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18265 papers
Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) ratings were used to examine whether groups of 21 younger (M age = 20.02 years, SD = 2.28) and 21 older (M age = 66.26 years, SD = 5.64) adults had similar affective experiences to pictures from the International Affective Picture System (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1997). The psychometrics of the SAM valence and arousal scales were also compared across age groups. Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) was similar for younger and older adults, where both groups made less consistent valence ratings than arousal ratings. Both groups differed from the norms for valence for pleasant pictures, but were no more different from each other than they were from the norms. Age group differences were most evident in the pleasant region of the bivariate valence by arousal affective space, where younger adults found pleasant-aroused pictures to be more pleasant and arousing than older adults did. We suggest that this age group difference could be explained by greater affect intensity and surgency for the younger group and greater emotional control and leveling of positive affect for the older group.
We receive emotional signals from different sources, including the face and its surrounding context. Previous research has shown the effect that facial expressions and contextual affective information have on people’s brain responses. This study measured physiological responses and ratings of affect to face-context compounds of varied emotional content. Forty-two participants freely viewed face-context and context-only natural threat, mutilation, happy, erotic and neutral scenes whilst corrugator, zygomatic and startle eyeblink responses were recorded. Concerning the emotional content presented, participants’ corrugator, zygomatic, startle eyeblink responses and their valence and arousal ratings varied with the stimuli valence and arousal matched the stimuli valence. Face-context threat and mutilation scenes elicited more negative emotional experiences and larger corrugator responses than context-only scenes. In contrast, happy face-context scenes elicited more positive emotional experiences and a decreased corrugator response. The zygomatic showed an enhanced response to face-context scenes, regardless of the valence of the scenes. Our results show that the simultaneous perception of emotional signals from faces and contextual information induce enhanced facial reactions and affective responses. An increasing volume of violent and distressing imagery is being shared online, and this provides a challenge to any organisation that moderates their online content. The problem is particularly acute in public policing and social services organisations that must analyse such imagery in the course of investigation or child protection. Such organisations have a duty of care to protect their employees, and ensure their welfare. In support of this goal, this project will perform research which will facilitate the development of novel digital tools to assist users and reduce the mental health burden created by viewing this imagery. This objective will be attained by working in collaboration with the Child Exploitation Online Protection command of the National Crime Agency and the artificial intelligence technology firm, Qumodo. Three strands of research will be performed: 1) Evaluating emotional image recognition in the context of image manipulations guided by artificial intelligence to reduce emotional impact while still retaining scene information. 2) Experiments in social neuroscience that evaluate the effectiveness of the image manipulations from Strand 1, and help better to understand the nature of how the emotional processing of distressing images might compete with cognitive processing. 3) Determining what are the potential risks of implementing this new technology and how can these risks be dealt with effectively to maximise benefit to both employees and their organisations.
Two specific instances of data collection under field observation conditions are noted: (1) the sampling of police activities and interactions, and (2) the influence of proximity and similarity on informal group formation. Coding and recording of behaviors are described and the management of data detailed.
