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16504 papers
An Ottoman prose work (Naima's Histor y) for a long time has been the subject of special interest for literary critics, historians and linguists due to its stylistic features. The general comparison of the chronicle frequency lexical parameters with other Ottoman prose texts by corpus approach demonstrated that it had been created according to the canons of Ottoman Prose Literature and rules of its language norm. Yet at the same time differs from other t exts in some obscure, inexpressive form which let the annalist work stay quite famous in Ottoman Literature for two centuries and not be forgotten aswas the chronicle Seyahatname of the famous traveler Evliya Chelebi. Corpus approach enables an exact idiolect analysis due to its broad comparison with other texts in synchronistic and diachronic perspective. The comparison is usually based on the data of texts frequency vocabularies and syntax. At the same time, the correlation analysis between frequency vocabularies rank parameters can be used for the sample validation while compiling electronic documents collection (Prohorov, 2002). Such collection (corpus) in total of 21Ottoman prose texts was created for our research on idiostyle of the 18th century Turkish chronicle Tarihi Naima (Naima's History), or in the full name:The Garden of Husayn in the Summary of the Chronicles of Eastand West (Ravḍatu'l�Ḥuseynfi ḫulāsati aḫbāri'l�ḫāfiqa yn), written by the first vakanuvis (state chronicler) of Ottoman Empire Mustafa (1655�1716).While researching his idiostyle, we proceeded from the linguistic view of this phenomenon as deviation from language norm and tried to fix it in empirical statistical way. In our case, the calculation of the Pierson correlation coefficient (R) between rank parameters of electronic documents vocabularies verified the sampling adequacy for created corpus. However, the analogical computation between frequency vocabularies of researched text and documents collection demonstrated lexical deviation of Tarihi Naima from other Ottoman chr onicles. Meanwhile lexicon of selected documents in the view of their common frequency dictionary and according to high lexical closeness between them can be considered as hypothetical language norm of Ottoman chronicles. Method
This study presents first-year findings of a 25-week longitudinal project derived from a two-year longitudinal randomized trial study at the elementary school level in Costa Rica on effective computer-assisted language learning (CALL) approaches in an English as a foreign language (EFL) setting. A pre-test–post-test experimental group design was implemented to evaluate two varying types of CALL curriculum (Treatment A and Treatment B, both technology based to assist English language learning) with a difference in students’ time-on-task, as opposed to the Control/Comparison group (that received no treatment and was a typical practice within the regular English teaching time period). Four subtests from Woodcock Munoz Language Survey-Revised (WMLS-R), a norm-referenced, standardized instrument, were selected to monitor participants’ oral English development. A total of 76 urban, rural, and urban/marginal schools with 816 third graders were included in the analysis through multilevel modeling. Results suggested that (1) students held very limited oral English proficiency at the beginning of the third grade; (2) although students significantly improved their oral English proficiency during the 25-week intervention, they were still significantly below the typical native English-speaking norm at the end of the third-grade level; (3) those who were exposed to CALL modules in Treatment A developed at a faster rate than did students in Treatment B and in Control classrooms in lexical knowledge and listening skills when statistically controlling for student-level variables, including initial level and time-on-task; (4) although students in CALL intervention (especially in Treatment B) started with a lower level of oral English proficiency, their gain was numerically higher than that in the Control condition; and (5) time-on-task demonstrated to be an irrelevant variable in the study. These findings imply that it is not just exposure to English that matters for significant gains in the language; rather, it is the type of instruction a student receives, or the quality of instruction in which the software engages the students interactively in a hands-on, minds-on, scaffolded manner, that matters the most in developing steep gains. Finally, we recommend that additional research be conducted with groups that move through kindergarten, first grade, and second grade longitudinally to determine cohort effects in learning English via CALL instruction in EFL countries.
Dictionaries are often developed using tools that save to Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based standards. These standards often allow high-level repeating elements to represent lexical entries, and utilize descendants of these repeating elements to represent the structure within each lexical entry, in the form of an XML tree. In many cases, dictionaries are published that have errors and inconsistencies that are expensive to find manually. This paper discusses a method for dictionary writers to quickly audit structural regularity across entries in a dictionary by using statistical language modeling. The approach learns the patterns of XML nodes that could occur within an XML tree, and then calculates the probability of each XML tree in the dictionary against these patterns to look for entries that diverge from the norm.
According to John Rawls, “A theory of justice depends upon a theory of society” (Rawls [1971, 62] 1999, 62, omitted). G. A. Cohen, on the other hand, argues that it is a mistake to think that a normative theory is necessarily linked to an explanatory theory or theories, and specifically rejects the idea that there is a necessary or privileged relationship between principles of justice and the basic structure of society (Cohen 2008, esp. 232). Cohen's critique of Rawls's focus on the basic structure of society to the exclusion of personal behavior has been widely discussed. So far, though, inadequate attention has been given to the relationship between normative principles and social ontology in their respective conceptions of justice. Focusing on the relationship between Rawls's principles of justice and his theory of society helps to shed new light on the debate about whether the basic structure ought to be seen as the primary subject of justice. Political philosophy may contribute to how a people think of their political and social institutions as a whole, and their basic aims and purposes as a society with a history—a nation—as opposed to their aims and purposes as individuals, or as members of families and associations. Moreover, the members of any civilized society need a conception that enables them to understand themselves as members having a certain political status—in a democracy, that of equal citizenship—and how this status affects their relation to their social world. (Rawls 2001, 2–3; see also Rawls 2007, 10) My argument is premised on the idea that Rawls's principles of justice for the basic structure of society should be seen as constitutive rules of social cooperation, akin to the rules of a game, and highlights areas of overlap between Rawls's normative constructivism and John Searle's social constructivism. I begin by questioning Cohen's description of the rules of the basic structure as regulative rules, contrasting this conception of rules with the idea of constitutive rules developed by Rawls and Searle. Then I proceed to situate Rawls's approach within a tradition of thought that adopts an ethical view of the role of social institutions, concerned with constituting relations of equal liberty between citizens. I argue that a corollary of Rawls's idea of the institutional imagination is that political philosophy involves a division of justificatory labor between a moral conception and a theory of society. This both responds to, and seeks to realize, an idea of freedom as collective self-government. On this basis, I examine the idea of the institutional imagination from the point of view of first the construction of fair rules for the basic structure (the rules of the game) and then from the point of view of citizens acting in accordance with these rules within the basic structure (the players of the game). Finally, I return to the issue of how a better understanding of Rawls's social ontology provides a basis for responding to Cohen's criticisms. In Rescuing Justice and Equality, Cohen repeats and extends his critique of Rawls's difference principle. According to this critique, the domain of legally unconstrained personal choice and not just the legally coercive structure of society is a site of considerations of distributive justice. Cohen criticizes the way in which, in justifying a role for material incentives that improve the position of the least well-off, the difference principle makes unwarranted concessions to acquisitive self-interest. On Cohen's interpretation of the idea that “the personal is political,” there is no principled basis for excluding personal behavior from judgment “at the bar of justice” (Cohen 2008, 116–18). The example of the family is taken to show that the attempt to shield personal behavior from assessment in accordance with principles of justice is untenable. If we recognize the family as a site of justice, in the sense that it involves a distribution of benefits and burdens—as we might think any theory of justice ought we the from coercive structure to the of the is we with no for not also personal behavior within the of justice. The for this is that the structure of the family is with