Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
This study examines how gendered power dynamics are constructed through language in early twentieth-century English-language cinema. Focusing on films produced between 1920 and 1949—a period defined by entrenched patriarchal ideals—the research analyzes the representation of male and female characters in cinematic dialogue. Utilizing a corpus of 10 to 15 culturally significant film scripts (approximately 200,000 words), the analysis employs AntConc 4.2.0 for frequency counts, keyword extractions, collocation analyses, and concordance examinations to systematically identify gendered linguistic patterns. The findings indicate that both male and female characters are frequently described with positive evaluative adjectives such as “good,” “great,” and “nice.” However, their negative portrayals diverge markedly. Female characters are disproportionately targeted with sexually explicit or objectifying slurs (e.g., “fat slut,” “bitch”), whereas criticism of male characters typically emphasizes behavior, status, or competence using terms such as “killer,” “genius,” and “trucker.” Additionally, occupational nouns associated with men (e.g., “businessman,” “doctor”) highlight agency and professional identity, while comparable terms for female characters are often gender-marked or diminutive (e.g., “PR girl,” “lady”). These recurring lexical and grammatical features serve to reinforce and perpetuate contemporary gender ideologies, casting men as active, dominant agents and women as subjects of evaluative judgment rooted in appearance or emotion. The study’s corpus-driven approach reveals how cinematic language functioned not only as a reflection but also as a mechanism for the normalization and transmission of prevailing gender hierarchies. In offering empirical evidence of linguistic gender bias in early film dialogue, this research advances understanding in media discourse analysis, feminist linguistics, and historical corpus studies. It underscores the crucial role of language in the (re)production of social norms and power structures in popular media. / Keywords: gendered power dynamics, early twentieth-century cinema, film dialogue, corpus linguistics, patriarchal ideology, linguistic representation, evaluative adjectives, media discourse analysis, feminist linguistics
Given Nigeria’s societal norms and prevailing religiosity, topics of sex and genitalia are often regarded as taboo. Consequently, university students adapt their language to avoid being perceived as vulgar. This study investigates semantic shifts in sex and sex-related slang expressions among university students at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, focusing on how such slang terms evolve to mask vulgarity. Qualitative data were obtained from forty undergraduates who were sampled using purposive and snowball techniques. Semi-structured interviews and a wordlist of sex discourse terms were used as methods of data collection. Drawing on Lakoff and Johnson’s Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), this study reveals how metaphorical mappings are used in the transformation and concealment of sex and sex-related topics. The findings show that the students map the refined slang from domains in their environments to align with peers who share similar attitudes, and differentiate themselves from those who uphold religious and pious values. This study contributes to language shift by revealing how the refinement of sex-related terms facilitates lexical innovation, thereby promoting creativity in linguistic spaces that have religious and cultural barriers to the use of sex and sex-related expressions.
Stella Markantonatou, Vivian Stamou, Stavros Bompolas, Katerina Anastasopoulou, Irianna Linardaki Vasileiadi, Konstantinos Diamantopoulos, Yannis Kazos, Antonios Anastasopoulos. Proceedings of the 21st Workshop on Multiword Expressions (MWE 2025). 2025.
Generative artificial intelligence is increasingly reshaping beginning French instruction by expanding access to conversational practice, corrective feedback, vocabulary development, translation, and individualized support. Yet the linguistic forms produced by large language models also raise a fundamental sociolinguistic question: which varieties of French are rendered visible, legitimate, and teachable through machine-generated language? This review examines the relationship between generative AI, standard-language ideology, and Francophone plurality in introductory French education. Drawing on scholarship from applied linguistics, sociolinguistics, artificial intelligence in education, critical digital literacy, and Francophone studies, it analyzes training-data representation, algorithmic preferences for standardized forms, regional and African varieties, diasporic French, learner exposure, corrective feedback, representational bias, and emerging approaches to pluralistic AI literacy. The review finds that generative systems frequently operate within data, benchmarking, and alignment environments that privilege standardized, high-resource and often metropolitan forms of French. Consequently, African, Canadian, Caribbean, diasporic, colloquial, and contact-influenced varieties may receive less consistent representation, while novice learners may interpret fluent machine output as neutral linguistic authority. At the same time, generative AI offers important pedagogical benefits through repeated practice, rapid feedback, accessible interaction, and personalized language support. The review concludes that AI should function as a critically mediated pedagogical resource rather than an autonomous arbiter of correctness. It recommends deliberate exposure to diverse Francophone voices, explicit distinction between grammatical error and legitimate variation, systematic verification of AI outputs, teacher professional development, and the integration of critical AI literacy from the earliest stages of instruction. Future research should prioritize longitudinal, comparative, corpus-based, and geographically diverse studies that evaluate both learning effectiveness and representational equity.
Understanding how performance expression affects perceived emotion requires separating the effects of notated music from its interpretation by performers. Previous studies suggest that compositional cues (e.g., the pitches of a melody) primarily convey valence (negative–positive emotional quality), whereas performance cues (e.g., performance timing, intensity) convey arousal (low–high emotional intensity). However, these conclusions largely follow from simple single-line stimuli that lack the complexity of real-world music. To explore compositional and performance contributions to emotion in more complex works, we conducted experiments comparing participants’ ( N = 120) valence and arousal ratings of 48 recorded excerpts from a Grammy-winning pianist against parallel deadpan versions lacking emotionally expressive aspects. By comparing differences in ratings of stimuli presented in expressive and deadpan conditions, we corroborate past findings highlighting performance contributions to perceived emotion, while also providing novel insight into the relative importance of analyzed cues. Our findings reveal that removing expressive aspects (i.e., the deadpan condition) significantly affects arousal ratings of 21 excerpts, but valence ratings of only 4. Additionally, we highlight how cues differ in importance between expressive and deadpan conditions through a novel analytical approach employing elastic nets. Our analyses shed new light on how performance expression affects emotions communicated across complex musical works with different levels of compositional cues.
This study investigates the process of vernacularization in the Gorontalo language translation of the Qur’an published by the Gorontalo Regional Government. Situated within the broader academic debate on postcolonial and decolonial Islamic hermeneutics, the research addresses how local languages and cultural frameworks participate in shaping religious meaning and resisting Arab-centric epistemic authority. Employing a qualitative methodology with a library research approach, the study utilizes descriptive analysis to examine textual elements in the translation. The findings reveal three major categories of local cultural integration: (1) lexical absorption—Arabic-derived terms adapted into Gorontalo, such as na'ale, aba/baaba, helidu, and sap; (2) linguistic politeness—refined expressions like waatia, yo'i, ti, and te that reflect local norms of respect; and (3) cultural expressions—idioms and metaphors such as Tabia, Ta ilahula, and Dulahu momooli, which encode Gorontalo cosmology and spiritual values. Theoretically, this research contributes to the discourse on vernacular Qur’anic interpretation by demonstrating that translation is a culturally embedded and ideologically charged act. It affirms the significance of local hermeneutics in constructing religious knowledge and challenges epistemic centralization by legitimizing vernacular voices within Islamic interpretive traditions.
