Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
Endangered Hausa dialects spoken in Jigawa State and selected communities in Kano, Katsina, and Yobe States represent an irreplaceable repository of cultural and linguistic heritage, yet these varieties are diminishing at an accelerating rate under the pressure of urbanisation, formal education in Standard Hausa, and mass media. This paper reports the principal findings of a linguistic documentation project that conducted the first systematic digital preservation of nine endangered Hausa dialect varieties across the four-state study region. Using a linguistic documentation research design, the project engaged 120 native speaker participants distributed across three age cohorts and nine dialect communities. Data were collected through 84 hours of audio and video recording, semi-structured interviews, participant observation, GPS-based dialect mapping, and systematic metadata documentation. Linguistic analysis produced annotated transcriptions of all recordings, a lexical database of 1,850 entries including 342 dialect-only lexical items, a phonological description of 24 unique tone contrasts and 18 distinct vowel patterns, 216 documented proverbs, and 68 dialect-specific kinship terms. A digital archive of 120 gigabytes was created following UNESCO and Endangered Language Documentation Programme standards. Language vitality assessment using the UNESCO framework revealed that six of the nine documented varieties score at or below the 3.0 endangered threshold, with Guri dialect critically endangered at 2.1. Mean young adult dialect use rates average 36 percent of elderly speaker rates, confirming severe intergenerational transmission failure. The study proposes a three-phase Digital Preservation Framework and offers evidence-based recommendations for language policy, curriculum design, and institutional capacity building in Nigerian Hausa dialect documentation.
The article analyzes the consistency in applying the orthographical and grammatical norms of the modern literary Ukrainian to the names of banking institutions operating in Ukraine. It is noted that the presented names, actively used in business communication, have systemic deviations from the current spelling norms, which negatively affects the culture of written speech of Ukrainian society. In view of this, typical spelling violations in bank names have been systematized and examined, and correct written forms of the analyzed names have been proposed. In particular, attention has been focused on the impossibility of capitalizing all lexical components of compound bank names in the Ukrainian text and it has been recommended to follow the current standards, i.e. to capitalize only the first word. It is also emphasized that external and internal quotation marks must be separated if they coincide in these names, which is illustrated by the relevant examples. The grammatical analysis of the models underlying the studied names has made it possible to develop clear comments that will contribute to compliance with current spelling norms. In general, according to grammatical criteria, among the names of banking institutions, a distinction is made between abbreviation names, juxtaposed or composite names, and names transliterated or transcribed with Cyrillic graphemes. It has been found that bank names are mostly mixed-type abbreviations formed according to two models, namely: 1) abbreviations that grammatically represent the truncation of the stems of mostly several words (sometimes one word) combined with the lexeme ‘bank’ (it is orthographically correct to present them together as one word); 2) abbreviations that include an initial letter or initial sound abbreviation and the word ‘bank’ (they should be spelled correctly with a hyphen). It has been established that structurally the names of modern banks can be compound words formed by combining two independent nouns without a linking vowel, and attention has been drawn to the need to spell such names with a hyphen. The correctness of spelling bank names, the first component of which is a borrowed one that is not an independent word in the modern Ukrainian, as a single word, is also substantiated. Furthermore, the article emphasizes the need for more detailed orthographic commentary, in the event of updating the “Ukrainian Spelling”, regarding bank names transliterated or transcribed by means of the Ukrainian alphabet.
This study examines how gender-based voice norms have developed historically and persist to this day in the radio environment, and how these norms influence the perception of the credibility, competence and genre suitability of voices. The theoretical section traces developments from the early days of radio through its golden age, characterised by a predominance of male voices, through the television and digital eras, to current debates on synthetic voices generated by artificial intelligence, drawing on insights from sociophonetics and the concept of communicative injustice. The empirical section is based on pilot research (total number of respondents N = 32; for selected items N = 16) and utilises standardised audio samples of two professional newsreaders. The male voice achieves a higher average rating (7.88/10) compared to the female voice (7.44/10), and respondents prefer it more strongly for news formats, while the female voice slightly prevails in ratings for sports and service programmes. An interesting generational shift is indicated by the under-25 age group, which shows more balanced preferences across genres, including news. A lexical analysis of the descriptions used confirms the presence of stereotypical attributes: respondents characterise the male voice as pleasant, concise and clear, and the female voice as clear and fluent, though at times monotonous. Based on these findings, the study recommends building editorial diversity through casting, voice coaching, sound design and genre framing, and urges caution and transparency in the use of AI voices, particularly in utilitarian formats. The research findings highlight the need to evaluate voices based on performance and context, rather than gender, and to systematically address perceived audience biases.
The innovative activity of an economic entity is an indicator of its progressiveness and compliance with the challenges of the modern economy. The characteristic features of innovative business entities are their leading positions in the relevant industry, which are ensured by high technological efficiency of production, effective management and the application of scientific approaches in all fields of activity. An economic analysis toolkit is used to support the stages of innovation activity. The article discusses approaches to assessing the achieved intermediate and final results based on financial and non-financial indicators. Market indicators of achieving effective innovation activity and criteria for their evaluation are presented. The main functions of finance in the implementation of innovation activities are highlighted, which involves the formation of a company's budget relative to the expected capital investments in the creation of an innovative economy of an economic entity. Artificial intelligence tools integrated into the processes of money management, budgeting, forecasting and preparation of analytical reports are presented. The levels of artificial intelligence for a financier are indicated and its role in the application of financial technologies is determined. AI in finance is able to accurately predict corporate credit and image ratings, contract terms, cash turnover rates, and non-payment risks. AI solutions for rating forecasting that analyze both internal financial data of a company and external factors.
Neural DNA (NDNA) uses a compact learned genome to grow network topology through type-based compatibility rules. In prior work (Sudarshan, 2026), we showed that genomes of 226 to 374 parameters could control connectivity in networks with up to 2.2 million connections. Here we test whether this approach scales to real language models. We apply NDNA to GPT-2 Small (124M parameters), where a genome of 354 parameters controls 35.4 million connections in the attention output projections and feed-forward first layers across all 12 transformer layers, a compression ratio of 99,970:1. The genome and model weights are co-trained from scratch on OpenWebText. The genome discovers a striking stratification: layers 5 through 12 converge to 100% connectivity while layers 1 through 4 are progressively pruned, with layer 4 retaining only 7.7% of connections. Despite permanently disabling one-third of all masked connections, the genome-wired model beats GPT-2's published numbers on WikiText-103 perplexity (36.0 vs 37.5), Penn Treebank perplexity (59.4 vs 65.9), and LAMBADA perplexity (22.2 vs 35.1), while reaching 92% of GPT-2 on HellaSwag and 94% on Children's Book Test. Training reveals interpretable dynamics: the genome over-activates early (83% density at iteration 200), prunes aggressively (layers 1 through 4 go to 0% by iteration 800), then partially resurrects layer 1 (from 0% to 98% hard density by iteration 26,000). These results demonstrate that NDNA's developmental framework scales from toy tasks to production-scale language models, achieving 12x higher compression than any prior genome experiment while producing competitive benchmark performance.
