cancer agents) paired with patient volumes rapidly outpacing oncology workforce capacity. For example, some care delivery models, state policies, and billing guidelines are enabling Advanced Practice Professionals, community health workers, patient navigators, home care, and other care team members to practice at the top of their license or certification [16]. These trends challenge future research to more precisely assess where and who is delivering care and to advance methods suitable for evaluating contributions of a growing constellation of collaborators and settings to cancer-related outcomes of interest. Additionally, the field has seen increased focus on understanding and addressing adverse social drivers of health, financial hardship, and social risks (e.g., transportation, food, housing instability) and their influence on persistent cancer health disparities [31]. For example, eliminating cancer health disparities was one of eight goals in the 2024 National Cancer Plan [32, 33]. NCI has a long history of supporting efforts to improve cancer health disparity measurement [34] given quantifying heterogeneity in cancer incidence and mortality is part of the Annual Report to the Nation on Cancer. However, efforts to address social risks and drivers of health via the healthcare system—as well as related measures and approaches for tracing impact on cancer outcomes—are still nascent. Collectively, these trends and others noted at the opening of this section underscore numerous opportunities for cancer health services scientists to address persistent and emerging measurement and methodological challenges. We highlight several opportunities for future measurement and methods development or refinement below. We simultaneously encourage the field to identify and pursue numerous others not discussed here. Many trends above may necessitate new measurement paradigms (e.g., whole-person cancer care, measurement-based care). Others underscore the need for dedicated attention toward solving persistent, yet fundamental measurement challenges (e.g., evolving care delivery settings, usual care, organizational characteristics). Given these trends, we discuss five example areas for measurement-focused research attention below. Evidence exists for the benefit of whole-person care models, yet defining components of whole-person cancer care requires conceptual elaboration, refinement, and standardization [35]. Both new measures and novel person-centered methods are essential to designing and optimizing whole-person focused systems of cancer care. In 2024, building from work in primary care, the Integrative Oncology Leadership Collaborative (IOLC) defined whole-person cancer care as an approach that integrates conventional cancer treatments with evidence-based complementary therapies and/or lifestyle interventions, addresses the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual aspects of a person's life, and focuses on what matters most to the patient [36, 37]. The IOLC definition and related minimal-required elements are based on the Two-Circle Model of Whole-Person Care [38], which reframes current disease-focused approaches toward one that is person-centered, relationship-based, and recovery and health-promotion focused. An emphasis on person-centered care, coordination, continuity and integration, and relationships are distinguishing characteristics of the whole-person paradigm and are conceptualized as features most likely to improve population health, access, quality, and lower costs. The Two-Circle framework also highlights roles, services, and workforce changes needed to implement, scale up, and sustain this type of care. New payment models are also important to support and incentivize a transition to whole-person care. Many health services measurement and methodological approaches developed or operationalized around a single disease, organ system, specific health care setting, or payer will continue to be useful in evaluating models of whole-person cancer care (e.g., cancer registries, Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers & Systems [CAHPS]) [39-41]. However, person-centered measures of unmet needs, experiences of care involving larger care teams, well-being (physical, emotional, social), care costs, and medical financial hardship will require further conceptual, lexical, and methodologic development in the context of whole-person care [42]. Ensuring such measures are accessible and meaningful for all patients, and interpretable as predictors and moderators of whole-person health outcomes will require mixed methods studies that go beyond traditional psychometric approaches to establish validity and interpretation [43]. Measurement of whole-person outcomes also requires accommodating, sometimes simultaneously, for within-person and group-level change, and methods able to address differences between individuals on a collection of measures or scale dimensions (e.g., almost matching exactly methods) [44]. The NIH National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health's 2021 Workshop on Methodological Approaches for Whole Person Research discussed several such measurement and methodological opportunities [45]. Measurement-based care (MBC) is an emerging approach in chronic disease management, including cancer care [46], generally defined as “systematic evaluation of patient symptoms before or during an encounter to inform” [47](p324) care-related decisions. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) form MBC's foundation, providing critical tools for assessing targeted needs for distinct populations (e.g., older adults, adolescents), tumor and treatment types, and care phase [48]. Well-validated instruments essential for MBC in oncology exist (e.g., needs assessment, symptoms, functional status, social risks) [49-51]. However, some domains remain underdeveloped, including measurement of treatment burden, patient engagement, and care experiences. Both existing and newly developed measures also require adaptation and validation to meet accessibility needs of all patients, including groups understudied in measure development research such as older adults and people with differing degrees of English language proficiency. Additionally, integrating these measures into feasible, efficacious MBC interventions and coupling them with evidence-based decision support necessary to prioritize and comprehensively address the constellation of needs identified, requires further development. Alternative settings of care beyond traditional inpatient-outpatient distinctions are also rapidly arising, including: telehealth, remote patient monitoring, home-based care (e.g., hospital-in-the-home, self-management support), distributed clinical trials, and consumer-oriented platforms (e.g., Amazon Care, CVS MinuteClinic). These settings offer new opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration, improved efficiency, and access. However, the field lacks screening measures to match these settings to patient needs and resources, risk stratify, and predict clinical complications. Also needed are bespoke measures demonstrating solid measurement properties in these settings for care quality, safety, clinical outcomes, budget impact, costs, value, and experiences of patients, caregivers, and staff [52-54]. Measuring strategies and contextual factors contributing to the adoption and sustainment of delivery models employing alternative care settings are also important for dissemination and adaptation [54, 55]. Usual care is a frequent comparator in randomized trials and pragmatic trials (e.g., cluster randomized, stepped wedge), particularly those evaluating health interventions or healthcare delivery interventions studies or in health services also usual care as a comparator usual care is the is important to understand the to which any pragmatic exists in the comparator to treatment However, significant and challenges exist in the and measurement of usual care and of the heterogeneity in what usual care Usual care is a and and between settings usual care may and is context the of valid usual care is not well in studies and approaches to and modeling usual care, and related and between settings are important Cancer health services for example, approaches to to evidence-based practices and interventions in science characteristics of the care delivery and across the cancer continuum influence access, coordination, clinical outcomes, and costs. in new affiliation models, and expansion of non-traditional players in care delivery underscore opportunities to develop and adopt richer measures of organizational integration, structure, functioning, policies, norms, and coordination across the cancer continuum. 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For example, and modeling methods and to work also focus on of for Additionally, with effects and models in health services opportunities exist to from multilevel methods to understand or other cluster heterogeneity Similarly, approaches for modeling or differences in models, be For example, such methods be useful for understanding and outcomes more and differences in the of or health system also be useful in understanding or other in of existing or advancement of new multilevel modeling approaches also focus on measurement of approaches, and related measurement methods is important cancer health services research is to address current and future challenges. these methods have important for understanding oncology workforce and outcomes addressing social risks care quality disparities and methods will also be to understanding health system and integration as well as the of new clinical technologies and changes research explore the adaptation of existing methods for understanding and the impacts of policy change, and to genomic and other data improve the of or disease care and care team toward modeling together with and is For example, from methods to social data on modeling patient clinical innovation and organizational changes and methods for in data also useful for effects on policy and and methods also be useful to or methods data modeling that for volumes of with are critical the field is to model the heterogeneity in cancer screening and disease characteristics and care and outcomes at the patient and population For example, data and (e.g., of such new methods address this while data to meaningful volumes and methods that or For example, modeling has to identify in care and and paired with models models, effects to predictors and with outcomes these and related methods (e.g., cluster of based on multiple or These approaches are critical for tracing care and patient and across care be useful and to modeling of usual care or other and differences (e.g., to understand populations to cancer with emerging approaches to improve and of data from medical and other intelligence and methods have rapidly emerging roles in clinical care and health services research. discussion of language and other methods is our scope, but their in and other aspects of cancer care are expanding rapidly However, significant exist in evaluating the characteristics of in clinical settings and the field lacks to in specific care and with specific services research has generally more some other the to which methods will address measurement and methodological challenges. However, methods have and be for numerous aspects of health services research, including: data and addressing and policy evaluation For example, an for and Research five methodological areas that benefit from including and for or health outcomes, and in and in analyses and other research areas methods with promise and that require methodological with methodological and for and modeling or data are of leveraging a long history in some areas of health services research modeling is in health policy development healthcare workforce and research However, a basic of the for found only exist for future research to adopt and advance particularly given the of new approaches for generating data and science platforms of health services models For example, NCI has the Cancer and to advance modeling of the history of disease and cancer including cancer and screening have in understanding that a in of screening reduce cancer deaths by and cancer deaths by the contributions of in screening, treatment, and other aspects of care on cancer mortality and in analyses of screening data from cancer registries, clinical trials, and other and offer a potential for other cancer health services scientists in For example, methods from or and These approaches are critical in cancer health services research given the of cancers and related care, particularly methods are also important for understanding value of care and more precisely understanding to usual care. However, to adoption we how existing mixed methods be and and develop more methods (e.g., rapid need further refinement to support adoption These methods have potential to inform measurement of care value, and in and understanding of variations in care delivery and outcomes the cancer continuum. focused on innovative data collection approaches and data integration is also particularly given declines in and increasing on patients, health professionals, and These ideas be important Our was to and offer some not all or promising We to focus on challenges and including with data social and other Additionally, we have to and the trends and opportunities noted have their and considerations not here. some may with our of measurement methodological is for the domains is across models and the need for and in addressing healthcare delivery measurement and methods challenges. has years of Research measurement and data challenges the is progress in some areas in a related the trends and challenges underscore that important opportunities remain. chronic cancer and to and new measures and methods for and modeling of health services and outcomes Given trends discussed and in the we that is for future cancer health services research to focus on measurement while simultaneously the of cancer care For example, some measurement discussed are fundamental (e.g., usual care, with However, attention to these fundamental measurement the field opportunities to assess and from the of increasingly cancer care. 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This article presents a comprehensive linguistic analysis of Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytskyi’s epistle «To my beloved Hutsuls!» (1900), which is written in the Hutsul dialect. The introduction outlines the study’s purpose: to determine the extent to which dialectal norms are integrated into this confessional text. The research objectives include identifying the phonetic features of the Hutsul dialect within the epistle, analyzing its grammatical characteristics, and characterizing its lexical corpus. The primary source for this study is the text of the pastoral letter, published in the 1935 edition of Metropolitan A. Sheptytskyi’s works. The article examines the historical context surrounding the creation of «To my beloved Hutsuls!», which influenced the author's linguistic choices. Sheptytsky wrote this message in 1900 following his visit to the faithful of the Kosiv Deanery. A review of relevant literature is provided, including lexicographic sources that describe the norms of the Hutsul dialect. During this period, there was a cultural opposition between «yazychiie» (a Church Slavonic-based literary language) and the vernacular, with Sheptytskyi opting for the latter. His innovative approach as the head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) received high praise from Ivan Franko. In the section titled «Phonetic features of the hutsul dialect in the epistle», the characteristic manifestations of the Hutsul vocalic and consonantal systems in the text are examined. It is established that the author accurately conveys the sound profile of the Hutsul dialect, with only a few minor exceptions. The section «Morphological features of the epistle» identifies noun, adjective, verb, pronoun, and numeral inflectional forms typical of the Hutsul dialect. Additionally, several common word-formation patterns are outlined. The author generally adheres to the key grammatical norms of the dialect, although some deviations in inflection compared to documented forms in lexicographic sources are noted. In the section «Lexical corpus of the epistle», typical lexical dialectisms are described, along with the presence of theological terminology and internationalisms. It is argued that the author skillfully combined diverse layers of vocabulary, ensuring comprehensibility for the Hutsul community. A. Sheptytskyi did not write the pastoral letter in the Hutsul dialect as a philological experiment; instead, he intended for it to have a significant educational and pastoral impact. Today, with Standard Ukrainian serving as a common means of communication known to nearly all speakers through the education system, there is little need to develop a confessional style based on individual dialects. While the potential of dialects is broad, as demonstrated by A. Sheptytskyi’s epistle, their societal relevance is currently low or largely absent. In the conclusions, it is noted that A. Sheptytskyi’s epistle «To my beloved Hutsuls!» captures the essential features of the Hutsul dialect and stands as an important linguistic document of the early 20th c. The epistle demonstrates an expansion of the dialect’s functional possibilities beyond its usual sphere.
