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18265 papers
Quantities of Qualities: Nominal Style and the Novel carey McIntosh One of the most important of general indexes of style is the degree to which the language of a given passage entrusts meaning to nouns or verbs. In a nominal prose style, nouns and noun phrases predominate; what counts is not action, which is so far as possible diluted or hidden or masked, but relation ships between things or qualities. Nominal sentences rely on being verbs and stative verbs; they express meaning in terms of static conditions variously arranged and distributed. An energetic “verbal” style is, for the literary critic, easier to talk about and appreciate, in part because its energy is likely to break through the literal sense into metaphor, as in the second clause of this sentence. The best writing handbooks of our time attack nominal con structions. Many of the “Bad Sentences” that Sheridan Baker corrects in the fifth chapter of The Practical Stylist use a nominal syntax, and George Orwell’s translation of a verse from Ecclesiastes into “Gobbledygook” makes painfully obvious the miserable weakness of some pseudo-scientific modern nominal styles.1 Nothing in the nature of things decrees, however, that nominal styles must always be flabby, vague, and colorless. They are a large family of styles, characterized by many degrees and kinds of nominalness; in skillful hands they may perform necessary functions and achieve effects—some of them quite beautiful—that would be destroyed by the use of strong, active verbs. I 139 140 / carey mcintosh shall confine myself in this essay to a few variants of nominal prose that play a role in a few novels, beginning with Clarissa. The first variant may be defined in lexical as well as grammatical terms because it leans heavily on a small number of abstractions derived from the social environment of the court, “honor,” “favor,” “service,” “interest”; I shall call this kind of nomi nal style “courtly-genteel.” In the early volumes of Clarissa, courtly-genteel prose adds a certain presumptive dignity to venal middle-class maneuverings within the Harlowe family. In later volumes of the same novel, Clarissa uses a more complicated nominal style to express more complicated feelings and states of mind. Henry Fielding puts courtly-genteel phrases in the mouths of his wicked aristocrats, but in a different context some of the same construc tions embody true politeness, and signal a new stage of maturity in Tom Jones. Later novelists turn nominal prose to their own purposes, all of which have something to do with politeness, pedantry, or self-consciousness. One of the aims of nominal prose in the eighteenth century was to rise above the coarseness and vulgarity of market-place lanaguage, as if on the premise that abstractness and passivity contribute to true refinement of style. I think it could be shown that eighteenth-century prose in general is more nominal than Elizabethan prose. Clarissa’s letters, however, aspire to some thing higher than the norm of clarity and correctness established by (for example) Joseph Addison, whose celebrated “middle style” is not designed for ceremony but for “ease.” Clarissa, by contrast, is set up—rather painfully at times—as “an Exemplar to her Sex,” as a model of true elegance; her language transcends simple correctness; it is a medium for the extraordinary “Delicacy of Sentiments” by which she excels her peers.2 And yet it never rises to the loftiest heights of the “high style”; by design as well as by incapacity, it falls short of the authentic splendors that we expect in the language of heroism or prophecy. Clarissa is recounting the history of her family’s quarrel with the rake Love lace. James and Arabella Harlowe have insulted Lovelace, who makes sure that Clarissa knows he has swallowed the affront for her sake. “I was sorry for the merit this gave him in his own opinion with me,” writes Clarissa (I, 23). She could have said, “I regretted that he believed...” “I was sorry” is more nominal than “I regretted,” simply because it uses the verb ‘to be’ not a “real” verb, and therefore describes, at least on the surface, a stage of being, not a form of behavior...
An experimental group of lemon sharks received 100 daily presentations of light flash as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and electric shock as the unconditioned stimulus (US) in a classical conditioning situation. The conditioned responses (CRs) and unconditioned responses (URs) under observation consisted of extensions of the nictitating membrane. Separate control groups received either (a) no CS or US, (b) CS-alone, or (c) completely random presentations of CS and US. Few CRs occurred in the experimental group at the outset of conditioning, but the percentage of CRs during the second half of the first acquisition session exceeded 95%. Conditioning stabilized above 95% CRs during Acquisition Sessions 3 through 7. These responses could not be attributed to pseudoconditioning, sensitization, or other nonassociative factors. When the experimental group was subsequently given six CS-alone sessions, the course of extinction was gradual. Most results seemed similar to those previously obtained during classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane in rabbits.
A small (20 × 11 × 6 cm), battery-powered, fully portable device is described for administering a four-choice serial reaction time test and recording the results on a standard magnetic tape cassette. The mains-powered decoder through which the tape is subsequently replayed is also described. The main application is the self-administration of the test by the subject in the field, particularly in studies of environmental stress, the data-bearing cassettes being passed to the experimenter for laboratory-based analysis. In preliminary performance trials, the four-choice test appeared to reflect fatigue due to continuous repetitive responding in a way similar to classical, nonportable, multiple-choice serial reaction tests, but over a shorter time scale and with greater internal consistency.
Preprints for seminar on Input/Output Systems for Japanese and Chinese Characters, Tokyo, 1971. U.S.-Japan Committee on scientific cooperation
This paper describes an interactive approach to dimensional analysis. This approach permits the researcher and student to inspect alternative spatial representations along with a wide range of rotations. Some understanding of problems inherent in multidimensional sealing is presented to help provide an appreciation of the utility of the method.