the that people (Cohen 2008, and choice in the of the on Cohen's argues that it is not to between principles of justice that to the family and that to within This is it is the that people to to that the family and of justice be to the of the family also to within Moreover, to the that the for on the basic structure is on we as an that whether in the family or labor In a just as the society that Rawls an labor Cohen's in Rescuing Justice and makes it that not to a of about justice rejects Rawls's about justice, to there is a between principles of justice for the basic structure and principles for not on the basis of a to of the by Cohen 2008, Cohen that the example of as the that “the point of the rules an be that in (Cohen 2008, The point of the rules of is to and fair The players of a in their of to it is constitutive of that the players to This Cohen's to be an critique of is the that no attention to the way in Rawls's theory of justice as is on the idea of fair rules of a Cohen that his critique of Rawls not an between within an structure and players of a the rules to as as In this his argument for an to on the of that on the of a social that to in in the that institutions that the of their the difference principle (Cohen 2008, a in players the rules to as as is an for social in a just society. is to Rawls's of the is the idea that the players not to by the rules an to the that the rules to a and fair of the the though, that of a game, the of a and fair of the be it from the players their in the Cohen that the basic structure is a structure in his sense of the a of his argument to it is as that personal behavior is of and that personal behavior is an of the basic point is that personal not of the basic is to structure that on of it be within the of principles of distributive justice. On Cohen's the basic structure as a of rules is to from the basic not members of of (Cohen 2008, The first point the of Rawls's normative to rules for the basic structure on the and on the by with the role of the rules of a and The point an of structure and that as a principle and as a Cohen that on his Rawls has to the difference principle to as as to an conception of rules that rejects an of structure and to a understanding of Rawls's normative In of be seen as of the basic structure not within the basic structure by the rules of the basic Cohen the rules of the basic structure as of On this a is for having certain we or in the light of an of and in the light of an understanding of the (Cohen 2008, This of a is not Rawls's is taken from is to Searle's idea of a regulative rules or be in the or Cohen's idea of rules of in the of principles of justice be in the the to justice On the other hand, in an as a of rules and with their and and and the Rawls that is concerned with constitutive rules in Searle's (Rawls [1971, 1999, rules the as or as in opposed to constitutive rules new of social In of Rawls the example of the of In the of the rules of rules as the of a it is not to acting in a way that as a a a and a as a in the of the rules of the the (Rawls 1999, Cohen's the that the of normative to (Cohen Cohen view that it to distributive justice, the normative is on the site of personal behavior and not just on institutional rules the that is a of his In for of the in the (Cohen Cohen the of of the basic not by moral principles that be of social constructivism a basis for this The of constitutive rules to the to on and to an may as of a of social in as and equal citizens. a an or be as having the In Searle's status upon collective that Rawls to a of rules as and and to as as In for that of status as “the that society the with status by collective to this social collective is not to an of In this the of social constructivism overlap with the tradition of political philosophy that and to within the of a conception of the collective is in of that not to an of 2001, In I argue that Rawls's principles of justice as ought to be as constitutive rules for the basic structure of My argument is of about whether there is a between regulative and constitutive rules, or whether in rules regulative and constitutive I not to that constitutive rules the of the basic structure of society. I that a understanding of Rawls's idea of the basic structure involves to the constitutive of principles of justice for the basic and specifically their role in constituting the status of equal in a fair of social and normative to this and the the point of view of social the normative status of equal within a of be seen as by constitutive is in how status within this we from a normative with Rawls, how this ought to be to better the idea of social between and equal citizens. This with the constitutive of rules is of an institutional from it not institutional as it see institutions as for the of it how institutions be in accordance with normative In the I show how Rawls's of an approach both responds to and seeks to an idea of freedom as collective self-government. Rawls's approach to social institutions a tradition in the role of institutions is to relations of equal liberty between This with the by to the role of institutions is to as a to an as (Rawls in The that the by and the is for Rawls of the first in justice as the basic structure is taken as the primary subject of on Rawls's is in political and basic justice” (Rawls 2007, In a the we as citizens the and of basic justice the of the basic structure of society. be seen as the role of institutions in social freedom justice as it the basic structure of society as the first subject of justice” (Rawls On an of and society the other and (Rawls In to this ethical view of social institutions, Cohen's understanding of institutions, and of their for justice, be seen as an or choice This approach in the of and is by taken as of social institutions and to coercive is of in this way is that on a of institutional seen as to with institutional in to better their not see institutional as in and of themselves of Cohen's critique of Rawls a on the concessions the difference principle makes to the of In the for the to their a just society a for justice the of Finally, the of the difference principle is seen as a of the to the in society as as coercive to of their (Cohen 2008, The ethical view of social institutions, on the other hand, is by of of these on this seen as to the to social and political seen as in in is not in seen as to institutional and these seen as in the of these on the basis of moral that the political the ethical conception as the that institutional to social between and equal citizens as a in and of for these On Rawls's there is a of labor between and moral in conceptions of justice” (Rawls [1971, 1999, might be no to the view of institutions a sense of justice (Rawls 1999, theory of society is that taken to a sense of justice, the to an institutional imagination understand their in relation to their as then this the of an institutional imagination on the of political an approach to political philosophy that the idea of the institutional imagination to understand the role of moral conceptions in constituting social institutions that the fair of their conceptions of the by and equal citizens in accordance with their sense of justice. This the and the of imagination with in and the view The social the social understand as the of a within a social as this as opposed to social is a of to light and the constitutive of the an Political philosophy for Rawls involves a division of justificatory labor in a conception of justice in a relationship with a theory of society. Justice as is a conception of justice that both responds to and seeks to an idea of freedom as political conception of justice of the of and equal and this the of a institutional In a political conception of justice a moral conception for social institutions with the of constituting relations of equal liberty between citizens. This the of an institutional imagination on the of collective is for the of a In the I the idea of the institutional imagination from the of first the construction of the rules of the or of social cooperation, and then from the of citizens within the or the players of the I show how a basic structure first be as a structure with the of constituting a of fair social cooperation, and then how justice depends upon in and collective In accordance with the idea of a division of justificatory in the position seen as upon principles for the basic structure of society that justice, this from principles for Rawls of Justice by that is the first of social (Rawls [1971, 1999, Cohen this as an Rawls the of justice to be to the rules for the of society. On this basis, to argue that there of justice that should not or rules of should not be with principles of justice (Cohen 2008, way of Rawls's is as a of and of of how constitutive rules as The that as in is the by that the status the by that a of and the of a the between description and Justice be the first of social institutions we recognize that the basic structure has the of the of of Rawls the basic structure in a way that might that role is On this the basic structure to the in the social institutions and and the division of from social (Rawls [1971, 1999, this to an of the idea of the basic structure that is from other that Rawls in of Rawls upon this how primary subject of the principles of social justice is the basic structure of the of social institutions of 1999, In Political Rawls the basic structure I a and institutions, and how of social from to the (Rawls see also Rawls 2001, the way in the basic structure not of social and institutions taken as given of the way or of (Rawls Rawls 2001, is to the idea of the basic is that it enables to think about society as a On Rawls's social is by basic or the political and of and the of and the and the family in of social cooperation, and