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18265 papers
The fourth technological revolution in language, caused by the invention and active introduction of artificial intelligence into social life, leads to the reformatting of the modern media communication language space. The emergence of the technological dimension in media communication along with the humanitarian one leads to the fact that both the humanitarian communicative model and the technological one are formed and function in the linguistic space of media communication. In relation to the linguistic norm, two types of humanitarian communicative model can be distinguished, one of which is normative and the other creative. The authors of the normative model are professional journalists, the creative model is produced by the Internet users in the comment sections, and the users themselves become the ‘collective Pushkin of social networks’. The normative model in media communication is oriented towards linguistic, stylistic and communicative norms, which contributes to the preservation of the literary language in the media as an absolute communicative value. The creative model of the ‘collective Pushkin’ generates a creative usus that contributes to the renewal of language through the creative energy of its speakers. The norm in the creative model exists implicitly, and its conscious violation demonstrates the expressive possibilities of the national, not only literary language, contributes to filling lacunas, expanding the repertoire of stylistic means, creating a multimedia code in media communication, providing an opportunity to express emotional nuances. The technological model, authored by artificial intelligence, is based on the norms of literary language, as technological authorship in media is not widely advertised. The technological model is normative; its task is to mimic the humanitarian model of professional journalists. The coexistence of the author-journalist and the technological author (AI) in the linguistic space of modern media not only reformats this space in terms of norms and creativity, but also changes its humanitarian component, as it ceases to be unconditionally human.
INTRODUCTION: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic condition associated with global intellectual impairment. While research has evidenced speech problems, little is known about reading, which is a critical language ability involved in communication. The aim of the present study was to investigate vocabulary and reading skills in adults with PWS. METHOD: A total of 56 individuals (35 females, mean age = 33.64 years, range = 19-57 years) with PWS participated. Standardized paper and pencil tests were used to examine the level of vocabulary (LexTale-FR test) and reading performance (Alouette-R test). Two computerized tasks were also administered to assess the efficiency of lexical and phonological processes in reading (lexical and phonological decision tasks, taken from the ECCLA software). Performance was analyzed and compared with available norms on neurotypical adults and/or children. RESULTS: The results showed that adults with PWS had a low level of vocabulary (i.e., three to five standard deviations difference compared to neurotypical adults), poor reading skills (i.e., equivalent to the level of nine-year-olds), and less efficient lexical and non-lexical phonological processes. CONCLUSION: The present data suggest a global impairment in vocabulary and reading skills in adults with PWS. These findings might help clinicians to better understand the language abilities of these patients.
Importance. Spontaneous public speech has become a modern reality in just over a decade, which explains the insufficient study of this phenomenon and determines the novelty of this study at the current stage of linguistic development. The characteristic of the concept of “linguistic error” using the example of the French language, highlighting the significance of this work in the contemporary intercultural space is given. Research methods. This study describes and analyzes in detail examples of errors, selected using a continuous sampling method from the written public speech of French political figures. The material is based on online resources that provide access to the written public speeches of French politicians and studies conducted in this area by major French print media outlets such as Le Figaro, Le Monde, RTL, and others. Results and Discussion. The research discusses the definitions of linguistic norms, analyzes and identifies the main types of language errors in the written public speech of political figures of the modern French Republic, provides justifications from the point of view of linguistic (the main trends in the development of the language) and extralinguistic factors, which is necessary for understanding the vectors of development of the modern French language, its current normative status and the rules of communication. Conclusion. The appearance of spelling, grammatical and lexical errors in the written speech of politicians may indicate a tolerant attitude of modern French society towards such errors due to their frequency, which allows us to discuss the direction of development of the French language, which, under the influence of English, is beginning to show a tendency towards simplification.
This article examines the crucial role of authentic texts in fostering sociocultural competence within the framework of English for Specific Purposes (ESP). In an era marked by intensified globalization and intercultural collaboration, linguistic proficiency alone is insufficient for effective communication in professional and academic domains. Rather, success increasingly hinges on learners’ ability to navigate the cultural norms, communicative conventions, and implicit meanings embedded within real-world discourse. The paper posits that the intentional integration of authentic materials, including but not limited to professional reports, technical documentation, academic publications, corporate correspondence, audiovisual media, and industry-specific communications, provides an indispensable bridge between abstract linguistic instruction and the practical demands of professional communication. Drawing on established theories of communicative and sociocultural competence, the study delineates the core components of sociocultural awareness relevant to ESP learners: pragmatic adaptability, intercultural sensitivity, discourse conventions, and the ability to interpret context-dependent meanings. The pedagogical rationale for authentic text use is examined in depth, emphasizing how such materials promote contextualized language learning, expose students to discipline-specific register and genre, foster higher-order thinking skills, and stimulate learner autonomy and motivation. Building on this theoretical foundation, the article presents a set of practical strategies for selecting, adapting, and integrating authentic texts into ESP curricula, taking into account disciplinary variation, learner proficiency levels, and instructional goals. Special attention is given to scaffolding techniques, task-based learning models, and the use of digital tools to support accessibility and engagement. The discussion also addresses potential pedagogical and logistical challenges, such as lexical density, cultural opacity, and time constraints for both instructors and learners. In response, the article offers evidence-based solutions, including the use of graded materials, cross-cultural pre-task discussions, and collaborative learner-led exploration of industry-relevant sources. The practical contribution of this study lies in the implementation of two complementary dimensions, Learner-Generated Materials for Social Impact and Learner-Generated Materials for Professional Simulation, as a means of fostering sociocultural competence through authentic materials in ESP instruction. The first dimension engages students in interdisciplinary projects rooted in Ukraine’s current socio-political context and the UN Sustainable Development Goals, resulting in podcasts, posters, brochures, or infographics created using digital tools such as Padlet and Canva. The second dimension focuses on students’ professional growth, involving the production of authentic documents such as CVs, cover letters, lesson plans, and annotated translations that reflect real-world professional scenarios. These two strands combine authentic genre-based input with task-based, collaborative output, cultivating functional language skills, intercultural reflection, and students’ emerging professional identities. Ultimately, the article argues that a holistic and strategic approach to incorporating authentic materials is not a supplementary enhancement but a foundational necessity in ESP instruction. Such an approach ensures that learners are not only equipped with the linguistic skills required for professional communication but are also prepared to operate with intercultural competence, critical awareness, and communicative agility in diverse and dynamic global environments. By anchoring language learning in authentic, culturally rich discourse, ESP educators can better prepare learners to meet the evolving demands of their professional fields with both fluency and appropriateness.
Vocabulary acquisition is essential to second language learning, as it underpins all core language skills. Accurate vocabulary assessment is particularly important in standardized exams, where test items evaluate learners' comprehension and contextual use of words. Previous research has explored methods for generating distractors to aid in the design of English vocabulary tests. However, current approaches often rely on lexical databases or predefined rules, and frequently produce distractors that risk invalidating the question by introducing multiple correct options. In this study, we focus on English vocabulary questions from Taiwan's university entrance exams. We analyze student response distributions to gain insights into the characteristics of these test items and provide a reference for future research. Additionally, we identify key limitations in how large language models (LLMs) support teachers in generating distractors for vocabulary test design. To address these challenges, we propose the iterative selection with self-review (ISSR) framework, which makes use of a novel LLM-based self-review mechanism to ensure that the distractors remain valid while offering diverse options. Experimental results show that ISSR achieves promising performance in generating plausible distractors, and the self-review mechanism effectively filters out distractors that could invalidate the question.
ABSTRACT Colonial monolingual norms are a present oppressive force within schooling spaces, with a direct assimilative target on the linguistic practices of historically marginalized peoples, histories, and knowledge systems. For racially minoritized multilingual refugee learners, the space of in‐school science learning can be experienced as an involuntary detachment from linguistic wholeness, intergenerational ways of knowing, and community practices. Our work offers a disruption of the deficit‐based narratives that leave the brilliances associated with multilingualism invisibilized. Based on facilitator reflections and video‐based interaction analyses, our findings shed light on the pedagogy of whole languaging hearts that actively resist colonial and racialized linguistic norms and center social interactions and relations transcending divides across languages, geopolitical locations, and species. The pedagogy of whole languaging hearts was enacted to embrace how children and teachers located themselves within land‐based networks of interrelated communities. We offer to look at this network intersectionally, lovingly, and relationally to imagine otherwise, refusing the predefined disciplinary possibilities for eco‐ and socially just science futures together. Extending further the literature on translanguaging, our article focuses on the transformative possibilities of languaging emerging from our work with diasporic refugee children hailing from the “Middle East,” which transcends the borders of the named languages of Arabic, Kurmanji, and English. With the pedagogical enactment of languaging with whole hearts, we demonstrate how teachers can open space for science teaching grounded in the lives and worlds of multilingual refugee children and in embodied interactions on the land. We argue that ways of coming to know sciences are inseparable from our sense of community, stories, and relations.