code may suggest why we eventually find wholesomeness a refreshing relief.2 But note eventually: neither the gross appeal to sensation signalled by Symons, the movement's own historian, nor the subtle oxymorons revealed by Riffaterre, one of the current critical luminaries, accounts for the tediousness of Decadent writing. Indeed, descriptions of Decadent style-and we have mentioned only two at the chronological poles-make Decadent writing sound rather interesting, even intrinsically worth reading. Personally, I would never claim that it is either entertaining or provocative; on the contrary, I would claim that not a single piece can hold our attention on its own merits qua literature. But at the same time I would claim that it is worth intensive study not just by various interdisciplinary specialists of the period but by students of language, style, and translation. Its flaws-or, perhaps more properly, its deviation from recurring norms of taste-can contribute to our appreciation of reference, association and transfer. Its pace-or its blockage of sequentiality-can contribute to our appreciation of information flow in literature and its indispensable temporality. In the end, it may well be that Decadent writers misuse the space-time components of poesy, and that misuse would help explain why we find them everlasting bores. It may well be also that a translator is best poised to realize what is being effected in Decadent expression. After all, a translator by analysis and instinct must work his way back to the source writer's attitudes in order to reproduce in another language a comparable articulative process and result. In any event, that is how I arrived at the observations which follow.3 The standing of Villers de l'Isle-Adam (1838-89) is a, if not the, quintessential Decadent, makes him an inevitable case in point. His last fully executed work L'Eve future (1880-85) is a novel so compendious that we can use it as both glossary and grammar of Decadent rhetoric. We can take our examples from the climax, the final forty pages, when Lord Ewald receives the automaton Hadaly fabricated by Edison.4 These extracts will be adequate to show first that the expression is radically iconographic lexically, syntactically, narratively. Villiers, who was simultaneously licentious and puritanical, in this novel keeps sensual reference within the bounds of conservative good taste. But if his referents here are not blatantly gross
The advantages of using computerized procedures to replace human experimenters are examined. An experiment comparing two methods of presenting personality inventories indicated that participating in a computerized experiment increases response variance in a subsequent testing situation. Some possible negative consequences of using the computer to replace the human researcher are also discussed.
The development of an on-line MMPI interpretative program is outlined. Profiles interpreted by this program are first examined to determine whether a standard or locally known profile type fits. If so, an appropriate narrative report is printed. If there is no match with a known profile type, statements from several scale-by-scale interpretative sources are organized into a logical report. Methods have been developed to eliminate duplication and contradiction from different sources of information. Examples of output from this program are presented and advantages of the program are discussed.
The concept of standards lacks clarity because it is applied both to concrete specifications and to the assessment of quality. Confusion is reduced by introducing the notion of interchange expectancy. distinguishing transfer, coupling, and market success as components. Transfer expectancy depends upon the products to be transported or exchanged, but when there is a need to estimate transfer expectancy, a combination of technical standards and performance standards must be applied. Though performance standards are intended to produce quality, the quality of the instrumentation to measure performance standards is often neglected. The development of high-quality performance standards first requires the delineation of the relevant dimensions of performance quality. The process of giving precision to performance standards may lead to the emergence of more acceptable technical standards. To illustrate some of these points, data is presented from the CONDUIT system for quality evaluation of computer-based curriculum materials. The performance quality of these products includes the dimension of transfer expectancy, as well as educational and scientific merit. Increased specification and impact of technical standards may provide greater incentives to authors and hence lead to the invention of products which have higher educational and scientific quality.
Four new interface modules, a new input module, a duration measuring module, an omnibus module, and a high-speed reader module, have been developed for the SKED interface to further optimize the use of the small computer in the laboratory.
A computer system for generation of auditory stimuli is described. The system produces natural-speech or software-generated stimuli for monaural, binaural, or dichotic presentation. Stimuli have been generated for experiments run both on-line and off-line.
This work is a preliminary study of methods to quantify alliteration. Ten pieces made up of poetry and prose (literary and non-literary) were used to create test sets. Three forms of each test set were examined: texts transcribed in IPA notational equivalent, in Chomsky and Halle features, and in Fromkin and Rodman features. Tests included the deletion of vowels, the weighting of the initial sounds, and the weighting of types according to their frequency in the population of the set. The various configurations were analyzed using a gap-recurrence method. Rankings were obtained by combining measures both of high frequency and of clustering properties. The resulting rankings compare not unfavorably with an intuitive ranking.
While numerous tentative conclusions might be drawn from the data presented here, the following generalizations are consistently supported by the results of the Phonological Frames Program:
This paper describes the rationale, design, cost, and extensions related to an automated test battery. Increased manpower, speed of service, lower cost, accuracy, and quality of reporting support the use of the system. The liability of failure to maintain and update the system is noted. Design considerations concerning mode of testing, tests included, and method of programming are discussed. The relative cost of automated and conventional testing is examined. Future extensions to the system are reviewed.
