Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
Ouyang and Jiang (2018) measured the second language proficiency of English as a foreign language (EFL) learners based on the probability distribution of dependency distance. However, the typological features of the native language (Chinese) and the target language (English) they adopted are generally considered similar in word order and dependency direction. In addition, their method of classifying the learners’ proficiency levels is based on the learners’ grades, which might weaken the validity of the results. These results are strengthened and verified further in the current research by analysing a treebank of Japanese EFL learners’ interlanguage since their native language and the target language are typologically distinctive. Moreover, the TOEIC score was used as a benchmark to classify the second language proficiency levels of the learners. We found that (1) the mean dependency distance can measure the syntactic complexity of Japanese EFL learners’ interlanguage; (2) constrained by human working memory, the probability distribution of dependency distance based on Japanese EFL learners’ interlanguage follows certain distribution patterns as unveiled in other natural human languages; (3) the parameters of the right truncated modified Zipf-Alekseev distribution can well reflect the changes of the Japanese EFL learners’ second language proficiency, indicating the development of interlanguage.
We present our work of constructing the first treebank for the Xibe language following the Universal Dependencies (UD) annotation scheme. Xibe is a low-resourced and severely endangered Tungusic language spoken by the Xibe minority living in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. We collected 810 sentences so far, including 544 sentences from a grammar book on written Xibe and 266 sentences from Cabcal News. We annotated those sentences manually from scratch. In this paper, we report the procedure of building this treebank and analyze several important annotation issues of our treebank. Finally, we propose our plans for future work.
Universal Dependencies is an open community effort to create cross-linguistically consistent treebank annotation for many languages within a dependency-based lexicalist framework. The annotation consists in a linguistically motivated word segmentation; a morphological layer comprising lemmas, universal part-of-speech tags, and standardized morphological features; and a syntactic layer focusing on syntactic relations between predicates, arguments and modifiers. In this paper, we describe version 2 of the guidelines (UD v2), discuss the major changes from UD v1 to UD v2, and give an overview of the currently available treebanks for 90 languages.
In healthy individuals, stimuli associated with injury (such as those depicting blood or wounds) tend to evoke negative responses on both self-report and psychophysiological measures. Such an instinctive aversion makes sense from an evolutionary perspective. However, to engage in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), this natural barrier must be overcome. The Benefits and Barriers model of NSSI predicts that people who engage in NSSI will show diminished aversion to NSSI-related stimuli compared to controls who do not engage in NSSI. We tested this hypothesis in a pilot study assessing 30 adults, 15 of whom reported current skin cutting and 15 of whom had no history of NSSI. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were collected while participants viewed neutral, positive, and negative images selected from the International Affective Picture System. Participants also viewed NSSI images depicting razors, scalpels, or wounds caused by cutting. Compared to healthy control (HC) participants, the NSSI group showed decreased amygdala and increased cingulate cortex (CC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) activation to NSSI and negative images. They also showed increased amygdalar and OFC activation to positive images. Neither the control group nor the NSSI group demonstrated significant activation within regions more typically associated with reward during any of the conditions; however, positive and negative affect ratings collected throughout the course of the task suggested that none of the affective conditions were viewed as rewarding. Although preliminary, these findings are suggestive of reduced limbic and greater cortical processing of NSSI stimuli in those with a history of this behavior. This has potentially important implications for current models of NSSI as well as for its treatment.
Cupping therapy has recently gained public attention and is widely used in many regions. Some patients are resistant to being treated with cupping therapy, as visually unpleasant marks on the skin may elicit negative reactions. This study aimed to identify the cognitive and emotional components of cupping therapy. Twenty-five healthy volunteers were presented with emotionally evocative visual stimuli representing fear, disgust, happiness, neutral emotion, and cupping, along with control images. Participants evaluated the valence and arousal level of each stimulus. Before the experiment, they completed the Fear of Pain Questionnaire-III. In two-dimensional affective space, emotional arousal increases as hedonic valence ratings become increasingly pleasant or unpleasant. Cupping therapy images were more unpleasant and more arousing than the control images. Cluster analysis showed that the response to cupping therapy images had emotional characteristics similar to those for fear images. Individuals with a greater fear of pain rated cupping therapy images as more unpleasant and more arousing. Psychophysical analysis showed that individuals experienced unpleasant and aroused emotional states in response to the cupping therapy images. Our findings suggest that cupping therapy might be associated with unpleasant-defensive motivation and motivational activation. Determining the emotional components of cupping therapy would help clinicians and researchers to understand the intrinsic effects of cupping therapy.