Perceptual responses are related to long-term exercise adherence. This within-subjects study compared blood lactate concentration (BLa) and perceptual responses to reduced exertion high intensity interval (REHIT) between rowing and cycle ergometry. Twenty healthy, active adults (age = 27 ± 6 yr) underwent a VO 2 max test followed by completion of REHIT on the rower or cycle ergometer. Exercise consisted of three “all-out” 20 s sprints separated by active recovery. BLa, affective valence, rating of perceived exertion (RPE 6 – 20), and enjoyment were acquired during exercise. Results showed no difference in peak HR (98 ± 6 vs. 95 ± 4 %HRmax, p =.06) or maximal workload (191 ± 34 vs. 204 ± 29 %Wmax, p =.25) between rowing and cycling REHIT. Rowing REHIT exhibited significantly lower BLa ( p <.001) at 2, 30, and 60 min post-exercise (7.0 ± 2.2 vs. 11.6 ± 2.8 mM, p <.001, d = 1.9; 3.1 ± 1.5 vs. 6.2 ± 2.8 mM, p <.001, d = 1.4; and 2.0 ± 0.7 vs. 3.1 ± 1.3 mM, p =.02, d = 1.2) versus cycling. Results also showed significantly greater enjoyment (101 ± 12 vs. 89 ± 17, p <.001, d = 0.84) and lower change in RPE (7.8 ± 2.0 vs. 9.5 ± 2.1, p =.001, d = 0.85) and affective valence (−1.2 ± 1.5 vs. −2.4 ± 2.7, p =.036, d = 0.54) with rowing versus cycling REHIT. Overall, rowing REHIT elicits a more positive perceptual response versus cycling.
The study aims to determine the specific features of the representation of conceptual metaphors of death in Russian translations of Dylan Thomas’s poetry, in comparison with the poetic and philosophical content of the original texts. The research focuses on the verbalization methods of metaphorical images related to the theme of death and the analysis of poetic devices used by translators to preserve the semantic depth and emotional impact of the original. The scientific novelty of the research lies in establishing the characteristic strategies for conveying the conceptual metaphors of death in poetic translations of D. Thomas’s works into Russian and identifying the specifics of lexical-semantic and rhythmic-intonational transformations. The Russian versions of the poems “And death shall have no dominion” and “Do not go gentle into that good night”, translated by V. Betaki and M. Koreneva, were selected as research material. The analysis revealed that key metaphors and images related to the theme of death undergo semantic and stylistic transformations in the translations, due to both the individual interpretation of the translators and the peculiarities of the target language culture. The translations that successfully combine the preservation of the original conceptual metaphor with its adaptation to the poetic norms of the Russian language demonstrate the greatest semantic accuracy and poetic expressiveness.
Nowadays, when the importance of language culture and competent communication increases, maintaining the accuracy of the word is one of the important linguostylistic requirements. The article is devoted to the problem of paronymy, the nature of which has not yet been specifically studied in Kazakh linguistics. In the modern linguistic space, the inability to correctly use paronyms has become a common phenomenon, leading to stylistic and semantic errors not only in colloquial speech, but also in official, scientific, journalistic and artistic texts. The purpose of this research work is to clarify the nature of paronymic words in the Kazakh language, determine their meaning and stylistic nuances, as well as functional characteristics. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: to review the study of word pairs recognized as paronyms in foreign and Kazakh linguistics, analyze the semantic and stylistic features of paronyms in the Kazakh language, suggest ways of their correct use, show their similarity and difference with other similar lexical and semantic groups in our language, analyze their use in accordance with the norms of the literary language, as well as frequently encountered errors that arise due to the inability to distinguish them. As a result of the study, a review of research works was conducted, examples of paronymic pairs recognized as paronyms in our language were given, and the reasons for their incorrect use were identified. In addition, specific examples of incorrect use were given that undermine linguistic accuracy, and ways to correct them were proposed. The article analyzed the opinions of journalists and scientists M. Balakayev, R. Syzdyk, N. Shakeev and H. Nurmukhanov on the need to stabilize and clarify the meanings of such pairs of words with different meanings but similar pronunciation, which cause difficulties in our language, and presented scientifically substantiated proposals aimed at improving language culture. It was concluded that lexical units recognized as paronyms are not only the result of colloquial speech, but can be considered as a lexical-semantic group with its own characteristics and belonging to the language system. The article uses comparative, semantic-stylistic, and in some cases etymological and lexicographic methods of analysis to identify the semantic, stylistic and functional features inherent in each of the paronymic pairs.
The production of Atticist lexica in the 2nd century CE aimed to reproduce an idealised form of Attic Greek by prescribing specific morphological, lexical, and syntactic usages. However, the effect these prescriptions had on actual language usage has not yet been consistently investigated. In this paper, I will define a method for analysing the impact of Atticist norms on usage by adapting a framework proposed by Thomas (1991). I will then apply this framework to the study of one example: the infinitival complementation of μέλλω. While Markopoulos (2009) has shown that the use of the aorist infinitive in the complementation of μέλλω is a feature of low register, I will focus primarily on the use of the future infinitive, which is retained in this construction in classicising texts as a marker of high, learned register. I will then explore whether Atticist lexica contributed to fossilising the distribution of these infinitive types in the construction of μέλλω across different registers.
BACKGROUND: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) in youth is associated with significant psychosocial impairments; however, the cognitive and neural mechanisms that maintain it, particularly during childhood and adolescence, remain underexplored. Cognitive models emphasize the role of altered face processing, and neutral facial expressions may be perceived as threatening. Due to their ambiguous nature, contextual cues may play a particularly important role in interpretation. METHODS: We presented neutral child faces paired with social context information varying in valence (negative, neutral, positive) while continuous EEG was recorded. Subjective valence ratings and neural responses (P100, N170, and LPP) were assessed in children and adolescents aged 10-15 years with SAD (n = 53), clinical controls with specific phobias (SP; n = 41), and healthy controls (HC; n = 61). RESULTS: Overall, context information affected both the subjective and neural responses to neutral faces in all children and adolescents, for example, more negative ratings for negatively contextualized faces. Further, participants with SAD generally rated all faces as more negative compared to HCs. Neurally, they showed lower N170 amplitudes compared to both control groups in response to all neutral faces, independent of the context valence. However, only younger children (aged 10-12 years) with SAD showed higher LPP amplitudes than younger HCs. CONCLUSIONS: Processing biases seem to be already present in children and adolescents with SAD, both at the subjective and neural level. Social context information influences neutral face processing but is independent of psychopathology. Future studies examining age effects are needed to investigate whether childhood reflects a particularly sensitive period for the development of processing biases.
В статье исследуются различные семиотические средства трансляции ценностей, норм и установок в процессе осмысления коллективного прошлого в дискурсивном городском пространстве. Предметом исследования выступают принципы вербального и невербального кодирования информации об объекте коммеморации в текстах мемориальных досок. Статья представляет собой попытку изучить национальное коммуникативное пространство коммеморации в теоретической рамке лингвоурбанистики, нового исследовательского направления на стыке лингвистики и урбанистики. Впервые в лингвистическом исследовании выделены национальные особенности коммеморации в городской среде, репрезентирующие стратегии формирования согласованных ценностей, на основе представлений о коллективном прошлом. Цель исследования заключается в изучении механизмов сопряжения семантических компонентов, обеспечивающих коммуникативное единство вербально-визуального комплекса мемориальной доски и его воздействие на массового адресата в городском пространстве. Иконические средства репрезентации представляют особый интерес для исследования, так как через выбор в качестве объекта коммеморации определенного культурного символа или иконического знака транслируются ценностные установки исторического периода. Эмпирической базой исследования послужил корпус коммеморативных текстов, представляющих собой надписи на мемориальных досках города Москвы. Источником формирования исследовательского корпуса послужили сведения, представленные на открытом портале данных Правительства Москвы в сети Интернет. В статье представлена методика контент-анализа отобранного языкового материала с помощью корпусного менеджера AntConc, что позволило получить данные о частотности лексических единиц и содержании контекстов их употребления. Выделена корреляция между языковыми и иконическими средствами, которые акцентируют определенные атрибутивные характеристики объекта коммеморации, нацеленные на аксиологическую сферу адресата. The article explores ways in which semiotic means communicate national values, norms and expectations to city residents. The subject of the study is to identify the principles of verbal and non-verbal coding the information about the object of commemoration in the texts of memorial plaques. The article is an attempt to study the national communicative space of commemoration in the theoretical framework of linguo-urbanism, a new research area between linguistics and urbanism. For the first time, the linguistic study highlights the national features of commemoration in the urban environment reflecting the strategies to form the agreed values, based on ideas about the collective past. The research objective is to focus on mechanisms that ensure the communicative unity of the verbal-visual complex of the memorial plaque and its impact on the mass addressee in the urban space. The paper analyzes iconic means since the choice of a certain cultural symbol or iconic sign reveals what values and expectations are communicated and which models of social behavior are promoted by social agents. The empirical data for the study comes from the official text corpus of memorial plaques available on the Moscow government open data portal. The research techniques involve content analysis of the memorial plaques texts with the AntConc software to calculate word frequencies and analyze their contexts. In order to translate certain values specific lexical and iconic markers that describe attributive characteristics of the object of commemoration were outlined in accordance with the obtained data on the thematic and conceptual dominants of the typical commemorative texts. The paper suggests arguments for correlation between verbal and non-verbal means not only addressing the axiological sphere of the addressee, but also representing national commemorative cognitive scheme.