the and that within or within the institutions of the basic The role of the position is to the idea of to this (Rawls is that point to any of as a of social institutions a of social The that institutions of the basic structure is a social upon collective of institutions to the of the social as a of the idea or moral conception that we of the of these The position provides a from to conception of justice is to institutions a of social in accordance with the idea that the of the basic structure is to a of institutions that enables a fair of social between and equal citizens. it is of the of of the principles of justice that it not principles to an institutional taken as of justice as the provides a of thought for understanding how principles of justice be in institutions (Rawls The principles of justice as be seen as constitutive rules of the as in as and equal with the this in the of a structure that the principle of equal basic as in the of an and social structure that the principle of fair of Finally, as I in the labor as of in the of collective on the difference principle. of a conception of the difference principle is not a principle of distributive is it to Rawls the principles of justice as to the that to the first to the idea of in the first principle with of fair and to the difference (Rawls [1971, 1999, the role of the difference principle within the of a social and structure that the principles of justice is to understanding Rawls's of and for (Rawls [1971, 1999, Rawls 2001, on the of and within a of institutions taken as In democracy, by “the is to in the basic institutions the idea of society as a fair of between citizens as and (Rawls 2001, Rawls's idea of a division of justificatory labor between a moral conception and a theory of society is no in the of the of justice in political (Rawls [1971, 1999, the of an to the basic of the not a distributive (Rawls Rawls 2001, as as and and that is not an institutional for and a way of and in the (Rawls [1971, 1999, see also Rawls Rawls institutions to be on Rawls's a idea of as and equal citizens be in the first principles in accordance with the basic structure the way the social and a certain of by with certain conceptions of their (Rawls In this Rawls that justice as has with the understanding of Rawls's idea of the basic structure might be Cohen's interpretation to of this the basic structure as “the of social and is to the basic (Rawls [1971, 1999, In the way that players the to a and fair of the game, the members of a society the of to their and in by the principles of justice. This collective is the of having an sense of justice. to from principles to in an of (Rawls [1971, 1999, In Political Rawls the view that the of a society may be by with a game, that as a political conception of justice, justice as a political conception of the (Rawls If we understand the basic structure in this it to see in sense the family and of of a just basic there is about within the basic structure of society as Rawls that not a or from we social or to (Rawls 2001, see also Rawls [1971, 1999, the idea of to understand how institutions in accordance with an idea of fair social between and equal citizens helps to both the of the basic structure is and how it is to be The family be seen as of the basic structure as role is the and of not need to any to this it is by principles of justice the freedom and of and the of as citizens by political principles (Rawls 1999, Cohen the as a between of the basic structure as legally coercive and the family as as it is to between coercive and may be of the and family for coercive structure within the of the it is not to understand as for the of an in the basic it be This is Rawls with an understanding of On his citizens political and coercive as a to and their In coercive citizens ought to their in accordance with (Rawls of social institutions of the basic structure whether and in way an is and be by principles of justice, that that be within the of in a position to see in sense of of a just basic rules to on that of their In this Rawls between to principles and that an conception of as and equal citizens (Rawls recognize them as In this Rawls's may be to idea of or specifically the idea of see Justice as society as an of in their relations to recognize certain rules of as (Rawls [1971, 1999, to for a social of just basic as and with on (Rawls see also is it be by of is in that the a of just of justice and social in citizens recognize themselves and other as by principles that them to their equal status and their in on conception of justice not not of their conceptions of the enables by constituting them as with the status of and equal to the of fair social that a society. The of of a just basic not of collective social in accordance with the of a political conception of justice for the basic structure of society. Rawls the difference principle as an interpretation of the principle of of to this is to the of This to the political relationship of a that to be in the family (Rawls [1971, 1999, Cohen by that an to the difference principle in their labor (Cohen 2008, this argument is the constitutive and not regulative role of Rawls's principles of justice. people to from a social point of to the of and to them to the of and to this in a way with choice of and fair of (Rawls 2001, the difference principle as a constitutive not attention to the role of incentives in the of in the of the also a way of understanding how of their conceptions of the be with the Cohen's is that the basic of Rawls's argument is to the of the of of the (Cohen On the of there for Rawls's theory with theory of the the idea that of by their should be as as to not or by them the from the of social justice” (Rawls [1971, 1999, see also we other from the that Cohen that a of in of to be (Cohen is a difference between their as and the collective that is and themselves to, rules of social of political in an to show in the and of and the of a the of the of In a social in there is a to the of their conceptions of the as a to the The is and the Rawls be seen as this In themselves to principles to their in the of and in that in the in accordance with a that their sense of justice. by an it is an of in their political status as a to principles of justice that and a fair of social this way of understanding the basic structure a to Cohen's of Rawls's of that Cohen to the in the of the in for labor incentives that them the the of the of the least just society an personal behavior that Rawls's principles of justice as constitutive rules for the basic it that Cohen's argument to of how the that the basic structure is the primary subject of justice is and of on political in the first In with of Rawls's Cohen Rawls's of incentives in from the role of the seeks to a argument for the difference principle from Rawls's the position the position to be a choice argument I the role of the position is to the role of principles of justice in the basic structure of society. the for incentives that I in the Rawls that of this be for to the difference principle (Rawls [1971, 1999, considerations not by themselves to an argument in justice as be in of the position (Rawls [1971, 1999, political as their the of fair of the of social cooperation, for it is the of the basic structure that we we as and equal citizens. The of the of in the position this of principles of justice. principles for the basic structure constitutive regulative rules, Rawls's principles of justice involves the of coercive structure by and the of to a be in social institutions, and of a of social Moreover, Rawls on to the position to the of to to political to to as opposed to of social we in about the relationship between and social institutions, and about of In that political fair rules of the of social between and equal justice as is not to the of the for incentives by acquisitive that Cohen I in the that Cohen's critique of Rawls be for a of with to Rawls's description of the difference principle as an interpretation of the principle of might be that has been to the role of an of in Cohen's critique of the point of Cohen's critique might be seen as to the of the that the difference principle and relations of justificatory I argue that Rawls's with the we his position from this is not that the of is not we should we should to the idea that Rawls is concerned with the Cohen is concerned with the it has been on the the difference between Rawls and Cohen it is not that Cohen is not concerned about we should to Cohen understand justice first and as a of we should about in a way that I Rawls On a for Cohen, justice is a of and specifically is a of is a to the of just a with how we should to is in the that Cohen to the for incentives by the The whether an argument for a as as a of a by any of society to any other (Cohen 2008, The of an argument to the is of the that to in relations of justificatory (Cohen 2008, Cohen is concerned with how we should to the be seen as to an or has the The though, is that Cohen is concerned with how we should to individuals, Rawls is concerned with how we should to members of a moral citizens. In both Cohen and Rawls concerned with of it is whether both concerned with the of Cohen's as a that for to the of distributive justice. the argue for the of incentives themselves in in from their (Cohen 2008, for incentives by the and be seen to the in the first that the that it is themselves not Rawls, on the other hand, provides a of in of the way in to we in of to to as and equal citizens a for upon the we as citizens the of the basic structure of the position the of a political justificatory is an of argument that in the just by Rawls and Cohen be be be in the The that be to in normative a of in Rawls's principles of justice not principles for principles for a I the of the difference as an