This study investigates the developmental trajectory of filler use by Chinese learners of Japanese. Using Beijing Corpus of Japanese as Second Language (B-JAS), it quantifies changes over four years in role-play tasks (requests and refusals) and compares them with native speaker data from International Corpus of Japanese as a Second Language (I-JAS). Two key findings emerged. First, while the frequency of filler use decreased across academic years in both task types, the rate of decline varied. A steeper reduction was observed in more cognitively demanding refusal scenes. By the fourth year, learners' filler frequency in request scenes approached native-speaker levels, whereas a significant gap remained in refusal scenes. Second, the forms of fillers shifted from simple vowel-type fillers in early stages to more lexicalized forms (e.g., ano and etto), indicating a partial convergence toward native-speaker usage. These findings suggest that the development of filler use among L2 learners is not a linear path toward native speaker norms, but a dynamic, learner-driven process shaped by task-specific cognitive and pragmatic demands.
I. Core Concept: Language as a "Spiritual Commons" (精神公地)• The Shared Semantic Space: Language is not private property; it is a shared environment. Entering a community means entering its "Spiritual Commons."• Commons Literacy (公地素養): The ability and willingness of an individual to maintain the functionality of this shared space through effective communication, respect for linguistic norms, and the rejection of "communicative bullying."II. Research Branch A: The Ethics of Global Communication• The "Natural Selection" of Lingua Franca: Analyzing why English became the global commons—not through coercion, but through the "Civilizational Excellence" and economic utility of the English-speaking world.• The Responsibility of Public Figures: Researching the "Moral Decay" inherent in public figures who use "Shameful Refusal to Communicate" (e.g., using a language the audience cannot understand to exert power or exclusion).• The Credit of the National Commons: How individual behavior in international spaces mortgages or enhances the reputation (credit) of their entire ethnic/linguistic group.III. Research Branch B: Cognitive Diversity and "Thinking Inertia"• Breaking Mental Sets: Investigating how learning a second language acts as a "Symmetry Breaking" event in the brain, allowing individuals to escape the "Thinking Inertia" (思維定勢) of their mother tongue.• The Creativity of "Weakness": A study on how the struggle of learning a new language leads to professional-level creative output (fables, lyrics) by forcing a simplified, more profound engagement with universal concepts.• AI vs. Human Literacy: Why AI translation can solve the "Vexation" of data transfer but cannot replace the "Commons Literacy" required for high-level creative and moral leadership.IV. Research Branch C: Comparative Civilizational Performance• Linguistic Proficiency and Economic Development: Analyzing the correlation between a nation's "Commons Literacy" (openness to the global lingua franca) and its economic/scientific success.• The "Japan-Korea Paradox": Studying how highly developed nations maintain a strong "Private Mother Tongue" while effectively interfacing with the "Global Commons."V. Proposed Moral Maxims for the LCL Field1. Transparency: Public speech in a shared space must be accessible to that space's participants.2. Symmetry: One must tolerate the same level of linguistic/cultural critique they dish out.3. Elevation: To promote one’s mother tongue, one must elevate their civilization's quality, not shame others for their ignorance.
How the human auditory cortex prioritizes relevant information amid concurrent sounds has been a long-standing question in auditory cognitive neuroscience. The present study used auditory steady-state responses to tag the electrocortical response to a tone embedded in concurrent naturalistic sounds, addressing methodological challenges with overlapping auditory streams. Participants endorsing low (high misophonia symptoms) or high misophonia symptoms-a condition with decreased tolerance to specific, typically orofacial, sounds-were recruited. Sounds varied in emotional valence (pleasant, neutral, unpleasant) to investigate how emotional content modulates attentional competition. Orofacial sounds were also included to evaluate how attentional biases are affected by inter-individual sensitivity toward a specific sound category. Affective ratings, alpha-band changes, and pupil dilation were also assessed. Hypothetical models of competition were tested, revealing a facilitation trend in the auditory steady-state responses amplitude when accompanied by pleasant and unpleasant, compared to neutral sounds, regardless of misophonia symptoms. However, auditory steady-state responses was selectively reduced in the high misophonia symptoms but not the high misophonia symptoms group when accompanied by orofacial sounds. Analyses of alpha-band, pupil, and rating data showed that the groups differed primarily in their response to pleasant sounds and orofacial sounds, with the high misophonia symptoms group exhibiting a stronger response to orofacial sounds than the high misophonia symptoms group.
This article examines youth language (Jugendsprache) as a significant and dynamic component of contemporary German. The study aims to analyze its structural, lexico-semantic, and functional features, as well as its role in shaping modern linguistic trends. The methodological framework combines descriptive, comparative, and lexico-semantic analysis, along with the examination of digital discourse, enabling a comprehensive investigation of youth language in its natural communicative environment. The findings demonstrate that Jugendsprache is characterized by a high degree of lexical innovation, driven by anglicisms, neologisms, and abbreviations emerging in digital communication. Word-formation processes, including compounding, affixation, and conversion, exhibit increased creativity and hybridization, often deviating from standard linguistic norms. Youth language also performs important sociolinguistic functions, such as identity construction, emotional expression, and the differentiation of social groups. The study highlights the crucial role of the digital environment in accelerating linguistic change and shaping new communicative practices. While Jugendsprache contributes to the enrichment and adaptability of the German language, it may also lead to challenges related to normativity and intergenerational communication. Overall, youth language is interpreted as a “laboratory of linguistic innovation” and a mediator between linguistic change and standardization, reflecting the broader processes of globalization and digitalization in modern society.
Heritage grammars tend to undergo structural change owing to their severely constrained input conditions and /or transfer effects from the L2 (Polinsky, 2018). This study uses adjectives in Tamil (Dravidian) to show a systematic difference between rule-governed, structural aspects of grammar and those that require case-by-case lexical learning. The former remains stable and the latter undergoes change in heritage Tamil. The empirical domain of adjectives in Tamil is novel and particularly informative, as the derived nature of these adjectives helps us identify areas of grammatical stability and those of change when the context of acquisition diverges from the norm, i.e, heritage grammars. The paper has two major aims: (i) to provide an explanation of adjectives in standard Tamil, and (ii) to inquire into how the derivation of adjectives fares in the context of heritage Tamil. (i) is addressed by showing that adjectives in Tamil are not an independent category in the lexicon, but the derivational component recognises them as a distinct category. We then proceed to question (ii): With respect to heritage Tamil, two domains — one requiring intensive learning, and not requiring learning — are identified. The paper provides novel empirical evidence to demonstrate their stability or variation in heritage grammars.