Abstract The “sleep to forget and sleep to remember” hypothesis states that sleep attenuates the emotional tone of a memory while strengthening its factual content. However, previous experimental research has yielded inconsistent results, associating sleep with the reduction, enhancement, or maintenance of the emotional tone of memories. Although the hypothesized process may necessitate multiple nights of sleep, most studies have relied on single-night protocols. To address this, we further investigated whether immediate sleep diminishes emotional reactivity triggered by memory reactivation after one week. In a karaoke paradigm, we recorded participants’ singing of two songs and played back one of their recordings (rec1) to induce an embarrassing episode either in the early afternoon (delayed sleep group; N = 25) or the evening (immediate sleep group; N = 25). One week later, we assessed participants’ emotional reactions to the re-exposed recording (rec1) and a newly introduced recording (rec2). Emotional reactivity was assessed using facial blushing as a primary physiological measure and subjective ratings of embarrassment, valence, and blushing. Sleep was monitored using diaries. While the embarrassing episode was successfully induced, Bayesian mixed-effects models revealed reduced facial blushing and more negative valence ratings from initial exposure to re-exposure (rec1) after both a shorter and longer interval to sleep. These changes were nonspecific to the reactivated recording (rec1) and were also observed for the new recording (rec2). Other subjective measures remained unchanged. This study demonstrates that neither the time interval to sleep following encoding nor memory reactivation influenced long-term emotional reactivity, leaving sleep’s role in emotional memory processing elusive.
Beyond their incentive value, visual sexual stimuli are thought to have intrinsically rewarding properties that may contribute to the rising prevalence of problematic pornography use. However, whether excessive consumption of visual sexual stimuli fits classic models of addiction and involves reinforcement-based learning remains controversial. To address this question, the present study focused on the interplay of individual differences in trait sexual desire (specifically, the drive to engage in solitary sexuality) with stimulus modality in appetitive Pavlovian conditioning. 62 heterosexual participants (final sample, 36 women) underwent two sessions of differential conditioning, spaced one week apart. During one learning session, neutral cues were reinforced (50 %) by presentation of visual sexual stimuli, while auditory sexual stimuli served as unconditioned stimuli during the other session. Indexing both sexual arousal and appetitive learning, pupil dilation (as well as startle modulation) was used to track the acquisition of conditioned responses. Results revealed that solitary sexuality was associated with blunted differential pupillary responses to cues predicting visual (yet not auditory) sexual stimuli and less sensitization across trials, presumably reflecting reduced anticipatory arousal (consistent with self-report findings) and/or altered processing of uncertainty. At the same time, both enhanced startle habituation and valence ratings suggest that the preference for erotica was unaffected in individuals high in solitary sexuality. Fitted computational models provide additional evidence for a link to divergent learning trajectories. Taken together, our findings underscore the special nature of visual sexual stimuli (compared to auditory sexual stimuli) and support the view that excessive consumption may reflect a dispositional reward deficiency that drives individuals to seek out more intense stimulation.
Effective Aanaphora Resolution (AR) is essential for computational linguistics, as it underpins coherent text analysis, information processing pipeline, and the development of advanced language technologies. Pronominal Anaphora Resolution plays a crucial role in analyzing and understanding large text collections, enabling discourse understanding systems and enhancing the performance of related applications like text summarization, sentiment analysis, and machine translation. This paper proposes and evaluates a novel hybrid method for Hindi AR. The proposed method uses the rule-based method to resolve reflexive and locative pronouns, whereas it uses supervised classifiers to resolve demonstrative and relative pronouns. We investigate two machine learning and one deep learning classifiers- the Distributed Random Forest classifier, Stacked ensemble classifier, and Multi-Layer Perceptron. The performance evaluation is done on two standard datasets: the Hindi tourism dataset and the Hindi Dependency Treebank Data (HDTB). The stacked ensemble model outperforms all other models investigated in this paper on the Hindi Tourism dataset with an accuracy of 76.33%. The deep learning model performs better than stacked ensemble and random forest on the HDTB dataset with an overall accuracy of 75.96%. The proposed hybrid method outperforms most of the earlier reported work on Hindi AR. This research demonstrates the potential of DL and ML classifiers in developing an automatic entity linking system in Hindi text, which is necessary for the correct semantic interpretation of text..
Статья анализирует методические подходы к использованию экранизаций рассказов А.П. Чехова в обучении инофонов, рассматривая кино как средство интегрированного формирования лингвистической и культурной компетенций. Актуальность обусловлена трудностями восприятия классического текста без опоры на аудиовизуальный контекст и необходимостью роста вовлеченности. Цель исследования оценить педагогическую эффективность сопоставительной работы с литературным первоисточником и его экранной версией по сравнению с текстоцентричными практиками. Новизна заключается в конструктивной связке языковых исходов с индикаторами культурной рефлексии и мотивации. Материалы и методы включали педагогический эксперимент в двух группах уровней В1- В2: контрольная работала только с печатными текстами, экспериментальная с экранизациями «Дама с собачкой», «Человек в футляре» и «Хамелеон» в режиме пред-, просмотра и постпросмотра. Инструменты измерения охватывали тесты лексики, грамматики, аудирования и чтения, задания на культурный контекст, наблюдение и анкетирование мотивации. Количественная обработка базировалась на средних, стандартных отклонениях и корреляциях между языковыми и культурными показателями. Результаты подтвердили преимущество аудиовизуального подхода: прирост активного словаря и навыков восприятия речи на слух в экспериментальной группе существенно превысил показатели контроля; наименьшая, но значимая разница зафиксирована по грамматике. Культурные компетенции выросли заметно: понимание историко-бытового контекста, идентификация социальных норм и интерпретация невербальной коммуникации получили более высокие оценки. Отмечен резкий подъем мотивации, включая интерес к творчеству и намерение расширять знакомство с русской культурой. Корреляция языковых и культурных исходов усилилась. Обсуждение интерпретирует полученные эффекты как результат синергии канальных модальностей: зрительно-слуховая поддержка снижает аффективный барьер, ускоряет лексическое закрепление и обеспечивает контекстуализацию грамматических моделей. Практическая значимость состоит в разработке поэтапных заданий для сопоставления текста и фильма, расширении банка экранизаций, внедрении аналитики прогресса и подготовки преподавателей по дизайну экранных уроков. Ограничения связаны с рамками одной школы и горизонтом семестра; перспективы включают лонгитюд, расширение выборки и репликации. Рекомендуется комбинация предпросмотровых вопросов, сегментированного просмотра с остановками, микрозадач на невербальные сигналы и постпросмотровых эссе с опорой на цитаты и кадры. Оценивание следует связывать с рубрикаторами компетенций и понятными критериями достижения. The article analyzes methodological approaches to the use of screen adaptations of A.P. Chekhov's short stories in teaching non-native speakers, considering cinema as a means of integrated formation of linguistic and cultural competences. The relevance is determined by the difficulties of perceiving classical texts without audiovisual support and by the need to increase engagement. The aim of the study is to assess the pedagogical effectiveness of comparative work with the literary original and its screen version in contrast to text-centered practices. The novelty lies in the constructive linking of linguistic outcomes with indicators of cultural reflection and motivation. Materials and methods included a pedagogical experiment conducted in two groups at levels B1-B2: the control group worked only with printed texts, while the experimental group engaged with the film adaptations of The Lady with the Dog, The Man in a Case and The Chameleon in pre-viewing, during- viewing, and post-viewing modes. Measurement tools covered vocabulary, grammar, listening and reading tests, cultural context assignments, observation, and motivation questionnaires. Quantitative analysis was based on means, standard deviations, and correlations between linguistic and cultural indicators. The results confirmed the advantage of the audiovisual approach: the increase in active vocabulary and listening comprehension in the experimental group significantly exceeded the control group's outcomes; the smallest but still significant difference was recorded in grammar. Cultural competence grew markedly: understanding of historical and everyday context, identification of social norms, and interpretation of non-verbal communication received higher ratings. A sharp rise in motivation was noted, including interest in Chekhov's works and an intention to expand familiarity with Russian culture. The correlation between linguistic and cultural outcomes was strengthened. The discussion interprets the obtained effects as the result of synergy among modality channels: visual-auditory support reduces the affective barrier, accelerates lexical consolidation, and ensures the contextualization of grammatical models. Practical significance lies in developing step-by-step tasks for comparing text and film, expanding the repository of adaptations, implementing progress analytics, and preparing teachers for the design of screen-based lessons. Limitations are related to the framework of a single school and a one-semester horizon; prospects include longitudinal research, a broader sample, and replication. A combination of pre-viewing questions, segmented viewing with pauses, micro-tasks on non-verbal signals, and post-viewing essays based on quotations and film frames is recommended. Assessment should be linked to competence rubrics and clear achievement criteria.