A software system for the administration of six different strategies of adaptive ability tests in a variety of formats was developed both on a large-scale time-sharing system and on a real-time minicomputer system. Factors influencing both hardware selection and software design are discussed.
The PDP-8, -11, and -12 Psychology Users’ Groups met jointly to discuss two topics. First, future computer applications were considered in terms of both hardware and software needs. Psychology users specified their needs and DEC representatives described the directions their R&D program is currently taking, and how it will meet many of those needs. Second, the group discussed communication problems among the users, and between the users and DEC. Suggestions were made for improved information exchange. With this goal, a new PDP-11 Users Group was formed and Jerry C. Forshee, Indiana University, was elected Chairman.
Two studies were conducted to elucidate aspects of the interpersonal judement process as it is applied to and by males and females. Measurement of judgments by means of the Role Construct Repertory Test allowed consideration of cognitive complexity scores, as well as the use of extreme ratings and a total affective rating. Consistent findings from both studies suggest that males and females differ in their use of extreme scores and total affective ratings, but not in complexity. Characteristics of the stimulus person affect each of the three dependent measures. Interrelationships among the three judgmental measures provide information about the methodological and conceptual interplay of various factors in interpersonal judgment.
Summary This report describes two American studies in which 48 male college students and 144 male high school students, respectively, were assigned to high or low spatial density conditions and instructed to construct, as a team, an erector set model within a 40-minute period. High school students were assigned to high, middle, and low attraction groups on the basis of their ratings of their fellow classmates. The results indicated that subjects in both studies did not find those crowded conditions to be aversive or stressful or to influence their affective ratings of their fellow subjects. In the second study, while density had no main effects on task performance, under middle attraction conditions performance was impaired as a function of density. These findings suggest that while crowding did not necessarily result in a stressful experience, both social and spatial elements were important in obtaining optimal group productivity. Overall, negative, and neutral verbal behavior increased as a function of density. Neutral verbal behavior increased in high and middle attraction groups, while it slightly decreased in low attraction groups as a function of density. There were no effects of density and attraction on positive verbal behavior. It appears that crowding intensified social interaction in a negative manner, supporting the contention that crowding can have detrimental effects on human behavior. Crowding should be dealt with as a multidimensional concept that interacts with different settings, individuals, and activities.
A group of overweight persons who achieved a substantial weight loss over a 6-month period were compared with a group of overweight persons who showed an unsubstantial weight change and a normal weight control group. All groups were evaluated before the weight program began and at a 6-month follow-up. The substantial weight loss group showed a number of significant changes after weight reduction. Body image rating shifted in the direction of evaluating onself as less heavy, eating was rated as less good and more heavy, and a greater feeling of self-control was indicated. Over time, the change group learned to limit the number of emotional and environmental cues that were discriminative stimuli for eating behavior. There also were more frequent reports of eating in response to cues of hunger after substantial weight loss.