Described in this paper is a research paradigm, written as a set of computer programs, to conduct on-line bargaining and coalition formation experiments within the characteristic function game framework. The structure of the paradigm is outlined, an example is presented and discussed, and further extensions of the program are briefly discussed.
Reviews the book `WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database,' edited by Christiane Fellbaum.
The use of an on-line computer system for preparing manuscripts affords the scholar many advantages. This tutorial discusses text editing, file and output processing systems, and how they may be used for producing and disseminating scientific documents.
In three experiments, subjects who had rated 35 stimulus words on a seven-point affective scale (like/dislike or pleasant/unpleasant) showed better recall and recognition after incidental learning that subjects who had not so rated words did after intentional learning. Clustering by rating categories was not consistently related to, while the number of rating categories was significantly correlated with, level of recall. It is argued that the critical variable is not the intention to learn but the effectiveness of the operations to learn, and the facilitation with affective ratings is interpreted in terms of Bartlett's 'schemata.'
This paper describes two procedures for the establishment of syntagmatic concordances through pre-coding and automatical analysis for the nominal syntagm. The first is pre-coding of the text, in this instance the poetry of P. Valéry, in accordance with taxonomic grids enumerating the typical patterns followed by the syntagm to be analyzed. From a strictly mathematical point of view, there are too many possible combinations (several thousand), and the number of typical patterns is therefore reduced as much as possible. In these taxonomic grids the analytical structures are poor. The second is the automatic analysis of simultaneous occurrences to left and right of a pivot term set by pre-coding. All the categories known as the “parts of speech” are precoded. In this process of recognition, the categories comprised by the units of the chain and their syntactical functions are also pre-coded.
Several significant issues relating to the interface of simulation models with the student are discussed, and suggestions are made for new directions in development.
Two experiments examined the effects of extreme number of exposures on reactions to stimuli rated on several dimensions. The first experiment gave a positive monotone relationship between affective ratings on the GOOD-BAD scale and the frequency of stimulus exposure, with frequencies as high as 243. The second experiment obtained ratings for the same exposure frequencies on four scales, some of which measured affinitive approach while others measured exploratory approach reactions. The former tended to show an increase with frequency of exposure and the latter a decrease. Theoretical analysis attempted to reconcile experimental evidence which indicates increasing affect with increasing exposure and evidence for an inverted-U relationship.
It is frequently desirable for clinical researchers to have some means of precisely quantifying average levels of electromyographic signals over a series of finite time periods. This paper presents the design and development of an inexpensive variable time period integrator that can be adapted to most commercially available electromyograph equipment. The prototype instrument was found to give precise readings in the order of l%–2% accuracy when adjusted to specification.
The conferences were very different in nature, each being valuable in its own way. The first brought together many people from all parts of the world making it possible to gain an overall view on the state of the art in the growing field of computational linguistics, and provided a forum for the interchange of ideas, and also enabled those who are new to such research to benefit from communication with those who are acknowledged leaders in the field. The LIE colloquium was more akin to a working group of experts who had been invited to participate in the LIE project to ensure the end product is of the highest possible standard by consultation and planning of a type that can only be achieved under such “interactive” conditions. Communication was two-way to the mutual benefit of all who attended.
A small group model was used to examine the effects of chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride on affective and behavioral hostility in a social interactive setting. Three-person groups of male volunteers completed paper-and-pencil affective-rating scales individually and interacted with each other during a ten-minute discussion period that was videotaped and scored for behavioral hostility. The results indicated that chlordiazepoxide was associated with an increase in individual affective but not behavioral hostility. However, when a frustration stimulus was presented to the group, interpersonal behavioral hostility was increased in those who received chlordiazepoxide as compared with those taking a placebo. The data suggest that increases in hostility may be a regular rather than paradoxical effect of chlordiazepoxide. However, overt hostility may only become apparent in settings of interpersonal frustration.
A LINC-8 computer is used with a Tektronix 611 CRT for presenting verbal information, and a slide projector for displaying facial photographs in studies of interpersonal referential communication.
The article analyzes the questions of terminology teaching in nonhumanitarian high school. One of the major questions is the selection of lexical, grammatical and word composition minimum. It is most difficult to understand the text without knowing the terminology, because word composition constitutes partially open systems and thus the discrepancy between the system and the norm becomes noticeable. In specialty texts the noun is the most common speech part from the structural approach and thus it is important to determine and select its composition methods. The research conducted at Vilnius Institute of Engineering constructions showed that the knowledge of word composition models enables the disclosure of a considerable part of meaning in terminology – compound nouns (22,2%), derivative words (12%) and conversions (25%). Thus the productive models of word composition, which are very helpful in using the analogy, should receive a proper consideration.
Computer processing made it feasible for us to base our study of the vocabulary of six-year-old Navajo children on as large a corpus as we could collect in the time available. Our difficulties, as so often in computational linguistics, were with matters of linguistic theory rather than of computing. What we ran into was the as-yet unsolved question of the nature of the word in Navajo: how many affixes should be written as part of the verb and how many as separate words; and how does one handle the unbelievably complex morphophonemics in choosing headwords. The computer once again showed its ability, not just as an aid in handling large bodies of data, but as a heuristic device that makes clear to the researcher the limitations of his understanding of the material he is working with.