As the number, size, and complexity of building construction projects increase, code compliance checking becomes more challenging because of the time-consuming, costly, and error-prone nature of a manual checking process. A fully automated code compliance checking would be desirable in facilitating a more efficient, cost effective, and human error-proof code checking. Such automation requires automated information extraction from building designs and building codes, and automated information transformation to a format that allows automated reasoning. Natural language processing (NLP) is an important technology to support such automated processing of building codes, because building codes are represented in natural language texts. Part-of-speech (POS) tagging, as an important basis of NLP tasks, must have a high performance to ensure the quality of the automated processing of building codes in such a compliance checking system. However, no systematic testing of existing POS taggers on domain specific building codes data have been performed. To address this gap, the authors analyzed the performance of seven state-of-the-at POS taggers on tagging building codes and compared their results to a manually-labeled gold standard. The authors aim to: (1) find the best performing tagger in terms of accuracy, and (2) identify common sources of errors. In providing the POS tags, the authors used the Penn Treebank tagset, which is a widely used tagset with a proper balance between conciseness and information richness. An average accuracy of 88.80% was found on the testing data. The Standford coreNLP tagger outperformed the other taggers in the experiment. Common sources of errors were identified to be: (1) word ambiguity, (2) rare words, and (3) unique meaning of common English words in the construction context. The found result of machine taggers on building codes calls for performance improvement, such as error-fixing transformational rules and machine taggers that are trained on building codes.
Noun phrases convey key information in communication and are of interest in NLP tasks. A base NP is defined as the headword and left-hand side modifiers of a noun phrase. In this thesis, we identify base NPs in Universal Dependencies treebanks in English and French using an RNN architecture.The data of this thesis consist of three multi-layered treebanks in which each sentence is annotated in both constituency and dependency formalisms. To build our training data, we find base NPs in the constituency layers and project them onto the dependency layer by labeling corresponding tokens. For input features, we devised 18 configurations of features available in UD annotation. We train RNN models with LSTM and GRU cells with different numbers of epochs on these configurations of features.Tested on monolingual and bilingual test sets, our models delivered satisfactory token-based F1 scores (92.70% on English, 94.87% on French, 94.29% on bilingual test set). The most predicative configuration of features is found out to be pos_dep_parent_child_morph, which covers 1) dependency relations between the current token, its syntactic head, its leftmost and rightmost syntactic dependents; 2) PoS tags of these tokens; and 3) morphological features of the current token.
In order to extract the semantic and grammatical information of sentences more effectively, this paper proposes a sentence sentiment classification method based on Self-supervised and Self-attention mechanism (SS-SAtt-BiLSTM). In this method, BiLSTM network is used to extract the feature of text context relationship, and self-supervised (SS) learning mode is introduced into the supervised sentence representation model. The sentence itself is used as the label data information of current words, and an improved self-attention mechanism (SA) is used to calculate the attention weight of each moment. The experimental results of MR and Stanford sentient treebank (sst-5) data sets show that this method reduces the dependence on tagged data, and the improved self-attention mechanism enables the model to learn more key features of sentences and improve the classification performance.
Semantic Role Labelling (SRL) is the process of automatically finding the semantic roles of terms in a sentence. It is an essential task towards creating a machine-meaningful representation of textual information. One public linguistic resource commonly used for this task is the FrameNet Project. FrameNet is a human and machine-readable lexical database containing a considerable number of annotated sentences, those annotations link sentence fragments to semantic frames. However, while the annotations across all the documents covered in the dataset link to most of the frames, a large group of frames lack annotations in the documents pointing to them. In this paper, we present a data augmentation method for FrameNet documents that increases by over 13% the total number of annotations. Our approach relies on lexical, syntactic, and semantic aspects of the sentences to provide additional annotations. We evaluate the proposed augmentation method by comparing the performance of a state-of-the-art semantic-role-labelling system, trained using a dataset with and without augmentation.
Introduction. High-quality language education in technical universities requires its interdisciplinary relation to the content of highly specialised subjects corresponding to the training programmes aimed at instructing the future specialists. Educational materials in a foreign language are highly productive if they emphasise the terminology and professional vocabulary authentic to the current state of the scientific field. The aim of the study presented in the article was to assess the validity of the lexical material delivered in the course “English for Business Communication”, to determine the selection criteria for this vocabulary as well as the methods for its assimilation and practical application. Methodology and research methods. The applied corpus software enabled to obtain quantitative indicators of the distribution of foreign-language business vocabulary in the given training course. The lexical material being currently offered to students and the professional thesaurus identified via linguistic databases was compared with the use of comparative analysis and synthesis. Results and scientific novelty. The lexical units (terms, set expressions), which are the most active in the business sphere, were identified on the basis of its frequency. The authors established the correlation between them and educational vocabulary, both from the perspective of its integration into the course without block concentration throughout the course of university training, and from the perspective of the variety of methods used to practice this vocabulary. It is concluded that the applied educational material needs to be substantially adjusted. The vocabulary does not completely reflect the realities of the business communication sphere and the distribution of active vocational vocabulary regulated by methodological guidelines does not entirely contribute to its strong assimilation. According to the authors, the necessary changes to the approaches and methods for selecting and compiling lexical material and to the methodology for designing a foreign language course should be made on the basis of integrating pedagogical and linguistic knowledge, in particular, the methodology of teaching foreign languages and the corpus linguistics. Practical significance. The ways of integrating corpus programs in the process of developing the content of language disciplines, which are part of the main educational program of technical universities, are demonstrated as one of the methods to increase the effectiveness of teaching foreign languages to students of non-linguistic specialties.