Advertisements serve as pivotal cultural tools that shape consumer perceptions, influence purchasing behavior and construct social meanings. In the context of beauty and cosmetics, their persuasive force is particularly directed toward women, often reinforcing the long-standing association between fair skin and desirability. This study examines the semiotic strategies employed in fairness cream advertisements to demonstrate how they commodify the female body and reproduce normative beauty standards among Indian women. Drawing on multimodal semiotic theories from Structuralist Model of Signification of Saussure, Barthes (1972) and Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) the analysis explores how signs, symbols, color schemes, narrative structures and ideological mythologies collectively sustain the notion that fairness signifies beauty, confidence, success and social approval. The study focuses on both lexical and visual semiotics, analyzing linguistic choices, metaphors, presuppositions and transformation narratives that implicitly encode colorist ideologies. Complemented by feminist theory and postcolonial perspectives, the analysis further interrogates the gendered pressures, patriarchal expectations and colonial residues embedded within fairness discourse. Findings reveal that fairness cream advertisements systematically normalize colorism by idealizing lighter skin tones while marginalizing darker complexions. These representational patterns shape self-perceptions of women, contributing to internalized bias, diminished self-esteem, and aspirational conformity to Eurocentric beauty norms. The study highlights the urgent need for inclusive media practices that challenge discriminatory beauty narratives and support diverse representations. By examining the intersections of semiotics, gender and postcolonial identity, this research contributes to broader discussions on beauty, power and inequality in contemporary Indian society.
Taboo concept founded as basiс notion in linguistic worldview originated from an ancient beliefs. Taboo is a forbidden word and action. The article contains views on taboo meaning based on principles, norms of beliefs, traditions, customs of Turkic people, determined by sociocultural, eсological environment. This study is devoted to prohibited lexics, its place in worldview of various cultural representatives, implementation of linguocognitive analysis.The value of the study identify national, cultural features of prohibitions in Turkic languages. Facing taboo specifics in real use and materials, based on conclusions related life, culture, civilization, describes theories of moral, religious norms supporting by examples. The main goal is focusing on taboo in cognition, to consider prohibition concepts of Turkic and Kazakh people. Determine taboo’s linguocognitive, linguocultural, educational value based on the continuity of cognition and traditions. During the study methods of selecting, collecting, classifying, analyzing materials were used. The theoretical part based on scientists works studying lexicology and ethnolinguistics; showed the specificity, originality of prohibitions by prism of Turkic world languages. The practical significance is the use of materials from Turkic languages allows to create taboo dictionary.Тhe result of the study presented groupings of taboo types in Kazakh and Turkic people which preserved to present days. Analyzed linguistic manifestation of taboos in the Turkic languages, identified characteristics and common features. Taboos and linguistic taboos in Turkic languages can serve for analysis of linguistic units, create dictionaries, as a source of linguocognitive works.
AbstractIn this study, the word orders of the Arabic dialect of Arabkhaneh in South Khorasan have been investigated from a typological point of view. Arabkhaneh is a region consisting of several villages, 90 kilometers south of the center of South Khorasan whose mixed Arabic-Persian dialect, has been heavily influenced by the surrounding Persian language at all linguistic levels (morphological, syntactic, and phonological features). In this research, Dryer’s (1992) “The Word Order Correlations” and Dabir-Moghadam’s (1402) “Typology of Iranian Languages” were chosen as the frameworks to investigate the word order of Arabkhaneh's dialect. In the present study, the question that occupied the minds of researchers were as follows: 1) In which linguistic components has the Arabkhaneh dialect been deviated from standard Arabic typological patterns, and 2) in which components it has approached Persian linguistic typological patterns? In this research, in addition to using the questionnaire, certain interviews were conducted with 10 native speakers of Arabkhaneh who were illiterate (5 men and 5 women) and over 60 years old. After gathering the data, plenty of time was spent on data transcription using International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and the analysis of data. Analyzing the data, as regards to the typological behavior of the Arabkhaneh dialect, demonstrated that the dialect has diverged from standard Arabic patterns in certain components while in other components, the criterion has approached Persian. Furthermore, regarding components where standard Arabic accommodates two types of linguistic behavior, the Arabkhaneh dialect has accepted the Persian type and has shown no inclination towards using the second typeIntroductionThis research aims to identify the word orders of the Arabic dialect of Arabkhaneh from a typological point of view. Arabkhaneh, a region in the southeastern part of South Khorasan Province, is home to a mixed Arabic-Persian dialect heavily influenced by surrounding Persian across at all linguistic levels. Currently, Arabkhaneh is among the most densely populated areas within the Sardaran District, Nehbandan County, with approximately 3,600 residents. The historical origins of the Arab community's settlement in southern Khorasan have remained undocumented and ambiguous. However, linguistic analyses of Arabic-speaking populations in South Khorasan, along with historical accounts of the Naderi era, suggest that the people of Arabkhaneh were not part of the initial Arab settlers who entered southern Khorasan during the early Islamic conquests. Evidence indicates that they were likely relocated to southern South Khorasan by Nader Shah from the southern ports of Iran.Literature ReviewThis section reviews typological studies relevant to Standard Arabic and the Arabkhaneh dialect. Typological studies have illuminated the impact of language contact on syntactic and morphological shifts in dialects. The Arabkhaneh dialect, a unique mix of Arabic-Persian spoken in South Khorasan, is an example of such linguistic influence. Deeply affected by Persian at various linguistic levels, it diverges from standard Arabic norms. Studies like Al-Sha'er (2019) have underscored the strong verb-medial tendencies in Standard Arabic, while Mofidi (2019) explored case-marking systems, revealing diverse nominal structures. Furthermore, Rahmeh (2020) provided a comparative typological analysis of Persian and Arabic, identifying crucial syntactic variations. Despite these valuable contributions, typological analysis of the Arabkhaneh dialect remains sparse, particularly concerning its deviation from Arabic and alignment with Persian. Comprehensive studies specifically targeting Arabkhaneh include Nasseh (2008), who examined Persian-Arabic interactions in Arabkhaneh, and Jani (2008) who studied Arabkhaneh's linguistic divergence from other South Khorasan Arabic dialects. However, a systematic typological analysis employing Dryer's (1992) word order correlations and Dabir-Moghaddam's (2023) Iranian language framework has been largely absent. This study addresses that gap and focuses on word order patterns to identify where Arabkhaneh diverges from Arabic and approaches Persian.Materials and MethodsThe linguistic community of this study consists of 10 semi-literate native speakers from the Arabkhaneh region (5 men and 5 women over the age of 60). Data were gathered from natural conversations involving the participants and their companions. In conducting this research, the authors have followed the framework outlined in Typology of Iranian Languages by Dabir-Moghaddam (2023), which is based on Dryer's 24 universal components. As mentioned before, Dryer (1992) introduces 23 universal components and provides a separate table for each one. In addition to these 23 components, the researchers utilized 6 other components that Dryer added to his database and shared with Dabir-Moghaddam. These additional components were incorporated into the study of the Arabkhaneh dialect. Following the analysis, it was found that four of these components do not apply to the Arabkhaneh dialect. Consequently, the final investigation proceeded with 25 components, which were employed to identify the typological features and syntactic behaviors of the dialect. The four non-applicable components were as follows: 1) The order of plural noun and noun, 2) The order of main verb and negative auxiliary, 3) The order of noun and free morpheme, 4) The order of negative affix and verb. To enable implicit comparative analysis of the linguistic behavior of Arabkhaneh with Standard Arabic, the researchers sought consultation from an experienced Arabic language instructor. For each example from the Arabkhaneh dialect across the various components, its Standard Arabic equivalent was provided in quotation marks and was italicized. Among the 25 examined components, eight typological features of the Arabkhaneh dialect are highlighted below. These features illustrate its divergence from Standard Arabic and its convergence toward Standard Persian. Additionally, there are instances where Standard Arabic presents two different syntactic structures, yet the Arabkhaneh dialect exclusively adopts the form aligned with Standard Persian, showing no inclination toward the alternative structure. Collectively, these examples reflect the linguistic influence of Persian on the Arabkhaneh dialect through language contact. It is noteworthy that the numbering of the components in this study aligns with the sequence presented in Typology of Iranian Languages by Dabir-Moghaddam (2023).ResultsThe results reveal that the Arabkhaneh dialect exhibits distinctive word order patterns that significantly differ from Standard Arabic and mirror Persian structures. The analysis of 25 typological features indicates that Arabkhaneh consistently adopts Persian-like word orders including:a) Adverbs preceding verbs, contrasting the standard Arabic structure; b) Subjects preceding verbs, aligning with Persian syntax;c) Interrogative markers ('هل' or 'أ') are absent, replaced by intonational cues similar to Persian;d) Predicate adjectives and demonstratives precede nouns, following Persian ordering.DiscussionThe syntactic alignment of Arabkhaneh with Persian reflects the profound bilingualism in South Khorasan, where Persian dominates as the primary medium in educational and administrative settings. Unlike the verb-initial order typical of Arabic, Arabkhaneh adopts the subject-verb structure as a basic characteristic of Persian. This realignment suggests a syntactic restructuring beyond mere lexical borrowing, driven by consistent language contact. The positioning of adverbs and interrogatives mirrors Persian conventions and signifies a typological convergence that reshapes Arabkhaneh's linguistic identity. These syntactic changes not only influence everyday communication but also challenge the preservation of Arabic's typological integrity in the region.ConclusionThis study underscores the typological transformation of the Arabkhaneh dialect as a consequence of sustained Persian influence. Its divergence from Arabic and approaching Persian exemplify the fluidity of grammatical structures under prolonged language contact. Further research is recommended to investigate the sociolinguistic factors driving these shifts and to assess their implications for the dialect's sustainability and linguistic identity preservation.