interpretation of the principle of be from the point of view of a society that the of the principles of justice as Moreover, Rawls not any argument for the of considerations that need to be from the of the position to be with the difference principle. Rawls's conception of justice of as and as might with (Rawls 1999, as not of their conceptions of the also to to to social to from the in accordance with their sense of justice. Justice as to sense of justice in constitutive rules for a of that in and of conceptions of the The for from the of is not to to an of justice in personal to that and be in of the or that as and the of In the debate between Cohen and Rawls normative about whether the site of justice should be to the basic If we to understand the this debate be within the of of the relationship between structure and The institutional imagination is a to of that of understanding the relationship between and society The from Rawls that I in the as the idea of the institutional imagination by to how the status of equal might social world. Rawls, political role of is with role in to social (Rawls 2001, 2007, see also Rawls 1999, The of the difference principle the for social as in the of and the principles of and their the distribution of and the of social be to upon that the to to be by how better we might been we an equal with the social been (Rawls [1971, 1999, The idea of to social should not be as in an status it the basic structure of social in a way that to status as and equal that social is of may be in the this ethical view of institutions is the institutional imagination it is and of Cohen adopts the that “the personal is The idea of the institutional imagination to the of this might be to that on Cohen's view the political is is to a domain of the of and equal citizens. is for Cohen a in we may to an idea of justice that the that social both necessary and should that the is the of the should and that the is the of the then it is not any of with we should be concerned Then we might return to the collective of to the we see with of we might to
ABSTRACT. The present article has as its purpose to present way in which vocabulary of Romanian language from last two decades has known very important modifications, as result of changes present in political, economic, social, cultural plan as well as at level of mentalities. These modifications should be focus of attention for those concerned with communication issues, but especially for those who work or are in process of training to work in specialized translations departments or in mass-media.Keywords: connection between language and society; predominance of technical-scientific language; metaphorization of specialized terms; demarcation literary-non-literary; Romanian language of nowadays: mixture of Anglo-Romanian jargon, pretentious expressions, slang and familiar termsWe all agree that there is very tight connection between language and society, periods of major changes in life of society (as period our society has been going through since 1990) leading to important modifications of verbal means that we use to communicate. At level of Romanian vocabulary, some words and some meanings associated to words fall into disuse or acquire new connotations, whereas other words or meanings of words emerge - many of which are not yet to be found as dictionary entries. Moreover, stylistic modifications regarding relation between language variants are also obvious. Under these circumstances, in order to consolidate and disseminate cultivated variant of Romanian language, in 2005, Romanian Academy, more precisely Iorgu Iordan - Al. Rosetti Institute of Linguistics succeeded in publishing two fundamental works: Dicfionarul ortografie, ortoepic §i morfologic al limbii române (The Orthographic, Orthoepie and Morphological Dictionary of Romanian, second edition, also called DOOM2) and Gramatica limbii române (Romanian Grammar). On occasion of second edition of DOOM, president of Romanian Academy at that time, Eugen Simion, defined it as follows: a necessary work, that large public has been waiting for, work of national interest, which will from now on be used as unique source in correctly applying academic norms in domain of Romanian orthography. Our DOOM appears at time it is highly needed. Needless to say that this is work that translators cannot do without.Hosting television show at România de Mâine (Romania Tomorrow) television, linguistic culture show - Speak, write Romanian - I asked academician Eugen Simion to briefly characterize way in which Romanian language is used. His answer was that the Romanian language has become ugly in sense that way most of us speak is characterized by relaxing exigencies, allowing unliterary linguistic elements such as: regionalisms, popular expressions and even slang expressions to penetrate neat language. The explanation is simple: Romanian society has been confronting with an acute crisis of values in these last two decades, which has led to horizontal positioning, to accepting both value and non-value, to socially imposing model of an individual who, as concerns norms of Romanian language, adopts principle of character mam-mare (big mama) from famous Romanian sketch Mr. Goe, by Caragiale: may speak as you know, I speak as I speak. And when half-leamedness shakes hands with preciosity and snobbery, one may commit mistakes that are harder and harder to eliminate (Theodor Hristea). According to specialists' estimations, most sensible 'seismograph' that register changes that appear in political, economic, social, cultural plan as well as at level of mentalities is publicistic language, always in permanent search for expressive innovation and lexical pictoresqueness.Although language, seen from historical perspective, appears as an element of stability in people's life, it is nevertheless subject to variation and change. …
У статті проаналізовано мову ефірів регіонального мовника «FM Галичина» щодо насичення її лексичними, граматичними, орфоепічними та акцентними діалектизмами. Відзначено їхній вплив на посилення регіональної варіантності стильової норми мови публіцистики. Схарактеризовано процеси модифікації усної літературної мови, увиразнення її територіальних різновидів. (The article analyzes the speech of esters of regional broadcaster «FM Galicia» to saturate its lexical, grammatical, and pronouncing dialectism. Noted their impact on the strengthening of the regional variance stylistic norms of the language of journalism. Described the process of modification of oral literary speech, increased expression of its territorial species.)
Contradiction is a cornerstone of human rationality, essential for everyday life and communication. We investigated electroencephalographic (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in separate recording sessions during contradictory judgments, using a logical structure based on categorical propositions of the Aristotelian Square of Opposition (ASoO). The use of ASoO propositions, while controlling for potential linguistic or semantic confounds, enabled us to observe the spatial temporal unfolding of this contradictory reasoning. The processing started with the inversion of the logical operators corresponding to right middle frontal gyrus (rMFG-BA11) activation, followed by identification of contradictory statement associated with in the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG-BA47) activation. Right medial frontal gyrus (rMeFG, BA10) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC, BA32) contributed to the later stages of process. We observed a correlation between the delayed latency of r)
Michaił KotinUniwersytet Zielonogórksi, Zielona Góra, Polandmichailkotin1@gmail.com W artykule są rozpatrywane dwa aspekty semantyki jednostek leksykalnych zawierających znaczenie prawdy w języku rosyjskim w zestawieniu z innymi ję-zykami indoeuropejskimi. Pierwszy aspekt badawczy to pojęciowe źródła dwóch rosyjskich rzeczowników: prawda oraz istina, a także pochodnych od nich. Po-kazano, że leksemy te bazują na różnych wyjściowych konceptach. „Norma” (w innych językach jej odpowiednik — postrzegana rzeczywistość) — stanowiąca podstawę konceptu „prawda” — jest niewyspecyfikowana, pozwala na wiele inter-pretacji, ma rozmyte granice, podczas gdy leżąca u podstaw wyrazu istina „istota”, odwrotnie, jest wyspecyfikowana, monosemantyczna i niepodatna na przesunięcia semantyczne. Ta różnica warunkuje, że wyraz prawda w większym stopniu staje się obiektem procesów gramatykalizacji, tracąc swoje znaczenie podstawowe, choć wyraz istina nie traci autonomii semantycznej i posiada swego rodzaju immunitet na gramatykalizację. The paper deals with two aspects of the semantics and the categorial potential of language entities encoding various concepts of TRuTH in Russian in comparison with several other I.-E. languages. The first one is the conceptual origins of both Russian key nouns in question, namely правда denoting, among others, true sentences, right solutions, an honest behavior, etc., and истина referring to the truth in its scientific, philosophical, religious etc. sense. It is shown that each lexical item is based on different source concepts, respectively NORM and ESSENCE, so that the two different target concepts of the ‘truth’ are to a huge degree influenced by them. The second approach is devoted to the grammaticalization potential of Russian and other lexical entities with “veritative” semantics. Since the source concept of NORM (as well as, in other languages, one of an observed REALITY) is non-specific and widely poly-semantic, it is per se predestinated to semantic change including the loss of semantic autonomy and grammaticalization. On the contrary, the ESSENCE concept prohibits or at least strongly restricts both semantic change and grammaticalization of the items based on it.