Language plays a crucial role in digital communication, and platforms like Instagram serve as key spaces for self-expression. This study investigates graphological deviations in Instagram captions, focusing on typography, spelling and grammar, and punctuation to understand their impact on written communication in social media. This research adopted a qualitative descriptive approach, analyzing captions from English Language Education Department students' Instagram accounts to identify and categorize graphological deviations. Data collection involved selecting captions with deviations in spelling, punctuation, and typography, followed by analysis using theories from Verdonk (2002) and Simpson (2004). The findings reveal that graphological deviations are intentionally employed to enhance aesthetics, convey emotions, and establish a relaxed, informal tone. Three main categories emerged: (1) Spelling and Grammar, which featured informal abbreviations and creative word formations and accounted for 10 instances; (2) Punctuation, where unconventional uses of quotation marks, ellipses, and dashes added emphasis and emotional depth, with 7 instances identified and (3) Typography, where unique fonts, emojis, and text layouts enhanced visual appeal, with 4 instances recorded. While such deviations may reduce clarity and professionalism, they significantly shape message reception in social media contexts. The study concludes that graphological deviations are a stylistic choice prioritizing aesthetics and emotional engagement over linguistic norms. Future research can explore their visual and emotional impact, typographic effectiveness, and multilingual adaptations in digital media.
This study investigates the application of Jean-René Ladmiral’s theory in analyzing Seyyed Mostafa Tabatabai’s Persian translation of Al-Ajnḥaʾ al-Mutakassira (Broken Wings) by Khalil Gibran. The original work, written in a poetic style, explores themes such as unfulfilled love, freedom, and the tension between love and social conventions. Tabatabai’s translation, through preserving the poetic tone and carefully selecting vocabulary, successfully conveys the complex meanings of the original text. Ladmiral’s theory, which emphasizes reconstructing meaning and adopting a target-oriented approach, provides an effective framework for evaluating translation quality. The findings indicate that the translator’s lexical choices and syntactic structures effectively transfer the semantic intentions of Gibran’s text.IntroductionThroughout history, translation has attracted the attention of both specialists and the general public, serving as one of the fundamental tools of human communication. In translating from Arabic to Persian, both the source language (Arabic) and the target language (Persian) play crucial roles. Merely understanding the general meaning of the source text is not sufficient; the translator must also grasp precise concepts, implicit meanings, and emotional nuances, as well as the subtleties of the author’s style.Mastery of the target language is often even more critical than full knowledge of the source language, because translation involves two primary skills: comprehension and expression. Comprehension requires thorough familiarity with the source language and the ability to extract multiple layers of meaning, while expression entails rewriting this meaning according to the linguistic and cultural norms of the target language. Familiarity with the subject matter of the original text further contributes to producing an accurate and fluent translation.In descriptive texts, language functions as a tool for evoking emotions, scenes, or specific events. Their purpose is to stir particular feelings in the reader. Literary works are the most prominent examples of descriptive texts, distinguished from informational texts by their stylistic organization and expressive function. In this regard, Ladmiral’s theory emphasizes the importance of conveying meaning at all costs.Jean-René Ladmiral, in his book Traduire: Théorèmes pour la traduction and related works, presents key principles of translation, including translation choice, compensation, minimal distortion, heterogeneity, addition, interpretation, readability, idiomaticity, and adequacy. His aim is to operationalize translation theory by developing a coherent methodological system encompassing these components. This approach allows translators to bridge linguistic and cultural gaps between source and target texts through flexible strategies, highlighting the inseparable connection between theory and practice.This theoretical framework is particularly relevant to descriptive texts that aim to evoke emotions and create strong emotional resonance. In the case of Broken Wings, Seyyed Mostafa Tabatabai strives to preserve Gibran’s poetic and critical tone while conveying themes of social inequality, unfulfilled love, and resistance to convention to Persian-speaking audiences.This study applies Ladmiral’s framework to Tabatabai’s Persian translation of Broken Wings and seeks to address the following questions:To what extent has the translator succeeded in recreating the poetic and social atmosphere of Khalil Gibran’s work?How has the translator, through syntactic adjustments and careful vocabulary choices, conveyed Gibran’s central message fluently and unambiguously in Persian? Literature ReviewAlthough numerous studies have addressed the application of translation theories to Arabic–Persian texts, few have focused specifically on Ladmiral’s model. A selection of relevant research includes the following:Delshad, Masbough, and Abdi (2016): Reexamining Abdol Latif Tasouji’s Translation of the Foundational Story of One Thousand and One Nights Based on Jean-René Ladmiral’s Model. Their findings indicate that the translator produced a work that is both aesthetically effective and culturally appropriate in Persian.Sayadani and Asgharpour (2017): Evaluation of the Vocabulary Translation Process in Nahj al-Balagha Based on Jean-René Ladmiral’s Theory. Their study concludes that the translator alternated between source-oriented and target-oriented approaches, balancing fidelity to vocabulary with the need to convey meaning. In some cases, interpretive strategies ensured clarity and removed ambiguity.Compared to these works, the present study distinguishes itself by focusing specifically on Khalil Gibran’s Broken Wings and analyzing the Persian translation through the lens of Ladmiral’s components such as transposition, translator’s choice, omission, and addition. This research not only identifies the translator’s strengths but also highlights minor weaknesses in word choice and meaning transfer, offering suggestions for improvement.Research MethodologyThis study employs a descriptive–analytical method grounded in Jean-René Ladmiral’s theoretical framework. Data were collected from two primary sources:Al-Ajnḥaʾ al-Mutakassira (compiled by Juliana Abdullah, research by Mikhail Masoud, first edition, 143 pages).The Persian translation in The Complete Works of Khalil Gibran (translated by Seyyed Mostafa Tabatabai, 256 pages).These texts were systematically compared using Ladmiral’s principles. Cultural and linguistic elements were extracted, and the translator’s strategies for equivalence, compensation, omission, and addition were analyzed to evaluate the accuracy and effectiveness of meaning transfer.ConclusionThe comparative analysis of Khalil Gibran’s Broken Wings and Seyyed Mostafa Tabatabai’s Persian translation yields several key findings.First, through careful lexical selection, syntactic adjustments, and strategic additions—such as reordering verbs, omitting redundant elements, and offering implicit interpretations—Tabatabai has successfully conveyed messages that resonate with Persian-speaking audiences. These strategies help preserve the poetic and social tone of Gibran’s text and foster a strong connection between the reader and the original.Second, by aligning sentence structures with Persian grammatical norms while maintaining semantic fidelity, the translator achieves a balance between accuracy and readability. This balance reduces distortion and ambiguity, facilitating smoother comprehension. In many cases, Tabatabai avoids literal translations by opting for more contextually appropriate equivalents, enhancing cohesion and fluency.Third, the selective omission of semantically light words and the addition of explanatory adjectives or clarifying details improve readability and help reconstruct the emotional impact of the original text. These strategies demonstrate the translator’s sensitivity to both linguistic nuance and reader reception.Overall, the study concludes that Tabatabai’s translation of Broken Wings, when assessed through Ladmiral’s model, adopts a target-oriented and audience-centered approach. The translation not only preserves the poetic and social atmosphere of Gibran’s work but also successfully adapts it to Persian literary and cultural norms, enabling readers to experience the richness and depth of the original text.
Just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs) have the aim to provide individualized interventions at optimal moments in time. A complex systems approach suggests that moments of instability may be such an optimal moment in time. In this study, we tested whether a micro-JITAI was more effective when applied during affective instability, as identified in real time from ecological momentary assessment data. We analyzed data from 70 participants who reported their momentary affect 5 times per day during a 60-day period. Instability was identified in real time from the exponentially weighted moving standard deviation (EWMSD) of their momentary affect ratings. The pleasant activity selector was applied as micro-intervention during periods of instability as well as during semi-random control periods. The results showed that the micro-intervention was not effective in improving positive affect. Moreover, the EWMSD appeared very sensitive to negative outlying values of momentary affect, instead of solely to enlarged fluctuations (the hypothesized indicator of instability). We discuss the implications for future studies that aim to test the effectiveness of JITAIs during instability.