Language users and learners are sensitive to distributional information in their environment, which enables them to extract regularities that occur in the language input that they are exposed to. This process is referred to as statistical learning. While the statistical learning phonotactic literature thoroughly investigates the learning of overall phonotactics in specific languages, little is known about cases where different phonological systems coexist within a single language. The Japanese lexicon is generally classified into four lexical strata according to the etymological status of each word (Itô & Mester, 1995, 1999, 2001). Although each stratum includes the internal phonological similarity in the Japanese language as a whole, there are also distinctive phonological properties. A recent study suggests that language users should be able to learn phonotactics of each sublexicon based on the same kind of statistical probabilities that computers analyse from language users’ accumulated lexicons (Morita, 2018). This thesis examines whether second-language (L2) learners can learn the loanword phonotactics/phonology of Japanese through experience of using and/or passive exposure to Japanese lexical stratification. Using two loanword phonological regularities (categorical and gradient rules) as a case study, two fully-crossed perceptual experiments involving English- speaking learners of Japanese, native speakers of Japanese, and English-speaking monolinguals are presented. The first experiment explores listeners’ phonotactic/phonological knowledge of nativised loanwords in Japanese using a well-formedness task which shows the adaptation of English final consonants in monosyllabic words. Listeners judge whether the pronunciation they hear is how the word would be pronounced if it was a Japanese word, rating how confident they are on a scale of 1-5. This study shows that L2 learners learn categorical rules, but not gradient patterns. This study also confirms that loanword phonotactics and overall phonotactics make separate contributions to perceived well-formedness. L2 learners access and make use of the sublexicon-specific probabilities of Japanese during the task. The second perceptual experiment is designed to support the findings in the first experiment, by testing for discrimination of non-native consonantal contrasts. Even under high memory demand, L2 learners show the ability to discriminate non-native consonantal contrasts (i.e., CVCV/CVCCV) effectively enough to support findings in the first experiment. These results suggest that L2 learners can implicitly detect the statistical structure of a language’s sublexicon phonology over the course of acquiring a natural language. However, while native speakers of Japanese learn a gradient rule, L2 learners of Japanese do not. A potential explanation for the differences in gradient rule learning is that the vocabulary size of the target language might play a crucial role. This remains an open question. In addition, the present work provides a basis for future investigation into whether L2 learners of Japanese, whose native language is other than English, are able to learn Japanese loanword phonotactics/phonology. L1 English-L2 Japanese speakers might gain advantage in perceiving the English input which inevitably overlaps with the phonological form of the host language.
The goal of this special issue of Critical Multilingualism Studies “National Standards – Local Varieties: A Cross-Linguistic Discussion on Regional Variation in L2 Studies” is to incite a conversation on how topics such as linguistic norms and variation, dominant practices, ideologies, identities, and politics surrounding languages are discussed from a view outside of the dominant centers of linguistic norms.
Because of its focus on the past and on historical languages, the classics is a discipline that is particularly interested in translations and text alignment. Starting from a diachronic perspective, this contribution demonstrates how issues related to text alignment, present since antiquity, can be approached from a different angle and with entirely new opportunities thank to tools and methods developed in the field of digital humanities. By comparing examples from antiquity (e.g. Origen’s Hexapla from the third century CE) with modern projects based on treebanking and dependency grammar (e.g. the Ancient Greek and Latin Dependency Treebank [AGLDT] as part of the Perseus Digital Library from Tufts University), we shall present some new approaches and their potentials. In doing so, we shall also examine what status English has in these projects and how the different languages involved in each of them interact with English and/or with each other.
The article presents a new resource for A2-B2 learners of Lithuanian as L2 to improve their lexical competence and language production skills. The lexical database is a lexicographic application of the Lithuanian Pedagogic Corpus which was used both to develop headword lists and to collect word usage information. For this study, we adopt the inductive procedure of Corpus Pattern Analysis which was partly automated using the Lithuanian Sketch Grammar in Sketch Engine. We explain the model for pattern recognition and description, sense division, the selection of examples and give some details concerning the user interface.
We study the effect of rich supertag features in greedy transition-based dependency parsing. While previous studies have shown that sparse boolean features representing the 1-best supertag of a word can improve parsing accuracy, we show that we can get further improvements by adding a continuous vector representation of the entire supertag distribution for a word. In this way, we achieve the best results for greedy transition-based parsing with supertag features with $88.6\%$ LAS and $90.9\%$ UASon the English Penn Treebank converted to Stanford Dependencies.