Language plays a crucial role in digital communication, and platforms like Instagram serve as key spaces for self-expression. This study investigates graphological deviations in Instagram captions, focusing on typography, spelling and grammar, and punctuation to understand their impact on written communication in social media. This research adopted a qualitative descriptive approach, analyzing captions from English Language Education Department students' Instagram accounts to identify and categorize graphological deviations. Data collection involved selecting captions with deviations in spelling, punctuation, and typography, followed by analysis using theories from Verdonk (2002) and Simpson (2004). The findings reveal that graphological deviations are intentionally employed to enhance aesthetics, convey emotions, and establish a relaxed, informal tone. Three main categories emerged: (1) Spelling and Grammar, which featured informal abbreviations and creative word formations and accounted for 10 instances; (2) Punctuation, where unconventional uses of quotation marks, ellipses, and dashes added emphasis and emotional depth, with 7 instances identified and (3) Typography, where unique fonts, emojis, and text layouts enhanced visual appeal, with 4 instances recorded. While such deviations may reduce clarity and professionalism, they significantly shape message reception in social media contexts. The study concludes that graphological deviations are a stylistic choice prioritizing aesthetics and emotional engagement over linguistic norms. Future research can explore their visual and emotional impact, typographic effectiveness, and multilingual adaptations in digital media.
Machine learning relies heavily on language modeling to understand detailed information in modern applications of natural language processing. In addition, Deep learning methodologies have gained traction in various fields. Recurrent neural networks have emerged as powerful tools in this context, excelling at sequence modeling. Notably, Long-Short-Term Memory (LSTM) layers have become fundamental to language modeling. Additionally, Temporal Convolutional Networks (TCNs) are a recent and promising addition to Deep Learning. Meanwhile, meta-heuristic optimization has been adopted in several research areas due to its effectiveness. This study proposes a TCN-based language model, optimized by the Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA). AOA is used in this study to optimize parameters for LSTM and TCN models. The proposed language model is compared with the Exponential Linear Unit LSTM and the Binary Input Gate Recurrent Unit, two important models in modern language processing. The performance of these models is examined and compared using the Penn Treebank (PTB) dataset. The obtained results highlight the ability of AOA to accelerate the convergence of parameters during training and highlight the better performance of the proposed model. By improving Sparse Categorical Cross Entropy loss and perplexity, the proposed model outperforms other models in the PTB language modeling task.
ABSTRACT Colonial monolingual norms are a present oppressive force within schooling spaces, with a direct assimilative target on the linguistic practices of historically marginalized peoples, histories, and knowledge systems. For racially minoritized multilingual refugee learners, the space of in‐school science learning can be experienced as an involuntary detachment from linguistic wholeness, intergenerational ways of knowing, and community practices. Our work offers a disruption of the deficit‐based narratives that leave the brilliances associated with multilingualism invisibilized. Based on facilitator reflections and video‐based interaction analyses, our findings shed light on the pedagogy of whole languaging hearts that actively resist colonial and racialized linguistic norms and center social interactions and relations transcending divides across languages, geopolitical locations, and species. The pedagogy of whole languaging hearts was enacted to embrace how children and teachers located themselves within land‐based networks of interrelated communities. We offer to look at this network intersectionally, lovingly, and relationally to imagine otherwise, refusing the predefined disciplinary possibilities for eco‐ and socially just science futures together. Extending further the literature on translanguaging, our article focuses on the transformative possibilities of languaging emerging from our work with diasporic refugee children hailing from the “Middle East,” which transcends the borders of the named languages of Arabic, Kurmanji, and English. With the pedagogical enactment of languaging with whole hearts, we demonstrate how teachers can open space for science teaching grounded in the lives and worlds of multilingual refugee children and in embodied interactions on the land. We argue that ways of coming to know sciences are inseparable from our sense of community, stories, and relations.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to systems that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as learning from data, understanding natural language, recognizing patterns and making decisions (Russell and Norvig, 2009). Unlike traditional computer programs that follow explicit instructions, AI systems are featured in digesting big data, adapting to new inputs and improving performance over time. At its core, AI is powered by algorithms that are sets of mathematical and logical instructions specifying how computers analyze information and make decisions. Modern AI relies on deep learning techniques, particularly massive neural networks, to process complex and high-dimensional inputs such as images, speech and natural language and extract patterns from relevant big data (Mienye et al., 2024; Razavi, 2021). The rapid-evolving generative AI represents a signature move of contemporary AI paradigms (Sengar et al., 2024). Tremendous industrial and academic resources have been investing to advance AI alignment, interpretability and efficiency and seek to balance innovation with safety, transparency and responsible deployment across global industries.In the context of the sport business, AI is not just a technological add-on but a transformative force that provides the tools to analyze complex data, automate operations and create new value for fans and stakeholders. This deep connection extends to sport business research, where AI has been reshaping how sport business knowledge is created, validated and applied. The impact of AI on sport business research can be understood from forging novel research agendas, advancing methodological paradigms and improving research efficiency.The most profound impact of AI is its role as a catalyst for novel research agendas. As AI technologies become deeply embedded in the everyday lives of sport consumers and rapidly reshape the operations of sport organizations, they create emergent phenomena that existing theories may not adequately explain. This presents fertile ground for sport business researchers to explore, potentially leading to conceptual refinements and the development of entirely new theoretical frameworks. Below we outline several research agendas for sport business scholars engaging with AI.How Fans Respond to Sport Products Integrating AI. Sport products are increasingly AI-supported, where AI serves as a supplemental component to enhance existing functions or even AI-powered, where AI acts as the core engine of the product itself (Naeem et al., 2024). This AI transformation ranges from the integration of AI for enhancing traditional game-day experience to the full adoption of AI in delivering personalized content recommendation, powering emerging sport-betting platforms and revolutionizing chatbot-based interactions. A new field of research is emerging to explore the psychological and sociological dimensions of how sport consumers interact with AI. This line of inquiry could further refine the conceptual models in the field or even lead to new theoretical frameworks explaining human–AI dynamics.How sport businesses utilize AI. The deployment of AI is reshaping sport organizations by transforming both day-to-day operations and high-level strategic roles, including but not limited to public relations, marketing planning, resource allocation, talent management and organizational design. As AI assumes a more central role in shaping strategy and governance, sport organizations may need to adapt their culture, capabilities and decision structures to remain competitive. A growing body of research aims to assess the effectiveness of adopting AI technologies in organizational operations and strategic management and explore organizational structures needed to address the challenges of AI transformation.How governing bodies and society adapt. The prevalence of AI raises significant questions for governance and ethics. Critical frontiers for research include investigating algorithmic bias in fan profiling, ensuring data privacy and establishing fair regulations for AI in sports betting. This line of inquiry is essential for developing new governance models and ethical guidelines for the sport industry.Sport business research has progressed from employing AI primarily as an analytical tool or methodological enhancement to developing AI-centered research agendas that examine how key stakeholders respond to various applications of AI in the sport industry. At present, consumer responses have received greater scholarly attention, whereas the perspectives of business entities and the implications for governance and policy remain comparatively underexplored.Beyond creating new topics, AI is reshaping the methodology of sport business research. It provides powerful new ways to advance existing research agendas by advancing data variety, data volume, data collection, analytics and experiment simulation, which benefits both correlational and experimental studies.Augmented data features. With the assistance of natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision, researchers are no longer limited to structured numerical data such as surveys and official statistics. We now can tap into vast and varied unstructured data sources like natural language from social media, images from fans and video feeds from games. The data with high breadth, granularity and contextual richness enable extraction of sentiment, emotion, contextual meaning and relationships that traditional datasets could not capture (Mao, 2025). The volume and velocity of available data have expanded exponentially, offering a richer, more holistic view of the sport ecosystem (Mamo et al., 2022).New quantitative solutions. Machine learning and language processing models provide powerful additions to the researcher's arsenal, which largely enhance our capacity for analyzing complex unstructured data, modeling non-linear relationships, uncovering latent structures and elevating prediction power that are challenging to achieve with the traditional analytics paradigm. AI can also assist in cleaning and pre-processing large datasets, detecting anomalies and suggesting data transformations. The analytical advancement empowers researchers to develop conceptual models or test established theories with a level of rigor and predictive accuracy that was previously impossible (Chen and Chen, 2024).AI-enhanced qualitative approaches. AI and NLP have also transformed traditional qualitative research methodologies, significantly expanding researchers' ability to process large-scale textual data and automate time-intensive coding processes (Hitch, 2024). They help researchers identify thematic patterns across extensive textual corpora, facilitate rapid comparison across multiple data sources and enhance reproducibility of interpretive analysis in ways that manual approaches often fall short of (Nelson, 2020). This paradigm shift allows researchers to engage with both the breadth and depth of consumer experience simultaneously (Mao et al., 2024).Innovative computational simulation. AI facilitates the creation of sophisticated simulations that explore and examine the behavior of key stakeholders (e.g. fans, athletes, sport organizations and general businesses) within sport business ecosystems. Notably, generative AI gives researchers unprecedented power to design and tailor realistic experimental stimuli such as synthetic commentary, virtual sport environments or tailored promotional messages, enhancing the rigor and ecological validity of experimental designs.AI also benefits sport business research at a broad level by reshaping and streamlining fundamental early-stage tasks, thereby improving research workflow efficiency and enabling scholars to devote more time to higher-level analysis and interpretation. For example, AI-powered platforms such as Semantic Scholar and Sourcely have significantly improved the efficiency of literature review and information search, sorting and synthesis. These tools interpret the context of queries rather than relying solely on keywords, automatically identify related papers, summarize key findings and generate conceptual maps of research areas, enabling scholars to more quickly evaluate existing literature and identify gaps. By automating these foundational tasks, AI not only improves efficiency but also enhances reproducibility in the iterative research cycle where new knowledge builds upon prior work.Five studies in this special issue explore consumer response to AI transformation in various sport consumption settings, ranging from the deeply personal (AI-supported wearable devices) and the interactive (AI chatbots) to the persuasive (generative AI in ads) and the high-stakes (AI-driven sports betting). This collection of work provides crucial managerial implications for navigating the AI transition and enriches theoretical frameworks by illuminating the complex factors, such as emotion, technology anxiety, perceived trust and subjective norms that ultimately determine consumer adoption.Lee et al. (2025) investigated how consumer evaluations of AI-generated sports ads are affected by AI awareness timing, advertisement model type and source-message incongruence. The results show that AI awareness generally have a positive impact, particularly when consumers are aware of the AI's role after viewing the ads. Virtual Human models are rated the lowest compared to Digital Twin and Human models and source-message incongruence negatively influenced evaluations. The study offers insights for practitioners on optimizing AI ads by strategically timing disclosures and selecting appropriate models and provides references for effective AI integration in sport advertising practices.Gerke et al. (2025) empirically examined consumer responses to the