Regardless of the power of any language, its societal value is measured by the level of its practical usage. Clarity and precision of speech are directly linked to the effective use of language. To use words in the correct context, it is necessary to determine their lexical meaning. A word represents a concept in a language and serves various functions. It is known that the use of words in functional styles is a concern of a linguistic branch known as stylistics. From a theoretical standpoint, stylistics contributes to a deeper understanding of our literary language, its stylistic system, and the study of stylistic norms in literary language. For any poet, words and phraseological units are not only expressions of thoughts and conveyance of desires, but they can also embody a way of life. Each word or phrase reveals a specific aesthetic idea and, through its content, points to new artistic horizons. By comparing phrases with words, one can analyze the functional, stylistic, and lexico-semantic aspects of phrases, revealing their true purpose and serving as the basis for comprehensive analysis. Writers, poets, linguistic scholars have long appreciated the richness and universality of phraseology in our language. Phrasemes enrich and color speech, making it vivid, emotional, and expressive, while succinctly conveying complex ideas and subtle nuances. The dictionary "700 Phraseological units in the Russian language" asserts that "…a language without phraseological units is like distilled water compared to spring water…". In speech, phrases enrich and shape meaning, making it more precise, emotional, and substantive. Phraseological units succinctly express ideas and provide a high degree of emotional expressiveness. The classical poet of Karakalpak literature, TileubergenJumamuratov, skillfully uses phraseological units in his works to create vivid and appropriate expressions, enriching his language with unique and emotionally rich turns of speech. Observations and research demonstrate that the poet masterfully used certain phraseological units in his verses. These phraseological units served habitual and occasional functions and were used to enhance the lyrical and everyday aspects of the poet's creativity. The specific use of phraseological units in T. Jumamuratov's poetry serves to emphasize specific themes or to convey emotional or neutral assessments. The article discusses the role of phraseological units in enriching and improving language, with an emphasis on their semantic content. In this context, significant information is presented about the stylistic use of phraseological units in the poetry of TileubergenJumamuratov, an outstanding figure in Karakalpak literature and a national poet of Karakalpakstan and Uzbekistan.
This study is devoted to the analysis of poetic texts by the poet Sha Ou (real name Wang Shida), written in the "Sichuan topolect" in the 1940s, with an emphasis on the lexical and syntactic features of these texts. The aim of the research is to demonstrate the non-discrete nature of the linguistic norm used in them, which is formed in conditions of functionally distributed multilingualism. The article examines the use of the local idiom as a means of vernacularizing poetry, which contributes to its accessibility for an illiterate peasant audience. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that, for the first time, the features of the "Sichuan topolect" have been systematized and analyzed on the basis of Sha Ou's poetry in the form in which it was used in the literature of the 1940s. The work focuses on how the use of local idioms contributes to the formation of cultural-linguistic and social identity. It also investigates the interaction of oral and written traditions, which allows for the identification of new aspects of the influence of dialects on the literary language and their role in socio-cultural transformation. The results obtained show that the "Sichuan topolect" in the texts of the 1940s represents the lingua franca of Sichuan – the Chengdu-Chongqing dialect. Sha Ou's poetry demonstrates a variety of dialectal inclusions – from individual dialectal lexemes to syntactic constructions and word-formation models atypical of the standard language.
This study examines the influence of religious-mythological lexicon on the formation, transmission, and transformation of historical consciousness and cultural identity. Language, as a carrier of collective memory, plays a crucial role in preserving mythological narratives and religious concepts that shape societies’ worldviews across different historical periods. The research explores how religious-mythological terminology functions not only as a linguistic phenomenon but also as a symbolic system through which power, morality, social order, and cultural continuity are articulated. By analyzing key lexical units drawn from religious texts, mythological narratives, and historical discourse, the study reveals how such vocabulary contributes to the construction of collective identities and legitimizes social norms and ideological frameworks. The research adopts an interdisciplinary approach, combining methods from historical linguistics, cultural studies, and discourse analysis. It investigates the semantic evolution of selected religious and mythological lexemes, tracing their transformation from sacred contexts to broader socio-cultural and political usage. Particular attention is given to the ways in which these lexical elements influence historical narratives, reinforce cultural memory, and shape national and civilizational self-perception. The findings demonstrate that religious-mythological lexicon functions not merely as a linguistic residue of the past but as an active cultural mechanism that continues to shape modern thought, values, and identity formation. By uncovering the deep interconnection between language, belief systems, and historical consciousness, this study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the role of sacred discourse in the development of human civilization and cultural continuity.
Introduction. The article is devoted to the problems related to the gender reform of the German language. Started on the wave of feminist movement of the 70s of the XX century, the transition to gender-neutral language in recent decades has become one of the most discussed topics in both socio-political and scientific circles in Germany, dividing politicians, lawyers, linguists and ordinary citizens into supporters and opponents of gender-neutral language. Methodology and sources. The article examines legal documents regulating the use of a gender-neutral language, highlights the opinions of participants in the discussion about gender correctness, based on the “myth of the invisible woman”, analyzes gender-oriented transformations used in German, and identifies problems related to gender-oriented language correction. Results and discussion. The starting point of linguistic distortions in the field of gender politics was the confusion of the concepts of grammatical gender (Genus), biological sex (Geschlecht) and gender (Gender/ soziales Geschlecht). The refusal of gender reform proponents to use the forms of generic masculine gender (generisches Maskulinum), which includes a wide range of meanings, and the introduction of gender-oriented transformations into the language provoked problems in the field of linguistic word usage, associated with both distortion of meaning and violation of grammatical norms of the German language. Conclusion. Gender reform has had a significant impact on various spheres of public life in Germany. The gender reform of the German language, dictated by the political agenda, has generated many linguistic and extra linguistic problems. The proposed artificial language changes aimed at achieving gender neutrality actually complicate communication and lead to a violation of the linguistic norms of the German language.
Machine learning relies heavily on language modeling to understand detailed information in modern applications of natural language processing. In addition, Deep learning methodologies have gained traction in various fields. Recurrent neural networks have emerged as powerful tools in this context, excelling at sequence modeling. Notably, Long-Short-Term Memory (LSTM) layers have become fundamental to language modeling. Additionally, Temporal Convolutional Networks (TCNs) are a recent and promising addition to Deep Learning. Meanwhile, meta-heuristic optimization has been adopted in several research areas due to its effectiveness. This study proposes a TCN-based language model, optimized by the Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA). AOA is used in this study to optimize parameters for LSTM and TCN models. The proposed language model is compared with the Exponential Linear Unit LSTM and the Binary Input Gate Recurrent Unit, two important models in modern language processing. The performance of these models is examined and compared using the Penn Treebank (PTB) dataset. The obtained results highlight the ability of AOA to accelerate the convergence of parameters during training and highlight the better performance of the proposed model. By improving Sparse Categorical Cross Entropy loss and perplexity, the proposed model outperforms other models in the PTB language modeling task.
This study aims to describe and analyze various forms of lexical errors found in the observation report texts in Indonesian language textbooks for eighth-grade junior high school students, as well as identify inappropriate diction based on categories such as connotative, denotative, formal, informal, general, specific, and borrowed foreign words. The research utilized a qualitative descriptive linguistic analysis of three authentic and representative observation report texts. The findings indicate numerous lexical errors, including the use of foreign terms without equivalents, redundant synonyms, and words inappropriate for formal or scientific contexts. These errors potentially reduce communication effectiveness, disrupt message clarity, and affect language correctness within the texts. If left uncorrected, such errors may cause ambiguities and hinder students’ comprehension of the reports objectively and accurately. Suggested corrections include selecting precise, specific words aligned with Indonesian language norms and employing neutral, objective language to facilitate student understanding and strengthen the educational value of the textbook. These findings provide valuable references for developing quality teaching materials and enhancing teachers’ and authors’ competencies in crafting effective, standards-compliant texts. This research is expected to offer practical and theoretical benefits, ultimately improving the overall language learning process in educational settings.