Quantities of Qualities: Nominal Style and the Novel carey McIntosh One of the most important of general indexes of style is the degree to which the language of a given passage entrusts meaning to nouns or verbs. In a nominal prose style, nouns and noun phrases predominate; what counts is not action, which is so far as possible diluted or hidden or masked, but relation ships between things or qualities. Nominal sentences rely on being verbs and stative verbs; they express meaning in terms of static conditions variously arranged and distributed. An energetic “verbal” style is, for the literary critic, easier to talk about and appreciate, in part because its energy is likely to break through the literal sense into metaphor, as in the second clause of this sentence. The best writing handbooks of our time attack nominal con structions. Many of the “Bad Sentences” that Sheridan Baker corrects in the fifth chapter of The Practical Stylist use a nominal syntax, and George Orwell’s translation of a verse from Ecclesiastes into “Gobbledygook” makes painfully obvious the miserable weakness of some pseudo-scientific modern nominal styles.1 Nothing in the nature of things decrees, however, that nominal styles must always be flabby, vague, and colorless. They are a large family of styles, characterized by many degrees and kinds of nominalness; in skillful hands they may perform necessary functions and achieve effects—some of them quite beautiful—that would be destroyed by the use of strong, active verbs. I 139 140 / carey mcintosh shall confine myself in this essay to a few variants of nominal prose that play a role in a few novels, beginning with Clarissa. The first variant may be defined in lexical as well as grammatical terms because it leans heavily on a small number of abstractions derived from the social environment of the court, “honor,” “favor,” “service,” “interest”; I shall call this kind of nomi nal style “courtly-genteel.” In the early volumes of Clarissa, courtly-genteel prose adds a certain presumptive dignity to venal middle-class maneuverings within the Harlowe family. In later volumes of the same novel, Clarissa uses a more complicated nominal style to express more complicated feelings and states of mind. Henry Fielding puts courtly-genteel phrases in the mouths of his wicked aristocrats, but in a different context some of the same construc tions embody true politeness, and signal a new stage of maturity in Tom Jones. Later novelists turn nominal prose to their own purposes, all of which have something to do with politeness, pedantry, or self-consciousness. One of the aims of nominal prose in the eighteenth century was to rise above the coarseness and vulgarity of market-place lanaguage, as if on the premise that abstractness and passivity contribute to true refinement of style. I think it could be shown that eighteenth-century prose in general is more nominal than Elizabethan prose. Clarissa’s letters, however, aspire to some thing higher than the norm of clarity and correctness established by (for example) Joseph Addison, whose celebrated “middle style” is not designed for ceremony but for “ease.” Clarissa, by contrast, is set up—rather painfully at times—as “an Exemplar to her Sex,” as a model of true elegance; her language transcends simple correctness; it is a medium for the extraordinary “Delicacy of Sentiments” by which she excels her peers.2 And yet it never rises to the loftiest heights of the “high style”; by design as well as by incapacity, it falls short of the authentic splendors that we expect in the language of heroism or prophecy. Clarissa is recounting the history of her family’s quarrel with the rake Love lace. James and Arabella Harlowe have insulted Lovelace, who makes sure that Clarissa knows he has swallowed the affront for her sake. “I was sorry for the merit this gave him in his own opinion with me,” writes Clarissa (I, 23). She could have said, “I regretted that he believed...” “I was sorry” is more nominal than “I regretted,” simply because it uses the verb ‘to be’ not a “real” verb, and therefore describes, at least on the surface, a stage of being, not a form of behavior...
An experimental group of lemon sharks received 100 daily presentations of light flash as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and electric shock as the unconditioned stimulus (US) in a classical conditioning situation. The conditioned responses (CRs) and unconditioned responses (URs) under observation consisted of extensions of the nictitating membrane. Separate control groups received either (a) no CS or US, (b) CS-alone, or (c) completely random presentations of CS and US. Few CRs occurred in the experimental group at the outset of conditioning, but the percentage of CRs during the second half of the first acquisition session exceeded 95%. Conditioning stabilized above 95% CRs during Acquisition Sessions 3 through 7. These responses could not be attributed to pseudoconditioning, sensitization, or other nonassociative factors. When the experimental group was subsequently given six CS-alone sessions, the course of extinction was gradual. Most results seemed similar to those previously obtained during classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane in rabbits.
A small (20 × 11 × 6 cm), battery-powered, fully portable device is described for administering a four-choice serial reaction time test and recording the results on a standard magnetic tape cassette. The mains-powered decoder through which the tape is subsequently replayed is also described. The main application is the self-administration of the test by the subject in the field, particularly in studies of environmental stress, the data-bearing cassettes being passed to the experimenter for laboratory-based analysis. In preliminary performance trials, the four-choice test appeared to reflect fatigue due to continuous repetitive responding in a way similar to classical, nonportable, multiple-choice serial reaction tests, but over a shorter time scale and with greater internal consistency.
A PL/I program for constructing and processing acyclic digraphs is described. As an aid to exposition, an application of the program to the study of epistomological structure in human memory is discussed.