Research on language comprehension using event-related potentials (ERPs) reported distinct ERP components reliably related to the processing of semantic (N400) and syntactic information (P600). Recent ERP studies have challenged this well-defined distinction by showing P600 effects for semantic and pragmatic anomalies. So far, it is still unresolved whether the P600 reflects specific or rather common processes. The present study addresses this question by investigating ERPs in response to a syntactic and pragmatic (irony) manipulation, as well as a combined syntactic and pragmatic manipulation. For the syntactic condition, a morphosyntactic violation was applied, whereas for the pragmatic condition, such as “That is rich”, either an ironic or literal interpretation was achieved, depending on the prior context. The ERPs at the critical word showed a LAN-P600 pattern for syntactically incorrect sentences relative to correct ones. For ironic compared to literal sentences, ERPs showed a P)
Established linguistic theoretical frameworks propose that alphabetic language speakers use phonemes as phonological encoding units during speech production whereas Mandarin Chinese speakers use syllables. This framework was challenged by recent neural evidence of facilitation induced by overlapping initial phonemes, raising the possibility that phonemes also contribute to the phonological encoding process in Chinese. However, there is no evidence of non-initial phoneme involvement in Chinese phonological encoding among representative Chinese speakers, rendering the functional role of phonemes in spoken Chinese controversial. Here, we addressed this issue by systematically investigating the word-initial and non-initial phoneme repetition effect on the electrophysiological signal using a picture-naming priming task in which native Chinese speakers produced disyllabic word pairs. We found that overlapping phonemes in both the initial and non-initial position evoked more positive ERPs in)
Interlinear Glossed Text (IGT) is a well established data format within philology and the structural and generative fields of linguistics. The best known format for an IGT is the one found in linguistic publications, where one line of text is followed by one line of glosses and one line of free translation. Although used in different functions, IGTs are ubiquitous in linguistic research and publications. Yet they also have been criticised for being fabricated and unreliable in some of their uses. However that might be, IGTs represent linguistic knowledge, and in particular for less-resourced languages, they are not rarely the only structured data available. Under the auspices of the Digital Humanities, linguists increasingly focus on the advantages of Semantic Web technologies. Presenting the modules and procedures of the web-based linguistic application TypeCraft (TC), we outline how the creation of IGTs can become an integral part of a shared linguistic methodology. Linguistic services have the potential of allowing efficient data management, and their strength lies in facilitating new forms of collaboration beyond social networking. They pave the way towards what one might call shared methodologies. In this paper we would like to discuss the linguistic value of web-based technology. By presenting the functionalities of TC and giving a detailed summary of online linguistic data creation and retrieval, we will present external and internal criteria for a single system evaluation of TC centred on usage objectives.
The involvement of the sensorimotor system in language understanding has been widely demonstrated. However, the role of context in these studies has only recently started to be addressed. Though words are bearers of a semantic potential, meaning is the product of a pragmatic process. It needs to be situated in a context to be disambiguated. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that embodied simulation occurring during linguistic processing is contextually modulated to the extent that the same sentence, depending on the context of utterance, leads to the activation of different effector-specific brain motor areas. In order to test this hypothesis, we asked subjects to give a motor response with the hand or the foot to the presentation of ambiguous idioms containing action-related words when these are preceded by context sentences. The results directly support our hypothesis only in relation to the comprehension of hand-related action sentences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR], Copyr)
Dynamic interceptive actions, such as catching or hitting a ball, are important task vehicles for investigating the complex relationship between cognition, perception, and action in performance environments. Representative experimental designs have become more important recently, highlighting the need for research methods to ensure that the coupling of information and movement is faithfully maintained. However, retaining representative design while ensuring systematic control of experimental variables is challenging, due to the traditional tendency to employ methods that typically involve use of reductionist motor responses such as buttonpressing or micromovements. Here, we outline the methodology behind a custom-built, integrated ball projection technology that allows images of advanced visual information to be synchronized with ball projection. This integrated technology supports the controlled presentation of visual information to participants while they perform dynamic interceptive actions. We discuss theoretical ideas behind the integration of hardware and software, along with practical issues resolved in technological design, and emphasize how the system can be integrated with emerging developments such as mixed reality environments. We conclude by considering future developments and applications of the integrated projection technology for research in human movement behaviors.
A recent dramatic increase in the number and scope of chronometric and norming lexical megastudies offers the ability to conduct virtual experiments-that is, to draw samples of items with properties that vary in critical linguistic dimensions. This paper introduces a bootstrapping approach, which enables testing of research hypotheses against a range of samples selected in a uniform, principled manner and evaluates how likely a theoretically motivated pattern is in a broad distribution of possible outcome patterns. We apply this approach to conflicting theoretical and empirical accounts of the relationship between the psychological valence (positivity) of a word and its speed of recognition. To this end, we conduct three sets of multiple virtual experiments with a factorial and a regression design, drawing data from two lexical decision megastudies. We discuss the influence that criteria for stimuli selection, statistical power, collinearity, and the choice of dataset have on the efficacy and outcomes of the bootstrapping procedure.
There are several indigenous ethnic populations along the silk road in the Northwest of China that display clear differences in culture and social customs, perhaps as a result of geographic isolation and different linguistic traditions. However, extensive trade and other interactions probably facilitated the admixture of different gene pools between these populations over the last two millennia. To further explore the evolutionary relationships of the 13 ethnic populations residing in Northwest China and to reveal the features of population admixture, the 9 most-commonly employed CODIS loci (D3S1358, TH01, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, CSF1PO, vWA, TPOX, FGA) were selected for genotyping and further analysis. Phylogenetic tree and principal component analysis revealed clear pattern of population differentiation between 4 populations living in Sinkiang Uighur Autonomous Region and other 9 populations dwelled in the upper regions of Silk Road. R matrix regression showed high-level gene flow )
We investigated the hypothesis that individual differences in creative cognition can be manifest even in brief responses, such as single-word utterances. Participants (n = 193) were instructed to say a verb upon seeing a noun displayed on a computer screen and were cued to respond creatively to half of the nouns. For every noun–verb pair (72 pairs per subject), we assessed the semantic distance between the noun and the verb, using latent semantic analysis (LSA). Semantic distance was higher in the cued ("creative") condition than the uncued condition, within subjects. Critically, between subjects, semantic distance in the cued condition had a strong relationship to a creativity factor derived from a battery of verbal, nonverbal, and achievement-based creativity measures (β= .50), and this relation remained when controlling for intelligence and personality. The data show that creative cognition can be assessed reliably and validly from such thin slices of behavior.