This is an introduction to the proposed theme, in which the importance of sociolinguistic studies for the teaching, acquisition and learning of languages is emphasized. In addition, each text of the material is presented, starting with interviews with significant and current representatives of the variation sociolinguistics (Francisco Moreno Fernández and Juan Manuel Hernández Campoy) from the Hispanic and Anglo-Saxon spheres, respectively; then, it discusses the ten articles that deal with the theme from two perspectives: linguistic attitudes and beliefs of speakers and linguistic norms and policies. Finally, the reviews of two books related to the Special issue are commented: The Routledge handbook of Spanish as a heritage language, edited by Kim Potowsky, 2018, New York, Routledge publisher, and La trastienda de la enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras, by Francisco García Marcos, 2018, from the Interlingua collection of Editora Comares de Granada / Spain. The presentation is an invitation to readers to enjoy reading the Special issue.
Context: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by degeneration of the dopaminesynthesizing cells of the mesostriatal-mesocortical neuronal pathway,which affects motor pathway in basal ganglia (BG). Neuropsychological studies showed that degeneration of dopamine neuroreceptor also affects nigrostriatal and mesocortical limbic system which is associated with emotional processing in PD. However, very few studies have identified deficit in selective attention in patients with PD patients except in patients with PD-MCI (PD-Mild Cognitive Impairment) or PD-D (PD-Dementia). Thus, the present study examined the effect of emotion on attentional processing in PD and matched control. Emotional flanker task was designed by using pictures selected from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) based on their normative valence ratings. Results revealed that attentional processing of emotional images were slower in PD patients in comparison to matched healthy control.
The article explores the strategies for nominate a person in the texts of the pre-election discourse. Nomination practices are a way of representing status-role relations in a particular discourse. The authors describe how practices of person nomination form strategies for reflecting reality, on the one hand, through the relationship with the social norm, status, on the other hand, through the deconstruction of the norm. The pre-election discourse of Internet media revealed strategies to discredit and provoke official norms. The nomination tactics are based on the use of lexical units from the discourse of marginalized communities, jargon, as well as on generalization, when the proper name (person name) becomes a sign of status-role relations, a minimized script that defines the person’s media representation. The second generalization mechanism is based on the use of an additional component determined by discourse, in combination with a neutral lexical unit of nomination. The use of such strategies indicates the expression of opposition views on all political events in the country, including elections. Status-role relations in the pre-election discourse of Internet media are deconstructed, since the norm itself is disputed as the basis of the existing political regime. This is one of the discursive ways of the presence of a “minority” in the media field, an option for exercising his right to a visible presence in the media field.
The COVID-19 crisis resulted in a large proportion of the world's population having to employ social distancing measures and self-quarantine. Given that limiting social interaction impacts mental health, we assessed the effects of quarantine on emotive perception as a proxy of affective states. To this end, we conducted an online experiment whereby 112 participants provided affective ratings for a set of normative images and reported on their well-being during COVID-19 self-isolation. We found that current valence ratings were significantly lower than the original ones from 2015. This negative shift correlated with key aspects of the personal situation during the confinement, including working and living status, and subjective well-being. These findings indicate that quarantine impacts mood negatively, resulting in a negatively biased perception of emotive stimuli. Moreover, our online assessment method shows its validity for large-scale population studies on the impact of COVID-19 related mitigation methods and well-being.
When a new phenomenon or an advance in technology originates in society, it is natural that new terms appear to refer to the phenomenon, technology, new use, and so on. The impact of this new disease, COVID-19 is so strong that no one has been able to foresee how long they will have to live under conditions of isolation and social distance. COVID-19 has changed our lives drastically. A new normal is required, and it is affecting various areas of daily life. For this reason, new terms have appeared and certain expressions have acquired greater relevance due to their use in a generalized context due to the pandemic.There are few published studies on the impact of COVID-19 on the Spanish language. This research analyzes this effect of coronavirus pandemic on the lexical inventory of Spanish. Its main objective is to analyze the difference in the use of terms related to the coronavirus, depending on the country or region in the Spanish-speaking world. To collect the data, an online survey was conducted using a semi-closed questionnaire. With the help of volunteers, 346 questionnaires were collected for this study. The attitude of users towards the use of the new terms is examined, as well as the discriminatory use of language around the pandemic. It is concluded that the norm will end up accepting neologisms and variants that Spanish-speakers have innovated and put into circulation in this situation.
Dans cet article, nous proposons un modele de representations vectorielles de paire de mots, obtenues a partir d’une adaptation du modele Skip-gram de Word2vec. Ce modele est utilise pour generer des vecteurs de paires de verbes, entrainees sur le corpus de textes anglais Ukwac. Les vecteurs sont evalues sur les donnees ConceptNet & EACL, sur une tâche de classification de relations lexicales. Nous comparons les resultats obtenus avec les vecteurs paires a des modeles utilisant des vecteurs mots, et testons l’evaluation avec des verbes dans leur forme originale et dans leur forme lemmatisee. Enfin, nous presentons des experiences ou ces vecteurs paires sont utilises sur une tâche d’identification de relation discursive entre deux segments de texte. Nos resultats sur le corpus anglais Penn Discourse Treebank, demontrent l’importance de l’information verbale pour la tâche, et la complementarite de ces vecteurs paires avec les connecteurs discursifs des relations.