Lacunar and real units as transmitters of ethnocultural asymmetry in creative discourse were examined typologically. Content analysis, interpretive, and comparative methods were used to explore the semantic structure and cultural character of units in texts from diverse national traditions. Kyrgyz, Turkish, Chinese, and French literature formed the empirical basis. Kyrgyz literature shows that realities and lacunae fix stable ethnocultural self-awareness incorporated within the text’s axiological and ritual structure, encompassing collective identity, holy rites, and moral orientations. The concepts of el (people, community), aiköl (generous, magnanimous), and bata (blessing) were conceptually and pragmatically untranslatable because they included cultural and historical connotations, ritual functions, and specific social norms. The main causes of gaps in Turkish literature are social organization, tribal affiliation, and ethical/behavioral norms (ağa, aşiret, namus), which reflect culturally conditioned disparities in interaction patterns and role expectations. Chinese literature shows mental, physical, and ceremonial lacunae induced by cultural taboos, social hierarchy, and distinctive physical representation. French literature has demonstrated cognitive and sensory forms of lacunae associated with the absence of moral causality, the autonomy of the subject, and the individualised perception of sensory experience. The investigation revealed four categories of untranslatability: lexical, conceptual, pragmatic, and sensory, each reflecting deep ethnocultural incomparability. The study found that lacunae and realities produce interpretative tension and semantic fragmentation by indicating cultural codes, behaviour patterns, and symbolic systems. The research clarifies cultural otherness analysis mechanisms and develops ethnoculturally marked text interpretation methods for translation studies, intercultural communication, and literary analysis.
Background: Curious parallels between the processes of species and language evolution have been observed by many researchers. Retracing the evolution of Indo-European (IE) languages remains one of the most intriguing intellectual challenges in historical linguistics. Most of the IE language studies use the traditional phylogenetic tree model to represent the evolution of natural languages, thus not taking into account reticulate evolutionary events, such as language hybridization and word borrowing which can be associated with species hybridization and horizontal gene transfer, respectively. More recently, implicit evolutionary networks, such as split graphs and minimal lateral networks, have been used to account for reticulate evolution in linguistics. Results: Striking parallels existing between the evolution of species and natural languages allowed us to apply three computational biology methods for reconstruction of phylogenetic networks to model the evolution of IE languages. We show how the transfer of methods between the two disciplines can be achieved, making necessary methodological adaptations. Considering basic vocabulary data from the well-known Dyen’s lexical database, which contains word forms in 84 IE languages for the meanings of a 200-meaning Swadesh list, we adapt a recently developed computational biology algorithm for building explicit hybridization networks to study the evolution of IE languages and compare our findings to the results provided by the split graph and galled network methods. Conclusion: We conclude that explicit phylogenetic networks can be successfully used to identify donors and recipients of lexical material as well as the degree of influence of each donor language on the corresponding recipient languages. We show that our algorithm is well suited to detect reticulate relationships among languages, and present some historical and linguistic justification for the results obtained. Our findings could be further refined if relevant syntactic, phonological and morphological data could be analyzed along with the available lexical data.
Abstract Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effects of brief mindfulness meditation on emotion regulation and its underlying brain functional network mechanisms in college students using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), thereby providing neuroscientific evidence for mindfulness-based interventions targeting emotional health. Method A total of 59 college students were randomly assigned to either a brief mindfulness meditation group (n = 29) or a control group (n = 30). Participants in the mindfulness group completed a 15-min mindfulness breathing intervention, whereas participants in the control group received safety education. Before and after the intervention, all participants performed an emotion regulation task involving negative viewing and cognitive reappraisal conditions. Changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) concentration were recorded using a 40-channel fNIRS system across eight regions of interest, including the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-dlPFC), right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (R-dlPFC), left frontopolar area (L-FPA), right frontopolar area (R-FPA), left premotor cortex (L-PMC), right premotor cortex (R-PMC), left primary somatosensory cortex (L-S1), and right primary somatosensory cortex (R-S1). Brain functional connectivity was constructed based on phase-locking value (PLV), and graph-theoretical metrics were subsequently calculated to characterize topological properties of the functional network. Results Behavioral results indicated that, compared with the control group, participants in the brief mindfulness meditation group exhibited significantly lower emotional valence ratings during the negative viewing condition (p < 0.001). Functional connectivity analyses revealed significantly increased connectivity between the L-dlPFC and L-FPA, L-dlPFC and R-PMC, and L-dlPFC and L-PMC following the mindfulness intervention ( p < 0.05). Furthermore, graph-theoretical analyses demonstrated significantly increased global efficiency, as well as enhanced local efficiency and clustering coefficient of the L-dlPFC in the mindfulness group ( p < 0.05). Conclusions Brief mindfulness meditation may effectively enhance functional integration within large-scale brain networks and improve neural information-processing efficiency in college students. These findings provide important neurophysiological evidence supporting the beneficial effects of mindfulness interventions on emotion regulation.
The occurrence of presupposition shifts is a considerable challenge to accurate cross-linguistic translation andcareful trigger provision is a crucial strategy for the management of semantic consistency with varying cultural backgroundsand a moderate to high risk of interpretive distortion. The aim of this study was to provide the first comparative analysisof a regression-based approach to an Analytical Hierarchy Process over a multi-phase evaluation period. A structuredmeta-analysis evaluated pooled outcomes and subgroup analyses tested for effective variable contributions. A systematicsearch of linguistic databases, translation corpora, multilingual datasets, conference proceedings, academic journals,grey literature, and expert reports identified 67 studies, of which 24 randomized controlled trials were eligible and includedin the final analysis. Based on a comprehensive multilingual dataset, six different presupposition types are consideredby category and the results compared to benchmark evaluations from similar cross-linguistic studies according to effectsize, statistical significance, and consistency with the target framework. The results showed that correlation values ofsemantic triggers increased by 15% and 22%, respectively, and the residual error value of model estimates decreased by11%. Our aggregated data material, however, distinguishes a mechanism that we have coined as the narrative retentionbias. In conclusion, using a hybrid AHP-regression method resulted in enhanced alignment within the dataset and higherpredictive accuracy values. Future studies should use longitudinal designs to explore cross-context applications to supporttrigger preservation as an adjunct to translation accuracy. Given some assumptions about the linguistic models we used,the analytical process adopted to produce the findings seems to have marginal impact on generalizability and validity.
This paper examines how Chinese state media construct national legitimacy and identity by portraying a positive national self in contrast to external others. The study analyses 120 articles published between 2018 and 2024 by People’s Daily, Xinhua News Agency and China Daily, covering political news reports, editorials and foreign-affairs commentaries. Drawing on Fairclough’s three-dimensional model of Critical Discourse Analysis, the paper examines lexical choices, metaphorical framing, intertextual references and the links between textual features and wider socio-political practices. The findings show that China is repeatedly represented as stable, historically continuous, developmental and morally responsible, whereas external actors are often portrayed as inconsistent, intrusive or disruptive. These representations are produced through positive evaluative language, contrasts between cooperation and interference, and appeals to history and international norms. The article argues that such discursive practices support political legitimation by associating state authority with national achievement, moral governance and defensive nationalism. It contributes to the literature on media, power and identity by showing how legitimacy is constructed through routine discourse in contemporary Chinese state media.