Bantu speech communities expanded over large parts of sub-Saharan Africa within the last 4000–5000 years, reaching different parts of southern Africa 1200–2000 years ago. The Bantu languages subdivide in several major branches, with languages belonging to the Eastern and Western Bantu branches spreading over large parts of Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa. There is still debate whether this linguistic divide is correlated with a genetic distinction between Eastern and Western Bantu speakers. During their expansion, Bantu speakers would have come into contact with diverse local populations, such as the Khoisan hunter-gatherers and pastoralists of southern Africa, with whom they may have intermarried. In this study, we analyze complete mtDNA genome sequences from over 900 Bantu-speaking individuals from Angola, Zambia, Namibia, and Botswana to investigate the demographic processes at play during the last stages of the Bantu expansion. Our results show that most of these Bantu-speak)
A linguistic analysis was performed on the Preschool Five Minute Speech Sample (PFMSS) of 42 parents. PFMSS is a validated measure for Expressed Emotion (EE) to assess parent-child relationship. Half of these parents (n = 21, clinical group) had preschool children with early symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the rest had typically developing children. Early symptoms of ADHD were identified with the Werry-Weiss Peters Rating Scale. The linguistic component of the PFMSS was analysed with keyword and linguistic pattern identification. The results of these two complementary analyses (i.e., EE and linguistic analysis) provided relevant recommendations that may improve the efficacy of psychological treatment for ADHD such as parenting interventions. We discuss the practical implications of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR], Copyright of PLoS ONE is the property of Public Library of Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or post)
У статті представлено культуромовний контент журналу «Жінка» середини ХХ століття з погляду історичної динаміки лексичних, правописних, граматичних норм сучасної літературної мови. Проведено зіставний аналіз вибраних рядів слів, синтаксичних конструкцій, які засвідчують ядерну якість норми в означений період функціювання офіційної української мови – орієнтація на зниження варіантності, зближення в писемній практиці означених норм із нормами російської літературної мови. (The article presents a cultural-speech content of the magazine «Woman» of the mid twentieth century in terms of the historical dynamics of lexical, grammatical rules of modern literary language and spelling. A comparative analysis of selected series of words, syntax, indicating the nuclear as a norm within the specified period of operation of the official Ukrainian language – focus on the reduction of the variance, the convergence in the writing practice these standards with the standards of the Russian literary language.)
The article considers the problem of formation of grammar skills in teaching foreign language communication and skills to understand adequately different types of discourse in relation to a definite situation of communication, and also the ability to reproduce statements acceptable in a definite communicative situation. Nowadays discourse competence is considered one of the most significant skills. Discourse competence implies the ability to code and decode information with the help of a foreign language in accordance with its lexical, grammar, syntactical norms and also taking into consideration stylistic, genre, sociocultural, psychological and emotional factors, using the sources of cohesion and coherence to achieve a communicative goal. Discourse competence is provided by the knowledge of the strategies which are typical for the target culture and taking into account grammatical structures in a definite communicative situation. According to the modern goals of foreign language education, in our case, in forming grammatical authenticity of a learner's speech, only discourse should be the basis of the learning process as the adequacy of learners' speech behavior is measured by the achievement of a communicative goal in a definite situation of foreign language communication and not only by the correctness or incorrectness of a produced statement. A discourse basis of the learning process underlines the dynamic pragmatist character of the language, taking into account extralinguistic factors of the situation of intercultural communication.
Une figure hors normes – Héraclès – se doit de terminer sa vie aventureuse par un voyage hors normes – « l’apothéose ». Nous nous proposons d’examiner comment les images et les textes grecs des époques archaïque et classique ont exprimé cet aboutissement de la carrière héracléenne. Plus qu’une mutation ontologique ou un changement radical de condition et de statut, c’est l’idée de la translation, de l’introduction, du déplacement – dans ce cas irréversible– qui sert à suggérer ce que nous appelons l’apothéose, terme générique qui, en soi, mérite certainement une nouvelle mise au point, car le phénomène du « devenir dieu » n’est pas banal en Grèce antique. Pour traduire l’ultime voyage d’Héraclès existent un réel foisonnement de schémas iconographiques et de nombreuses nuances lexicales, que nous tenterons de décoder, en suivant leur évolution au cours du temps.
This paper introduces a pilot study on incorporating effective teaching methods in computer-aided pronunciation training (CAPT) programs to help English-speaking learners acquire Mandarin lexical tones by using speech analysis software. It is proved that CAPT programs help learners identify relevant acoustic cues and discern the four tones in Chinese language, which they found hard to differentiate and imitate. Acoustic analyses of the pitch track comparisons between pre- and post-training productions in the form of visual display of speakers' pitch curves (tracks) reveal the nature of the improving process for the learner. Acoustic images also indicate that post-training tone curves (tracks) approximate native norms to a greater degree than pre-training tone tracks. The methodology developed hereby may provide a platform for more efficient Chinese learning.
Syllable structure constitutes the component of phonological word division focused on pronounceable segments of words and how they are composed, divided, and distributed. Syllable structure is also a subdivision of the study of phonotactics, or the rules of sound distribution, the specific sequences of sound that occur in a language. And, third, the study of syllables in Arabic involves the analysis of lexical stress. Although syllables themselves are linear and segmental in nature, word stress (the loudness or emphasis placed on a syllable) is suprasegmental; that is, it occurs at the same time as the pronunciation of the segment, adding a dimension of complexity to the syllable itself. MSA has explicit structural restrictions on syllables, as well as predictable rule-based stress based on syllable strength. Although not a spontaneous spoken register of Arabic, MSA is nonetheless spoken on formal occasions (usually scripted) and in broadcast news and information formats, and adheres to established norms of stress placement. Recent published work on the stress system of MSA has largely been done within the theoretical framework of prosodic morphology. The discussion set forth here uses a basic descriptive approach similar to the one used in Ryding 2005 (36–39), Mitchell 1990 (19–21), and McCarus and Rammuny (1974: 7–8, 23).