AI-supported wearable devices based on the Artificially Intelligent Device Use Acceptance Model (AIDUA). Their findings highlight a significant intention–behavior gap, as emotions were found to predict the intention to use but not actual consumption. The study also nullified a common assumption that consumers' appraisal of AI anthropomorphism influences their performance or effort expectancies. These insights are critical for sports managers and marketers aiming to improve the adoption of AI-supported sports services.Grounded in the parasocial interaction and the social exchange theories, Choi and Lee (2025) investigated how anthropomorphized AI chatbots in sports enhance social presence to boost consumer loyalty and reduce technology anxiety. Key findings indicate that anthropomorphism successfully increases social presence, which in turn positively influences loyalty while negatively affecting technology anxiety. This study also identifies technology anxiety as a partial mediator, showing that a heightened social presence can mitigate anxiety's negative impact on user loyalty. This research effort extends theory by demonstrating that social presence is a key mechanism for reducing user anxiety, offering practical insights for sports marketers using AI to enhance consumer engagement.Buechner et al. (2025) scrutinized whether the source of a sports betting recommendation (AI or human) affects consumer perceptions of expertise and their likelihood to follow the advice. Through three lab experiments, this research consistently found that compared to human resources, AI recommendations significantly decreased consumers' perceptions of expertise. This lower perceived expertise in turn reduced participants' likelihood of following the betting recommendation. As one of the pioneer studies in this area, the findings suggest that despite technological advances, consumers currently exhibit lower trust in AI for sports betting advice, perceiving human sources as more credible.Dinç et al. (2025) assessed ChatGPT adoption's impact on soccer bettors' behavioral intention and word of mouth. Survey results show that attitude and subjective norms are strong predictors of behavioral intention. Specifically, perceived ease of use and usefulness positively shaped attitude. The effect of usefulness on intention was indirect, mediated entirely by attitude. Social influence significantly drove word of mouth via subjective norms and behavioral intention. This research broadens the applicability of existing theoretical frameworks by examining AI adoption among soccer bettors, while simultaneously offering AI developers actionable strategies to improve user acceptance within this evolving market.Perspectives on how sport organizations utilize AI show organizations' capacity to digest AI techniques to compete, profit and grow in today's market. This research body is essential for understanding the strategic, operational and economic implications of AI in the sport ecosystem. The current special issue highlights two studies by five scholars.Du et al. (2025) examined whether AI can assist in training sports salespeople by evaluating their interactions with prospective ticket buyers. Using topic modeling and sentiment analysis on transcribed National Basketball Association (NBA) sales calls, the research identified several key predictors of success. Findings show that agents with greater lexical diversity and a moderate speaking pace generated more positive customer sentiment and achieved higher sales success. Additionally, a positive association was found between asking more open-ended questions and effective information gathering. Guided by the Technology-Task-Fit theory, this study provides evidence that AI can effectively analyze sales conversations to deliver applicable, data-driven feedback, supporting its integration into modern salesperson training programs.Fortunato and Kosterich (2025) examined how Amazon Web Services (AWS) uses its functionally congruent sponsorship with the National Football League (NFL) to demonstrate its performance capabilities. AWS provides both on-field (e.g. player health and safety) and off-field (e.g. game scheduling) services to the NFL and promotes this deep integration via major marketing communications (e.g. AWS websites, in-game elements and TV commercials) to showcase its brand reliability, which is a key factor in business-to-business marketing. The core message of sponsorship implies that if AWS can handle complex tasks for the NFL, it can certainly do the same for a potential client's business. This study provides a timely, practical example of how AI brands leverage sports sponsorship to communicate and position their advanced technical services.As previously discussed, AI is largely reshaping the sport data frontier, altering data attributes (variety, volume and velocity), collection methods, analytical routines and experimental simulation. The ripple effects of this data revolution on sport business research are profound and pervasive. This impact is comprehensively exemplified by four articles featured in the current special issue.Anagnostopoulos et al. (2025) utilized natural language processing (GPT-4) to analyze how companies on the Qatar Stock Exchange reported their “corporate social responsibility (CSR) through sport” initiatives within annual reports from 2006 to 2022. By automating information retrieval from all 46 listed companies, the analysis identified 672 distinct CSRs through sport initiatives, revealing a significant upward trend over the period. The primary contribution lies in its human–AI framework, which provides a novel and efficient method for systematically analyzing how publicly listed companies communicate their CSR activities in the sport sector. This offers a new perspective on corporate philanthropy in the Middle East.Ryu et al. (2025) used AI to analyze how player performance in professional women's volleyball affects fan emotions, measured via sentiment analysis of Instagram comments. It also examined the moderating roles of superstar status and facial attractiveness. The results confirmed fan emotions are tied to game outcomes but revealed a complex beauty bias. Specifically, attractive players received a beauty premium (less negativity) for errors, yet faced a “beauty penalty” for scoring points, a dynamic not observed with non-all-star players. This research advances the use of AI to demonstrate how attractiveness moderates fan reactions to on-court performance, expanding prior work that focused primarily on off-court factors like salary.Bian and Cork (2024) developed a machine learning model capable of predicting the of and identified the key these machine learning for fan offers a data-driven to traditional The model identify sponsorship as the most by and fan The research provides a novel for understanding how fan are offering an actionable for practitioners to enhance sponsorship et al. (2025) the of sport consumption by consumers' perceived and This offers a data-driven method for understanding consumer in a by AI and deep learning approaches to analyze The study highlights that is by a of and social It provides foundational evidence and practical insights for brand managers navigating the sport and fan have become data sources et al., et al., of it which in turn AI data collection is more and as interaction by social and is to that could be used for marketing et al., 2021). This is further by a of through wearable technologies that extensive and behavioral data et al., The questions of data and the of and significant ethical and are to assess the evolving of fan and data as as of technological and frameworks be needed to of personal information in sport consumption. these represents an emerging yet essential of research, one with broad implications for the social between sport entities and their stakeholders in today's data-driven of algorithmic which refers to the systematically and outcomes by has been increasingly across and It can in of data resources, advertising and and impact et al., 2024). the sport AI particularly on datasets, may to and of the contemporary sport leading to or even and 2021). For an for results if it has not been adequately on the of the new and ecosystem. AI models may not the such as the rapid of sport betting or of fan or management tools to be based on an understanding of the market. most these algorithms can and even existing by an AI model for talent or fan marketing is on data that it bias its potentially leading to outcomes and the of from key sport agendas. when effects of AI it may on these the of bias in the AI of intelligence, and business presents a critical governance for the modern sport which is currently by a significant AI innovation is advancing more rapidly than the development of or 2024). 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This fundamental is At the the challenges include data privacy and for It also when evaluating complex sport phenomena (e.g. talent and of sport ethical like to and operational of that require navigating the from full interpretability to AI systems are and based on a in sport such as datasets and to perform relevant data, algorithms and models could AI systems to achieve higher greater efficiency and be to theoretical frameworks and practical guidelines for developing relevant AI critical research lies in the creation and impact of new sport products by AI The most one be the and AI capable of complex and tasks on of et al., Using fan consumption as an example, an AI can as a personal fan that is to the based on personal and the at the appropriate This AI shift from analytical tools to agents a potentially research economic and operational are particularly on potential to established sport business models in and also be needed to assess the significant operational of high-stakes and decisions in sport business to the development of new frameworks for in the of this research is embedded with ethical and governance It a of the ethical for fan influenced by sports betting or is the new strategic for sport industry. The articles in this special issue have advanced this by and empirically examining key from sport AI The of AI and the relevant critical research in this as a for to further explore, and in sport business, the for transformation across the sport ecosystem. we like to our profound to all of the their time and expertise to this special Their and the scholarly of this special
The article presents a comprehensive pragmalinguistic analysis of the functioning of the dialectal lexical family with the root -khos(e)n- (khosen, khisna, khosnuvaty, khosennyi) in the discourse of the modern Zakarpattia press. The relevance of the study is driven by the general trend towards the democratization of the national media discourse and the rethinking of the role of regional dialects, which are transforming from markers of low style into effective means of communicative influence. Based on material from the newspapers Novyny Zakarpattia and Staryi Zamok “Palanok” (2010–2024), the dynamics of semantic and stylistic transformations of this vocabulary, borrowed from the Hungarian language but deeply adapted, have been investigated.It has been found that within the studied corpus, dialectisms of this group function predominantly without graphic highlighting (quotation marks, italics), indicating their organic integration into the region’s linguistic consciousness and their status as a norm of usage. It has been determined that the pragmatic potential of the lexeme khosen extends far beyond the nomination of utilitarian concepts (“benefit,” “profit”). In journalistic texts, it also acts as an instrument of social criticism and evaluation, marking the position of “community common sense” in opposition to officialdom or the declarativeness of the authorities.The role of the studied units in strategies of language play (creating a comic effect through the contrast of “economic” semantics and intimate context) and euphemization is analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the gnomic function of the dialectism: it is revealed that in opinion columns and interviews, the word khosen is often used to formulate life credos, advice, and moral guidelines. The use of this vocabulary in the discourse of identity, where it serves as a means of legitimizing the regional linguistic code, is also traced. It is proven that in modern media text, the dialectism evolves from a means of creating local color to a polyfunctional instrument for realizing authorial modality and building trust with the readership.
Verb fluency task is a screening test that shows sensitivity to lexical retrieval abilities. This study aims to establish a baseline for verb fluency in Japanese by comparing data from 61 younger and elderly Japanese speakers. The results show that the elderly group produced fewer verbs than the younger group, but compared to Lee et al. (2013), many more correct responses were produced by both groups. An analysis using the Lancaster Sensorimotor Norms found that the number of clusters and switches was smaller for the elderly participants, although the cluster size did not show any difference.
Gender reference emerges in the speaker's positionality when addressing interlocutors in discourse and is perceived and interpreted through cultural, social, and linguistic lenses. Based on a semantic system, the English language denotes gender with grammatically specific pronouns and lexical unmarked vs. marked forms, mainly concerning job-related titles or honorifics. As part of the unmarked category, the marked lexemes represent the variant to the norm: they are formally larger, and depend on the context, requiring extra-linguistic effort, either in production or comprehension (Givón, 1995, pp. 25-28). In this sense, the occurrence of epicene pronouns such as s/he, compared to he/she in the British Web Corpus (ukWaC), sheds light on how text interpretation in context may promote gender inclusivity through more equitable linguistic practices within different contexts. A corpus-based approach thus investigated these referents in their concordances to examine their usage and implications of meaning to understand the textual genre wherein they are preferably used. Two research questions arise: 1) What are the frequency distributions and collocational patterns of the gender-neutral pronoun “s/he” and unmarked/marked gendered pronoun “he/she” in the ukWaC corpus? 2) What semantic and grammatical roles do the collocates of “s/he” and “he/she” play, and how do these roles differ between the two pronouns? This study aims to provide insights to assess how these forms operate across genres and contexts, focusing on their functional, pragmatic, and institutional roles versus their stylistic implications.