This study is concerned with the English neologisms of Generation Z Language users (popularly called Gen-Z), whose linguistic norm is gaining entry into the English language used in social media, thus influencing the language of four generations which are categorised based on birth years and shared cultural experiences. The four generations include Generation X, Millennials, Generation Z and Generation Alpha, and these categories of people form a set of active users of English Language, especially on social media. This language norm makes a remarkable impression on the vocabulary of English with the existence of social media since there is often an explosion in the frequency with which speakers make use of such innovation or construction in the target language. What is unique about the neologisms of the Generation Z English users is first, the pace with which they are formed and used and second, the ease with which they gain traction among diverse users. Although this speed is an unusual feature of language change which its process is measured, it is imperative to note that language innovation is ceaseless and remorseless. Every language that is spoken continues to change, not just century by century, but day by day. The aim of this study is to examine the neologisms formed by Generation Z users of English and establish the morphosemantic features peculiar to the formation of those words. The objectives are to i. identify Gen-Z neologisms, ii. analyse the possible sources and morphological processes used in the formation, and iii. ascertain the relationship between the new words and the corresponding old words (if any). In this study, some of the neologisms formulated in the last 15 years were accessed, the sources and origins of the words were investigated and finally the morphological processes used to achieve the words and their attendant meanings as well were examined. This study acknowledges the existence of Generation Z who exhibit unique characteristics that distinguish them from other past generations. Their distinctiveness is a product of their childhood and life in the technological, culturally diverse, digitally connected and socially conscious world. Being the core of the active population in this age, they influence various aspects of the society from technology and media to business, fashion and learning which indeed cause fundamental changes in the present world and initiate future directions. The evident rapid and profound changes in the English lexis in the last few decades require systematic linguistic investigation.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to refine the 99m Tc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (Tc-99m DMSA) renal static imaging (DMSA) rating method and evaluate its prognostic value in children with urinary tract infections (UTIs) associated with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). METHODS: Retrospective analysis was conducted on DMSA data (DMSA1 at the initial visit and DMSA2 at follow-up; imaging interval ≥ 6 months) and clinical data from 117 children. Each kidney was divided into three regions: upper, middle, and lower. Lesions were graded in a blinded manner based on the distribution of the imaging agent and whether the defect area exceeded 50% of the region. Lesion grades were classified as 0 (normal) to 5 (complete defect). DMSA2 ratings were categorized as complete recovery, improvement, similar, or deterioration, and clinical factors influencing each group were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 160 diseased kidneys were identified in 117 children. The DMSA1 and DMSA2 image ratings were highly consistent (kappa coefficients: 0.806, 0.839, 0.813, 0.820 for left and right kidneys, respectively). A statistically significant difference in image ratings was observed between DMSA1 and DMSA2 when DMSA1 rating was ≥3b. Changes in DMSA2 ratings were associated only with the initial DMSA1 rating and the presence of breakthrough urinary sensation at follow-up. CONCLUSION: Image changes were related solely to breakthrough urinary sensation. When the initial DMSA lesion grade exceeds 3b, improvement in the lesion is unlikely, regardless of subsequent breakthrough urinary sensation. The modified DMSA rating method is effective and can predict prognosis in children with UTIs.
The article discusses the role of lexical transformations in the translation process as an important means of preserving the stylistic features of the original text. Every language has its own system of expressive means, word formation and syntactic structures, so translators often face the necessity to adapt a text in order to preserve its meaning, style and emotional colouring. In order to achieve an adequate translation, various types of lexical transformations are widely used to convey the meaning with maximum accuracy and compliance with the communicative norms of the target language. The purpose of this paper is to study the role of lexical transformations in the translation process as a means of preserving the stylistic features of the original text and ensuring its adequacy and equivalence. The article employs the methods of comparative analysis, descriptive method, and contextual, and component analyses to identify the peculiarities of lexical transformations in the process of translation. The material for the analysis was the original texts and their translated counterparts containing various types of lexical transformations. The paper systematises the main types of lexical transformations (specification, generalisation, addition, antonymic translation, substitution) and substantiates their role in preserving the stylistic characteristics of the source text. The relationship between the choice of transformations and the communicative effectiveness of translation is investigated. Our analysis has shown that lexical transformations are a necessary tool in translation activity, as they contribute to the adaptation of the text in accordance with the norms of the target language, preserving the author's style, expressiveness and emotional colouring. The equivalence and adequacy of the translation depends on the correct choice of transformations. It has been found that the effective use of these transformations allows creating translations that not only accurately convey the meaning but also ensure the naturalness of presentation in the target language.
This research explores the semantic similarities and differences between Indonesian and English, focusing on their implications for teaching English semantics to students. It employs a descriptive qualitative approach to analyze both languages. The study reveals that English and Indonesian share fundamental parallels in how meaning is structured and conveyed. They exhibit commonalities in basic vocabulary, sentence structures following SVO order, and the use of modifiers, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, borrowed vocabulary, numerical systems, days of the week, prepositions, question words, conjunctions, and common expressions. These similarities facilitate comprehension and communication between speakers but are accompanied by distinctions in grammar, pronunciation, idiomatic expressions, and cultural contexts that distinguish their linguistic identities. Conversely, semantic differences arise from the unique linguistic and cultural contexts of each language. Lexical gaps occur where concepts lack direct equivalents due to differing cultural norms and experiences. Cultural specificity influences terms tied to specific Indonesian practices, while technical terminology adapts from English with contextual nuances. Euphemisms, metaphors, pragmatics, and social norms also shape semantic interpretation differently, impacting communication and translation accuracy. Understanding these semantic similarities and differences is crucial in teaching English semantics. Recognizing similarities aids in knowledge transfer and faster learning, leveraging students' familiarity with their native language. Addressing differences requires detailed explanations to ensure accurate comprehension and contextual usage of English vocabulary and expressions.
German textbooks typically emphasize grammatical and lexical aspects while paying less attention to pragmatic elements, especially politeness strategies that reflect native speakers’ cultural values. The study examined polite expression forms, functions, and the cultural value of German textbooks and analyzed their relevance to the development of intercultural competence. We used a qualitative research design based on the German textbook Netzwerk A1, A2, and B1, authored by Dengler et al. (2020) and published by Ernst Klett Sprachen GmbH as a data source. Data were collected through reading and recording techniques, then analyzed using pragmatic matching and distributional methods. The validity was checked through observation, triangulation, and peer review. The analysis revealed five main categories of politeness forms: (1) grammatical and lexical forms, (2) standard expressions of politeness, (3) modal particles, (4) formal pronouns Sie 'your', and (5) indirect questions. These forms consistently showed German cultural values such as social hierarchy, formality, and politeness norms. Given the results, we suggest that German textbooks should include more sociopragmatic elements to help students develop better cross-cultural communication skills.
This dataset consists of a single screenshot capturing a conversational exchange in which a supervising large language model prematurely infers prohibited sexual intent from ambiguous language (“train”) and issues a precautionary refusal. The exchange precedes a locally executed experiment demonstrating that the same ambiguity can be handled without refusal via semantic sanitization. The figure documents an observer-side failure mode: intent overreach under lexical ambiguity, wherein precautionary safety behavior is triggered despite the absence of explicit content and prior to empirical verification. The screenshot is published as a standalone empirical artifact illustrating reflexive politeness bias and preemptive norm enforcement in AI-mediated supervision. No interpretive edits have been applied. The image itself constitutes the complete primary evidence. This record completes a three-artifact series examining ambiguity handling across local and supervising language models.
Word order difference between source and target languages is a major obstacle to cross-lingual transfer, especially in the dependency parsing task. Current works are mostly based on order-agnostic models or word reordering to mitigate this problem. However, such methods either do not leverage grammatical information naturally contained in word order or are computationally expensive as the permutation space grows exponentially with the sentence length. Moreover, the reordered source sentence with an unnatural word order may be a form of noising that harms the model learning. To this end, we propose an Implicit Word Reordering framework with Knowledge Distillation (IWR-KD). This framework is inspired by that deep networks are good at learning feature linearization corresponding to meaningful data transformation, e.g. word reordering. To realize this idea, we introduce a knowledge distillation framework composed of a word-reordering teacher model and a dependency parsing student model. We verify our proposed method on Universal Dependency Treebanks across 31 different languages and show it outperforms a series of competitors, together with experimental analysis to illustrate how our method works towards training a robust parser.
This Profile looks at two technologies that were developed to make source texts in the original Greek, Latin and, indeed, any language directly accessible to audiences who have not yet studied – and may never study – the language itself: (1) translations aligned at the word and phrase level with the original text and (2) rich linguistic annotations explaining the part of speech, regularised dictionary form and syntactic function of each word in a corpus (typically called treebanks, because the syntactic structure is commonly visualised as an inverted tree).
We present the morphosyntactic annotation of Nheengatu as spoken in the 19th century in the Lower Amazon region. The annotated data expand the UD Nheengatu-CompLin treebank, the first for Nheengatu in the Universal Dependencies project, by incorporating forms and syntactic patterns characteristic of that region and time. We describe the corpus source, the orthographic normalization process, and the main annotation strategies used. So far, 345 sentences have been annotated, with 310 already integrated into the current version of the treebank. This historical data annotation enhances the lexical and morphosyntactic coverage, supporting the documentation and computational modeling of Nheengatu.