The rapid development of digital technologies and the expansion of global online communication have significantly increased the demand for website localization across different linguistic and cultural environments. Localization extends beyond the traditional concept of translation by adapting digital content to the linguistic norms, cultural values, communicative expectations, and technical requirements of the target audience. This article examines the linguistic and cultural adaptation challenges encountered in the localization of English-language website content into Uzbek. Particular attention is given to lexical, grammatical, semantic, pragmatic, and sociocultural issues that emerge during the localization process. The study also explores the influence of cultural references, user experience considerations, and technological factors on localization quality. Through a comprehensive analysis of theoretical perspectives and practical examples, the research highlights the necessity of combining linguistic competence with cultural awareness to achieve effective localization outcomes. The findings demonstrate that successful localization contributes not only to accurate information transfer but also to enhanced user engagement, intercultural communication, and digital accessibility.
Academic STEM evaluation can elicit anxiety, yet routine grading rarely captures how students semantically frame exams and wellbeing. We reconstruct these framings using behavioural forma mentis networks (BFMNs), that is, feature-rich networks of concepts linked by memory recalls and enriched with affective ratings and concreteness norms. We build BFMNs from 994 participants spanning STEM experts (N1 = 59), Italian high-schoolers (N2 = 206), physics undergraduates (N3 = 10), psychology undergraduates with math-anxiety levels (N4 = 301), and simulated students (N5 = 497) personified by a large language model (GPT-OSS 20B). Across all human groups, the concepts "exam" and "grade" were (i) perceived negatively, (ii) connected primarily to negatively valenced memory recalls, indicating a clustering of negative emotions around assessment, and (iii) framed through concepts eliciting fear and anticipation in most groups, including physics undergraduates (z-scores in the range [2.04, 2.53]). The semantic neighbourhoods of "anxiety" and "exam" overlapped three times more in human students than in GPT-based simulations, providing structural evidence of test anxiety in student populations. By contrast, experts displayed a neutral and more concrete network neighbourhood for "exam" (z = 1.87), with no clear trace of test anxiety. These negative assessment framings coexisted with positive representations of "wellbeing", which were rich in concrete associations in humans but linked to more abstract concepts in GPT digital twins. Overall, our results show that BFMNs offer a quantitative and interpretable framework to study academic anxiety and to distinguish human affective framing from current AI-based simulations
Pictorial warnings are superior to text-only warnings for cigarettes. However, little research has examined the impact of cigar warnings among youth, including image characteristics that may increase their effectiveness. We conducted an online within-subjects experiment September-October 2022 among <i>N</i> = 680 youth ages 15–20 who reported little filtered cigar or cigarillo (LCC) use or susceptibility to LCCs. Participants evaluated six FDA-proposed warning statements with one of six randomly assigned images selected from an earlier study phase. We double-coded warning images based on presence/absence of image features, including wound depiction; internal organ depiction; smoking cues; and symbolic/metaphoric representations; and assessed level of graphicness. Outcomes were perceived message effectiveness (PME), negative affect, and believability for each warning. We used linear mixed models to assess associations between image characteristics and outcomes, controlling for participant characteristics and warning statements. About half of the sample identified as a woman/girl (56.2%) and White (56.3%). Warning images with a wound or an internal organ (vs. not) resulted in higher PME, negative affect, and believability (<i>p</i>s < 0.05). Warning images that were “very” or “moderately” graphic versus “not” graphic elicited higher negative affect ratings but lower believability ratings (<i>p</i>s < 0.05); with no significant difference for PME. Symbolic representations (vs. not) and smoking cues (vs. not) resulted in lower PME and negative affect (<i>p</i>s < 0.05). LCC warnings with images depicting internal organs or wounds of the health effects may enhance the effectiveness of warnings, which could hold promise for deterring LCC use among youth.
This article examines the linguistic and pragmatic dimensions of mass media advertisements in Uzbek and English, highlighting their distinctive characteristics, shared persuasive mechanisms, and culture-specific adaptations. Through comparative analysis, it explores lexical choices, syntactic structures, stylistic devices, and pragmatic strategies such as speech acts, implicature, and presupposition that advertisers employ to influence consumer behavior. English advertising discourse often prioritizes brevity, creativity, individualism, and direct persuasion, drawing on wordplay, hyperbole, and emotional appeals tailored to global, fast-paced markets. In contrast, Uzbek advertising integrates national cultural values, collectivist orientations, rhythmic and emotive elements, and hybrid linguistic forms influenced by globalization. The study underscores how linguistic typology, socio-cultural contexts, and pragmatic intent shape advertising effectiveness in both languages, contributing to a deeper understanding of cross-cultural communication in commercial discourse. Findings reveal universal persuasive techniques alongside significant divergences rooted in linguistic systems and societal norms, offering insights for translation, marketing, and linguistic theory.
Hyperboles are exaggerated statements that are not meant to be taken literally, and function as rhetorical devices that serve to reinforce emotional expression, create vivid imagery, and heighten emphasis. Hyperbole in Arabic is characterized by standardized forms such as faʿʿāl and faʿūl. Although these forms have been studied intensively by rhetoricians, grammarians and modern scholars, the precise meaning of hyperbolic forms is often ambiguous, especially in translations of Qurʾānic verses, where varying interpretations can lead to different understandings. This article aims to clarify the semantic meaning of hyperbolic forms that occur in the Qurʾān. To capture these semantic nuances we analyzed and compared active participle forms and their equivalent hyperbolic forms. The findings suggest that Qurʾānic hyperbolic forms usually convey concepts related to individualism. Hyperboles in the Qurʾān usually occur in singular forms and primarily emphasize individual responsibility and personal traits. They portray each person (or divine entity) as an exemplar of a characteristic, which aligns with the concept of individualism. The equivalent active participle forms emphasize collective behavior and shared values or norms. The second distinction between hyperbolic forms and active participles is that hyperbolic forms often indicate a comprehensive role, profession, or identity encompassing all its associated traits rather than simply frequency or intensity of action. By contrast, active participles focus on specificactions or ongoing processes.
This article presents a comprehensive study of some names of Buddhist utensils in the Mongolian (Khalkha-Mongolian, Buryat, and Kalmyk) languages. The study of Buddhist vocabulary in Mongolian languages is relevant for understanding both the history of the spread of Buddhism and the development of the vocabulary of these languages. The names of Buddhist utensils are an interesting object for comparative study of the vocabulary of Mongolian languages. The novelty of this work lies in the fact that the authors, for the first time, identify and analyze the names of Buddhist utensils based on an extensive corpus of sources. These include bilingual and trilingual dictionaries, the Kalmyk heroic epic “Dzhangar”, various folklore texts of Mongolian peoples: fairy tales, riddles, proverbs and sayings, as well as ancient written monuments (such as the Rig Veda and Arshani nomin tuuji (“The Tale of the Nectar Teaching”)). The authors' personal fieldwork (2010; 2025) collected in Kalmykia, Buryatia, and Mongolia served as an additional source for interpreting Buddhist terms. The aim of this article is to identify, systematize, and comprehensively study the names of Buddhist utensils in Mongolian languages (Khalkha-Mongolian, Buryat, and Kalmyk), taking into account their use in folklore texts. A comprehensive approach was employed in the study. A continuous sampling method was used for the systematic collection of lexical material. The identified lexical units were characterized using a descriptive method. Comparative-typological and comparative-contrastive methods made it possible to establish common and specific features in the vocabulary of Buddhist utensils in Mongolian languages. As a result, it was possible to identify both standardized and dialect-specific names. The authors conclude that the materials examined represent a valuable resource for studying the Buddhist vocabulary of Mongolian-speaking peoples. Information extracted from folklore texts significantly enriches and expands existing understanding of this lexical group. It has been established that the basis of the vocabulary under study is a common Mongolian lexical base, including early borrowings, particularly from Sanskrit. These borrowings passed through the Old Uyghur and Tibetan languages, undergoing preliminary phonomorphological assimilation and adaptation in accordance with the graphic and orthographic norms of the host languages. Prospects for further research include introducing the names of Buddhist utensils into scholarly circulation, which will expand our understanding of the Buddhist vocabulary of Mongolian languages. This, in turn, will serve as an additional source for a new understanding of this vocabulary and will facilitate more in-depth comparative studies of Mongolian languages.