Cet article examine le lien entre néologie, phraséologie et oblicité, en s’intéressant à un type particulier de créations lexicales, susceptibles d’évoluer vers la phraséologisation. Il s’appuie sur une analyse théorique et empirique pour montrer comment ses créations polylexicales, bien que structurées de manière apparemment libre, acquièrent un sens global non-compositionnel grâce à l’usage. L’étude présentera les propriétés (syntaxiques, sémantiques et pragmatiques) définitoires de ces innovations lexicales ainsi que les mécanismes liés au détournement discursif (oblicité) qui les génèrent. L’objectif principal est de souligner le rôle central de l’usage linguistique et des dynamiques sociales dans la lexicalisation ou l’abandon de ces créations, ainsi que leur impact sur les normes discursives et l’enrichissement du lexique.
Tongue twisters represent a distinctive genre of folklore that simultaneously serve as a means of testing phonetic complexity and as an expressive form enriched with cultural and spiritual content. From a phonetic perspective, tongue twisters contribute to the mastery of the sound system and pronunciation norms, while from a lexical-semantic perspective, they reflect the worldview, cultural stereotypes and spiritual values of the people who created them through the use of vivid imagery.
This study, entitled "Language, Power, and Patriarchy: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Gender Narratives in Popular Culture," explores how linguistic choices in media texts reproduce and reinforce patriarchal ideologies. Using Norman Fairclough's three-dimensional model of Critical Discourse Analysis as the analytical framework, the research examines selected examples from popular films, advertisements, and television dramas that shape gender perceptions in contemporary society. The study investigates how language constructs and normalizes male dominance while marginalizing female voices through lexical selection, metaphor, and representation strategies. It also highlights the subtle ways in which patriarchal discourse is disguised as entertainment or cultural norm, thus sustaining unequal power relations. Data for this research are collected from widely consumed media texts in English and Urdu, reflecting both global and local gender ideologies. The analysis reveals that despite apparent progress toward gender equality, popular culture continues to embed and circulate discourses that privilege masculine authority and objectify women. The study concludes that a critical awareness of media language is essential to challenge and deconstruct the normalized patterns of gender inequality. Ultimately, the research contributes to feminist discourse studies by linking everyday media communication to broader sociocultural power structures.
The article considers lexical and grammatical features of the translation of English-language tourist texts into Ukrainian. A tourist text is a form of advertising discourse aimed at getting potential consumers interested in tourist services and encouraging them to order a tour. This requires the creation of an emotionally positive image of the destination. A translator of tourist texts should take into account the main characteristics of tourist language, namely: extensive use of imperatives and adjectives, commonly used phrases to meet the personal and cultural expectations of potential customers focusing on the service and its benefits, repetition of words, adherence to a special rhythm, selection of vocabulary with an exclusively positive connotation. The analysis of tourist texts from the English-language website World Travel Guide allowed us to identify lexical and grammatical features of their translation into Ukrainian. In terms of vocabulary, tourist texts include commonly used words, tourist terms, proper and geographical names, names of cultural realia and stylistic expressive means, which cause the greatest difficulties in translation. The reproduction of such vocabulary in Ukrainian is complicated by the difference in language norms and the lack of direct counterparts for figurative vocabulary, different stylistic traditions of English and Ukrainian, the need to preserve the emotional effect when adapting to the Ukrainian language context. Equivalent translation and the use of lexical translation transformations (modulation, adaptation, use of analogues, compensation, descriptive and synonymous translation, alliteration) are the main ways to ensure the stylistic expressiveness when rendering English language texts into Ukrainian. The grammatical correspondence of the Ukrainian text to its English-language original is ensured by grammatical translation transformations: substitution, addition, omission, integration and partitioning of sentences.
Collocate spans of adverbials configure their semantic representations in discourse. Various models aim to improve the functional classification of adverbials, but little attention has been devoted to the dynamic interaction of lexical features between collocate spans and semantic vectors. This study identifies and quantifies the connectivity between lexical features and pragmatic inferences encoded by adverbials to deliver semantic representations of truth conditions, i.e. veridicality. It proposes a dynamic span vector model that measures the distances between default semantic representations and contextual pragmatic realizations by calculating the vectors of evidentiality and stance among collocate spans of modal adverbials from eight domain-specific corpora. The norm-referenced setting of semantic vectors in collocate spans offers a self-contained approach to accessing and assessing veridicality across diverse language experiences.
A comparative study of taboo and euphemistic hunting vocabulary in the epic folklore of the Turkic peoples is relevant due to the insufficient development of the comparative aspect, which limits the identification of both common Turkic archetypes and unique regional features. The scientific novelty lies in conducting the first comprehensive comparative analysis of this vocabulary based on the epic traditions of Bashkirs, Tuvans and Yakuts, which allowed us to establish a correlation between the specifics of economic activity, mythological and religious beliefs and the features of the lexical system. The purpose of the study is to identify the features, common Turkic foundations and ethnic specifics of taboo and euphemistic hunting vocabulary in Bashkir, Tuvan and Yakut epic folklore. To achieve this goal, the tasks of reconstructing the mythological and religious foundation of taboo, identifying semantic models of euphemization, analyzing the functions of vocabulary in ritual practice and determining the degree of systematic tabooing were solved. The study was conducted using a set of methods: the comparative historical method allowed to identify common Turkic roots and specific features of vocabulary development; a semantic analysis was aimed at identifying patterns of euphemization; a functional analysis considered the role of taboo vocabulary in the folklore text; cultural and historical approach provided interpretation of linguistic facts in the context of traditional culture. The research material is based on the texts of the epic folklore of the three peoples and special scientific works. The analysis made it possible to establish that the basis of the system of taboos and euphemisms is an archaic animistic and totemic worldview. Universal semantic models of euphemization were revealed: anthropomorphization (“grandfather”, “master”), sacralization (“prince of the forest”) and attributive description (“clubfoot”). Ethnic specifics were determined: the Bashkirs have a developed cult of totemic ancestors, the Tuvinians have ecological and ethical norms; the complex hierarchy of spirits-ichchi and the maximum consistency of vocabulary among the Yakuts (up to 140 euphemisms for the bear). The article analyzes the multifunctional nature of vocabulary, which implements the functions of a verbal talisman, ritual-initiatory, ideological-etiological, ecological-ethical and socializing. Prospects of research and directions of further work. The results obtained open up prospects for further comparative studies based on other Turkic traditions, as well as for a diachronic study of the evolution of hunting vocabulary. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using the results in the preparation of works on the lexicology of the Turkic languages, in teaching linguistic disciplines and developing courses on intercultural communication and ethnolinguistics.
Привлечение внимания к новым источникам для изучения лексики XIX века – одна из задач статьи. В качестве материала для наблюдений и выводов привлечены эпистолярные тексты из архива Соликамского Святотроицкого мужского монастыря, содержащие сведения о духовной и материальной культуре одного из древнейших монастырей Северного Прикамья. В статье на лексическом уровне демонстрируется реализация основных тенденций развития русского литературного языка в 1‑й половине XIX века: тенденция «к синтезу всех жизнеспособных языковых средств» и тенденция к демократизации языка. В результате анализа выявлено, что выработка лексико-семантических и стилистических норм происходили за счет новообразований (частовремяннопредающегося, первоотходящею почтой) и заимствований из церковнославянского языка, расширения валентности слов (краткий недостатокъ) и «освежения» семантики уже известных лексем за счет смыслов, присущих им в народно-разговорной речи (круто, недосылка). Деловая переписка, привлеченная к анализу, характеризуется эмоциональностью и строгим соблюдением этических норм, принятых в монастырской среде, однако не и ймеет такой черты делового стиля, как «неличный характер текста». Drawing attention to new sources for studying the lexicon of the 19th century is one of the article’s objectives. The material for observations and conclusions is drawn from epistolary texts from the archive of the Solikamsk Holy Trinity Male Monastery, which contain information about the spiritual and material culture of one of the oldest monasteries in Northern Prikamye (Kama region). At the lexical level, the article demonstrates the implementation of the main trends in the development of the Russian literary language in the first half of the 19th century: the tendency toward “ the synthesis of all viable linguistic means” and the tendency toward language democratization. As a result of the analysis, it has been revealed that the elaboration of lexical-semantic and stylistic norms occurred through neologisms (e. g., chasto-vremyanno-predayushchegosya ‘often temporarily handing over’, pervo-otkhodyashcheyu pochtoyu ‘by the first outgoing mail’), borrowings from Church Slavonic, expansion of word valency (e. g., kratkiy nedostatok ‘brief shortage’ with an extended meaning), and “refreshing” the semantics of already known Слово. Текст. Контекст. 2025. № 3 (23) 68 Слово. Текст. Контекст. 2025. № 3 (23) Харламова М. А. Эпистолярные тексты Соликамского Святотроицкого монастыря I-й половины XIX века: отражение основных тенденций развития литературного языка эпохи lexemes through meanings inherent in colloquial speech (e. g., kruto ‘steeply’ in a figurative sense, nedosylka ‘under-delivery’ as ‘shortcoming’). The business correspondence analyzed is characterized by emotionality and strict adherence to ethical norms accepted in the monastic environment, but it lacks such a feature of the business style as the “impersonal character of the text”.
In Bangladesh, code-switching has become an increasingly natural and common part of communication among university students, reflecting their linguistic flexibility and social interaction patterns. Although the country is primarily monolingual, English has coexisted with Bangla since the British colonial era. However, empirical research examining students’ motivations and attitudes toward code-switching in public universities remains limited. This exploratory case study analyzes students' motivations and attitudes regarding code-switching at Jagannath University. A mixed-methods approach was employed, comprising a structured questionnaire (N = 25) and semi-structured interviews with 10 participants across five departments. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze survey responses, and thematic analysis was applied to interview data to identify recurring patterns and motivations. Quantitative results show that 80% of participants reported using code-switching to facilitate effective communication, and 36% cited lexical gaps as a key reason. Attitudinal data reveal that 60% of students perceived code-switching positively in academic contexts, while 36% expressed neutral views. Additionally, 68% of respondents believed that code-switching supports second or foreign language learning. Interview data further demonstrate that students employ code-switching to enhance clarity, express identity, and align with peer norms shaped by social media and popular culture. Attitudinal data indicate that students have a positive attitude toward code-switching, though some recognize potential difficulties in academic communication. Drawing on Myers-Scotton’s Markedness Model, Bangla emerges as the unmarked choice in informal interactions, whereas English functions as a marked choice to index prestige, competence, or modern identity. However, the findings are limited by the small sample size and focus on a single public university, which may constrain broader generalizability. Despite this limitation, the study offers empirical evidence from a Bangladeshi public university and highlights the need for longitudinal and comparative research. The study offers implications for language pedagogy in postcolonial contexts and advances our understanding of bilingual practices in higher education.
This study compares AI-generated texts (via ChatGPT) and student-written essays in terms of lexical diversity, syntactic complexity, and readability. Grounded in Communication Theory—especially Grice’s Cooperative Principle and Relevance Theory—the research investigates how well AI-generated content aligns with human norms of cooperative communication. Using a corpus of 50 student essays and 50 AI-generated texts, the study applies measures such as Type-Token Ratio (TTR), Mean Length of T-Unit (MLT), and readability indices like Flesch–Kincaid and Gunning-Fog. Results indicate that while ChatGPT produces texts with greater lexical diversity and syntactic complexity, its output tends to be less readable and often falls short in communicative appropriateness. These findings carry important implications for educators seeking to integrate AI tools into writing instruction, particularly for second-language (L2) learners. The study concludes by calling for improvements to AI systems that would better balance linguistic complexity with clarity and accessibility.