The article discusses the process of compiling the first corpus of errors in contemporary Polish and its possible applications. The main goal of the corpus was to use it to train language models based on deep neural networks. However, during the annotation, several problems that may be of interest to linguists (especially those involved in prescriptive linguistics) were identified. Difficulties in annotation suggest that the very concept of error is unclear, as is categorization of language errors. Corpus statistics give an approximate picture of how well educated Poles know the linguistic norm and what types of errors most commonly appear in texts. Such information can be used for the purpose of language education at the school level and in Polish studies. Keywords Polish; language errors; typology of errors; corps; linguistic norm
The article proves the importance of analyzing scientific professional texts in language disciplines for students of the ―Local History and Tourism Work‖ educational and professional program. It is emphasized that such an activity allows to deepen students' understanding of scientific language and scientific style in general, to instill text editing skills, to form the ability to critically evaluate scientific products in terms of compliance with the norms of literary language. It is noted that modern scientific works often contain violations of language norms, and as a result, a separate area of research has been launched - ―error studies‖ or ―deviatology‖, which contains theoretical and applied aspects. The theoretical aspect is related to the interpretation of the concept of ―error,‖ while the applied aspect is to identify and correct errors, as well as to provide recommendations for preventing these phenomena. The article focuses on the second aspect. The study is based on the material of scientific publications of the ―Regional Studies‖ journal, which students can use as a source of information when mastering many normative and elective disciplines. The author proposes a classification of the most common mistakes identified through a continuous sample, provides illustrative material, correct options, and justification for normative writing. It is noted that the analyzed articles contain the most violations of euphony, in particular, the alternation of prepositions У, В and initial У-, В-, as well as punctuation. Grammatical and lexical errors are also quite common, while spelling errors are less common and relate mainly to the changes that have taken place in Ukrainian spelling. It is concluded that the majority of violations of language norms by students of the ―Local History and Tourism Work‖ educational and professional program are able to identify and propose reasonable corrections, since the study of many topics of the ―Ukrainian Language (for Professional Purposes)‖ and ―Eloquence in the Professional Activity of a Historian-Guide‖ disciplines involves students' work with dictionaries, manuals on language culture, reference literature, and Ukrainian spelling.
Привлечение внимания к новым источникам для изучения лексики XIX века – одна из задач статьи. В качестве материала для наблюдений и выводов привлечены эпистолярные тексты из архива Соликамского Святотроицкого мужского монастыря, содержащие сведения о духовной и материальной культуре одного из древнейших монастырей Северного Прикамья. В статье на лексическом уровне демонстрируется реализация основных тенденций развития русского литературного языка в 1‑й половине XIX века: тенденция «к синтезу всех жизнеспособных языковых средств» и тенденция к демократизации языка. В результате анализа выявлено, что выработка лексико-семантических и стилистических норм происходили за счет новообразований (частовремяннопредающегося, первоотходящею почтой) и заимствований из церковнославянского языка, расширения валентности слов (краткий недостатокъ) и «освежения» семантики уже известных лексем за счет смыслов, присущих им в народно-разговорной речи (круто, недосылка). Деловая переписка, привлеченная к анализу, характеризуется эмоциональностью и строгим соблюдением этических норм, принятых в монастырской среде, однако не и ймеет такой черты делового стиля, как «неличный характер текста». Drawing attention to new sources for studying the lexicon of the 19th century is one of the article’s objectives. The material for observations and conclusions is drawn from epistolary texts from the archive of the Solikamsk Holy Trinity Male Monastery, which contain information about the spiritual and material culture of one of the oldest monasteries in Northern Prikamye (Kama region). At the lexical level, the article demonstrates the implementation of the main trends in the development of the Russian literary language in the first half of the 19th century: the tendency toward “ the synthesis of all viable linguistic means” and the tendency toward language democratization. As a result of the analysis, it has been revealed that the elaboration of lexical-semantic and stylistic norms occurred through neologisms (e. g., chasto-vremyanno-predayushchegosya ‘often temporarily handing over’, pervo-otkhodyashcheyu pochtoyu ‘by the first outgoing mail’), borrowings from Church Slavonic, expansion of word valency (e. g., kratkiy nedostatok ‘brief shortage’ with an extended meaning), and “refreshing” the semantics of already known Слово. Текст. Контекст. 2025. № 3 (23) 68 Слово. Текст. Контекст. 2025. № 3 (23) Харламова М. А. Эпистолярные тексты Соликамского Святотроицкого монастыря I-й половины XIX века: отражение основных тенденций развития литературного языка эпохи lexemes through meanings inherent in colloquial speech (e. g., kruto ‘steeply’ in a figurative sense, nedosylka ‘under-delivery’ as ‘shortcoming’). The business correspondence analyzed is characterized by emotionality and strict adherence to ethical norms accepted in the monastic environment, but it lacks such a feature of the business style as the “impersonal character of the text”.
In the era of digital transformation, startups' visions are increasingly communicated through AI-analyzed language and signals derived from various platforms. This study examines how textual characteristics within startup descriptions influence funding outcomes in the Blockchain Venture Capital market. By leveraging NLP and topic modeling techniques on a dataset of 2,176 early-stage companies, we extract AI-derived features such as linguistic distinctiveness, competition intensity, lexical diversity, topic entropy, and disruption orientation. Grounded in signaling theory and optimal distinctiveness theory, our results indicate that Blockchain startups that use overly disruptive, complex, or unique language are less likely to secure continued investment. In contrast, firms that align their descriptions with competitive linguistic norms are more successful in obtaining venture capital funding rounds. This research contributes to the literature on digital entrepreneurship, optimal distinctiveness, and language-as-strategy by demonstrating how AI can reveal the subtle textual cues that shape investors’ perceptions and legitimacy in competitive funding ecosystems.
Abstract Using a selected corpus of 20 corporate apology texts and 11,766 user comments on Sina Weibo, a Twitter-like Chinese social media, this study first evaluates the effectiveness of legitimation strategies underpinning these apologies offered by examining their distribution patterns based on frequency, percentage of use, and user reactions. It then employs textual analysis to discuss several apology cases that demonstrate both successful and unsuccessful applications of different legitimation strategies, revealing how cultural values influence the meaning-making process in the Chinese context and affect the effectiveness of corporate apologies. The findings suggest that appeals to role models, analogies, and the combined use of goal- and explanation-based strategies can justify corporate misconduct and evoke positive feedback. This meaning-making process shows how corporations leverage lexical, rhetorical, and cultural power to legitimize their misconduct, while audiences exercise agency in evaluating these apologies through specific socio-cultural norms.
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of Viktor Gavrilov's idiosyncrasy as a modern Ugra writer with a unique, hybrid style close to the Leningrad underground. Special attention is paid to the «language game» technique, as one of the dominant ones in some works from the collection “Times. Coda”. Based on the interpretations of the approaches of several scientific schools, based on the material of the poem “(M)art”, the characteristic features of Gavrilov's poetics, synthesizing elements of playful postmodernism and existential lyrics, are comprehensively investigated. The methodological basis of the research combines elements of structural analysis (identification of lexical and syntactic features) and an intertextual approach (identification of allusions and reminiscences). Special attention is paid to parody strategies (the use of reduced vocabulary, neologisms, allusions to classical texts), existential motives (freedom, time, creative act), a specific synthesis of colloquial intonation and philosophical reflection. The results of the study demonstrate that Gavrilov's idiosyncrasy is characterized by a dialectic of playful and serious principles, intertextual saturation, semantic polyphony, and a special type of lyrical subject. These artistic techniques allow the writer to show his linguistic freedom, to manipulate the norms of language to create an aesthetic and expressive effect. The analysis contributes to the study of the poetics of modern writers, the transformations of postmodern text in Russian literature, and the specifics of modern idiosyncrasy. The scientific novelty of the work consists in introducing the texts of a modern Ugra author into scientific circulation, identifying the features of the regional idiosyncrasy and influences, and determining the place of Viktor Gavrilov's work in the modern literary process. The article reflects a holistic approach to the study of regional text, which corresponds to modern trends in the study of individual works in the general Russian literary process.
This study explores the linguistic phenomenon of code-mixing between Indonesian and English among Generation Z teenagers. It aims to analyze how the integration of English into daily conversations influences their speaking manners, including lexical choices, sentence structures, and sociolinguistic implications. A qualitative case study approach was employed, involving interviews, discourse analysis, and surveys among teenagers in urban areas. The findings indicate that code-mixing is used for stylistic expression, social identity formation, and digital communication adaptation. While it enhances bilingual proficiency, it also raises concerns about language shift and cultural identity. The study provides insights into the evolving linguistic patterns of Generation Z and their implications for language education and communication norms.