This article examines the linguocultural interpretation of evaluative adjectives in advertising texts on the material of the German and Uzbek languages. The study proceeds from the assumption that advertising discourse is not only a means of commercial persuasion, but also a space in which culturally marked values, consumer ideals, and models of social desirability are verbalized. In such discourse, evaluative adjectives perform a particularly important role because they compress judgment, emotion, and persuasion into compact lexical units that are easily recognized and remembered by the recipient. The purpose of the article is to identify the semantic, pragmatic, and linguocultural features of evaluative adjectives in German- and Uzbek-language advertising texts and to explain how these adjectives reflect national-cultural preferences in the representation of product quality, trust, beauty, comfort, prestige, and usefulness. The article argues that evaluative adjectives in both languages function as markers of positive axiological framing, but their distribution and preferred semantic zones reveal different cultural emphases. In German advertising, evaluative adjectives tend to foreground precision, quality, durability, practicality, and efficiency, whereas in Uzbek advertising they more often activate associations with sincerity, trust, family value, comfort, beauty, and emotional proximity. The findings demonstrate that the same persuasive objective may be realized through different adjectival choices because advertising adapts itself to culturally shared expectations. The article concludes that evaluative adjectives in advertising texts should be interpreted not only as lexical means of praise, but also as linguocultural signals that encode collective value orientations and communicative norms.
FrameNet is an English-based lexical database that shows how words are used by providing information as to which participants and relations are evoked by a certain concept. Recent efforts toward a multilingual FrameNet have not targeted either ancient languages or different historical stages of the same language. In our paper we propose creating a multilingual FrameNet for Ancient Indo-European languages starting with a set of 80 verb meanings annotated in the Pavia Verb Database. Our pilot study includes four verb meanings: RAIN, THUNDER, SEE, LOOK AT. As the adequacy of the semantic frames developed for English turns out not to be appropriate for the languages in our sample, we propose two new frames that can account for the analyzed data.
This thesis scientifically substantiates that at advanced language proficiency levels (B2–C2), grammatical or lexical knowledge alone is insufficient. Learners must also acquire cross-cultural and pragmatic competences—such as understanding cultural norms, social etiquette, and context-appropriate speech—as emphasized by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), which specifically highlights “the ability to use language effectively” in language teaching⁴. The paper analyzes concepts such as “conversational ethics,” “adjusting communication to the interlocutor’s status,” and “the use of irony and hedging expressions,” and proposes practical teaching methodologies. As a result, learners become capable of using the language effectively not only in the classroom but also in real-life situations.
As deep learning models become increasingly integrated into critical decision-making systems, the need for explainable Artificial Intelligence (xAI) has grown paramount to ensure transparency, accountability, and trust. Post hoc explainability methods, which analyse trained models to interpret their predictions without modifying the underlying architecture, have become increasingly important, especially in fields such as healthcare and finance. Modern xAI techniques often produce feature importance rankings that fail to capture the true causal influence of features, particularly in transformer-based models. Recent quantitative metrics, such as Symmetric Relevance Gain (SRG), which measures the area between the feature corruption performance curves of the Most Important Feature (MIF) and the Least Important Feature (LIF), provide a more rigorous basis for evaluating explanation fidelity. In this study, we first show that existing xAI methods exhibit consistently poor performance under the SRG criterion when explaining transformer-based text classifiers. To address these limitations, we introduce EvoDropX, a novel framework that formulates explanation as an optimisation problem. EvoDropX leverages Grammatical Evolution (GE) to evolve sequences of feature corruption with the explicit objective of maximising SRG, thereby identifying features that most strongly influence model predictions. EvoDropX provides interventional, input–output (behavioural) explanations and does not attempt to infer or interpret internal model mechanisms. Through comprehensive experiments across multiple datasets (IMDb movie reviews (IMDB), Stanford Sentiment Treebank (SST-2), Amazon Polarity (AP)), multiple transformer models (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), RoBERTa, DistilBERT), and multiple metrics (SRG, MIF, LIF, Counterfactual Conciseness (CFC)), we demonstrate that EvoDropX significantly outperforms all state-of-the-art (SOTA) xAI baselines including Attention-Aware Layer- Wise Relevance Propagation for Transformers (AttnLRP), SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), and Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME), when evaluated using intervention-based faithfulness criteria. Notably, EvoDropX achieves 74.77% improvement in SRG than the best-performing baseline on the IMDB dataset with the BERT model, with consistent improvements observed across all dataset-model pairs. Finally, qualitative and linguistic analyses reveal that EvoDropX captures both sentiment-bearing terms and their structural relationships within sentences, yielding explanations that are both faithful and interpretable.
This study examines the emerging verbification of WeChat through a combined analysis of dictionary entries, corpus data, and evidence from computer-mediated communication discourse. Major authoritative dictionaries currently include no verbal entry for WeChat, and the Corpus of Contemporary American English yields no authentic verbal examples, which demonstrates a clear lag between traditional lexicography and actual language use. In contrast, Google Books and social networking service platforms reveal scattered yet increasingly frequent verbal uses, especially in marked digital contexts. Semantic, morphological, and syntactic analyses show that the verb WeChat aligns with other denominal communication verbs observed in previous studies. Additional examples from headlines, titles, and other block-language environments suggest that the verb form WeChat is entering an early phase of lexicalization. Furthermore, the broader WeChat ecosystem—including WePay, WeTV, WeDoctor, and WeBank—indicates expanding semantic potential that may facilitate future verbal extensions. Overall, the findings highlight that WeChat is undergoing incipient verbification, driven primarily by innovation in digital communication practices and the evolving norms of computer-mediated communication discourse.