Turkish students studying at the “Goce Delcev” University in Stip, through the Institute of Languages, study the Macedonian language in three levels: A1, A2 and B1. After mastering the A1 level, Turkish students must also master the A2 level to be able to study in our country. Facilitating the study of this level is the knowledge of basic level and the acquisition of the basic lexical and grammatical norms related to the language. During this process, students become familiar with important tourist destinations in Macedonia, typical Macedonian specialties, a group of words and expressions related to physical activities. Additionally, they create dialogues for searching for and renting an apartment and draw parallels between the education systems in Macedonia and Turkey.
Introduction. The article is devoted to the problems related to the gender reform of the German language. Started on the wave of feminist movement of the 70s of the XX century, the transition to gender-neutral language in recent decades has become one of the most discussed topics in both socio-political and scientific circles in Germany, dividing politicians, lawyers, linguists and ordinary citizens into supporters and opponents of gender-neutral language. Methodology and sources. The article examines legal documents regulating the use of a gender-neutral language, highlights the opinions of participants in the discussion about gender correctness, based on the “myth of the invisible woman”, analyzes gender-oriented transformations used in German, and identifies problems related to gender-oriented language correction. Results and discussion. The starting point of linguistic distortions in the field of gender politics was the confusion of the concepts of grammatical gender (Genus), biological sex (Geschlecht) and gender (Gender/ soziales Geschlecht). The refusal of gender reform proponents to use the forms of generic masculine gender (generisches Maskulinum), which includes a wide range of meanings, and the introduction of gender-oriented transformations into the language provoked problems in the field of linguistic word usage, associated with both distortion of meaning and violation of grammatical norms of the German language. Conclusion. Gender reform has had a significant impact on various spheres of public life in Germany. The gender reform of the German language, dictated by the political agenda, has generated many linguistic and extra linguistic problems. The proposed artificial language changes aimed at achieving gender neutrality actually complicate communication and lead to a violation of the linguistic norms of the German language.
This study examined linguistic deviances (LDs) as stylistic resources in the Nigerian music industry, through a semiotic analysis of Adeleke’s “Funds” and Apata’s “Hustle”. Linguistic deviance, a hallmark of creative language use in artistic expression, is explored here as a deliberate semiotic act that encodes cultural, ideological, and socio-economic meanings within the contemporary Nigerian popular music. A qualitative research design was adopted in the analysis of the selected songs. The study draws from Barthes’ semiotic theory of denotation, connotation, and myth, as well as Leech and Short’s stylistics theory as frameworks for unpacking how deviation from linguistic norms constructs stylistic identity and social commentary. Findings from the study showed that LDs in both songs transcend mere artistic play; they index resistance to linguistic hegemony, assert sociolectal authenticity, and project the artists’ personae as voices of economic struggle and self-affirmation. The results further showed that LDs are deliberate strategies that enhance rhythm, meaning, and cultural identity. The use of code-switching by the artists fosters hybridity, slang, and neologisms that reflect youth culture, while NPE ensures inclusiveness. Repetition and phonological stylization are also found to strengthen emphasis and musicality. The study, while concluding that LDs are powerful stylistic and semiotic devices that enrich Nigerian music, negotiate cultural identity, and index the lived realities of the youth, recommends that further research be conducted across other artists and genres, as well as the documentation of emerging linguistic innovations in other African music. This study has implications for theoretical studies and contributes to the growing body of scholarship at the intersection of stylistics, semiotics, and sociolinguistics, highlighting how popular music mediates between local linguistic practices and global stylistic trends.
The Dark Web hosts a variety of Q&A forums that facilitate discussions on topics ranging from technical guidance to illicit activities. This study investigates the linguistic and structural characteristics of three prominent Dark Web Q&A forum onion services—Onion1 (Deepweb Questions and Answers), Onion2 (Deep Answers), and Onion3 (Repostas Ocultas)—using a combination of topic modeling and quantitative text analysis. We employ Sklearn (TF-IDF) and Gensim (LDA) to extract and compare dominant topics, alongside metrics of lexical diversity, semantic diversity and syntactic complexity. Our findings reveal significant differences in topic diversity and linguistic patterns across the forums, with Onion1 exhibiting a focus on technical and financial discussions, Onion2 emphasizing community-driven and security-related topics, and Onion3 showing a narrower thematic scope influenced by its structured Q&A format and language-specific content. Statistical analyses, including Kruskal-Wallis tests and Dunn’s post-hoc comparisons, confirm these differences, highlighting the distinct communicative norms and user behaviors of each forum. The results underscore the importance of considering forum-specific characteristics when analyzing Dark Web communities and provide insights into the thematic and linguistic diversity of these platforms.
Sarcasm is a literary device and one of the most expressive forms of figurative language, often used to convey humor, criticism, or emotional tension in both daily conversation and literature. This study explores the use of sarcasm in William Shakespeare‟s Much Ado About Nothing by applying Elizabeth Camp‟s (2011) typology, which classifies sarcasm into four types: propositional, lexical, illocutionary, and like-prefixed sarcasm. Using a qualitative descriptive method, the researchers collected all sarcastic utterances from the play, classified them according to Camp‟s framework, and analyzed their pragmatic functions in the dramatic context. The findings reveal a total of 50 sarcastic utterances, with propositional sarcasm being the most frequent (42%), followed by illocutionary sarcasm (28%), lexical sarcasm (24%), and like-prefixed sarcasm (6%). These results indicate that sarcasm serves as both a comedic and dramatic device, shaping character interactions, driving conflicts, and reinforcing Elizabethan cultural norms. Beatrice and Benedick‟s witty verbal duels exemplify how sarcasm fosters humor and intimacy, while Claudio‟s sarcasm highlights themes of honor and social tension. Overall, the study demonstrates that sarcasm in Shakespeare‟s play is not merely humorous banter but a sophisticated rhetorical strategy that enhances characterization, thematic depth, and audience engagement.
In recent years, written language, particularly in science and education, has undergone remarkable shifts in word usage. These changes are widely attributed to the growing influence of Large Language Models (LLMs), which frequently rely on a distinct lexical style. Divergences between model output and target audience norms can be viewed as a form of misalignment. While these shifts are often linked to using Artificial Intelligence (AI) directly as a tool to generate text, it remains unclear whether the changes reflect broader changes in the human language system itself. To explore this question, we constructed a dataset of 22.1 million words from unscripted spoken language drawn from conversational science and technology podcasts. We analyzed lexical trends before and after ChatGPT's release in 2022, focusing on commonly LLM-associated words. Our results show a moderate yet significant increase in the usage of these words post-2022, suggesting a convergence between human word choices and LLM-associated patterns. In contrast, baseline synonym words exhibit no significant directional shift. Given the short time frame and the number of words affected, this may indicate the onset of a remarkable shift in language use. Whether this represents natural language change or a novel shift driven by AI exposure remains an open question. Similarly, although the shifts may stem from broader adoption patterns, it may also be that upstream training misalignments ultimately contribute to changes in human language use. These findings parallel ethical concerns that misaligned models may shape social and moral beliefs.
This article is dedicated to the description of the morphological features of the Romanian language of the 16th-17th centuries, using the manuscript Codex Neagoeanus as an example. The subject of the research is a comprehensive morphological analysis of the manuscript monument "Codex Neagoeanus" (ms. rom. 3821, Romanian Academy Library), dated to the beginning of the 17th century. This codex represents a characteristic collection of religious and folk texts (cărți populare) typical for Romanian culture of the 16th-17th centuries, including translations of a popular romance, a didactic treatise, a brief nomocanon, and works of astrological literature. The study focuses on a systematic description and classification of archaic and variable morphological features of the Romanian language recorded in the texts of the codex. Special attention is given to those features that demonstrate the transitional nature of the language of this era, which is at the intersection of the old Latin tradition and the active influence of Slavic languages, as well as the process of establishing future literary norms. The analysis is conducted using material from all significant parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, verbs, pronouns, and adverbs. The main research method is a comprehensive morphological analysis aimed at identifying and classifying characteristic archaic and innovative elements in the morphological system of the writing monument. Paleographic analysis methods are also employed. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the first detailed and systematic linguistic analysis of Codex Neagoeanus, which introduces new factual material into scientific circulation. Key conclusions include the following: the morphological system of the codex is characterized by extreme variability and the absence of a stable norm, which is manifested in the coexistence of archaic (ending -u for masculine nouns, obsolete forms of the perfect tense) and innovative (periphrastic conditional) forms. It has been established that phonetic processes (e.g., diphthong contraction ea) directly influenced verb conjugation paradigms. An important conclusion is the demonstration of the deep integral influence of Slavic languages, expressed not only in lexical borrowings but also in the active use of Slavic word formation models (suffixes -enie, -nie, prefix ne-) to create new words based on Latin and Greek roots. Thus, the codex serves as a vivid testimony to the complex and multifaceted state of the Romanian language in the early period.
The current study addresses the ideologies employed in the news discourse regarding Saudi female Olympians. It mainly examines the linguistic and ideological portrayal of Saudi female athletes in Western and Arab media. This study analyzes CNN and Al-Jazeera's news reports linguistically and ideologically. The primary objective of this article is to examine how both news agencies employ linguistic structures to highlight their ideology regarding the engagement of Saudi female athletes in the Olympics. To critically analyze these two channels' news discourses and assess their linguistic and ideological frameworks, Van Dijk's (1998) Ideological Square has been implemented to elucidate both channels' depiction of the "Self" (in-group) and the "Other" (out-group) regarding Saudi female Olympic participation. The linguistic analysis of each news report was conducted at two levels: global and local. At the global level, each report was analyzed to reveal the topics (themes) covered whereas at the local level, each report was analyzed in terms of lexical structures, syntactic structures and rhetorical devices. The global level findings indicate that the dominant topics (themes) in both channels' reports sought to challenge and alter stereotypical norms, as well as to empower women. The local level findings are consistent with the global level ones. The reports predominantly featured complex sentences that contain rich details. They also used a significant volume of lexical items and rhetorical devices related to the athletes' inaugural participation and struggles. Additionally, the ideological analysis of both channels reveals that both channels portray Saudi female athletes positively as the "Self" and simultaneously portray others opposing those female athletic participation negatively as the "Other".
The article examines the issue of norms in the syntactic system of the Kazakh language. One of the key issues in speech culture is linguistic norms. Norms, representing systematization and order, function as both linguistic and social categories that appear in all forms of language use. The article analyzes the use of verb phrases in the predicative form from the perspective of linguistic norms and provides their description. The influence of analogy is also discussed when addressing norms in the syntactic system. Some synonymous forms emerge due to the law of analogy. Despite the existence of synonymous variants of each syntactic unit, their usage follows specific norms. Syntactic norms are primarily determined by the combinability and usage features of syntactic units, as well as their grammatical properties and systemic relations. This issue is explored in detail in the article.