The article discusses the reasons for the development of language and the trends in language changes that are characteristic of the modern world. Within the context of global social development, the discursive topic of feminizing professional activity is reflected, which is one of the main interests of this publication. The aim of the research is to determine the key driving forces influencing the process of language change, as well as to study feminized nouns as part of the lexicon that is only partially accepted by society today, while changes occurring in the world bring about a demand for incorporating more female professional terms into the language. The article formulates the main linguistic and communication trends characteristic of our time: the desire for brevity and information content, changing priorities in communication, altered expression of emotions, etc. Negative and positive aspects of the functioning of feminatives are considered, taking into account the identified realities. The relevance of the topic discussed in the article is beyond doubt, as the issue of feminized nouns remains one of the most discussed in linguistics. The results of the study lead to conclusions about the position of feminized nouns in modern linguistic reality, in particular, that the emergence of female professional terms is a natural consequence of the changes occurring in studied languages. Feminized nouns become a sought-after part of the language, fulfill important functions, respond to societal demands, and reflect the modern reality. Some of them have a long history, while others are in the stage of formation. For example, they exist in colloquial language in the form of stems with various feminizing suffixes. Discussions on the legitimacy of a particular colloquial form of feminative cannot be suppressed by imposing norms from competent organizations, as the formation, trajectory, and demand for these lexical units can vary significantly in different linguistic systems. The theoretical and practical significance of this work is determined by the growing interest in gender studies in language in recent times, where it can be beneficial to anyone interested in this article.
Tokenizer, POS Tagger, Lemmatizer and Parser models for 169 treebanks of 93 languages of Universal Depenencies 2.17 Treebanks, created solely using UD 2.17 data (http://hdl.handle.net/11234/1-6036). The model documentation including performance can be found at https://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/udpipe/2/models#universal_dependencies_217_models. To use these models, you need UDPipe version 2.0, which you can download from https://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/udpipe/2.
This article examines the dynamics of transferring conflict-generating language units—commonly referred to as conflictogemes – across English, Russian, and Kazakh media discourses. In light of the growing influence of global media and the intensification of ideological polarization, the study investigates how these expressions move between linguistic and cultural contexts and how their meanings and pragmatic functions shift in the process. Particular attention is given to lexical items and rhetorical patterns that serve to reinforce oppositional perspectives and contribute to the construction of polarizing narratives in public discourse. The research is grounded in a multidisciplinary methodology that combines critical discourse analysis, componential and pragmalinguistic approaches, quantitative content analysis, and intercultural comparison. The empirical material comprises 90 media articles published in 2023–2024 across leading outlets: BBC and CNN (English), Kommersant and Izvestia (Russian), and Aikyn and Egemen Kazakhstan (Kazakh). Findings reveal clear differences in how conflictogemes are deployed across these media environments. Russian-language discourse tends to rely on overtly aggressive and ideologically marked expressions; English-language materials favor institutional and legalistic framing; and Kazakh-language media adopt more implicit, culturally mediated strategies that reflect local norms of rhetorical restraint. The study introduces the term қақтығысоген (kaktygysogem) as a context-specific Kazakh analogue to the broader concept of conflictogeme, justified by its semantic precision and cultural relevance. The article contributes to current scholarship by offering an in-depth comparative analysis of conflict expression across three media cultures. In addition, it provides a practical framework for examining the cultural adaptation of conflict rhetoric, with implications for media analysis, critical reading practices, and the development of ethical communication strategies in multilingual and multicultural settings.
Pragmatic competence involves understanding and applying sociocultural norms in communication, which is essential for effective language use. Despite grammatical and lexical proficiency, Libyan EFL learners often face challenges in real-life communication due to limited exposure to pragmatic language use, as English functions as a foreign language in Libya. Textbooks serve as key sources of pragmatic input, yet prior research has largely focused on secondary-level materials, overlooking preparatory textbooks. This study investigates the representation of speech acts and language functions in Libyan public preparatory English textbooks for Grades 7, 8, and 9, comprising three coursebooks and three workbooks. All dialogues from these textbooks were transcribed and compiled to reflect a range of communicative contexts and linguistic structures. Drawing on Searle’s (1976) speech act theory and Halliday’s (1978) language function theory, a mixed-methods approach was used. Quantitative data were obtained through systematic content analysis and analysed using SPSS, followed by qualitative interpretation. Findings showed a disproportionate emphasis on representative and directive speech acts, with minimal use of expressive and commissive acts and a complete absence of declarative acts. Similarly, language functions were largely limited to representational and personal uses, while instrumental, imaginative, and regulatory functions were scarcely represented. These imbalances may hinder the development of learners’ pragmatic competence. The study highlights the need for curricular reform and professional development to support the integration of a broader range of pragmatic elements. It emphasizes aligning textbook content with real-world communicative demands to better equip Libyan students for effective language use.
Czech models for MorphoDiTa, providing morphological analysis, morphological generation and part-of-speech tagging. MorphoDiTa 1.9 or later is required. The morphological dictionary is created from MorfFlex CZ 2.1, DeriNet 2.3 and the PoS tagger is trained on Prague Dependency Treebank - Consolidated 2.0.
Assimilation of new English varieties in English Language Teaching (ELT) is an important topic in contemporary applied linguistics and ELT. Whether or whether English as a Second Language (ESL) instruction in the Philippines should include Philippine English has long been a topic of discussion. Therefore, this study sought to ascertain the degree to which English language teachers found Philippine English (PhE) grammatical and lexical items acceptable. This study employed a quantitative research design using an adopted questionnaire. The findings revealed that the English teachers accepted PhE grammatical and lexical items. Teachers continued to find certain PhE lexical and grammatical issues unacceptable, though. To assist future English teachers in comprehending why Filipino ESL students produce grammatical and lexical elements that deviate from the norm in American English, World Englishes and PhE courses should be revisited within the BSEd English major curriculum.