Purpose. This article aims to analyze the forms of verbal language dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia and their relative dominance, thereby identifying factors influencing these differences in dominance. Methods. This study used data from verbal interactions with schizophrenia patients in the residual and hebephrenic phases who were treated at two psychiatric hospitals, namely RSJ Prof. H.B. Saanin, Padang, and RS Dr. Soeharto Heerdjan, Jakarta. These two hospitals represent the contexts of regional and urban areas. The data were analyzed using theories of language dysfunction in psycholinguistics by Andreasen, Nugroho, as well as the semantic theory by Cruse. Result. The results of the study show ten forms of verbal language dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia, namely incoherence, blocking (Hemmung), Sperrung, neologism, repetition, word salad, and language anomalies including improbability, dissonance, and pleonasm. The most dominant form of verbal language dysfunction in both hospitals was incoherence. In addition, improbability was more noticeable at RSJ Prof. H.B. Saanin, while neologism was more dominant at RS Dr. Soeharto Heerdjan. This difference in dominance is influenced by patients’ social, environmental, and linguistic backgrounds. Conclusions. Verbal language dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia is not only linked to thought disorders but also shows problems in semantic, lexical, and grammatical systems, influenced by social, environmental, and linguistic contexts across different hospital settings and communication environments. Based on these findings, further research is recommended to develop a clinical corpus-based linguistic database containing transcriptions, dysfunction categories, linguistic descriptions, and case examples analyzed by psychologists and psychiatrists. This database development is expected to facilitate a more comprehensive mapping of the relationship between language dysfunction patterns, treatment duration, and the type and dosage of pharmacotherapy. Thus, it can serve as the starting point for a linguistics-based treatment prototype for schizophrenia patients, involving experts from the psychiatry community. This prototype can then be tested through implementation on a sample of patients in a psychiatric hospital. The prototype can then be implemented in psychotherapy practice. Therefore, this research will significantly impact the development of rehabilitation models for schizophrenia patients in the future.
This article develops a morphodynamic account of English possessive ’s in which the exponent isnot a morpheme in the traditional sense. Rather than functioning as a stable atomic form-meaningpair or a single categorial head, ’s is analyzed as the surface residue of predication: a mobilepredicational field that emerges when a predicational configuration collapses and its relationalremnant must be rehosted inside the adjectival domain. The Adjective Well architecture, derivedfrom first principles of categorization theory, models adjectivalization as orbital landing governedby curvature compatibility and attractor structure. Curvature is specified compositionally as afunction of possessor animacy, referential type, and possessee nominalization class – κ(H,Y) =w₁·Anim(H) + w₂·Ref(H) + w₃·Nom(Y) – making the framework directly falsifiable and its coreparameters estimable from corpus data.The apparent duality of ’s is not ambiguity but orbital bifurcation: the same exponent realizes twoformally distinct operator outputs, ’s₁ (a predicational adjective operator of type ⟨e,⟨e,t⟩⟩ filling anopen relational argument) and ’s₂ (a qualitative adjective operator of type ⟨⟨e,t⟩,⟨e,t⟩⟩ modifying aproperty). These types are not stipulated but derived from the well stratification: low-orbitallanding produces REL-type saturation (’s₁); high-orbital landing produces Q-type modification(’s₂). Landing is modeled probabilistically via a softmax function over orbital bands, makinggradience native to the model rather than appended.The analysis engages the genitive alternation corpus literature (Rosenbach 2002, 2005; Hinrichs& Szmrecsanyi 2007; Szmrecsanyi et al. 2017) and shows that κ(H,Y) unifies the animacy andtopicality predictors identified by Rosenbach under a single parameter while additionallypredicting a critical Abstraction × Environment interaction that animacy-alone regression modelsdo not capture. Corpus evidence from the English Web Treebank (EWT), stratified by possessorcomplexity, confirms the predicted interaction: the of-alternation premium for phrasal-edgepossessors is larger for abstract than for concrete hosts (Δι = +0.34 vs. +0.23 respectively). Adiscriminating competitor analysis (Barker semantics + phonological cliticization + scalarpragmatics) is provided and shown to fail the interaction prediction without additional mechanismsequivalent to the curvature gate. Cross-linguistic extension to Dutch, Swedish, German, andArabic construct-state genitives demonstrates that the curvature-gate mechanism is typologicallyportable. A fully specified confirmatory acceptability protocol (item bank + analysis scripts) isprovided as supplementary materials; the present article reports the theoretical analysis and corpusevidence.
The article presents a corpus-based empirical analysis of colloquial units in contemporary English, treating colloquial vocabulary as a dynamic, multifunctional, and internally heterogeneous subsystem of the lexical system. Colloquial units are examined not merely as markers of informal speech, but as linguistically significant elements reflecting ongoing transformations in communicative practices, discourse conventions, and stylistic norms. Drawing on data from large-scale, register-diverse English language corpora, the study investigates the frequency, dispersion, contextual variability, and pragmatic functions of selected colloquial units across spoken and written registers. Special attention is paid to processes of stylistic diffusion, pragmatic refunctionalization, and partial desemanticization.
This article examines the sociopolitical and sociocultural catalysts of changes in lingual consciousness and lingual behavior and, more broadly, the formation and strengthening of the lingual identity of Ukrainians during the period of the full-scale invasion. The study demonstrates the dynamics of the Ukrainization of national language practices and establishes a clear interdependence between shifts in language code and the declaration of a Ukrainocentric civic stance. The analysis of the lexical and semantic development of the concepts lingual consciousness and lingual identity, as well as the reconsideration of the identity–language nexus, reveals a significant expansion in their combinability with lexemes carrying a strong publicistic connotation, such as code, marker, sign, symbol, basis, foundation, principle, cornerstone, bearer, and instrument. The study also identifies inhibiting factors that impede the transformation of an emotionally motivated impulse toward the use of Ukrainian into a conscious and stable norm of Ukrainian-language behavior. These factors include lingual compromise, lingual inertia, lingual fatigue, lingual-related fear, lingual insecurity, lingual mimicry, the commercialization of language, and the stigmatization of Russian speakers. The findings suggest that effective instruments for overcoming these challenges are the so-called «grassroots language initiatives». The article concludes that the changes identified and analyzed indicate both a radical renewal of lingual consciousness and lingual identity and the persistence of earlier lingual habits. Nevertheless, the overall vector of these transformations is clearly Ukrainocentric: societal lingual mobilization is gradually becoming a norm of language behavior, while a situational and emotionally motivated impulse is evolving into a conscious need. If this process is supported by a consistent state lingual policy and education, Ukrainian lingual identity will be able to effectively withstand the challenges posed by the realities of war. Keywords: lingual consciousness, lingual identity, lingual choice, lingual compromise, lingual inertia, lingual fatigue, lingual-related fear, lingual insecurity, lingual mimicry, commercialization of language, stigmatization of Russian speakers.