We focus on lexical ambiguity to convene two frameworks – embodied cognition and models of representation of ambiguous words. In the first of the two studies, we collected sensorimotor ratings for separate meanings/senses of ambiguous words and compared homonyms (words with multiple unrelated meanings; e.g. bank) and polysemes (words with multiple related senses; e.g. paper) for the similarity of the obtained profiles on the 12 scales to demonstrate that the linguistic categorization was mirrored in the sensorimotor experience with the referents. We then collected subjective ratings of semantic similarities between pairs of meanings/senses within a word and investigated their relation with the similarity of the sensorimotor profiles to corroborate that the sensorimotor-based similarity was semantic in nature. Our results speak in favour of sensorimotor information as a component of representations of polysemous senses / homonymous meanings, and advise future norming studies to take into account lexical ambiguity.
Modern social networks are a significant factor in transforming communication processes, contributing to the formation of a unique network language. The combination of oral and written communication elements ensures rapid information transmission, inevitably influencing linguistic norms. The given article explores the role of social networks in language transformation, particularly their impact on vocabulary and the functioning of network language.The paper analyzes the concept of “social network” and identifies key categories of vocabulary innovations actively used in online communication: abbreviations, acronyms, and neologisms. Examples of their spread in popular social networks (Twitter, Instagram, Facebook) are provided. For instance, Twitter has enriched the English language with lexemes such as attwicted, twitamin, egotwistical, and retweet. Among the most common abbreviations used on this network are Ab/abt, BFN, HAND, etc. Thanks to Instagram, acronyms such as OOTD (Outfit of the Day) and WCW (Woman Crush Wednesday) have become widespread. The name of the social network Facebook itself is a commonly used abbreviation (FB).Additionally, Facebook has contributed to the establishment of abbreviations such as IMO (in my opinion) and TBT (Throwback Thursday) in the English language.The article examines their impact on traditional linguistic norms, particularly changes in the lexical composition of English and the tendency toward simplified spelling rules. The research methodology includes a descriptive method, comparative analysis, linguistic and stylistic analysis, contextual analysis, and statistical methods. The study analyzes 300 lexical units selected through the continuous sampling method. It has been found that the majority of network neologisms originate from English due to globalization and the dominance of English in digital communication. The study results demonstrate that network language is a dynamic phenomenon that continuously expands the vocabulary.Popular social networks generate unique neologisms and abbreviations, which gradually integrate into users’ speech and become embedded in their communicative practices.
This article examines how gender is expressed in English across grammatical, lexical, and discourse levels. We first outline theoretical frameworks of language and gender (e.g. performativity, language ideology) and situate English in a historical perspective (Old vs. Modern English). We then analyze grammatical gender in English – noting that English lost noun-class gender by Middle English (Curzan, 2003) so today only pronouns (he/she/they) and a few affixes (e.g. -ess, -man) encode gender (Curzan, 2003). We discuss the rise of singular they and other neopronouns as contemporary responses to binary defaults (Bradley et al., 2019). Next, at the lexical level we survey gender-marked vocabulary and coinages: from traditional gendered terms (actor/actress; chairman/chairperson) to new honorifics like Mx. and identity labels (nonbinary, cisgender). We explore how prescriptive and inclusive language efforts (e.g. Cameron’s notion of verbal hygiene (Cameron, 1995)) have influenced these changes. At the discourse level, we examine how speakers negotiate gender identity in conversation and media. For instance, discourse analyses show that news outlets often reproduce gender stereotypes more than fiction (Slipachuk et al., 2024), and that conversational style and pronoun usage reflect ideological stances. Across sections we trace continuity and change: traditional norms (generic “he”, Marked/Unmarked masculine bias) versus contemporary shifts (nonbinary pronouns, gender-neutral reform). We draw on sociolinguistic theory (e.g. language ideology, performativity) to explain how linguistic forms both reflect and shape social gender concepts (Cameron, 1995). By integrating multiple levels of structure, this study highlights the complex, evolving nature of gender expression in English. Our analysis underscores that language both mirrors historical gender roles and adapts to demands for inclusivity, with implications for communication and identity in a diversifying society.
This study explores the linguistic representation of Russian national and military identity in 19th-cen- tury English-language narratives, with a focus on the Crimean War (1853-1856). Grounded in linguoimagol- ogy – an interdisciplinary approach that analyzes how national images are formed and transmitted through language – this research off ers a comparati ve literary-linguisti c perspecti ve on how English authors verbal- – this research off ers a comparati ve literary-linguisti c perspecti ve on how English authors verbal- – this research off ers a comparati ve literary-linguisti c perspecti ve on how English authors verbal- this research off ers a comparati ve literary-linguisti c perspecti ve on how English authors verbal- this research offers a comparative literary-linguistic perspective on how English authors verbal- ized their image of Russians during this pivotal historical period. The primary aim of the article is to identify and interpret the linguistic means used by English authors to construct the image of Russians during the Crimean War. This issue remains largely unexplored in both domestic and international linguistics. To achieve this aim, the following objectives were addressed: to an- alyze English-language depictions of the Russian military under Nicholas I and Alexander II; to identify pos- itive and negative evaluations of Russian identity using linguoimagologemes such as: topographic and an- thropological images of Russian proper names as seen by the British; Russians’ love of state awards as Seen by the British; piousness of Russians as Seen by the British; to determine the specific linguistic devices em- ployed by British authors to assess and portray the Russian army and national character. The study applies synchronous linguoimagological analysis using specialized terms such as macro- linguoimagotheme, linguoimagotheme, linguoimageme, and linguoimagologeme. This methodological framework enables the identification of national images through a detailed examination of textual fea- tures across historical, journalistic, and autobiographical English narratives from the mid-19th century. Key Linguistic Devices Identified: lexical tools [use of evaluative adjectives (e.g., “insignificant,” “de- cayed”) and emotionally loaded epithets (e.g., “fanaticism,” “ostentatious”); semantic fields involving mil- itary valor, religious fervor, and political symbolism; metaphorical framing to convey irony or exaggera- tion (e.g., “a wave of superstition”)]; syntactic tools (impersonal constructions and passive voice that ob- scure agency (e.g., “it was said that…”); complex sentence structures with embedded commentary (e.g., “Although the officer appeared dignified, his medals seemed exaggerated”); use of metadiscourse markers (e.g., “of course,” “as expected”) to frame reader interpretation); stylistic tools (strategic irony and juxta- position (e.g., sacred ritual vs. personal piety); tone modulation ranging from respect to sarcasm; onomas- tic transformations such as “Menchikoff” for “Menshikov” to reflect rhetorical distancing); narrative strate- gies (authorial detachment and implied superiority; cultural distancing through frequent references to Rus- sian “otherness”; construction of national identity via contrastive framing with British norms). This research demonstrates that English-language portrayals of Russians during the Crimean War were shaped by a combination of cultural bias, ideological framing, and linguistic devices. Russian prop- er names were systematically distorted, indicating both phonetic adaptation and rhetorical alienation. The visibility of medals and ceremonial symbols was exaggerated through visual hyperbole, reflecting British views on Russian state symbolism. Religious depictions fluctuated between collective fanaticism and indi- vidual sincerity, revealing a dual-layered construction of Russian piety. The study contributes a novel linguoimagological model for analyzing how nations are constructed through language. It underscores how lexical, syntactic, and stylistic mechanisms interact to reinforce na- tional stereotypes and oppositional cultural narratives. These findings are relevant to fields such as histor- ical discourse analysis, linguocultural studies, and intercultural communication and may serve as a founda- tion for further studies of national images in literary or historical contexts.
Introduction Emotional and stress-related disorders pose a growing threat to global mental health, emphasizing the critical need for accurate, robust, and interpretable emotion recognition systems. Despite advances in affective computing, existing models often lack generalizability across diverse physiological and behavioral datasets, limiting their practical deployment. Methods This study presents a dual deep learning-based framework for mental health monitoring and activity monitoring. The first approach introduces a framework for stress classification based on a 1D-CNN trained on the WESAD dataset. This model is then fine-tuned using the ScientISST-MOVE dataset to detect daily life activities based on motion signals, and it is used as transfer learning for a downstream task. An explainable AI technique is used to interpret the model’s predictions, while class imbalance is addressed using focal loss and class weighting. The second approach employs a temporal conformer architecture combining CNN and transformer components to model temporal dependencies in continuous affective ratings of emotional states based on valence, arousal, and dominance (VAD) using the DREAMER dataset. This method incorporates feature engineering techniques and models temporal dependencies in ECG signals. Results The deep learning classifier trained on WESAD biosignal data achieved 98% accuracy across three classes, demonstrating highly reliable stress classification. The transfer learning model, evaluated on the ScientISST-MOVE dataset, achieved an overall accuracy of 82% across four activity states, with good precision and recall for high-support classes. However, the explanations produced by Grad-CAM appear uninformative and do not clearly indicate which parts of the signals influence the prediction. The conformer model achieved an R 2 score of 0.78 and a rounded accuracy of 87.59% across all three dimensions, highlighting its robustness in multi-dimensional emotion prediction. Discussion The framework demonstrates strong performance, interpretability, and real-time applicability in personalized affective computing.
This paper examines how science fiction destabilises ontological categories by measuring conceptual permeability across the terms human, animal, and machine using masked language modelling (MLM). Drawing on corpora of science fiction (Gollancz SF Masterworks) and general fiction (NovelTM), we operationalise Darko Suvin's theory of estrangement as computationally measurable deviation in token prediction, using RoBERTa to generate lexical substitutes for masked referents and classifying them via Gemini. We quantify conceptual slippage through three metrics: retention rate, replacement rate, and entropy, mapping the stability or disruption of category boundaries across genres. Our findings reveal that science fiction exhibits heightened conceptual permeability, particularly around machine referents, which show significant cross-category substitution and dispersion. Human terms, by contrast, maintain semantic coherence and often anchor substitutional hierarchies. These patterns suggest a genre-specific restructuring within anthropocentric logics. We argue that estrangement in science fiction operates as a controlled perturbation of semantic norms, detectable through probabilistic modelling, and that MLMs, when used critically, serve as interpretive instruments capable of surfacing genre-conditioned ontological assumptions. This study contributes to the methodological repertoire of computational literary studies and offers new insights into the linguistic infrastructure of science fiction.