The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of metaphorical modeling of the concept “Sünde” (Sin) in modern German media discourse. Within the framework of the cognitive-discursive paradigm, the author examines the transformation of religious semantics and its adaptation to the needs of secular communication. The methodological foundation of the work is a synthesis of Charles Bally’s theory of modality and the conceptual metaphor theory by G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, which allows investigating sin not as a static lexical unit, but as a dynamic evaluative operator. Based on German lexicographical sources and texts from high-quality press (Der Spiegel, Die Zeit, Die Welt), the study establishes the nuclear-peripheral hierarchy of the concept, where the sacred core is contrasted with the secularized periphery. Special attention is paid to identifying and analyzing dominant metaphorical models. In particular, the model of “professional responsibility” is described using the lexeme “Bausünde”, where architectural mistakes are conceptualized as a moral crime against public space. The strategy of “psychological trivialization” through the concepts of “Jugendsünde” and “Gedankensünde” is analyzed, indicating a decrease in the register of seriousness of the concept and its ironic reimagining. A separate section is devoted to metaphorical intensifiers “Erbsünde”, “Todsünde”, and “Hauptsünde”, which in economic and political contexts mark systemic crises and fatal mistakes. It is proved that the evolution of the concept occurs through a change in the modal frame: from external divine control to internal rational and social regulators. The article confirms that in modern German media discourse, the concept “Sünde” has turned into a universal tool for marking any deviations from the norm while maintaining its high axiological potential.
This article examines the variety of meanings of cooking verbs from a pragmalinguistic perspective. The focus is on the interaction between the literal semantics and context-dependent nuances of meaning that manifest themselves in everyday communication, specialist discourse, or metaphorical transfer. The study shows that these verbs not only describe actions but also convey cultural practices, social norms, and implicit knowledge. Methodologically, the analysis combines qualitative examples with theoretical models of pragmalinguistics to capture contextual influences of interpretation. The results show that cooking verbs function as an interface between linguistic precision and situational adaptability: Their meaning only emerges in use, depending on factors such as the speaker’s intention, situational setting, and cultural background. This has consequences for intercultural communication, language didactics, and translation, as lexical equivalents alone often do not reflect connotative differences. The article argues for a broader semantic view that includes pragmatic dimensions and suggests comparative studies of other languages or domains. Overall, it emphasizes how everyday verbs offer deeper insights into the dynamics of language as a social phenomenon through their contextual embedding.
This research presents a comparative study of how gender (as a socio-cultural construct) is expressed in English and Uzbek. It examines lexical, phraseological, pragmatic and discourse-level manifestations of gender, focusing on communicative settings (formal/informal interaction, media discourse, everyday speech). The study argues that while English tends to index gender more overtly through grammatical and lexical resources, Uzbek- despite lacking grammatical gender—actively encodes gender through address forms, evaluative vocabulary, cultural scripts, proverbs, and norms of polite interaction.
Introduction. The programme of certification examination in the second foreign language (German) is designed for higher education students who graduate from Kyiv National Linguistic University in the educational programme “Foreign Languages and Literatures, Methods of Teaching Foreign Languages and Foreign Literature (English and a second Western European language)” in the speciality 014 Secondary Education, specialization 014.021 English Language and Literature in the full-time form of education. Purpose. The article deals with the components of the programme of the certification exam in the second foreign language (German). Methods. The article employs analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, systematization and generalization of results. Results. The attention is focused on the requirements for higher education students who are certified for the bachelor’s degree. The structure and content of the certification exam in the second foreign language (German) and the assessment criteria are described. An indicative list of questions and recommended literature for preparing for the exam is offered. Conclusion. To sum up, the programme of certification exam in the second foreign language (German) is the final form of comprehensive testing and assessment of the level of students’ foreign language communicative competence. Applicants for higher education must demonstrate at the certification exam fluency in German in its oral and written forms, a good command of the orthographic, lexical and grammatical norms of German as a second foreign language, as well as the ability to correctly implement these norms in various types of speech activities and in different communicative situations.
The article emphasizes that speech is an important means of communication, development of thinking, self-expression of a child and his/her successful socialization.At the same time, as practice shows, preschool children have speech disorders.Thus, in middle preschool age, various speech disorders are observed that require correction.Pedagogical correction of speech is a complex process that includes special methods and techniques for the development of correct speech in children.The article defines pedagogical correction as a purposeful influence of the teacher on the correction of children's speech errors caused by violation of phonetic-orthoepic, lexical and grammatical norms of the native language through specially organized pedagogical activities.It is emphasized that the leading activity of preschool children is play, which is integrated with various activities, including communicative ones.Communicative and game activity is a two-component formation that involves solving educational speech tasks, forming communicative qualities (correctness, logic, appropriateness, expressiveness, imagery, accuracy) by means of various types of games.The article highlights the causes of children's speech disorders at the preschool stage (biological, psychological, social), principles (motivational support, complex selection of methods and techniques, visualization, situational and communicative orientation, speech activity, interconnection of the artistic word and speech), individualization and differentiation, emotional saturation of correctional and game tasks) and the content of the implementation of support for the pedagogical correction of speech of middle-aged children in communicative and game activities (interactive learning platforms, various games, exercises, situations; recommendations for parents).
The article examines the Jadid legacy at the center of drama and analyzes the impact of the reform movement (religious, cultural, educational, and political directions) on literary language. The connection of Jadid dramaturgy with the traditions of stage and folk theater, its role in raising social issues, and the enrichment of theater lexicon with units carrying the semantics of modernization are shown. To systematize the lexical layer in the work, a corpus-based dictionary program consisting of explanatory, etymological, thematic, ethnographic, paremiological, and author's dictionaries is proposed. As a result, Jadid plays are evaluated as a “living document” of the language of the period and are based on the reconstruction of the history of the language and the enrichment of modern norms as a reference source.
Cognitive reappraisal is an emotion regulation strategy that involves changing one’s interpretation of a situation to change its emotional impact. Cognitive reappraisal studies typically assess changes in valence ratings following reappraisal as the primary dependent variable, but scholars have recently documented that valence ratings can take two forms: affective valence (i.e., the positivity/negativity of one’s hedonic internal feelings) and semantic valence (i.e., the positivity/negativity of one’s cognitive evaluation of the stimulus). Because typical rating instructions do not distinguish between these forms of valence, it remains unknown how strongly cognitive reappraisal shifts either one. We address this gap through two preregistered studies. In Study 1, N=155 participants completed a classic cognitive reappraisal task in which they either responded naturally to or cognitively reappraised negative images. Critically, we manipulated whether participants rated either affective valence, semantic valence, or “default” valence (conventional instructions). Reappraisal significantly improved valence ratings in all conditions, but reappraisal most strongly influenced semantic valence and least strongly affective valence. Interestingly, default valence behaved most similarly to semantic valence, suggesting that existing reappraisal studies largely document changes in semantic evaluations, more than affective experiences. Study 2 (N=105) replicated these effects within-subjects. These results extend research on affective and semantic valence by demonstrating that they vary in their responsiveness to regulation. Additionally, they suggest that existing research likely overestimates the impact of reappraisal on felt emotional experiences, prompting new perspectives on past findings and more focused methods for assessing the hedonic impact of emotion regulation.