Classical Chinese poems have strict regulations on the acoustic pattern of each syllable and are semantically meaningless. Using such poems, this study characterized the temporal order of tone and vowel processing using event-related potentials (ERPs). The target syllable of the poem was either correct or deviated from the correct syllable at tone, vowel or both levels. Vowel violation elicited a negative effect between 300 and 500 ms regardless of the tone correctness, while tone violation elicited a positive effect between 600 and 1000 ms. The results suggest that the vowel information was available earlier than the tone information. Moreover, there was an interaction between the effect of vowel and tone violations between 600 and 1000 ms, showing that the vowel violation produced a positive effect only when the tone was correct. This indicates that vowel and tone processing interacts in the later processing stage, which involves both error detection and reanalysis of the spoken inp)
This thesis examines mood selection in Argentine Spanish with epistemic adverbs considering the independent variables of certainty, temporal reference, and epistemic adverb. It is the first known study to investigate mood selection with the epistemic adverb capaz. A sentence completion task included 24 written contexts, each followed by a sentence with an epistemic adverbial to be completed with a verb, either in the indicative or subjunctive. The contexts contained information that made participants Certain (N = 12) or Not Certain (N = 12). Within the Certain and Not Certain contexts, four contexts expressed events in the future, four in the present, and four in the past. The level of certainty in the future, present, and past contexts was verified through a norming procedure. Finally, two epistemic adverbials, capaz and quizás, were tested in each context. All 117 participants completed a sentence in each context, half with capaz and half with quizás, without repetition of contexts. Results from a mixed model, examining the main effects, supported prior studies of mood in clauses with epistemic adverbs by indicating that temporal reference had a significant effect on mood selection. Mood was used distinctly in contexts with future, present, and past temporal reference, with the most subjunctive selected in future contexts (62%), less subjunctive selected in present contexts (42%), and the least subjunctive selected in past contexts (18%). Results also indicated that certainty did not have a significant effect suggesting that the cognition of mood selection with epistemic adverbs does not take into account certainty. There was no difference found between the sentences with capaz and quizás, indicating that the two lexical items exhibit comparable mood selection.
This article aims at a more satisfying explanation of differential object case marking (DOM), and demonstrates that a group of mass nouns displays properties that are preserved in derivation. The central tenet of all accounts relates the Finnish type accusative-partitive DOM to the distinction between mass and count noun objects. I challenge this established view by introducing new data from Estonian: deadjectival mass nouns that unexpectedly behave like count nouns in DOM. I propose an account that has a wider coverage of data and is based on the scalar and boundedness-related properties of the base adjectives of the derived abstract nouns. Typically, the unexpected count-like behavior occurs with abstract nouns that are derived from adjectives that cannot denote open scales for various lexical-semantic and pragmatic reasons. Since the semantic properties of scales as well as the pragmatic standards determining boundedness are preserved in the course of derivation, they are cross-categorial properties. These findings are also relevant in understanding of the role of lexical aspect and aspectual composition as well as the links between morphosyntax in language and norms and standards in cognition.
The Transitional Impact Scale (TIS) advances the measurement of event cognition into the real world. The TIS was created to provide a measure of change for important life transitions, including an index of their transitional properties and magnitude. Pilot work prior to Study 1 led to the creation of a 95-item version (TIS-95). A principal components analysis of TIS-95 (n = 215) resulted in two dimensions that we rotated to a Varimax criterion and interpreted as (1) material change (e.g., “This event changed where I live”) and (2) psychological change (e.g., “This event changed the way I think about things”). TIS-95 was reduced to 25 items. In Study 2, the structure of TIS-25 was replicated (n = 531) using the same method. The best 12 items were retained. TIS-12 was evaluated in two random split-half samples (n = 557 and n = 553). These samples produced essentially identical results, as assessed through factor comparison. The cumulative scales formed from items constituting each factor demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha ranged from .79 to .86).
A material basis for the conducted considerations are the texts of the selected legal acts. The aim is to diagnose the principle causes favouring the deviations from the binding language norms in such texts. Thus, the analyses try to demonstrate that such language flaws as ellipticalness of utterances, an excessive number of lexical repetitions or the formation of non-standard syntactical collocations need not be the token of linguistic imperfection of a legal text (its incorrectness), but the result of complex legislative procedures visible in the processes of terminologization, synonymy, message economy or message openness. Due to this, the opinions about linguistic correctness of legal texts are not always evident and determining the boundaries of error is not always explicit.
Hierarchical data sets arise when the data for lower units (e.g., individuals such as students, clients, and citizens) are nested within higher units (e.g., groups such as classes, hospitals, and regions). In data collection for experimental research, estimating the required sample size beforehand is a fundamental question for obtaining sufficient statistical power and precision of the focused parameters. The present research extends previous research from Heo and Leon (2008) and Usami (2011b), by deriving closed-form formulas for determining the required sample size to test effects in experimental research with hierarchical data, and by focusing on both multisite-randomized trials (MRTs) and cluster-randomized trials (CRTs). These formulas consider both statistical power and the width of the confidence interval of a standardized effect size, on the basis of estimates from a random-intercept model for three-level data that considers both balanced and unbalanced designs. These formulas also address some important results, such as the lower bounds of the needed units at the highest levels.
The stylistic figures b ased on antonyms: antithesis, amfiteza, akroteza, oxymoron, anti phrasis, asteizm, pun, diathesis, etc. are described in the article. Provides a literature review the concept of the norm: language, literature and its types: pronunciation, lexical, stylistic and grammatical. The expressive possibilities of antonyms and the cases of improper, unsuccessful, wrong using are analyzed. Ways to prevent these errors are planned: 1) mastering of the literary norms of the national language in a natural way, in the development process, from childhood, when one hears correct it in the family, in everyday life. 2) at the lessons of Russian language and literature with the help of special exercises aimed at: consolidation of theoretical information about antonyms; improving skills to apply the acquired knowledge to the analysis of the facts of the Russian language and speech; the formation and development of culture speech and writing students. 3) with constant self-education of a native speaker,the main way is to work with the different kinds of dictionaries and reference books.
The ability to identify the second of two targets (T2) is impaired if that target is presented less than ∼500 ms after the first (T1). This transient deficit is known as attentional blink (AB). Previous studies have suggested that the magnitude of the AB effect can be modulated by manipulating the allocation of attentional resources to T1 or T2. However, few experiments have used Chinese characters and words to explore this phenomenon. The existence of lexical, semantic, phonological and morphological connections between Chinese characters has been well established, and understanding these connections may improve our knowledge of reading Chinese. In this study, we employed varying connections between T1 and T2 and examined how these connections modulate the AB effect. We found that the strongest AB was observed when the two Chinese characters were completely unrelated, while the AB was reduced when T1 and T2 were phonologically, orthographically or semantically related and was almost )
This paper discusses semantic movement as evidenced in Malay/Indonesian Islamic texts. The primary text in focus provides an example of ‘Abd al-Ra’ūf al-Singkīlī’s Malay commentary on the Quran, Tarjumān al-Mustafīd, produced around 1675. The study of the lexical data from this text is informed by comparative reference to three modern Indonesian texts of Sūrah Yūsuf: Mahmoed Joenoes’ rendering (1954), the official Indonesian government rendering drawn from Al-Quraan dan Terjemahnya (1974), and H.B. Jassin’s rendering (1978). The goal of this paper will be to answer two questions. First, the semantic range of certain lexical items used in the ‘Abd al-Ra’ūf Quran commentary compare with the norms of late 20th century literary Indonesian. Second, the semantic change of differences identified in this comparative process.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v19i2.362
Obtaining syntactic parses is an important step in many NLP pipelines. However, most of the world’s languages do not have a large amount of syntactically annotated data available for building parsers. Syntactic projection techniques attempt to address this issue by using parallel corpora consisting of resource-poor and resource-rich language pairs, taking advantage of a parser for the resource-rich language and word alignment between the languages to project the parses onto the data for the resource-poor language. These projection methods can suffer, however, when syntactic structures for some sentence pairs in the two languages look quite different. In this paper, we investigate the use of small, parallel, annotated corpora to automatically detect divergent structural patterns between two languages. We then use these detected patterns to improve projection algorithms and dependency parsers, allowing for better performing NLP tools for resource-poor languages, particularly those that may not have large amounts of annotated data necessary for traditional, fully-supervised methods. While this detection process is not exhaustive, we demonstrate that common patterns of divergence can be identified automatically without prior knowledge of a given language pair, and the patterns can be used to improve performance of syntactic projection and parsing.