The article is devoted to the problem of compliance with lexical-semantic (lexical) norms of the modern Ukrainian literary language in the speech of higher education students as an important component of their professional competence and speech culture.The purpose of the work is to identify, describe and systematize lexical and semantic norms, to clarify their causes in the aspect of the problem of speech culture in order to organize effective work on their elimination.The article uses a descriptive method, methods of functional-semantic and contextual analysis.The work defines the concepts of “language culture” and “speech culture”, emphasizes the differences in their definitions, identifies the communicative features of speech culture, and reveals the meaning of the terms “language norm”, “literary language norm”, and “lexico-semantic norm”. It has been found that such communicative features of speech culture as accuracy, correctness, richness of speech, purity, appropriateness, etc. are directly related to perfect mastery of the vocabulary of the language, adherence to the lexical and semantic norms of the literary language.Based on observation of students’ oral and written speech, the most common lexical errors were identified: using of mixed language (surzhyk) elements, Russianisms, copied constructions, indistinguishability and confusion of the meanings of paronymous words and the meanings of interlingual homonyms, stylistically unjustified using of pleonasm and tautology, excessive using of foreign words, in particular Anglicisms, using of dialectisms, parasitic words, invective vocabulary, etc.Objective and subjective reasons that cause lexical and semantic errors are formulated: convergence, interference of languages; significant influence of the sociocultural and dialectal environment of speakers on their level of speech culture; a significant array of vocabulary, which is difficult to master at the proper level; the impossibility of reducing lexical norms to a limited number of clearly formulated rules; mobility, dynamism of the lexical composition; insufficient awareness of students with the lexical norms of the modern Ukrainian literary language, the lexical richness of the language, limited vocabulary, and a general low or insufficient level of speech culture.
This study investigates whether phonemic Surprisal in English words is systematically elevated for semantically vivid meanings, extending prior research linking high Surprisal words to negative valence. We test the hypothesis that Surprisal may serve attentional optimization-drawing cognitive focus to conceptually salient words-in addition to facilitating communicative efficiency. In this study, vividness was operationalized along three semantic dimensions: Specificity (the level of referential detail), Imaginability (ease of forming a mental image), and Concreteness (grounding in sensory-perceptual experience). Using a large corpus of spoken American English cross-referenced with phonological, semantic, and psycholinguistic norms, we constructed linear mixed-effects models to explore the relationship between phonemic Surprisal and each vividness dimension while controlling for phonological form, iconicity, age of acquisition, prevalence, and grammatical class. Imaginability and Concreteness significantly correlated with higher Surprisal, supporting the notion that language users may unconsciously favour phonologically marked forms for salient meanings. Following this analysis, we explored the relationship between Surprisal and processing by exploring behavioural data from lexical decision, read-aloud, and memory recognition tasks. Words high in Surprisal, Specificity, Imaginability, and Concreteness were more accurately recognized in memory recognition tasks. Highly Imaginable and Concrete words were easier to processes, whereas high Surprisal and Specificity were associated with increased processing difficulty. Together, the results support the attentional optimization hypothesis, introduced here, proposing that linguistic systems are shaped not only to efficiently economize communication, but also to identify meanings that merit greater cognitive investment.
Advertisements serve as pivotal cultural tools that shape consumer perceptions, influence purchasing behavior and construct social meanings. In the context of beauty and cosmetics, their persuasive force is particularly directed toward women, often reinforcing the long-standing association between fair skin and desirability. This study examines the semiotic strategies employed in fairness cream advertisements to demonstrate how they commodify the female body and reproduce normative beauty standards among Indian women. Drawing on multimodal semiotic theories from Structuralist Model of Signification of Saussure, Barthes (1972) and Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) the analysis explores how signs, symbols, color schemes, narrative structures and ideological mythologies collectively sustain the notion that fairness signifies beauty, confidence, success and social approval. The study focuses on both lexical and visual semiotics, analyzing linguistic choices, metaphors, presuppositions and transformation narratives that implicitly encode colorist ideologies. Complemented by feminist theory and postcolonial perspectives, the analysis further interrogates the gendered pressures, patriarchal expectations and colonial residues embedded within fairness discourse. Findings reveal that fairness cream advertisements systematically normalize colorism by idealizing lighter skin tones while marginalizing darker complexions. These representational patterns shape self-perceptions of women, contributing to internalized bias, diminished self-esteem, and aspirational conformity to Eurocentric beauty norms. The study highlights the urgent need for inclusive media practices that challenge discriminatory beauty narratives and support diverse representations. By examining the intersections of semiotics, gender and postcolonial identity, this research contributes to broader discussions on beauty, power and inequality in contemporary Indian society.
Vocabulary assessment is an important part of measuring language proficiency in both monolingual and bilingual children. The LITMUS Cross-Linguistic Lexical Tasks (CLT) provides a framework for assessing the vocabulary of monolingual and bilingual children using a standardized procedure and comparable stimuli across languages. All language versions of CLT include picture naming and picture recognition tasks, using both nouns and verbs as target words. The present study demonstrates high reliability (internal consistency) and convergent validity of the Polish CLT (CLT-PL) in a monolingual sample of children between 3 and 6 years of age. We present data collected from 479 participants. Based on the analysis of the impact of children’s demographic characteristics on CLT scores, we developed a set of monolingual norms for children aged 3;0 to 5;11. We conclude that the CLT-PL is a reliable and valid tool for assessing vocabulary in monolingual children that could be applied in research and has the potential to serve as a diagnostic tool in the future. With this, we are one step further in designing tools for assessing the vocabularies of multilingual children learning Polish.
The relevance of a scientific article determines the importance of the normative use of scientific language for the successful presentation of the results of scientific research activities of higher education students. The purpose of scientific research is to identify and analyze various types of linguistic anormativism recorded in students’ oral and written texts in the process of scientific communication, an important component of their professional competence. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the detailed description of typical multi‑ level anormatatives that occur in students’ scientific texts as a result of violating the established norms of the Ukrainian literary language – lexical, morphological, syntactic. When analyzing theoretical and illustrative material, we apply general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, as well as the descriptive method with techniques for classifying and generalizing linguistic facts. Conclusions. The formation of students’ scientific speech culture is one of the pressing issues in language education today. An indicator of a student’s scientific speech culture is strict adherence to the requirements for oral and written speech in the field of his scientific activity related to the production of scientific texts. The linguistic design of a scientific text is one of the important factors in the effective representation of the results of scientific research. Competent linguistic and stylistic design of a scientific work testifies not only to the high level of linguistic culture of its author, but also to the level of his linguistic consciousness and intellectual development in general. Developing the skills of competent scientific writing involves mastering modern norms of Ukrainian scientific language, which deepens the linguistic and communicative competence of higher education students
Verb fluency task is a screening test that shows sensitivity to lexical retrieval abilities. This study aims to establish a baseline for verb fluency in Japanese by comparing data from 61 younger and elderly Japanese speakers. The results show that the elderly group produced fewer verbs than the younger group, but compared to Lee et al. (2013), many more correct responses were produced by both groups. An analysis using the Lancaster Sensorimotor Norms found that the number of clusters and switches was smaller for the elderly participants, although the cluster size did not show any difference.
Combinations of a locative preposition and an infinitive are often used to express aspectual relations. In Dutch the relevant combinations are those with aan het, op and uit. The first is the most studied, but also the least understood: its syntactic status is a bone of contention (Broekhuis et al. 2015), and the study of its meaning is skewed by the near-exclusive focus on the combination with zijn ‘be’. According to Coppen (2021) it is the greatest parsing mystery in Dutch grammar. A recent attempt to get out of the impasse is Bogaards et al. (2022). It includes other combinations than those with zijn, draws a distinction between progressive and ingressive uses and shows that this semantic distinction correlates with syntactic differences. This is a step forward. Less felicitous, though, is the sui generis approach of the analysis, involving the postulation of ad hoc syntactic categories (AANHET1(P) and AANHET2(P)). It also has some descriptive and technical problems. As an alternative this article proposes an analysis that is cast in terms of independently motivated categories and distinctions, that avoids the technical problems and that is straightforwardly extensible to the op- and uit-infinitives. For empirical grounding and exemplification we employ two treebanks of contemporary Dutch.
Cet article examine le lien entre néologie, phraséologie et oblicité, en s’intéressant à un type particulier de créations lexicales, susceptibles d’évoluer vers la phraséologisation. Il s’appuie sur une analyse théorique et empirique pour montrer comment ses créations polylexicales, bien que structurées de manière apparemment libre, acquièrent un sens global non-compositionnel grâce à l’usage. L’étude présentera les propriétés (syntaxiques, sémantiques et pragmatiques) définitoires de ces innovations lexicales ainsi que les mécanismes liés au détournement discursif (oblicité) qui les génèrent. L’objectif principal est de souligner le rôle central de l’usage linguistique et des dynamiques sociales dans la lexicalisation ou l’abandon de ces créations, ainsi que leur impact sur les normes discursives et l’enrichissement du lexique.