The relevance of the study is determined by the need for a comprehensive description of the stylistic variability of Canadian French, which is shaped by bilingualism, regional differentiation, and active contact processes with the English language. The aim of the study was to establish the functional, structural, and sociolinguistic parameters of diaphasic registers that define the contemporary French-speaking space in Canada. The research methodology was based on a qualitative analysis of public, media, and institutional texts representing different registers, as well as on a structural-functional approach to their comparison. The analysis covered four main stylistic levels of Canadian French: formal (institutionnel), neutral (courant), colloquial (familier), and joual as a separate diaphasic-diatopic variety. Their functional interaction, coexistence in a single communicative space, and specific differentiation, manifested at the level of vocabulary, phonetics, syntax, and pragmatic characteristics of French Canadians’ speech, were established. The study includes a description of the lexical, syntactic, phonetic, and pragmatic properties of registers and the peculiarities of their contextual functioning. The results demonstrate that the formal register ensures the stability and normativity of institutional communication; the neutral register acts as an interregional mediator, combining standardization with Canadian markers; the colloquial register is characterized by phonetic reductions, pragmatic particles, and a high frequency of Anglicisms; joual functions as a local cultural-identity variety with its own lexical-phonetic complex. The study shows that diaphasic variation in French-speaking Canada is a key mechanism for the formation of linguistic identity and reflects the complex interaction of social, regional, and contact factors. The results obtained are of practical importance for the further description of the Canadian French norm, the development of resources for teaching French as a second language, the compilation of regional corpora, and the conduct of comparative sociolinguistic studies.
This article explores the role of lexical stylistic devices in enhancing narrative depth in three seminal short stories: Charles Dickens's "A Christmas Carol," Nathaniel Hawthorne's "The Great Stone Face," and Guy de Maupassant's "The Necklace." Through qualitative textual and comparative analysis, the study investigates how these devices contribute to emotional resonance, characterization, thematic exploration, and reader engagement. The findings reveal that lexical choices significantly shape the emotional arcs and moral lessons of each narrative. Dickens employs metaphor and personification to illustrate transformation and redemption, while Hawthorne uses symbolism to probe the nature of true greatness. Maupassant’s ironic twist critiques societal norms surrounding wealth and status. The study concludes that lexical stylistic devices are essential for creating meaningful connections between readers and texts, highlighting their pivotal role in the literary landscape.
The article analyzes the views of one of the leading Ukrainian authors in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Volodymyr Samiilenko, on the role of the native language for the Ukrainian nation and language as a general phenomenon of human existence. The study deals with interpretations of language and related concepts – "word", "song", "thought", "poetry", "art". The results show that relying on Shevchenko's traditions, the writer considered the Ukrainian language as the existential foundation and the primary tool for expressing the national identity, the source of the historical memory ("Ukrainian Language (In Memory of Taras Shevchenko)", "Hello to Bukovina", "Ukraine"). Being an opponent of violent confrontations, Samiilenko also believed in the power of words as an intellectual weapon and urged his contemporaries to use this powerful tool (the cycle "Iambus"). The author also addressed the nature of verbal creativity, developing the idea of poetry (song) as a divine gift and an instrument of spiritual purification and enlightenment ("Song"), a source of knowledge and a means of self-improvement ("Eagle", "Elegies"). These ideas and motifs reached a pick in the symbolic image of poetry as an irresistible force and indestructible substance that can outlive humanity itself ("Poetry Will Not Die"). In this regard, Samiilenko refers to the communicative function of language and suggests an international language (Esperanto) as a chance for mankind’s survival through understanding, which would stop constant bloody conflicts (the poem "Gaia"). The article also examines Samiilenko’s linguistic views expressed in the articles "Let’s Take Care of the Phonetic Beauty of the Language" and "Foreign Words in the Ukrainian Language," as well as in reviews of literary and scientific texts. These works are written with deep expertise, and the author’s observations on the orthography, lexical, and stylistic norms in the Ukrainian literary language are still relevant. Volodymyr Samiilenko’s critical and scientific works complement the linguistic and philosophical motives in his art and demonstrate the writer’s desire to protect his native language from destructive influences and to promote its development by interacting with the most widespread and impactful European languages.
Dependency parsing is essential for language modeling because it offers a structured understanding of the syntactic relationships between words in a sentence. While recent advancements in large language models have greatly advanced the field of natural language processing, dependency parsing remains highly relevant for several key reasons. This paper introduces an effective method for improving dependency parsing which is based on a semantics-aware token embedding model. We propose to incorporate the ConceptNet embeddings which are trained by a retrofitting algorithm into a bidirectional recurrent neural network. The new model outperforms a strong baseline that employs a state-of-the-art method across three dependency treebanks, covering both low-resource and high-resource languages—Indonesian, Vietnamese, and English—achieving an improvement of approximately 1.21% in labeled attachment score.We also show that this method outperforms the popular transformer-based BERT model in capturing syntactic dependency between tokens. The new parser together with all trained models are made available under an open-source license, facilitating community engagement and advancement of natural language processing research for two low-resource languages with around 300 million users worldwide.
Abstract Grant proposal summaries are a high-stakes academic genre requiring significant marketing efforts to enhance accessibility for a diverse audience. However, research in this field remains scarce. This study addresses this gap by examining the readability and jargon use in lay summaries of Collaborative Research Fund (CRF) grant proposals administered by the University Grants Committee (UGC) in Hong Kong from 2006 to 2024. The findings reveal that, despite temporal fluctuations, these summaries generally align with senior-college to college-graduate reading levels. They also contain a high average jargon density of 8.0% per text, surpassing the recommended threshold for general readership. Notably, readability measures related to structural complexity show a significant upward trend, while lexical difficulty remains stable. Meanwhile, normed jargon use presents a non-significant but visually noticeable upward trend over time. These temporal patterns suggest that these lay summaries have become more challenging to read, mostly due to individually-varied but densely embedded specialised terms in longer and more complex sentences. The findings raise concerns about the accessibility of lay summaries for non-specialists, such as interdisciplinary researchers, science communicators, policymakers, and the general public. The study concludes with a discussion and suggestions on readability and jargon use in grant proposal summaries.
Combinations of a locative preposition and an infinitive are often used to express aspectual relations. In Dutch the relevant combinations are those with aan het, op and uit. The first is the most studied, but also the least understood: its syntactic status is a bone of contention (Broekhuis et al. 2015), and the study of its meaning is skewed by the near-exclusive focus on the combination with zijn ‘be’. According to Coppen (2021) it is the greatest parsing mystery in Dutch grammar. A recent attempt to get out of the impasse is Bogaards et al. (2022). It includes other combinations than those with zijn, draws a distinction between progressive and ingressive uses and shows that this semantic distinction correlates with syntactic differences. This is a step forward. Less felicitous, though, is the sui generis approach of the analysis, involving the postulation of ad hoc syntactic categories (AANHET1(P) and AANHET2(P)). It also has some descriptive and technical problems. As an alternative this article proposes an analysis that is cast in terms of independently motivated categories and distinctions, that avoids the technical problems and that is straightforwardly extensible to the op- and uit-infinitives. For empirical grounding and exemplification we employ two treebanks of contemporary Dutch.
Abstract Objectives Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD) is categorized as an impulse control disorder in the ICD-11. CSBD is characterized by repetitive and intense sexual impulses or urges, leading to uncontrollable sexual behavior despite adverse consequences. There is an ongoing debate about the etiology of CSBD. Theories that classify CSBD an addictive behavior suggest that neuropsychological alterations such as deficits in emotion regulation are present in CSBD. Prior research indicates that individuals with CSBD may experience difficulties in regulating emotions, but the extent of these difficulties is still debated. Methods This study investigated the emotion regulation abilities of 42 men with CSBD and 33 matched healthy controls using a cognitive reappraisal task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants were presented with negative and neutral emotional stimuli and asked to either observe or actively regulate their emotional responses. Behavioral and neural measures were collected to evaluate emotion regulation performance. Results Contrary to our hypotheses, no significant differences were found in emotional valence ratings or neural activation patterns. However, men with CSBD reported higher (non-sexual) arousal during emotion regulation tasks, suggesting difficulties in managing emotions in specific situations. Conclusions The present study is the first to investigate emotion regulation difficulties in CSB employing an experimental design. Result highlight potential difficulties in arousal regulation for CSBD patients, but results differ from previous research, and further studies are needed to explore these findings. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to refine the 99m Tc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (Tc-99m DMSA) renal static imaging (DMSA) rating method and evaluate its prognostic value in children with urinary tract infections (UTIs) associated with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). METHODS: Retrospective analysis was conducted on DMSA data (DMSA1 at the initial visit and DMSA2 at follow-up; imaging interval ≥ 6 months) and clinical data from 117 children. Each kidney was divided into three regions: upper, middle, and lower. Lesions were graded in a blinded manner based on the distribution of the imaging agent and whether the defect area exceeded 50% of the region. Lesion grades were classified as 0 (normal) to 5 (complete defect). DMSA2 ratings were categorized as complete recovery, improvement, similar, or deterioration, and clinical factors influencing each group were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 160 diseased kidneys were identified in 117 children. The DMSA1 and DMSA2 image ratings were highly consistent (kappa coefficients: 0.806, 0.839, 0.813, 0.820 for left and right kidneys, respectively). A statistically significant difference in image ratings was observed between DMSA1 and DMSA2 when DMSA1 rating was ≥3b. Changes in DMSA2 ratings were associated only with the initial DMSA1 rating and the presence of breakthrough urinary sensation at follow-up. CONCLUSION: Image changes were related solely to breakthrough urinary sensation. When the initial DMSA lesion grade exceeds 3b, improvement in the lesion is unlikely, regardless of subsequent breakthrough urinary sensation. The modified DMSA rating method is effective and can predict prognosis in children with UTIs.
Introduction. This article analyses media practices of euphemisation in diplomatic communications during Ukraine's War of Independence. The relevance of this research stems from the transformation of diplomatic and media communication in the context of full-scale war, when language becomes not only a tool for informing, but also a space for competing interpretations, legitimising decisions and shaping public opinion, where euphemisation acts as a means of preserving international solidarity, softening tragic realities and legitimising complex political decisions. Methods. The study uses discourse analysis of diplomatic speeches and media news reports, content analysis of quotations and their media presentation, comparative analysis of media texts and diplomatic sources, generalisation for the processing of theoretical sources, the method of contextual analysis to identify euphemisms and the process of euphemisation, as well as the method of classification to structure the most common techniques of euphemisation in diplomatic messages. Results and discussion. It has been established that the euphemisation of diplomatic messages during the War for Ukraine's Independence is a systematic linguistic-pragmatic strategy that functions at the intersection of diplomatic and media discourses and significantly influences the formation of public perceptions of the war. An analysis of the corpus of diplomatic statements, speeches by the President of Ukraine, Ukrainian diplomats and their media broadcasts revealed the dominance of lexical, syntactic and pragmatic euphemisation techniques aimed at softening, abstracting and neutralising direct references to war, violence and political responsibility. It has been found that diplomatic discourse consistently uses nominalisation, impersonal constructions and generalised formulas to reduce agency and avoid directly naming the aggressor, which is in line with the norms of institutional diplomatic communication and strategies of deliberate ambivalence. Ukrainian media, retransmitting these messages, mostly reproduce euphemistic formulas without change, thereby institutionalising them as a habitual model of speaking about war. Two levels of euphemisation have been identified: primary - in diplomatic speech, and secondary - in media representation, where euphemisms are reinforced through headlines, quotations and editorial interpretations.