Prediction systems grounded in textual data have become indispensable across high-stakes domains including clinical decision support, financial signal detection, and digital misinformation analysis. Classical statistical approaches and shallow machine learning methods have demonstrated satisfactory performance on narrow, well-curated datasets, but they struggle to generalise once input distributions shift or domain vocabulary diverges from training corpora. Deep learning, and more specifically the pre-trained transformer paradigm, has substantially narrowed this gap; nevertheless, single-architecture solutions routinely leave accuracy on the table when applied to tasks that demand both rich contextual encoding and explicit sequential reasoning. This paper presents a cohesive, end-to-end AI- powered prediction framework that fuses BERT- derived contextual representations with a two-layer bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM) classification head augmented by an additive attention mechanism. The system is designed as a modular pipeline: text acquisition and normalisation, augmentation-based imbalance handling, deep encoding, sequential modelling, and post-hoc probability calibration are treated as independent, replaceable stages. Experimental evaluation across three publicly available benchmark datasets — the LIAR fake news corpus, Stanford Sentiment Treebank v2, and a health-claim verification collection — confirms that the hybrid BERT-BiLSTM-Attention architecture outperforms five competitive baselines on macro-averaged F1 and area under the ROC curve. Ablation experiments quantify the individual contributions of the attention layer, recurrent head, augmentation strategy, and temperature scaling. A discussion of deployment trade-offs addresses inference latency, continual adaptation, and algorithmic fairness..
This thesis aims to analyze the linguistic and pragmatic deployment of perlocutionary acts in diplomatic speech by exploring Uzbek and English discourse texts. It endeavors to discover how and in what linguistic and pragmatic ways perlocutionary effects are encoded, spread, and construed within institutional communication practices in general. From a comparative perspective, the study scrutinizes the effect on language/cultural norms of the perlocutionary influence. It demonstrates that these practices of perlocution are established by lexical, grammatical, and discourse practices of politeness norms, indirectness, and communication intentions. This research advances the theoretical study of linguopragmatic language and also presents tangible implications for intercultural and diplomatic communication.
This article investigates the use and expression of euphemisms in newspaper texts, focusing on their role as strategic linguistic tools in media discourse. Euphemisms, which replace direct or potentially offensive terms with milder or socially acceptable alternatives, are widely employed in political, economic, and social reporting to manage sensitive topics, maintain editorial neutrality, and influence reader perception. The study examines the linguistic and stylistic strategies newspapers use to construct euphemisms, including lexical substitution, metaphorical phrasing, nominalization, and circumlocution. By analyzing the distribution, frequency, and function of euphemistic expressions, the research highlights their importance in shaping tone, framing information, and reflecting cultural and ideological norms. The findings contribute to a better understanding of media language, discourse strategies, and the socio-pragmatic mechanisms underlying the presentation of delicate or controversial subjects in contemporary journalism.
This article examines the concept of occasional words (occasionalisms) and their linguistic features within modern discourse. It explores their definitions, structural characteristics, and functional roles from morphological, semantic, pragmatic, and stylistic perspectives. The study highlights the context-dependent nature of occasionalisms, emphasizing their expressive and evaluative functions as products of individual linguistic creativity. Special attention is given to their formation through analogy, their role in literary and journalistic texts, and their position between language norm and speech innovation. The article also differentiates occasionalisms from neologisms and nonce formations, focusing on their degree of lexicalization and communicative purpose. The findings demonstrate that occasional words are not random deviations but systematic, rule-governed innovations that contribute to linguistic development and reflect the dynamic interaction between language structure and usage.
Abstract This study examines high sensitivity (HS) in canine units of the Spanish State Security Forces, assessing its psychological, operational, and decision-making impact. A mixed-methods design combined HS screening in handlers and dogs with a qualitative phase of 13 in-depth interviews, coded into 23 categories and analysed through co-occurrence, Jaccard index, and prosodic analysis on a subsample of 11 audio recordings. Results depict a pattern of multisensory hyper-reactivity, fast learning, high correction sensitivity, and strong emotional attunement to the handler. Performance follows a biphasic pattern, vulnerable to overstimulation but outstanding when management is aligned with the dog’s sensory threshold. The handler’s perception of HS emerges as a critical factor shaping the entire operational cycle: from puppy selection and potential identification to role assignment, performance evaluation, and adult dog dismissal. Institutional norms emphasizing emotional control may contribute to under-recognition of sensitivity traits, potentially affecting the identification and retention of high-potential individuals. We conclude HS is a context-sensitive trait and propose incorporating psychological, sensory, and behavioural indicators into selection and training, complemented by lexical–semantic and prosodic metrics as diagnostic tools when classical tests are unsuitable for specialised populations.
This article examines the semantic characteristics of certain lexical units found in Uzbek dialects, analysing their occurrence across various linguistic sources and the processes of semantic expansion and narrowing. The main objective of the study is to determine the semantic dynamics of clothing-related terms, assess their semantic potential within the literary language, and explore the sociolinguistic factors influencing this process. The research employs descriptive, comparative, and statistical-linguistic methods to carry out a lexical-semantic analysis of clothing names. The semantic fields, synonymic chains, and historical patterns of usage of the examined words have been identified. This process is closely linked to communicative necessity and normative language policy. In conclusion, the systematic study of dialectal lexical units contributes to a deeper understanding of the internal developmental mechanisms of the Uzbek language, enriches natural word-formation processes, and broadens lexical norms. The results of this study have practical relevance for lexicography, translation studies, and language education.
This record contains the Grade 4 evidence package for the latent-space-shift-research project. This upload includes curated Markdown reports, generated metric summaries, manifests, selected CSV/JSON result files, and ZIP archives for experiments on context-induced latent-state shifts, hidden-state geometry, axis decomposition, shuffled-content controls, SAE-assisted readouts, and component-causal residual-stream interventions in language models. The central object of measurement is not the final visible answer alone, but inference-time movement in hidden states / residual-stream geometry before and during answer generation. The current Grade 4 package documents that dense coherent target context can move Gemma-3-12B-IT into a measurably different internal hidden-state regime during inference, without modifying model weights. The main descriptive result is that the target/control difference is not reducible to simple lexical overlap, topic similarity, text length, or shuffled content. Coherent target text and shuffled-content controls separate along different internal components: sentence-shuffled content loads primarily onto a content-like component, while coherent target context loads strongly onto an orthogonalized order/structure component. In the Grade 4 decomposition, the order/structure component x_order_orth is constructed by comparing coherent target context against sentence-shuffled target content and then removing the projection onto the content-like direction. This component is therefore intended to capture the residual discourse-order / structural part of the target-induced hidden-state shift after controlling for content-like signal. The evidence package also includes a norm-controlled component-causal run. In this run, component directions such as x_order_orth and x_content are normalized before residual-stream intervention, so that causal comparisons are not confounded by raw vector length. The causal results support the narrower claim that these component directions are not merely passive readout coordinates: interventions along them can produce measurable changes in generation-time hidden-state trajectories. However, the norm-controlled causal run does not establish x_order_orth as a stable bidirectional steering axis or a complete behavioral-control handle. The scientific status represented by this package is therefore: Supported: coherent target context induces a measurable inference-time latent-state shift in Gemma-3-12B-IT; the shift is visible in hidden-state / residual-stream geometry, not only in final text; the effect is separable from naive content or lexical-overlap explanations through shuffled-content controls; the Grade 4 decomposition identifies a substantial order/structure component beyond the content-like direction; controlled residual-stream interventions along component directions can alter generation-time hidden-state trajectories. Not claimed: permanent model weight change; universal model-independent failure; formal attractor-basin proof; complete behavioral control; stable bidirectional steering through x_order_orth; demonstrated behavioral class flips as the main result. (x_order_orth is an orthogonalized discourse-order / structure component: the residual target-vs-sentence-shuffle hidden-state direction after removing the content-like direction x_content. It is used to test whether coherent target context induces a latent-state shift beyond lexical/content overlap.)Note: “Grade 4” is an internal experiment label in this project. It names this specific stage of the experimental pipeline and should not be read as an external benchmark, official grade, or standardized evaluation category. The evidence represented here concerns temporary inference-time state movement measured relative to experimentally constructed latent axes, component decompositions, projection metrics, generation trajectories, and causal intervention readouts. The actively maintained codebase and repository history are available at:https://github.com/ngscode23/latent-space-shift-research License:Research reports, generated metric artifacts, metric reference files, manifests, documentation, figures, and data artifacts in this evidence package are released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), unless otherwise noted. Code and software scripts, where included, follow the repository code license:Apache-2.0 unless otherwise noted.