Political discourse forms the attitude of people towards values, ideals and norms. Three important political features were analyzed. German political speeches update modern concepts of German linguoculture: responsibility, order, solidness, discipline, security. The study of texts of political speeches gives an idea of the linguocultural situation. The value of order lies in reliability, security, predictability of the future, and clear rules. Safety is defined as a sense of security, a lack of internal confusion, an idea of what needs to be done. The basis in the German sphere of concepts is the careful preparation for any activity, the elaboration and thought-out of all its details, the recording and detail of information, the systematicity and sequence of actions, the quality of the product of the activity. Lexical and grammatical features of political speeches are considered, which are used to effectively influence the interviewer and audience: use of modal schemes, passive voice, complement clause, «we»/«ours» pronouns. The main themes of political speech are economic growth, the need to unite to fight for a great future, the prevention of wars, peacekeeping.
Corpus-driven valency (subcategorization) lexicon automatically extracted from the Ancient Greek Treebank.
The article analyzes the concept of comic as linguistic category.The article focuses attention on such aspects of the category of comic as classification, parameters of comic and the difficulties of translation of comic.It is singled out that the notion of concept comic goes beyond the linguistic aspect.That is why this language phenomenon is also studied from the point of view of socio-cultural aspect and the norms of human behavior in society.The category of comic is complex and ambiguous.In general, within this notion we understand the influence of jokes, for example, causing laughter.There are several methods that help to achieve laughter.Among them we distinguish irony, sarcasm, pun, allusion, periphrases, oxymoron, metaphor etc.Because of the multiaspect character of comic, this term is often used simultaneously with its similar synonymous humor, laughter, comic, funny, meaningless, cute, witty, joke, absurdity, irony, sarcasm, satire, etc.As for the categories of comic, scholars single out: analysis of style of a certain comic text, allocation and description of special features of comic text style of the specific authors; defining and studying the language and methods of realization of the category of comic on the example of a particular language; characteristics of the language parameters of specific subspecies of the category of comic.The category of comic is also subdivided into three groups.The first group is represented by understandable and easily recognizable humor based on the comic situation.The second type is presented by jokes based on the cultural base of the source language.And to the third type we refer linguistic humor.This type of humor in its structure is the most difficult to decode into a different language, because it is based on a game of words (pun), which, unfortunately, is usually considered to be not subject to translation.And, as for the translation aspect, it is necessary for translators to find a situational equivalent, an equivalent with an increased level of emotionality; to use transcoding or the combination of transcription and transliteration with the addition of word-forming morpheme; and to apply lexical and semantic and phonetically-imitating transformations.
This paper deals with some criteria of stylistic marking of the words or their meanings as colloquial or vernacular in academic explanatory dictionaries starting with Ushakov Dictionary and ending with the latest lexicographic works, such as Large Dictionary of the Russian Language ed. by S.A. Kuznetsov, Active Dictionary of the Russian Language ed. by Ju.D. Apresjan, Academic Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language ed. by L.P. Krysin, et al. The parameters of the colloquial speech and vernacular, which are formulated explicitly in the prefaces of the dictionaries, are based on the speech usage and on the language norm (in particular, the use in live and mainly oral speech, as well as compliance / non-compliance with the norms of literary use). Analyses of stylistic marks “colloquial” and “vernacular” in academic explanatory dictionaries shows that, in addition to these characteristics, lexicographers were also guided by some implicit criteria, such as: 1) figurative (metaphorical, metonymic); 2) emotional-evaluative connotation; 3) presence of the word neutral lexical equivalent. The article discusses some controversial cases of stylistic marking of the words as colloquial and vernacular in academic explanatory dictionaries based on these criteria.
Immersive 360º virtual reality (VR) movies can effectively evoke a wide range of different emotional experiences. To this end, they are increasingly deployed in entertainment, marketing and research. Because emotions influence decisions and behavior, it is important to assess the user’s affective appraisal of immersive 360º VR movies. Knowledge of this appraisal can serve to tune media content to achieve the desired emotional responses for a given purpose. To measure the affective appraisal of immersive VR movies, efficient immersive and validated instruments are required that minimally interfere with the VR experience itself. Here we investigated the convergent validity of a new efficient and intuitive graphical (emoji-based) affective self-report tool (the EmojiGrid) for the assessment of valence and arousal induced by videos representing 360º VEs (virtual environments). Thereto, 40 participants rated their emotional response (valence and arousal) to 62 videos from a validated public database of 360º VR movies using an EmojiGrid that was embedded in the VE, while we simultaneously assessed their autonomic physiological arousal through electrodermal activity. The mean affective ratings obtained with the EmojiGrid and those provided with the database (measured with an alternative and validated instrument) show excellent agreement for valence and good agreement for arousal. The mean arousal ratings obtained with the EmojiGrid also correlate strongly with autonomic physiological arousal. Thus, the EmojiGrid appears to be a valid and immersive affective self-report tool for measuring VE-induced emotions.