Social networks are a valuable object of investigation in historical sociolinguistics, as they can contribute both to the onset of change and to the maintenance of linguistic norms. However, their characteristics make them complex to analyse, as their intrinsic variability may hinder the identification of phenomena that span different networks across time and space. This chapter is focused on Late Modern English materials, to present new resources through which network contiguities can be studied; this is the case, for instance, with the exchanges of emigrants, political activists, scholars and business correspondents. After addressing a few methodological issues, the chapter presents an overview of the materials at hand and outlines how networks and coalitions have had an impact, not only on the usage of participants (as shown in recent studies) but also on how language has been perceived, described and codified.
The relevance of this article is determined by the need to examine how the category of “object” is represented in English biotechnology terminology. The aim of the study was to identify the subcategories of the concept of “object” that find their lexical expression, as well as to investigate the linguistic mechanisms – particularly morphological and syntactic structures – used to denote them. To achieve this aim, a set of selective, analytical, morphological, structuralsemantic, classificatory, systemic, and statistical methods was employed. It was found that within the English biotechnology terminological system, the category of “object” comprises four main subcategories: biological (36.5%), chemical (23.8%), technological (21.0%) objects, as well as materials and products (18.7%). Both simple and compound structures are employed to represent the category of “object” linguistically in English biotechnology terminology. Biological objects are predominantly expressed by simple nouns, whereas technological objects, materials, and products are more frequently represented by compound phrases. Chemical objects exhibit an almost equal distribution between simple and compound forms. Overall, the majority of terms are nouns, which is consistent with the norms of scientific and technical terminology. The obtained results confirmed the findings of modern studies regarding the dominance of nominal structures and the tendency to use compound names in biotechnology terminology, which is driven by the need for precision and systematicity in professional nomination. The practical significance of the study lies in the potential application of its results in teaching English for Specific Purposes to students majoring in Biotechnology and Bioengineering
Tokenizer, POS Tagger, Lemmatizer, and Parser model based on the PDT-C 2.0 treebank (http://hdl.handle.net/11234/1-5813). The model documentation including performance can be found at https://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/udpipe/2/models#czech_pdtc2.0_model. To use these models, you need UDPipe version 2.1, which you can download from https://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/udpipe/2.
In this article, we aim to revisit, based on the principle of contextualization (Koerner, 2014 [1995]) and the concept of moderate historicism (Batista, 2020), the climate of opinion in which the establishment of the standard norm in Brazil took place. We will highlight historical and social facts that favored a certain line of understanding regarding the normative paths (and missteps) of the country, from its very genesis. By doing so, we intend to emphasize the importance of considering the intellectual context of an era to better understand the paths through which a topic, such as linguistic norms, was introduced in the country. This requires a sensitive look at the social thought of the Brazilian elite in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, who were responsible for adopting a standard norm based on models of the European Portuguese variety. We have found that: (i) The history of debates on language in Brazil is marked by a strong continuity with foreign scientific theories, which, from today's perspective, led to racist practices in society; (ii) To overcome the Brazilian normative imbroglio, it is necessary to rigorously critique the rules of the current standard norm "cleaning up” what is incompatible with our current educated reality.
The purpose of this study is to examine the ecolexicons of marine ornamental fish among fishermen in the Banyak Islands, Indonesia, focusing on naming conventions and their cultural significance. Using qualitative methods and ecolinguistic theory supported by semantic analysis, the research identifies 58 ecolexicons, categorized into groups such as anemonefish, surgeonfish, and butterflyfish. Data were collected through purposive and snowball sampling, with local fishermen as key informants. Findings reveal five naming criteria: resemblance (62%), distinctive features (31%), inventor/maker (9%), place of origin (9%), abbreviation (2%), and newly coined terms (7%). Notably, novel criteria emerged, including fish life stage, size, pidginization, and hybrid naming systems, prompting a reevaluation of Chaer's Inquisitive Semantics theory. The predominance of resemblance and distinctive traits in naming reflects the community's observational precision and ecological familiarity. The lexical choices are deeply rooted in cultural philosophy, expressed through ideological (conservatism), sociological (community norms), and biological dimensions. These interconnected influences shape how fishermen name and perceive marine life, reinforcing their bond with the local ecosystem. This study contributes to ecolinguistics by documenting unique naming practices and their sociocultural underpinnings, offering insights into how language encodes environmental knowledge. The findings underscore the importance of preserving indigenous lexicons as part of ecological and cultural heritage.
Aim: To conduct a physiological psychology study in settings that resemble everyday situations, we developed audiovisual stimuli designed to elicit positive or negative emotions. Method: Fifty-two university students (26 males, mean age 20.5 years) participated in the study. Participants rated the valence and arousal of positive, negative, and neutral words spoken by avatars of the opposite sex on a 7 -point scale. Results: The positive and negative stimuli elicited higher arousal levels compared to the neutral stimuli, with no significant difference in arousal between them. The positive stimuli induced pleasant emotion, while the negative stimuli induced unpleasant emotion. The valence ratings did not overlap among the stimuli. Conclusion: These stimuli are capable of manipulating the emotional valence of the positive and negative audiovisual stimuli while maintaining a constant level of arousal. Utilizing audiovisual stimuli that combine an avatar’s facial expressions with corresponding words would enable psychological experiments with high ecological validity.
Understanding emotional nuances in everyday language is crucial for computational linguistics and emotion research. While traditional lexicon-based tools like LIWC and Pattern have served as foundational instruments, Large Language Models (LLMs) promise enhanced context understanding. We evaluated three Dutch-specific LLMs (ChocoLlama-8B-Instruct, Reynaerde-7B-chat, and GEITje-7B-ultra) against LIWC and Pattern for valence prediction in Flemish, a low-resource language variant. Our dataset comprised approximately 25000 spontaneous textual responses from 102 Dutch-speaking participants, each providing narratives about their current experiences with self-assessed valence ratings (-50 to +50). Surprisingly, despite architectural advancements, the Dutch-tuned LLMs underperformed compared to traditional methods, with Pattern showing superior performance. These findings challenge assumptions about LLM superiority in sentiment analysis tasks and highlight the complexity of capturing emotional valence in spontaneous, real-world narratives. Our results underscore the need for developing culturally and linguistically tailored evaluation frameworks for low-resource language variants, while questioning whether current LLM fine-tuning approaches adequately address the nuanced emotional expressions found in everyday language use.