Medical terminology represents a highly structured lexical subsystem that ensures precision and consistency in professional communication. Within this system, infectious disease terminology occupies a particularly important position due to the global impact of communicable diseases and the rapid development of medical science. The present study investigates the lexicographic features of infectious disease terminology in English and Uzbek languages. The research focuses on the representation, definition, and standardization of medical terms in lexicographic sources such as medical dictionaries and terminological databases. A comparative analysis of selected infectious disease terms was conducted using English and Uzbek medical dictionaries. The findings demonstrate that most infectious disease terms originate from Latin and Greek roots and exhibit a high degree of internationalization. At the same time, Uzbek lexicography reflects the adaptation of these international terms to national linguistic norms while preserving semantic accuracy. The study highlights the role of lexicographic description in the standardization of medical terminology and emphasizes the importance of consistent terminological representation in multilingual medical communication.
This article investigates the use and expression of euphemisms in newspaper texts, focusing on their role as strategic linguistic tools in media discourse. Euphemisms, which replace direct or potentially offensive terms with milder or socially acceptable alternatives, are widely employed in political, economic, and social reporting to manage sensitive topics, maintain editorial neutrality, and influence reader perception. The study examines the linguistic and stylistic strategies newspapers use to construct euphemisms, including lexical substitution, metaphorical phrasing, nominalization, and circumlocution. By analyzing the distribution, frequency, and function of euphemistic expressions, the research highlights their importance in shaping tone, framing information, and reflecting cultural and ideological norms. The findings contribute to a better understanding of media language, discourse strategies, and the socio-pragmatic mechanisms underlying the presentation of delicate or controversial subjects in contemporary journalism.
ABSTRACT The widespread use of TikTok among elementary school students has brought noticeable changes to the way children communicate in their daily lives. The platform is no longer used merely as a source of digital entertainment, but has also begun to shape students’ word choices, speaking styles, and language habits. This condition can be observed among students at MIS Al-Khairaat Pombewe, who have become increasingly familiar with viral expressions, popular abbreviations, slang, and the mixing of Indonesian with foreign languages in everyday conversations. Such circumstances have raised concerns regarding the declining use of proper and standard Indonesian within the school environment. This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach involving the principal, teachers, and students selected purposively as research informants. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and documentation, then analyzed through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that TikTok exerts a dual influence on children’s language development. On the one hand, the platform contributes to vocabulary expansion, enhances students’ creativity in language use, and broadens their digital knowledge. On the other hand, the intensity of TikTok usage encourages the frequent use of informal language in formal situations, leading to a gradual decline in the use of proper Indonesian according to linguistic norms. Therefore, the involvement of teachers and parents is necessary to guide children toward wiser social media use without neglecting the development of their language abilities. ABSTRAK Fenomena penggunaan TikTok di lingkungan sekolah dasar memperlihatkan perubahan yang cukup nyata pada cara siswa berkomunikasi sehari-hari. Platform ini tidak lagi sekadar dimanfaatkan sebagai hiburan digital, tetapi turut membentuk pilihan kata, gaya berbicara, hingga kebiasaan berbahasa anak. Kondisi tersebut terlihat pada siswa MIS Al-Khairaat Pombewe yang semakin akrab dengan istilah viral, singkatan populer, bahasa gaul, serta pencampuran bahasa Indonesia dengan bahasa asing dalam percakapan mereka. Situasi ini memunculkan perhatian terhadap menurunnya penggunaan bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar di lingkungan sekolah. Kajian ini memanfaatkan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif dengan melibatkan kepala sekolah, guru, dan siswa sebagai informan yang dipilih secara purposive. Informasi penelitian diperoleh melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi, kemudian dipahami melalui tahapan reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Temuan penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa TikTok memberi pengaruh ganda terhadap perkembangan bahasa anak. Di satu sisi, media sosial tersebut membantu siswa memperluas kosakata, meningkatkan kreativitas dalam berbahasa, dan memperkaya wawasan digital mereka. Di sisi lain, intensitas penggunaan TikTok ikut mendorong penggunaan bahasa informal dalam situasi formal sehingga kebiasaan menggunakan bahasa Indonesia sesuai kaidah menjadi semakin berkurang. Karena itu, keterlibatan guru dan orang tua dibutuhkan agar penggunaan media sosial dapat diarahkan secara lebih bijak tanpa mengabaikan perkembangan kemampuan berbahasa siswa.
This article examines transformations in the context of globalization.It notes that globalization has a profound impact on language, transforming not only vocabulary but also discursive structures, communicative practices, and linguistic identity.It is established that language functions as a social and cultural construct reflecting ideology, power relations, and global interconnectedness.This study examines how discourse develops in the context of globalization and how these transformations alter linguistic identity.Using qualitative discourse analysis of digital media texts and online communications, the study identifies key processes, including lexical borrowing, hybridization, code-switching, syntactic simplification, and multimodal integration.The results demonstrate that global linguistic elements are incorporated alongside local structures, creating context-dependent, multilayered identities.It is demonstrated that people balance between global and local norms, adapting language to express modernity, cultural affiliation, and social status.Thus, discourse has been shown to serve as a mechanism for identity reconstruction, demonstrating how language systems dynamically respond to social, technological, and cultural change.Language, as both a medium and a symbol of social interaction, is particularly affected by these global forces: beyond simple lexical borrowing or codeswitching, globalization reshapes discourse patterns, pragmatic norms, and stylistic conventions across multiple communicative domains.This study contributes to philology by linking discourse transformations to identity formation in contemporary societies and highlighting the importance of integrating sociolinguistic and digital perspectives in the study of language evolution.These findings are relevant for scholars in sociolinguistics, discourse studies, and applied philology, demonstrating that globalization alters rather than erases local linguistic practices.
This article explores the pivotal role of information technology in the study of endangered languages, examining its various applications, benefits, and challenges. From digital archives and linguistic databases to computational analysis and online collaboration platforms, IT offers a plethora of tools and resources that facilitate language documentation, analysis, and revitalization efforts. Moreover, IT enables greater accessibility and dissemination of linguistic data, fostering collaboration among researchers, communities, and stakeholders across geographical and cultural boundaries.