The present study aims to examine the prevalent notion that people entrain to the vocabulary of a dialogue system. Although previous research shows that people will replace their choice of words with simple substitutes, studies using more challenging substitutions are sparse. In this paper, we investigate whether people adapt their speech to the vocabulary of a dialogue system when the system’s suggested words are not direct synonyms. 32 participants played a geography-themed game with a remote-controlled agent and were primed by referencing strategies (rather than individual terms) introduced in follow-up questions. Our results suggest that context-appropriate substitutes support convergence and that the convergence has a lasting effect within a dialogue session if the system’s wording is more consistent with the norms of the domain than the original wording of the speaker.
The article discusses the types of homonyms in the Karakalpak language and their characteristics. Lexical homonyms, lexical-grammatical homonyms and mixed homonyms are briefly explained with the help of examples. Our language has the same sound structure and pronunciation, but also completely different types in terms of meaning and form. Such a group of words serves only a certain norm of homonymy, but in the second form it does not have a homonymous function. Finally, in our language we call such homonymous phenomena grammatical homonyms.
The article is devoted to the theoretical justification of a linguacultural competence of future specialists as a key competence in current educational environment. The author determined the essence of the key concept of “linguocultural competence” as a key competence, which involves knowledge of the historical, cultural, regional geographic features, ethnocultural background of the country, expressing the tolerance, respect and understanding of the sociocultural characteristics of representatives of other cultures; identification of social responsibility regarding their own behavior as a citizen of the Ukrainian state. It has been revealed that in the conditions of intercultural communication, future specialists should not only interpret another culture, but also be aware of themselves as part of Ukrainian culture, be true representatives of their native culture. The basis of worldview and understanding of each nation is its own system of subject values and social stereotypes. It has been studied that norms based on a moral code contribute to the formation of cultural values in the form of generally accepted, standard patterns of human behavior and actions in a particular society, that is, they are a kind of standards of expected behavior in typified situations and, subject to acceptance by the individual, is its regulator behavior. In fact, it is impossible to see the culture itself, its manifestations are noticeable only in behavior, actions, judgments, reactions or in a clothing style. It is proved that the linguacultural competence of future specialists as key in the current educational sphere involves: knowledge of historical and cultural material (historical and cultural heritage, ethnocultural background) knowledge of lexical units with national and cultural semantics; knowledge of the features of writing; ability to navigate in a multicultural world, while showing tolerance and respect for representatives of other cultures; knowledge of behavioral interlocutors of other cultures and the ability to adequately assess behavior, put oneself in the place of others; knowledge of the linguistic features of another sociocultural environment and the ability to build relationships with people of other sociocultural spheres and to exercise diplomacy in order to maintain a dialogue of cultures.
Cite the source of the dataset as: Ferraz Gerardi, Fabrício and Reichert, Stanislav (2020) TuLeD: Tupían lexical database. Version 0.8. Tübingen: Eberhard-Karls University
The present study explores the process of how Korean students develop pragmatic competence when writing request emails during metapragmatic instruction. In particular, the study focuses on how students’ usage of request strategies, lexical devices, external modifications, and request perspectives change during the metapragmatic instructional period. Descriptive analysis of the usage frequency of politeness devices was conducted to examine changes before and after the instruction. In addition, the participants’ accounts during the metapragmatic discussions and retrospective interviews were analyzed to ascertain their intentions of the requests as well as their experiences during the instructional period. The results of the study showed that the participants developed pragmatic competence as they enhanced their awareness of the difference between what they had intended and what was actually conveyed. Moreover, the metapragmatic discussions among their peers in regard to the source of the pragmatic failure as well as their developing pragmatic awareness allowed them to experience meaningful interactions. The study stresses the need for explicit metapramatic instructions along with encouragements for metapragmatic discussions to reflect on the norms of the target culture along with their own pragmatic knowledge for Korean students to enhance their pragmatic competence.
Treebanks are an essential resource for syntactic parsing. The available Paninian dependency treebank(s) for Telugu is annotated only with inter-chunk dependency relations and not all words of a sentence are part of the parse tree. In this paper, we automatically annotate the intra-chunk dependencies in the treebank using a Shift-Reduce parser based on Context Free Grammar rules for Telugu chunks. We also propose a few additional intra-chunk dependency relations for Telugu apart from the ones used in Hindi treebank. Annotating intra-chunk dependencies finally provides a complete parse tree for every sentence in the treebank. Having a fully expanded treebank is crucial for developing end to end parsers which produce complete trees. We present a fully expanded dependency treebank for Telugu consisting of 3220 sentences. In this paper, we also convert the treebank annotated with Anncorra part-of-speech tagset to the latest BIS tagset. The BIS tagset is a hierarchical tagset adopted as a unified part-of-speech standard across all Indian Languages. The final treebank is made publicly available.