<span lang="EN-US">The illicit act of appropriating programming code has long been an appealing notion due to the immediate time and effort savings it affords perpetrators. However, it is universally acknowledged that concerted efforts are imperative to identify and rectify such transgressions. This is particularly crucial as academic institutions, including universities, may inadvertently confer degrees for work tainted by this form of plagiarism. Consequently, the primary objective of this research is to scrutinize the feasibility of identifying plagiarism within pairs of Verilog algorithms and texts. this study aims to detect plagiarism in textual content and Verilog code by leveraging diverse linguistic characteristics from the WordNet lexical database. The primary objective is to achieve optimal accuracy in identifying instances of plagiarism, incorporating features such as modifications to text structure, synonym substitution, and simultaneous application of these strategies. The system's architecture is intricately designed to unveil instances of plagiarism in both textual content and Verilog code by extracting nuanced characteristics. The systematic process includes preprocessing, detailed analysis, and post-processing, supported by a feature-rich database. Each entry in the database represents a distinctive similarity case, contributing to a thorough and comprehensive approach to plagiarism detection.</span>
The reception of culture-specific items has recently emerged as a key focus in empirical translation studies. Food is one of the most iconic culture-specific items, as it is regarded as a cultural product across its production, preparation, and consumption. Due to its culturally embedded nature, the quality of food translation depends significantly on how readers decode and respond to the culturally specific elements of foodstuffs and foodways. However, the reception of food translation by readers remains underexplored. This study examines the reception of food translation among Australian English speakers. Twenty-two participants were asked to read translated food-related content and articulate their understanding in semi-structured interviews. The study finds that domestication can lead to cultural misconceptions, while foreignisation may result in problematic lexical choices and stylistic inconsistencies. Nevertheless, readers tend to prefer foreignised translations of exotic food content, expecting only minimal explanation to avoid confusion. While generally tolerant of linguistic errors, readers are particularly sensitive to the precision of lexical choices in translation. This article offers empirical data on readers’ cultural perceptions of culinary norms and their expectations to inform translators’ decision-making in food translation.
This study examines Ibn Al-Shjari’s syntactic critiques of Al-Mutanabbi’s Diwan in Al-Amali, a 12th-century commentary often overshadowed by lexical and thematic analyses in medieval Arabic scholarship. By analyzing 83 syntactic objections across Ibn Al-Shjari’s work, this article argues that his rejection of darurat al-shiʿr (“poetic necessity”) as a justification for grammatical irregularities reframes Al-Mutanabbi’s ambiguities as deliberate rhetorical innovations. Employing a hybrid methodology of textual analysis and corpus linguistics, the study contrasts Ibn Al-Shjari’s framework with those of Ibn Jinni and Al-Ukbari, revealing his unique integration of classical Arabic grammar (nahw) and rhetoric (balagha). Key findings demonstrate how Ibn Al-Shjari prioritized contextual pragmatics over rigid grammatical norms, particularly in resolving pronominal references (e.g., “He pretends the favor, beginning with it”) and defending Al-Mutanabbi’s defiance of syntactic conventions (e.g., omitting the definite article al- in الفتى). The research underscores Ibn Al-Shjari’s role in bridging grammatical and rhetorical discourse, offering fresh insights into the interplay of syntax and creativity in Abbasid poetry. This study not only reclaims his overlooked contributions but also provides a model for re-evaluating pre-modern Arabic exegetical traditions through interdisciplinary lenses.
The present study focuses on Russian-English language interference in the context of strengthening English as the global language of online communication. The relevance of the research stems from the demand in scientific research on the dynamics of language contact between Russian and English in online-communication, as well as on linguistic tendencies in the system of modern Russian language. The research aims to identify and analyze lexical and grammatical aspects in Russian-English language interference in online-communication. The research methods were chosen in accordance with the aim, tasks and nature of the study: continuous sampling, complex analysis of extralinguistic factors of language interference, comparative analysis. The study shows that text-messages and posts in online-communication tend to resemble spoken language, which indicates that Internet users are seeking to close the gap between online and offline communication. It demonstrates that internet users implement foreign language units to dissociate from emotionally loaded utterances as well as to express a specific grammatical or lexical semantic unit not found in their native language. To facilitate sentences one also uses syntax models which are foreign for the native language. The consequences of language interference are rather specific. The studied material shows that interference units are used repeatedly to a large extent. This implies that such language units, on the one hand, tend to be part of the speaker’s individual vocabulary and, on the other hand, they may become linguistic norm. The research argues that Russian has a tendency to move towards more analytic language paradigms, predominantly through involuntary reduction of the case system in the spoken language.
This study deals with the role played by social media in reducing the spread of common linguistic errors and improving linguistic competence among students, as well as those interested in the Arabic language and keen to learn it. The researcher adopted the analytical inductive approach, and the study yielded several results, including: There are many terms that indicate a departure from the linguistic norm among Arabs, including: incorrect pronunciation, mistake, and error, and there is no dispute over the term; old and contemporary sources used all of these terms, and social media also plays an important role in serving the Arabic language and reducing - to some extent – these linguistic errors. This is done in a direct way represented by linguistic corrections, and an indirect way manifested in linguistic refinement by enhancing the linguistic skills through the content related to Arabic syntax, morphology linguistic differences.
The article offers a comprehensive analysis of the burlesque metalinguistic communicative personality (BMCP) in contemporary networked discourse, contrasted with the elite metalinguistic communicative personality (EMCP). The object of the study is modern network discourse as an environment for constructing and performing communicative personalities. The subject of the study is the burlesque metalinguistic communicative personality in network discourse, its structural and functional parameters, and the communicative effects arising from them (audience engagement, reframing, delegitimisation/repositioning, etc.) in comparison with EMCP. The purpose of the research is to theoretically conceptualise and empirically model the BMCP phenomenon and to develop criteria for distinguishing it from EMCP. In line with this purpose, the following objectives are formulated: to refine the terminology and definition of BMCP; to identify the theoretical and methodological framework of the study; to describe the structural, linguistic, sociocultural and psychomental characteristics of BMCP; to compare them with the parameters of EMCP; to outline ethical risks (manipulation, hate speech, privacy) and provide recommendations for further research. The empirical data include approximately 40,000 texts from 1,000 accounts across multiple platforms (X/Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Telegram). The study employs a combination of discourse-analytic, pragmalinguistic, context-interpretative, network, and quantitative methods. The findings demonstrate that BMCP represents a new and unstable type of linguistic behaviour that disrupts established cultural codes, employs burlesque, irony, and linguistic chaos, and foregrounds material and globalisation-related factors. This contrasts with EMCP, which fulfils norm-setting and educational functions. The prospects for further research involve expanding the classification of network communicative personalities, modelling their discursive strategies, and analysing the influence of burlesque practices on the formation of new linguistic norms and ethical standards in the digital environment.