The aim of this article is to study the idioms of the lexical field with names of fruit and vegetables and to see whether there are or there are not idiomatic parallels between the Albanian idioms and the Greek ones. The starting point for this study is the inclusion of these words in idioms, i.e., their cultural connotation in both languages as well as the cultural and geographical closeness between the peoples who speak these languages. The main conclusion drawn from this study is that there are not idiomatic parallels between the two languages, but original idiomatic developments the understanding of which depends on the understanding of everyday life, natural conditions and social norms. Semantic non-correspondence between them poses difficulties in the translation of these expressions in the respective languages. These difficulties increase even more when the expressions have the same lexical composition, which leads to semantic false friends, such as jane bathet te numeruara (Alb.) (counted beans, lit.) for someone’s limited economic abilities and μeτρημένα κουκιά (Gr.) (counted beans, lit.) for accurate calculation of things in a given situation.
This article is dedicated to “Diálogo de la lengua” (1535) by a Spanish grammarian of the Renaissance Juan de Valdés whose personality and works are not so widely known in Russia. “Diálogo de la lengua” represents the Renaissance dialogue, heir to the Greek-Latin traditions and is dedicated to the Castilian language, the interrelation of its norms and Language Usage, stylistic and lexical issues. The attention is focused on the genre features of “Diálogo” and the relationship of the author and the character to represent him in the dialogue. The analysis is conducted in terms of a combination of various stylistic and genres features of the language in the “Diálogo” making it possible to distinguish the traits of scientific style in the work (and to consider the “Diálogo de la lengua” as a grammar of the Castilian language and linguistic comment), as well as a work of art (scenic or philosophical Socratic dialogue).
The aim of this paper is to illustrate the potential of a parallel corpus in the context of (computer-assisted) language learning. In order to do so, we propose to answer two main questions (1) what corpus (data) to use and (2) how to use the corpus (data). We provide an answer to the what-question by describing the importance and particularities of compiling and processing a corpus for pedagogical purposes. In order to answer the how-question, we first investigate the central concepts of the interactionist theory of second language acquisition: comprehensible input, input enhancement, comprehensible output and output enhancement. By means of two case studies, we illustrate how the abovementioned concepts can be realized in concrete corpus-based language learning activities. We propose a design for a receptive and productive language task and describe how a parallel corpus can be at the basis of powerful language learning activities. The Dutch Parallel Corpus, a ten-million word sentence aligned and annotated parallel corpus, is used to develop these language tasks.
Online communities are both global in character, with potential members from all parts of the world, but also local in that the community itself decides on its practices, hence the coining of the term glocal. These practices include the adoption of discourse norms. There are many norms that characterise discourses, and the one focused on here is the reduction of the written form of a lexical item, which characterizes informal more spoken forms of language. This paper presents evidence that reductions are negotiated locally by online communities. The community analysed consists of students on an online MA programme in English Linguistics who are all non-native speakers of English. These students have little experience of Internet communication even in their native languages, and so they are unlikely to be greatly aware of native speaker norms for online discourse. The paper shows that the students negotiate these norms within the group and that crucially their native English-speaking teachers do not have a strong role to play in the adoption of reductions. A number of examples of reductions are presented that are under negotiation by the students. The role of the teacher is analysed as well, and it is shown that 28 students are more likely to adopt a different reduction from the one the teachers use. Thus, this is further evidence that English is not owned by native speakers, but by non-native ones.
The last decade has seen an explosion in the number of people learning English as a second language (ESL). In China alone, it is estimated to be over 300 million (Yang in Engl Today 22, 2006). Even in predominantly English-speaking countries, the proportion of non-native speakers can be very substantial. For example, the US National Center for Educational Statistics reported that nearly 10 % of the students in the US public school population speak a language other than English and have limited English proficiency (National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES) in Public school student counts, staff, and graduate counts by state: school year 2000–2001, 2002). As a result, the last few years have seen a rapid increase in the development of NLP tools to detect and correct grammatical errors so that appropriate feedback can be given to ESL writers, a large and growing segment of the world’s population. As a byproduct of this surge in interest, there have been many NLP research papers on the topic, a Synthesis Series book (Leacock et al. in Automated grammatical error detection for language learners. Synthesis lectures on human language technologies. Morgan Claypool, Waterloo 2010), a recurring workshop (Tetreault et al. in Proceedings of the NAACL workshop on innovative use of NLP for building educational applications (BEA), 2012), and a shared task competition (Dale et al. in Proceedings of the seventh workshop on building educational applications using NLP (BEA), pp 54–62, 2012; Dale and Kilgarriff in Proceedings of the European workshop on natural language generation (ENLG), pp 242–249, 2011). Despite this growing body of work, several issues affecting the annotation for and evaluation of ESL error detection systems have received little attention. In this paper, we describe these issues in detail and present our research on alleviating their effects.
We present a novel algorithm for inducing Combinatory Categorial Grammars from dependency treebanks, along with initial experiments showing that it can be used to achieve competitive realization results using an enhanced version of the surface realization shared task data.
Although laboratory phonology techniques have been widely employed to discover the interplay between the acoustic correlates of English Lexical Stress (ELS)–fundamental frequency, duration, and intensity - studies on ELS in polysyllabic words are rare, and cross-linguistic acoustic studies in this area are even rarer. Consequently, the effects of language experience on L2 lexical stress acquisition are not clear. This investigation of adult Arabic (Saudi Arabian) and Mandarin (Mainland Chinese) speakers analyzes their ELS production in tokens with seven different stress-shifting suffixes; i.e., Level 1 [+cyclic] derivations to phonologists. Stress productions are then systematically analyzed and compared with those of speakers of Midwest American English using the acoustic phonetic software, Praat. In total, one hundred subjects participated in the study, spread evenly across the three language groups, and 2,125 vowels in 800 spectrograms were analyzed (excluding stress placement and pronunciation errors). Nonnative speakers completed a sociometric survey prior to recording so that statistical sampling techniques could be used to evaluate acquisition of accurate ELS production. The speech samples of native speakers were analyzed to provide norm values for cross-reference and to provide insights into the proposed Salience Hierarchy of the Acoustic Correlates of Stress (SHACS). The results support the notion that a SHACS does exist in the L1 sound system, and that native-like command of this system through accurate ELS production can be acquired by proficient L2 learners via increased L2 input. Other findings raise questions as to the accuracy of standard American English dictionary pronunciations as well as the generalizability of claims made about the acoustic properties of tonic accent shift.