The article is devoted to topical problems of translation of modern English-language film discourse (based on the TV series "The Big Bang Theory"). Stylistic features of English-language film discourse are characterized. It is noted that the language of English-language film discourse has certain features and directions for certain categories of speakers and recipients. In the course of the analysis of English-language film discourse, a direct relationship between the degree of complexity of the selected language tools and socio-cultural specific features of the target audience is proved. The irony is a move to challenge norms, rules, common sense. It easily turns into a paradox and a joke. Comparisons of two or more textual worlds, styles, paradoxical comparisons, quotations, parodies lead to endless possibilities for variations in the understanding of ironic means. Socio-cultural linguistic elements that complicate film translation include realities (non-equivalent vocabulary), proper names, idiomatic expressions and jargon, dialect and variant features, humor. Non-linguistic features of the socio-cultural character contained in the visual and sound plans of a motion picture can also affect translation. At the same time, empirical studies of the application and methods of film translation testify to the existence of specific operational rules, that is, the patterns of behavior of the translator in some sociocultural situation – the situation of translation for film screening. Thus, the conducted study shows that "film discourse" is a "broader concept than cinema text” and “film dialogue”, which includes various correlations with other fields of science, such as literature, theater, art, etc. In addition, it is in the cinema discourse that the final interpretation of sen sous, embedded in the movie. In this case, cinema text is a fragment of cinema discourse and includes two heterogeneous semiotic systems: linguistic and non-linguistic, the film dialogue appears as the linguistic component of the film. Therefore, the audiovisual images operated by cinema become an indispensable element of the new discourse of modernity, which is the source of social, cultural, psychological as well as linguistic knowledge. This is why book adaptations are so popular because they save time and effort. However, as a result of a comparative lexical stylistic analysis of the book and its TV version, it was found that the number of lexical means and stylistic figures in the literary work is much greater and striking in its diversity, especially when it comes to descriptions. In the film, the language becomes poorer because dialogic speech is a predominantly spoken-and-everyday style characterized by general vocabulary and changes in the syntactic structure of sentences. The sentences in the movie are usually simple, not complex, full of exclamations and pauses and easy to hear. Film discourse should be understood as the process of play and perception of a film, the meaning of which is the mutual influence of several semiotic systems. Cinema discourse involves participants in the discourse, time and space of their interaction. The main difficulty in translatable movie text is the possibility and degree of adaptation of the text to a foreign language culture, built on a different system of values and concepts, and this factor causes the inevitable loss in the perception of translatable cinema with other subjects and / or incompatible with other linguistic culture failures of a large number of films.
The article focuses on one of the elements of legal communication normative culture of constructing narrative at the level of logic. The genesis of the maturation of theory and philosophy of logic is taken into account. The basic typical connections of the logic of the legal text with the norms in the statements of oral written legal discourses ah with the lexical
According to the authors of the article, works of fiction that introduce shocking ideas into aesthetic reality fit into the general contemporary discourse of the extreme. Literary texts marked by the extreme are based on the principles of taboos violation which are expressed in the space of creativity as an invasion of forbidden topics, a rethinking of the concept of good and evil, a deviation from the norm of any type (from moral and ethical to linguistic). The material for the analysis is the modern Ural writers’ works of various genre-generic forms: a book of poems “The Gospel of Lucifer” by A. Vavilov (2019), a novel “Department” by A. Salnikov (2018), a play “Claustrophobia” by K. Kostenko (2003). The paper shows how the category of the extreme manifests itself at all levels of the text: from problem-thematic (total alienation from traditional norms of life, identity crisis) to specific methods of world modeling associated with the image of the impaired consciousness of a modern person (zoomorphic code, dead-end space, obligatory motives of aggression) and linguistic extremism, based on prison and militaristic vocabulary, on taboo lexical units of the body bottom. Despite genre-generic difference of the works selected for the analysis, there is a similarity of the methods of depicting modern reality and the worldview of a person within the framework of everyday life combined not only by the extremely unusual (i. e., extreme) but also beyond the limits of the allowable and permissible. This poetics includes a lot of grotesque methods of amplification and redundancy with the help of which the recognizable features of modern reality are sharpened and depicted. © 2020 Institute of History and Archeology of the Ural Branch of RAS. All rights reserved.
Among the unusually high number of variants in the three surviving texts of the Old English Life of Saint Mary of Egypt are many instances in which a scribe has changed an inherited reading by substituting one word for another. Many of the substitutions are the result of error or unconscious scribal preference but this article demonstrates that all three texts of the Old English Life, which is of likely Anglian origin, also reveal a pattern of deliberate rewording. This rewording arises from a desire to regularise and “improve” the language of the Life, bringing it more into line with the norms of Late West Saxon, the literary language generally in use in the period when our scribes were at work. No such pattern of substitution is evident in other hagiographical texts in the same manuscripts. The Life of Saint Mary of Egypt was clearly viewed by compilers of late Anglo-Saxon hagiographical manuscripts as a work worthy of inclusion but, unlike other lives, as one in need of some linguistic revision to make it fit in with accepted literary standards.