This paper presents a critical examination of how linguistic diversity, social identity, and equity intersect to shape inclusion within modern, multicultural, and technologically mediated societies. The primary aim is to uncover the complex dynamics through which language serves both as a bridge to empowerment and a barrier to participation. Adopting a conceptual and interdisciplinary methodology, the study synthesises scholarship from linguistics, education, digital technology, and governance to develop a comprehensive framework that situates multilingualism as central to advancing fairness and social justice. The analysis reveals that language functions as a powerful marker of identity and belonging, mediating access to opportunities, resources, and representation. Through an intersectional lens, the study demonstrates that linguistic hierarchies frequently interact with social structures of power, such as class, gender, and ethnicity, to reproduce or challenge inequality. Multilingualism, when embraced within institutional, educational, and digital contexts, emerges as a transformative tool that promotes inclusion, empathy, and cultural understanding. However, the persistence of dominant linguistic norms continues to marginalise minority voices, reinforcing asymmetries of knowledge and power within global communication systems. The findings affirm that the equitable integration of multilingual and intersectional frameworks is essential for realising sustainable social progress. The study recommends that policymakers and educators adopt inclusive language strategies that reflect the realities of linguistic diversity while ensuring ethical and culturally responsive communication in both physical and digital spaces. Collaboration among linguists, technologists, and institutional leaders is further advocated to construct systems that prioritise linguistic justice as a foundation for democratic participation and equity. By reframing language as a medium of empowerment and transformation, the research contributes meaningfully to the global discourse on identity, inclusion, and social justice in the twenty-first century.
This article examines the pragmatic functions of intensifiers in English and Uzbek media texts, focusing on how lexical and phraseological means are used to strengthen meaning, guide interpretation, and influence audience perception. Intensifiers such as scalar adverbs, extreme adjectives, reduplication, evaluative expressions, and emotionally loaded phraseological units are analyzed within their communicative contexts. The study reveals that English media typically employs controlled, graded forms of intensification to shape evaluative tone subtly, while Uzbek media relies more heavily on expressive and culturally embedded intensifiers to create emotional resonance. By comparing these patterns, the research highlights how linguistic structure, cultural norms, and media strategies determine the pragmatic roles of intensifiers in shaping stance, persuasion, dramatization, and ideological framing.
The paper examines the history of editing the Arabic liturgical Psalter in the Church of Antioch after the introduction of Arabic printing in the Ottoman Empire. The study is based on a collation of the manuscripts and printed versions of the Arabic Psalter. The first important step towards the standardization of the Arabic Psalter was the 1706 Aleppo edition of the Metropolitan Athanasios Dabbās. It was based on a 17th-century handwritten text derived from the version of the well-known Bible translator ‘Abdallāh ibn al-Faḍl of Antioch (11th cent.). The 1747 Psalter, printed in Bucharest, was based entirely on the Aleppo edition, except for minor grammatical changes. In 1735, an improved version, based on the Aleppo edition, was printed at the Shuwayr monastery in Lebanon. The Shuwayr edition demonstrates a much higher quality in terms of spelling, grammatical norms of Classical Arabic, and conformity to the Septuagint, the Vorlage of the Arabic Bible of the Church of Antioch. This version underwent many reprints and became the second important stage in the editing of the printed Arabic Psalter. The third 18th-century version of the Psalter, with independent corrections in the biblical texts and with the kathismata prayers borrowed from the Shuwayr version, was the Beirut edition of 1752. The editors of the Psalter employed a consistent approach: biblical texts (psalms and Odes of the prophets) underwent minimal intervention, since their long-established version, edited by ‘Abdallāh ibn al-Faḍl, had already been tested over centuries and enjoyed authority. At the same time, the editors allowed themselves more freedom with the kathismata prayers: the latter underwent many lexical changes and sentence restructuring, as they were not biblical texts and were influenced by many colloquialisms and features of Christian Middle Arabic. The publication offers a Ukrainian translation of the second preface to the Aleppo Psalter (1706) and the preface and afterword to the Beirut Psalter (1752), which contain important references to the editorial work on the Arabic text.
Language is critical in the formation of social ideologies and consumers' perceptions particularly in the beauty sector as advertising discourse constructs the ideologies of femininity and desirability. This study focuses on the lexical variations of beauty advertisements in Pakistani and British English in order to identify how language represents culture, social norms and ideological orientation. The study intends to find the lexical variations in beauty products’ advertisements in both places and to explore pragmatic and interlinguistic functions of lexical variation. Using a qualitative comparative design based in Critical Discourse Analysis (Fairclough, 2001), the study examines twenty real-life beauty advertisements, ten from sources in Pakistani English and ten from sources in British English. Appearance, lexical choice, metaphorical language, evaluative adjectives and pragmatic strategies such as persuasion, modality and direct address are examined. The results show that the commonest literature in Pakistani advertisements favor the lexical items emphasizing fairness, transformationalism and social acceptance using words like fair, bright, radiant, glow, etc., as they are imbued with postcolonial and gendered ideologies. The lexical grids employed in British advertisements were related to individuality, confidence and authenticity which is the reason why British advertisement was characterized by the following words, natural, revive, pure, confidence, etc. Practically, the Pakistani advertisement was premised on promises and emotional appeal but not the British advertisement, which is premised on a subtle empowerment and self-expression. The results have indicated that this linguistic distinction in the beauty advertisements could potentially represent extended socio-cultural ideologies in either one situation or the other. It is an extension to its spheres of applied linguistics and discourse in the sense that language can be used as a tool of marketing and propagating ideologies within the globalized aesthetic consumer culture.
The formation of communicative skills in foreign students is impossible without mastering language norms. The study of Russian verbs of motion, including their lexical and grammatical features, is among the most difficult challenges for Iranian audience. Most often, when studying Russian verbs of motion, students get acquainted with the direct and basic meanings of the verbs. The practice of teaching Russian as a foreign language shows that Iranian students often have no idea about figurative meanings of verbs of motion. Moreover, the ability of verbs to combine with different affixes and acquire new lexical and grammatical characteristics complicates the process of mastering their figurative meanings. The fact that verbs of motion are frequently used not only in everyday life but also in business communication makes it necessary to teach figurative meanings in audiences studying Russian as a foreign language. This research paper analyzes the methods of translating figurative meanings of the verbs of motion ‘прийти – приходить’ into Persian. The purpose of this article is to study the figurative meanings of these verbs in Persian as well as the linguistic means by which these meanings are conveyed.