The study was a comparison of general students of promise affect and mathematical students of promise affect after doing a mathematical modeling activity. Participants’ gender (n=160), in grades 7-8, were nearly equal in number (81 girls & 79 boys). After completing a Model-eliciting Activity (MEA) in groups of three, participants completed the 31-item Chamberlin Affective Instrument for Mathematical Problem Solving, hereafter referred to as CAIMPS (Chamberlin, Moore, & Parks, 2017). Using four subconstructs, it was determined that the only statistically significant difference in student affect among the groups was self-esteem and self-efficacy (SS) with the general students of promise group having a mean of 3.43 and the mathematical students of promise group having a mean of 3.76. Implications are that the difference in SS may have surfaced because of the mathematical demands of the problems that ultimately influenced participants’ ratings. Three subconstructs (Attitude Value Interest [AVI], Anxiety [ANX], and Aspiration [ASP]) may not have realized a statistically significant difference because they were not as contingent upon mathematical content knowledge as was SS. The final implication is that similar affective ratings may be an indication that MEAs are similarly suitable for use with groups containing individuals with varying talents.
Przedmiotem badań jest jednojęzyczna leksykografia elektroniczna. Celem artykułujest ukazanie wpływu technik komputerowych na organizację, rozmiar, przeznaczeniei zawartość słowników. W swych badaniach autorka koncentruje się na elektronicznychbazach danych. Definiuje, czym są, oraz objaśnia, jak ich budowa i sposób organizacjizgromadzonych w nich danych wpływają na postać słowników elektronicznych. W artykulezostały poddane analizie trzy współczesne słowniki języka polskiego: Uniwersalny słownikjęzyka polskiego PWN, Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN oraz Słownik gramatycznyjęzyka polskiego. Autorka dowodzi, że sposób organizacji i prezentacji wiedzy w omówionychdziełach umożliwia użytkownikom korzystanie z nich w sposób zaawansowany,co oznacza sprawne dotarcie do szczegółowych informacji o jednostkach leksykalnych,grupowanie ich, jak również doraźne kompilowanie „podsłowników”, spełniających określoneoczekiwania odbiorców.
The article presents a study of the consequences of digitalization of modern Russian education and public life in terms of its impact on the Russian language and its native speakers. In the course of it two opposite estimates were revealed. One point of view considers this influence destructive, making the language primitive, not independent and filled with borrowings. The other one considers the Internet and digitalization as a whole as a means of developing, enriching and updating the Russian language, making it live and modern. Purism and anti-purism are also evident in the differences between conflict and non-conflict-related practices of digital hygiene in the field of communication, including those in educational environments. The Internet language and Internet discourse are either excluded from educational environments or are becoming one of the trends of their development in the conditions of digitalization. The fundamental principle of the research is the principle of anthropocentrism (as opposed to media centrism), which is expressed in the idea of language as a practice that implements the connection between a person and the world, where the media act only as intermediaries, tools. The leading method is trendwatching, i.e. detecting trends in the transformation of the Russian language through content analysis of the blogosphere -a special communication space on the Internet. In addition, the paper used a structural approach and transformational analysis to the study of language, which allowed us to identify the features of the blogosphere, where the Internet discourse unfolds. Among the features of the blogosphere the following ones were noted: cognitivity, interactivity, variability, polyphony, creativity, simulation and hyperreality. The descriptive method was used to determine the mechanisms of changing the Russian language under the influence of the Internet, including: lexical, represented by neologisms and erratives; semantic, including abbreviations and acronyms; and cognitive, which include metaphors, metonymies and lituratives. The selected mechanisms, on the one hand, expand the boundaries of cognitive existence, and on the other, lead to the loss of the possibility of full-fledged transmission and understanding of meanings. Finally, the pragmalinguistic method allowed us to justify the need to develop constructive practices of digital hygiene in the field of network and non-network communication, to determine their repertoire, characteristics and educational potential. The author concludes that digital hygiene practices based on the idea of the conventionality of network and non-network communication norms are insufficiently studied and widespread in educational environments, and that one-dimensional ideas about the vandal influence of Internet discourse on the Russian language are rejected.
Purpose We examined four measures of lexical diversity in the narratives of children with typical language development (TLD) and developmental language disorder (DLD) that comprised the normative sample of the Edmonton Narrative Norms Instrument (Schneider et al., 2005). The purpose was to document the properties of each measure with respect to variations in utterance and sample length, developmental trends, and group differences. Method The sample consisted of 377 picture-elicited, story generation transcripts from children with TLD ( n = 300) and DLD ( n = 77) aged 4–9 years. We extracted the moving-average type–token ratio (MATTR) and the number of different words from the full sample, from samples equated for the number of utterances, and from samples equated for the total number of words. Results MATTR was the only measure to show no relationships to utterance or sample length. All measures showed significant positive growth with age and significant groupwise differences between children with TLD and DLD. However, the magnitude of age effects and differentiation between groups varied considerably across measures. Across measures, there were significant differences in the number of children with DLD who were identified with low lexical diversity relative to their same-age peers in the TLD group. Conclusion The results of this study support the view that different measures of lexical diversity may be appropriate for different clinical purposes. It is important for clinicians to understand how measures of lexical diversity function in order to make educated choices among measures and ensure appropriate interpretation.