Generic nouns such as Sache and Ding pose a challenge for semantic annotation due to their referential underspecification and context-dependent meaning. Although frequently classified under categories like {artefact} or {object}, their actual referents often belong to abstract or cognitive domains, as in Der Placeboeffekt ist eines der faszinierendsten Dinge in der Welt der Medizin. Drawing on valency grammar, this study shows that these nouns activate different argument structures depending on their syntagmatic environment, reflecting semantic flexibility and combinatorial variability. Lexical databases such as GalNet or GermaNet frequently assign multiple synsets to these nouns, illustrating their ontological ambiguity. This paper examines whether large language models (LLMs) can replicate this nuanced classification. Using a gold standard corpus annotated by linguists, we implement a two-step prompting strategy —supplying LLMs with predefined semantic tags and contextual windows— to test their performance. The results underscore the limitations of current LLMs in dealing with the lexical underspecification of generic nouns, even when provided with an extended context window. These findings contribute to ongoing discussions on the automation of semantic tagging and point to meaningful ways in which AI systems can complement human expertise in natural language processing tasks.
Violation of lexical norms in primary school textbooks is a serious problem and negatively affects the development of students' language skills. Also, violations of lexical norms in textbooks weaken children's thinking and communication skills. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the lexical norms of the language when preparing textbooks, and each word and expression should be selected purposefully. Teachers should be provided with methodological support and their language teaching skills should be improved. By taking these steps, correct language habits can be formed at the primary education level and support can be provided for the development of literary language in the future.
This paper explores how people’s lifestyles are reflected within linguistic anthropocentric paradigms, emphasizing the central role of human experience in shaping language. Anthropocentrism frames language as a dynamic system through which individuals negotiate identities, communicate cultural norms, and establish social hierarchies. Adopting insights from cognitive linguistics, sociolinguistics, and discourse analysis, the study examines the conceptualization processes that encode lifestyle values into everyday speech, metaphors, and broader discursive practices. Particular attention is paid to the ways in which cultural concepts, identity markers, and social structures manifest in lexical choices and communicative strategies. The analysishighlights how metaphors, identity expressions, and discourse patterns serve as windows into a community’s lifestyle priorities and norms, revealing the interplay between language, cognition, and socio-cultural contexts. Finally, the paper underscores thesignificance of recognizing power dynamics, globalization, and cultural exchanges in shaping contemporary representations of lifestyle. By considering human-centric language processes, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of how linguistic practices both mirror and mold the lived experiences of individuals and groups, ultimately underscoring the inseparability of language and culture.
In the modern information space, announcements occupy a special place, as they represent one of the most immediate means of conveying socially significant information.Brevity, clarity, and imperativeness make this genre an effective tool for influencing public consciousness.At the same time, announcements belong to a marginal genre of the formal and publicistic styles of speech, which determines their specificity and increases the requirements for translation.When rendering such texts, translators face a number of difficulties: they need not only to preserve the content but also to adapt the message in accordance with the linguistic and cultural norms of the Ukrainian language.In the first warning announcement, the subject "we" was omitted, since in the Ukrainian official style the focus is placed primarily on the event itself rather than on the person who has experienced it.The verb "experience" was contextually substituted with the equivalent, which more adequately conveys the meaning within the given context.The negative construction in the fourth sentence was rendered through an impersonal verb form ending in -.In the last sentence, we selected the most appropriate equivalent for the word "instruction" from several possible options (,, ).In addition, the pronoun was added to clarify the addressee of the action.(1) ATTENTION!We have just experienced an earthquake.Stay away from perimeter windows.DO NOT USE ELEVATORS.Please remain calm, stay in place and wait for further instructions [2].-!...,,.In the first sentence of the second example, we rendered the construction "one cough, one sneeze" in a generalised way as by eliminating repetition.This option is more natural for Ukrainian discourse and does not distort the meaning.Moreover, an extra lexical component was introduced -the word, which is not explicitly present in the original (the pronoun "it" was used).Finally, we
This article investigates the stylistic and linguistic features of Gustave Flaubert’s prose, with a particular focus on lexical contradiction and idiomatic tension. Through a close analysis of key works such as Madame Bovary, L’Éducation sentimentale, and Bouvard et Pécuchet, the study highlights how Flaubert’s writing systematically juxtaposes opposing semantic registers—romantic idealism and mundane realism, poetic elevation and trivial detail. These lexical contradictions not only enrich narrative depth but also underscore the disillusionment and irony characteristic of Flaubert’s modern vision.The article further explores how Flaubert manipulates idiomatic expressions, either by subtly distorting them or by integrating them ironically into character discourse. This tension between conventional language and authorial critique reveals Flaubert’s ambivalent relationship with linguistic norms and his pursuit of lemot juste. Drawing on French and Francophone critical literature, the study situates Flaubert’s stylistic innovation within broader debates about the literary function of cliché, the evolution of free indirect discourse, and the modern fragmentation of narrative voice.By analyzing the paradoxes at the heart of Flaubert’s style, the article demonstrates how lexical contradiction and idiomatic tension function not only as aesthetic devices but also as means of epistemological inquiry—interrogating language,meaning, and the act of writing itself.
The article examines the linguistic features of Gumar Karash, a prominent Kazakh intellectual, public figure, and writer of the early twentieth century. The study identifies lexical units characteristic of his works, including nouns, adjectives, pronouns, regional vocabulary, and borrowed lexicon, and analyzes their semantic and functional properties. These linguistic elements are examined in comparison with the norms of modern Kazakh literary language, Turkic written monuments, and the language of Karash’s contemporaries, which allows for a clarification of the author’s individual stylistic profile. The analysis highlights Karash’s use of borrowed words either in forms close to the original or adapted to Kazakh phonetic patterns, his incorporation of regional speech elements, his command of the classical written tradition, and his application of Turkic language structures. The aim of the study is to determine the semantic and functional characteristics of various lexical layers (nouns, adjectives, pronouns), regional words, and borrowed vocabulary in Karash’s writings, as well as to identify the author’s distinctive linguistic and stylistic features. The research demonstrates the preservation of archaic usages, the frequency of dialectal elements, variation in the phonetic representation of Arabic-Persian borrowings, and Karash’s productive word-formation based on the internal resources of the Kazakh language. The findings show the poet’s contribution to the development of the Kazakh literary language in the early twentieth century and justify the historical motivation of his linguistic choices.
The digital era has brought profound changes to language, particularly visible in the rapid emergence of new lexical units. This article explores how internet communication, social media, and technological innovations influence language change, leading to the creation and diffusion of novel words and expressions. By analyzing examples from contemporary digital discourse, the study highlights the dynamic nature of language and the impact of digital culture on vocabulary expansion. The article also discusses the implications of these changes for language norms and linguistic identity.
The article presents computerized Latin dialectology, a method developed by the Budapest school based on the work of József Herman. It analyses “errors” in Latin inscriptions from the Imperial period to study regional varieties of Latin. The main tool is the LLDB database (lldb.elte.hu/en). The article also traces the history of research on provincial Latin and illustrates methodological advances through practical examples.
The article analyzes the key theoretical and practical aspects of developing lexical competence in the process of learning Ukrainian as a foreign language. Lexical competence is considered an essential component of foreign language communicative competence, ensuring effective communication in accordance with linguistic and cultural norms. The author explores the peculiarities of vocabulary acquisition at the initial (A1), basic (A2), and threshold (B1) levels of Ukrainian language proficiency. The study examines teaching methods that include systemic-linguistic, conditional-communicative, and communicative types of exercises, as well as interactive methods such as language games, working with texts, and visual learning aids. Through the communicative approach, which involves working with realistic texts, role-playing games, and situational dialogues, the process of immersing foreign learners in the language environment is implemented. Based on the topic “Professions,” both traditional systemic-linguistic and communicative tasks adapted to the needs of foreign learners are proposed. The presented set of exercises is aimed at the gradual development of lexical skills, ranging from familiarization with new words to their active use in speech. It facilitates the development of reading, speaking, listening, and writing skills. These tasks help foreign learners work with texts and create their own. The use of such methods contributes to increasing students’ motivation and enhancing the effectiveness of vocabulary acquisition. Reading or listening to texts about famous Ukrainians fosters linguistic and cultural competence. The described approaches can be applied both in classroom settings and for independent student work. The practical significance of this study lies in the introduction of modern approaches to teaching Ukrainian vocabulary as a foreign language. The proposed approaches and types of exercises can be adapted for studying other topics in a foreign language audience at all proficiency levels. Key words: methods of teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language, lexical competence, language proficiency levels, exercises.
The expansion and consolidation of the use of state language in scientific and professional domains is one of the priority directions of Kazakhstan’s language policy and national development strategy. In this regard, the adaptation of sectoral terminology, including the medical terminological system, to national linguistic norms is particularly relevant in the process of enhancing the status of the Kazakh language as a language of science. The study of the terminological nature of bone and joint names allows for the identification, structuring and systematization of the fundamental lexical layer of national medical terminology. As a structural core of anatomical terminology, bone and joint names form the basis of medical diagnoses, disease nomenclature, and clinical discourse. Their unification, codification and lexicographical description in the Kazakh language are considered essential steps toward ensuring the full-fledged functioning of the state language in medical education, professional translation and the healthcare system. Despite belonging to the original lexical fund of the Kazakh language and being widely used in ethnolinguistic and phraseological domains, their representation in modern sectoral dictionaries, textbooks and especially in clinical discourse remains inconsistent. The lexical field of bones and joints, shaped by traditional medicine and embedded in the national worldview and value system of the Kazakh people, has a rich historical, linguistic, and cultural foundation. Considering these lexical units as an integral part of the national terminological system constitutes an important scientific and applied task. This article examines the linguistic foundations of the Kazakhization process in the medical terminological system. It substantiates the relevance of studying bone and joint terminology, analyzing the degree of their codification in the Kazakh language, models of term formation, and the current state of their lexicographical representation.
The legal system possesses a distinctive language through which the essence of law is articulated. This pertains primarily to legal language, which legal scholars explore in three dimensions: within legal science; as a practical component of jurisprudence; and as a medium of expressing law itself. This paper proposes to examine the features of legal language through a focused case study – namely, the concept of the subject of law. The relevance of the study lies in identifying a doctrinal approach to the concept of the subject of law, which is essential for a clear understanding of its nature in the context of the information society, where distinctions between the subject and object of legal relations have increasingly blurred. The aim of this research is to explore the phenomenon of the subject of law and to analyze approaches taken by foreign legal scholars. The study seeks to develop a general understanding of this concept within foreign legal systems, to identify the lexical forms in which it is expressed, and to outline the terminological diversity associated with it. The Author employs comparative legal, historical, dialectical, formallegal, and logical methods, along with legal analysis. The study finds that foreign legal literature reflects an ambiguous understanding of the subject of law; it frequently equates the subject with legal personality. Notably, transformations in societal life are accompanied not only by the expansion of communication and information flows but also by the introduction of digital technologies. The absence of a unified theoretical framework for subjectivity (the theory of the subject) has devalued this category, adversely affecting the development of legal theory as well as legislative and law enforcement practices. Continued research into this category appears both necessary and promising, particularly with the aim of formulating recommendations for legislators on the development of legal norms governing legal subjects. The study concludes that the subject of law is characterized by a dual nature: on the one hand, it is a person; on the other, it is a legal construct formalized in normative legal texts. This duality has not previously been sufficiently addressed in legal doctrine.
This article examines the linguistic, cultural, and pragmatic features of euphemisms in English and Uzbek discourse. Euphemisms—lexical units used to soften or obscure potentially offensive, taboo, or socially sensitive concepts—play a significant role in interpersonal communication and cultural norms. The study provides a comparative analysis of the semantic domains in which euphemisms most frequently occur, including death, illness, bodily functions, age, appearance, and socio-political issues. It also highlights the structural and pragmatic mechanisms of euphemism formation such as metaphor, metonymy, generalization, borrowing, and periphrasis. The findings indicate that while both languages employ euphemisms to maintain politeness and preserve social harmony, English tends toward institutionalized formulaic expressions, whereas Uzbek euphemisms are more culturally loaded and value-oriented. The article concludes that euphemisms reflect national mentality, linguistic worldview, and social etiquette norms.
The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the impact of Internet memes and social media discourse on the evolution of contemporary English, focusing particularly on the processes of lexical innovation, semantic shift, and pragmatic adaptation of linguistic units.In the digital age, communication increasingly takes place through multimodal platforms such as TikTok, Twitter/X, Instagram, and Reddit, which serve as powerful instruments of sociolinguistic dynamics.These platforms not only facilitate the rapid dissemination of slang and emerging expressions but also create new contexts in which users engage in collective linguistic creativity.Internet memes are interpreted as cultural and semiotic units that combine text, imagery, audiovisual effects, and situational context, ensuring the effective circulation and consolidation of new linguistic forms within the global communication space.The article emphasizes that memes function as mechanisms of social identification and linguistic play, reflecting the values, moods, and trends of youth subcultures.The study demonstrates that memes are not merely reflections of linguistic change but active catalysts of language evolution, fostering the emergence of new lexical items, neologisms, and grammatical patterns.The growing influence of Internet culture is shown to shape new norms of speech behavior, where the boundaries between spoken and written, formal and informal language are increasingly blurred.The linguistic transformations driven by digital environments reveal a profound reconfiguration of English lexis, syntax, and pragmatics, as well as a reconsideration of the role of context in communication processes.The conclusion highlights the necessity of an interdisciplinary approach to this phenomenon,